Chapter I

THE PROBLEM and ITS SETTING

This chapter informs the readers of the problems in esti!ated" the nat#re and scope of the problem" the historical and theoretical bac$!ro#nd" its si!nificance" related literat#re and operational definition of terms #se in the research% 1.1 Background of the Study Salt is important in man& 'a&s% It is an essential part of the diet of both h#mans and animals and is a part of most animal fl#ids" s#ch as blood" s'eat" and tears% It aids di!estion b& pro idin! chlorine for h&drochloric acid" a small b#t essential part of h#man di!esti e fl#id% Persons 'ith h&pertensi e heart disease often m#st restrict the amo#nt of salt in their diet% Salt is 'idel& #sed as a seasonin! for foods and is #sed in c#rin! meats and preser in! fish and other foods( )'''%factmonster%com* +sper!ill#s is a t&pe of f#n!#s 'hich is a !en#s of mold% There are as man& as ,-- different species in the !en#s" and some can be .#ite to/ic to h#man% 0hile it has #ses in creatin! citric acid and other prod#cts #sed in man#fact#rin!" in some people +sper!ill#s is potentiall& lethal and ca#ses serio#s illness% 1#n!i are not plants b#t plantli$e% The& contain no chloroph&ll% Some f#n!i are .#ite #sef#l and e en !ood to eat" s#ch as m#shrooms% Others ca#se disease to both plants and animals% 1#n!i do not ma$e their o'n food b#t li e on others% That2s not all bad% Some eat trash &east for e/ample" help ma$e beer and bread 'hen the& eat% Aspergillus flavus is saproph&tic soil f#n!#s that infects and contaminates pre3har est and post3har est seed crops 'ith the carcino!enic secondar& metabolite aflato/in% The f#n!#s is also an opport#nistic animal and h#man patho!en ca#sin! asper!illosis

diseases

'ith

incidence

increasin!

in

the

imm#nocompromised

pop#lation%

http455'''%ann#alre ie's%or!5doi5abs56-%66785ann#re 3ph&to3-9,:6-3-:;,,6 The information abo e calls attention of the researcher to !o into the #sa!e alternati e chemicals in remediatin! f#n!#s" 'hich 'o#ld not red#ce the ca#se b#t also no side effects to en ironment% One alternati e 'a& for inhibitin! f#n!#s is sodi#m chloride % +n Important m&coto/in is aflato/in prod#ced b& +sper!ill#s fla #s% +flato/ins are potent carcino!enic and imm#nos#ppressi e a!ents% 1#n!i also can ha e ne!ati e effects 'hen the& brea$ do'n li in! thin!s or e er&da& necessities li$e l#mber and cloth% Mold" for instance" can 'rea$ ha oc on a b#ildin! if it infests 'ood and carpets% f#n!i that ca#se more serio#s diseases" s#ch as Cr&ptococc#s neoformans" another t&pe of &east that can ca#se l#n! infections and menin!itis%)The Effects of 1#n!#s <Ho'%com http455'''%ho'%com5list=8-877:;=effects3 f#n!#s%html>i/??,;@8ATL.p* Salt )sodi#m chloride* is essential for life% The ti!ht re!#lation of the bod&2s sodi#m and chloride concentrations is so important that m#ltiple mechanisms 'or$ in concert to control them% +ltho#!h scientists a!ree that a minimal amo#nt of salt is re.#ired for s#r i al" the health implications of e/cess salt inta$e represent an area of contin#ed in esti!ation amon! scientists" clinicians" and p#blic health e/perts% http455lpi%ore!onstate%ed#5infocenter5minerals5sodi#m5 * + case of in asi e asper!illosis ca#sed b& Aspergillus niger in a l#n! transplant recipient is described% The patient presented h&per!l&cemia startin! postoperati el&" 'ith other complications s#ch as c&tome!alo ir#s infection% The be a f#n!al species of lo' imm#nos#ppressed host associated predisposin! factors and other implications are disc#ssed% Aspergillus niger seems to ir#lence that re.#ires the presence of a se erel& to ca#se in asi e disease .

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsbmt/v41n2/a14v41n2.pdf

6%, Statement of the Problem This st#d& aimed to determine the effect of Sodi#m Chloride in +sper!ill#s ni!er% Speciall&" this st#d& sho#ld be able to ans'er the follo'in!%

a% Can sodi#m chloride inhibit the !ro'th of +sper!ill#s ni!er and s#spend f#n!al sporelationB b% +t 'hat concentration le el of Sodi#m Chloride sol#tion that effecti el& inhibit the !ro'th of +sper!ill#s ni!er and s#spend f#n!al sporelation% 6%C% General ObDecti es4 The obDecti e of this in esti!ation is to find o#t the potenc& of sodi#m chloride in inhibitin! the in asi e !ro'th and sporelation of +sper!ill#s ni!er Specificall&" if Sodi#m chloride inhibit the !ro'n and sporelstion of +sper!ill#s ni!er( at 'hat concentration le el is most effecti e% In s#ch fashion" the researcher can recommend to the cons#mers%

6%7 H&pothesis This st#d& is cond#cted to test the follo'in! h&pothesis4 N#ll 4 Sodi#m Chloride sol#tion cannot inhibit the !ro'th and sporelation of +sper!ill#s ni!er( +lternati e Sodi#m Chloride can inhibit the !ro'th and sporelation of +sper!ill#s ni!er% 6%; Si!nificance of the St#d&

+ltho#!h Aspergillus niger has rarel& been associated 'ith in asi e infections in l#n! transplant patient b#t tracheobronchitis is a common manifestation of asper!illosis% In most cases" asper!illosis occ#rs after bilateral l#n! or ri!ht sin!le3l#n! transplantation% Aspergillus tracheobronchitis sho#ld not be seen as a beni!n condition" since it mi!ht pro!ress or coe/ist 'ithin asi e p#lmonar& asper!illosis% Similarl& some patient de eloped in asi e endobronchial Aspergillus niger infection follo'in! a state of enhanced imm#nos#ppression% Aspergillus nigerI, li$e'ise inhabit fr#its" e!etables at post har est period and e en prepared food 'hen preparation is not 'ell done% This st#d& is er& important beca#se it pro ides costless effort in inhibitin! the in asion of Aspergillus niger b& inhibitin! its !ro'th and s#spendin! its sporelation that pro ides massi e spreadin! of f#n!al pop#lation% Moreo er" the st#d& aimed to find o#t the effecti eness of sodi#m chloride on +sper!ill#s ni!er" this is beneficial to the comm#nit& in a 'a& that it 'ill pro ide manEs need for a!ric#lt#re and impro e health% 0ith this st#d& the researcher 'ill learn that sodi#m chloride is not onl& for food enhancer or acts as a preser ati e b#t can inhibit the !ro'th of this f#n!#s r#inin! the crops of the farmers% Since chemicals are e/pensi e and #s#all& ha e side effects" Sodi#m Chloride can be as s#bstit#te beca#se aside from bein! cheap and a ailable" these lesser effects than commercial chemicals% This st#d& 'o#ld li$e'ise enhance the e/pertise of the researcher in handlin! laborator& apparat#s and appl&in! scientific methods thro#!h series of e/perimentation% 6%8 Scope and Limitation This st#d& is limited on the determination of the inhibition of Sodi#m Chloride a!ainst Aspergillus niger% There 'ere fo#r )7* treatments 'hich is replicated three )C* times to .#antif& ariances% The researcher 'ill #se Aspergillus niger as e/perimental species and the research 'ill be cond#cted at Laborator& of General Santos Cit& Hope Christian School%