Experiment 1:

To determine the Tensile Properties of Aluminum and Teflon materials using Lloyds Tensile Testing Machine
Nomenclature A Instantaneous area (m2) A0 Original area of cross-section at gauge length (m 2) Af Area in the neck region after failure (m2) E Youngs modulus of elasticity (Kg m2! "a) e Engineering strain e0 Yield strain ef #train at failure $ %rue strain $0 #train hardening &rior to test K #trength coefficient (Kg m2! "a) ' Instantaneous gauge length (m) '0 Original gauge length! the &ortion of sam&le (ith minimum diameter (m) 'f )auge length of the failed sam&le (m) n #train hardening coefficient " Instantaneous load (Kg) "ma* +a*imum load ,efore failure of s&ecimen (Kg) s Engineering stress (Kg m2! "a) s0 Yield stress (Kg m2! "a) su -ltimate tensile strength (Kg m2! "a) %rue stress (Kg m2! "a) t time (s) -. .esilience (/ m0) -% %oughness (/ m0) Objective 1haracteri2ation of cylindrical sha&ed aluminum sam&le for tensile &ro&erties using engineering strain rate controlled testing3 Theory Engineering stress and engineering strain s 4 " A0 e 4 ('-'0) '0 4 (A0 5 A) A 67ote8 1onstancy of 9olume A0'0 4 A': True stress and true strain A L L0 P P A0 L = = =s 0 =s = s( + 1) = s (e + 1) A A0 A A L0 L0

L L0 dL L = ln = ln( + 1) = ln(e + 1) L L0 L0 L0

Definitions and properties within elastic limit Hookes law8 ;ithin elastic limit! the deformation is &ro&ortional to load! i3e3! strain is &ro&ortional to stress3 Youngs modulus of elasticity, E: %he ratio of stress to strain ,elo( elastic limit3 Offset yield strength s0: #tress corres&onding to the intersection of the stress strain cur9e and a line &arallel to the elastic &art of the cur9e offset ,y strain 030023 s0 4 "(strain offset 4 03002) A0 Resilience: %he ma*imum energy a,sor,ed &er unit 9olume (ithin elastic limit -. 4 03< = s0e0 Definitions and properties in plastic range Strain hardening: %he relationshi& ,et(een stress and strain is nonlinear during &lastic deformation3 'ike E in elastic range! strength coefficient! K! strain hardening e*&onent! n and amount of strain hardening &rior to test! $ 0 are used to characteri2e material in &lastic range3 4 K ($ > $0)n! log 4 log K > n log ($ > $0) Ultimate tensile strength: %he ma*imum engineering stress ,efore ru&ture of s&ecimen3 su 4 "ma* A0 oughness: A,ility to a,sor, energy &er unit 9olume in the &lastic range3 -% 4 03< = (s0 > su) = ef Experimental Procedure ?3 +easure '0! A03 23 #(itch on 'loyd tensile testing machine and follo( the instruction on its &anel3 03 @irst set the machine in manual mode and acce&t all other o&tions as default 9alues3 A3 1arefully use dou,le arro( ,utton in u&(ard and do(n(ard direction to adBust the &osition and fi* the sam&le in gri&3 "recautions should ,e taken to a9oid any hitting ,et(een gri& and sam&le for load cell safety3 <3 Cou,le click icon D)OE on the com&uter3 F3 #et testing machine under remote control mode through its &anel3 G3 On com&uter! select menu D7e( test setu&E through arro( keys and &ress enter3 H3 'ea9e all the o&tions default e*ce&t for the follo(ing %est ty&e 4 %E7#IO7 Y a*is 4 ?0!000 7e(tons I a*is 4 00 mm

#&eed 4 < 5 ?0 mm minute 'imit 4 00 mm J3 "ress Esc3 ?03 #elect menu D"erform testE3 ??3 Acce&t all the default o&tions3 ?23 Em&ty gra&h (ill ,e dis&layed3 ?03 @ollo( the instructions in the menu gi9en at the ,ottom3 ?A3 @irst initiali2e load and strain to 2ero3 ?<3 #tart your e*&eriment and o,ser9e the sam&le till it fails3 ?F3 7ote the gra&h dis&layed on the screen3 ?G3 #elect D1ursorE3 +o9e it from left to right and note do(n all the coordinates3 ?H3 #a9e your test results3 ?J3 "ress DEscE 203 On main menu! select D'ea9e machine control &rogramE 2?3 #(itch off testing machine3 223 .emo9e sam&le from the gri& 203 +easure 'f and Af of the failed sam&le and &lace it in the scra& container3 Results "lease use follo(ing ta,les format3 1learly sho( all the unit con9ersion factors for determining s! e! ! $ using column 2 and column 0 9alues in ta,le 2 se&arately outside ta,le for one set of 9alues3 "lease sho( calculations in ta,le 03 "lot true and engineering stress strain cur9es in single gra&h3 Also! &lot log-log gra&h for determining K! n and $03 @or determining $0! change its 9alue starting from 0 such that you o,tain straight line3 @or &lotting! you may use com&uter3
Table !" #" d$!%!"&'dt ()"*""" $+train rate in mm'min& !f #f

Table , +erial ? 2 0 A < F G H J

$!%!"&( ".

!oad $Newtons&

Table .

E s" e" su ef 0 n /" 1R 1T 2onclusions Analy2e results and (rite uniKue o,ser9ations3 3uestions ?3 ;hich &ro&erties you think are sensiti9e to strain rate L 23 ;hich &ro&erties are engineered for a) #&ring! ,) +etal (orking! c) machine com&onent su,Bected to constant load L 03 ;hat is the root cause ,ehind strain hardening L A3 Although Youngs modulus of elasticity for glass is more than steel! steel is &referred for designing engineering com&onents3 ;hy L <3 #chematically com&are hot (orking and cold (orking for relationshi& ,et(een stress and strain3

Note4 In re&ort! no marks are allocated for information co&ied from this manual3 You may directly use the sym,ols (ithout defining them3 All the units must ,e in #I3