Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Rassembler les avocats du monde Bringing Together the Worlds Lawyers Reunir a los abogados del mundo
juriste
2013.2
Sommaire
Table of contents
Indice
Thme principal des illustrations : Macao I Main picture theme: Macau I Tema principal de las ilustraciones: Macao
Editorial I 2
Editorial du Prsident 3 Presidents Editorial 4 Editorial del Presidente 5 Message du Rdacteur en Chef 7 Message from the Chief
Editor 8 Mensaje del Redactor Jefe 9
Droits de lHomme et de la Dfense I Human Rights and Protection of Lawyers I Derechos Humanos y de la Defensa I 20
Les juridictions internationales, supranationales ou interrgionales protectrices des droits de lhomme sur le continent africain 21
Les arrts de la CEDH sont-ils dapplication directe ? 27 Dernires atteintes contre la profession en Turquie 29 Le prix Ludovic Trarieux
2013 attribu un avocat kazakh 32 5 Congreso Mundial contra la Pena de Muerte: la cita trienal de los abolicionistas 33 Neurosciences
et expertise mdico-lgale dans le procs pnal 34 Droits de lhomme et entreprises : enjeux, politiques et perspectives pour Total 36
2013
Editorial
Editorial du Prsident
2013
Presidents Editorial
2013
I Bndicte QUERENET-HAHN
Nul doute que lUIA a encore, en matire
de dfense des droits de lhomme et de
dfense de la dfense, un immense chantier,
malheureusement rcurrent, qui ncessite la
mobilisation de chacun de ses membres.
ce sujet, la situation en Turquie a
particulirement retenu notre attention dans
cette dition, la suite de la rpression des
soulvements et protestations de ces dernires
semaines et de larrestation arbitraire davocats
qui protestaient contre cette rpression. Il est
clair que la peur de telles arrestations limite
lexercice des droits de runion et de libert
dexpression, notamment des avocats. LUIA,
avec dautres organisations de dfense des
droits de lhomme, a donc immdiatement ragi
auprs des autorits turques, leffet
notamment de les appeler garantir la libert
dexpression des avocats.
Cette dition se fait galement lcho de laction
de lUIA au soutien des avocats turcs dtenus
pour avoir reprsent des clients considrs
comme des ennemies dtat. Un encart sur la
situation de ces avocats a t publi linitiative
de nombreuses organisations de dfense des
droits de lhomme, dont lUIA, dans plusieurs
journaux turcs. Nous le reproduisons dans ce
numro de Juriste International.
Les rcentes rformes de la constitution
hongroise sont galement source dinquitude
pour ltat de droit. Le Parlement hongrois a en
effet adopt une rforme qui rduit les
comptences de la Cour constitutionnelle.
Cette dernire est dsormais empche de
statuer sur le fond et de se rfrer sa
jurisprudence antrieure. Par ailleurs, plusieurs
dispositions que la Cour avait dclares
inconstitutionnelles ont t rintroduites, telles
quune dfinition restrictive de la famille et la
possibilit dexpulser les SDF des lieux publics.
Les articles dAndrs Szecskay et Mlanie de
Saqui de Sannes que nous publions dans cette
dition analysent en dtail ces rformes et
permettent de comprendre en quoi elles sont
2013
I Bndicte QUERENET-HAHN
It is abundantly clear and most unfortunate
that the UIA continues to have much work to do
with respect to the defence of human rights and
the protection of lawyers, issues which require
action on the part of all of its members.
In that regard, the situation in Turkey is a
particular focus of this issue, especially in light of
the repression exerted against the popular
uprising over the course of recent weeks and the
arbitrary arrest of lawyers protesting against that
repression. The fear generated by such arrests
has been infringing upon the exercise of the right
to free assembly and to free speech, including the
rights of lawyers. As a result, along side other
human rights organisations, the UIA immediately
called upon the Turkish authorities to guarantee
the right to freedom of expression, and in
particular that of lawyers.
This issue also echoes the UIAs call to action in
support of Turkish lawyers who have been
imprisoned for representing clients considered
to be enemies of the State. An informational
pamphlet on the situation confronting these
lawyers has been published on the initiative of
several human rights organisations, including the
UIA, and inserted into several Turkish
newspapers. A copy has also been published in
this issue of the Juriste International.
Recent amendments to the Hungarian
constitution are a further source of concern to
those who value the rule of law. Specifically, the
Hungarian parliament has adopted a so-called
reform that limits the jurisdiction of the
Constitutional Court. That Court is now
prohibited from ruling on the merits of a case
and from relying on its prior jurisprudence. In
addition, several legislative provisions that the
Court previously had declared unconstitutional
have been re-introduced, such as a restrictive
definition of the family and authorization for
evicting the homeless from public places. The
articles by Andrs Szecskay and Mlanie de
Saqui de Sannes published in this issue provide
a detailed analysis of these amendments and
I Bndicte QUERENET-HAHN
Nadie duda que la UIA tenga an mucho trabajo
por hacer en materia de defensa de los
derechos humanos y defensa de la defensa, que
por desgracia es recurrente y requiere la
movilizacin de todos y cada uno de sus
miembros.
En este sentido, la situacin de Turqua ha
captado especialmente nuestra atencin en esta
edicin, tras la represin de los levantamientos y
protestas de las ltimas semanas y el arresto
arbitrario de abogados que protestan contra
esta represin. Est claro que el miedo a estos
arrestos limita el ejercicio de los derechos de
reunin y libertad de expresin de los abogados.
La UIA, junto con otras organizaciones de
defensa de los derechos humanos, ha
reaccionado inmediatamente ante las
autoridades turcas, con el fin de instarles a que
garanticen la libertad de expresin de los
abogados. Esta edicin se hace eco tambin de
la accin de la UIA en apoyo a los abogados
turcos detenidos por haber representado a
clientes considerados enemigos del Estado. A
iniciativa de numerosas organizaciones de
defensa de los derechos humanos, entre ellas la
UIA, se ha publicado en varios peridicos turcos
una resea sobre la situacin de estos abogados.
En este nmero de Juriste International lo
reproducimos.
Las recientes reformas de la constitucin
hngara tambin son fuente de preocupacin
para el Estado de derecho. De hecho, el
Parlamento hngaro aprob una reforma por la
que se reducen las competencias del Tribunal
Constitucional. A partir de ahora, ste ya no
puede decidir sobre el fondo y remitirse a su
jurisprudencia anterior. Adems, varias de las
disposiciones
que
haba
declarado
inconstitucionales el Tribunal han sido
reintroducidas, tales como una definicin
restrictiva de la familia y la posibilidad de
expulsar a los indigentes de lugares pblicos. Los
artculos de Andrs Szecskay y Mlanie de Saqui
de Sannes que publicamos en esta edicin
analizan en profundidad estas reformas y
2013
Actualits de lUIA
UIA News
Novedades de la UIA
LUIA au Bnin
Cotonou :Terredindpendance
I Michel HUET
Lhistoire particulire du Bnin, dnomm jusqu
son indpendance Dahomey, na pas affect le
lien qui lunissait la France et qui existe toujours
aujourdhui entre ces deux pays.
Sous limpulsion dElvire Vignon, le sminaire de
mars 2013 a t un vritable succs. Les
interventions brillantes de magistrats et davocats
du Bnin et de nombreux pays dAfrique sur le
thme de lintgration conomique et exercice
du mtier davocat ont rvl, travers la loi du
29 avril 1965 instituant le barreau bninois et le
rglement intrieur du barreau, une conception
de lindpendance de la profession davocat et du
droit la fois universelle et singulire.
Selon ce rglement, lavocat doit par-dessus tout
conserver le souci de son indpendance et de sa
dignit, notamment par rapport son client. Valeur
universelle des avocats du monde entier, de ceux
de lUIA, du code de dontologie des avocats de
lUnion europenne annonant que la
multiplicit des devoirs incombant lavocat lui
impose une indpendance absolue exempte de toute
pression, notamment de celle rsultant de ses propres
intrts ou dinfluences extrieures.
Dans le mme paragraphe, le rglement intrieur
donne deux exemples concrets illustrant le
principe dindpendance:
le droit dexercer toutes voies de recours qui
simposent;
le droit de fixer lui-mme ses honoraires de
gr gr avec ses clients.
Lindpendance de lavocat bninois est
aussi marque par le devoir de veiller ce
quaucune confusion ne puisse stablir entre
laccomplissement de son mandat, lorsquil est
investi dun mandat lectif, et lexercice de ses
fonctions.
Lindpendance, cest encore linterdiction du
dmarchage, lincompatibilit avec tout emploi
impliquant lintgration dans un cadre permanent
de la fonction publique et toute mission confie
2013
11
LUIA Monaco
ActualitsurlajurisprudencedelaCEDHenmatrecivileetpnale.
Questionschoisies
I Julie GOFFIN
Le sminaire annuel de lUIA relatif la Cour
europenne des droits de lhomme sest tenu
cette anne Monaco.
Le sujet du sminaire ne portait pas cette
anne sur des questions procdurales mais
plutt sur la jurisprudence de la Cour dans des
matires choisies.
Comme lhabitude, le panel dorateurs tait
dune qualit exceptionnelle. Les juges Isabelle
Berro-Lefvre, Josep Casadevall ainsi que le
Greffier Pascal Dourneau-Josette ont anim les
deux jours de sminaires par des exposs
abondamment illustrs de la jurisprudence de
la Cour.
La premire journe de sminaire a t
consacre au droit un avocat durant la garde
vue et au statut du Ministre public durant
cette priode (1), la libert dexpression de
lavocat (2) larticle 3 de la Convention au
regard des conditions de dtention (3) et
larticle 1 du Protocole 1 de la Convention
relatif au droit de proprit (4). Par ailleurs,
Me Spinosi a expliqu le rle de lavocat devant
la CEDH (5) et Me Bergonzi fait le point sur la
question de lobligation de dnonciation de
lavocat en matire de blanchiment suite
larrt Michaud (6).
I 1- Le droit lassistance de
I 2- La libert dexpression
12
I 3- Larticle 3
I 4- Larticle 1 du Protocole 1
et le droit de proprit
2013
I 5- Le rle de lavocat
devant la CEDH
I 6- LArrt Michaud et
lobligation de lavocat en
matire de dnonciation du
blanchiment
13
SEPTEMBER
5th BusinessLawForum:
GlobalIntegrityChallengesforEnterpriseManagement.
Anti-CorruptionandAnti-MoneyLaundering
9,
2013
14
SEPTEMBER
27-28,
2013
Foreigninvestmentin&fromTurkey
I Miguel TORRES BLNQUEZ
The Foreign Investments commission of the UIA
is organising a seminar in Istanbul on Friday,
September 27 and Saturday 28, 2013, with the
support of Karatas & Gltekin Law Firm and the
International Jurists Association (IJA).
After lunch, the first panel will deal with the main
legal and tax aspects and recent trends and
developments of foreign investments into other
countries and from other countries into Turkey
that will be moderated by Federico Torzo, from
Milan, Italy. Barbaros Karaahmet, from New York,
USA, will speak about what legal pitfalls are for
foreign investors investing in the USA, Michael
Meyenburg, from Vienna, Austria, will speak about
the business environment in the EU, and Carlo
Mastellone, from Florence, Italy, will speak about
the Italian perspective.
2013
15
macau
[1]
Main theme
coordinated by
Stphane Bonifassi:
Corruption
and the lawyer
Join us in Macau
by its extraordinary
Ever since the OECD Convention was signed in 1997, the fight against
international corruption has been a major issue for the international
community. As a result, a convention against corruption was signed by the
United Nations in 2004 (the Merida Convention), and since 2010 the fight
against corruption has been a G20 priority.
The new presidency of the Peoples Republic of China has made the fight
against corruption one of the major points of its political agenda.
Lawyers stand at the crossroads of this worldwide movement, sometimes as
counsellors, and unfortunately also sometimes as the targets of investigations.
The fight against corruption is a critical issue for lawyers.
Programme
scientifique
Actividades
sociales
Tarifs
dinscription
Online Registration
Enlaces utiles
www.uianet.org
www.destinationplus-uia.com
www.fsm.gov.mo/psp/eng
www.macautourism.gov.mo
www.aam.org.mo
http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Macau
www.macaudailytimes.com.mo
macau
UIA Congress
Ms de 1.000 participantes
350 ponentes de renombre internacional
80 pases representados
30 azafatas multilinge
15 tcnicos trabajando en ms de 10 salas de reuniones
15 interpretes hablando Ingls, Francs, Espaol, Chino
(Mandarn y Cantons) y Portugus
Los congresos
de la UIA
Macao,
encuentro de culturas
Rgion Administrative
Spciale
Las ruinas
de San Pablo
In the early 1550s, when the Portuguese seamen arrived on their ships, they
asked the locals the name of the place. They were answered A Ma Gao, "A
Ma Bay", in honour of the Goddess of Seafarers, whose temple stood at the
entrance to the harbour. The Portuguese adopted the name, which gradually
changed into the name Macau.
and be charmed
assets and contrasts
[2]
[3]
macao
Gran Canal
del Venetian Macao
Interesting facts
about Macau
Population
Macao,
dcor de film
Lun des plus vieux dentre eux Macao, lenfer du jeu adapt du
roman de Maurice Dekobra par Jean Delannoy, date de 1942. Dix
ans plus tard, en 1952, Macao est remise en scne par Josef von
Sternberg et Nicholas Ray. lcran, les personnages principaux
sont incarns par Jane Russell, Robert Mitchum et William Bendix.
macao
[4]
Htels
Air transport
All visitors to Macau must hold a passport valid for at least 6 months after arrival
date and a valid travel document. We recommend that you contact the embassy
or consulate of the Peoples Republic of China of your country of residence or the
immigration services of the Public Security Bureau of Macau for the latest
information on entry formalities.
Visa
Participants from countries exempt from visa requirement for Macau who wish to
book pre or post-congress activities in China should obtain a visa (multiple entry,
where available) at the embassy or consulate of the Peoples Republic of China of
your country of residence.
Congress participants who need a visa and wish to attend the general excursion to
Hong Kong should ask for a multiple entry visa.
Agradecimientos
Congreso de la UIA
I 1. La Cour africaine
2013
I 2. Le relais de la Cour
pnale internationale
I 3. La Cour de Justice
de lAfrique de lEst
I 4. La Cour de Justice
de la CEDEAO
21
22
2013
23
24
I Sur la discrimination
I Sur lesclavage
La demanderesse faisait grief ltat du Niger
dtre tenue en esclavage en violation de larticle
5 de la Charte africaine des droits de lhomme
et des peuples, ainsi que dautres instruments
internationaux relatifs aux droits de lhomme,
lesquels dictent une interdiction absolue de
lesclavage.
Ltat du Niger rfutait le motif de lesclavage et
soutenait que la demanderesse, de condition
servile, certes, tait lpouse de Souleymane
Naroua, avec qui elle a vcu avec plus ou moins
de bonheur, comme dans tous les couples.
La Cour fondait alors sa dfinition de lesclavage
sur la Convention de Genve et disait quaux
termes de larticle 1er de la Convention de
Genve de 1926, lesclavage est ltat ou la
condition dun individu sur lequel sexercent les
attributs du droit de proprit ou certains dentre
eux . La traite des esclaves comprend tout acte de
capture, dacquisition ou de cession dun individu en
vue de le rduire en esclavage; tout acte dacquisition
dun esclave en vue de le vendre ou de lchanger;
tout acte de cession par vente ou change dun
esclave acquis en vue dtre vendu ou chang, ainsi
que, en gnral, tout acte de commerce ou de
transport desclaves.
Mieux, la Cour recourt toutes les conventions
connues pour conclure que lesclavage est
considr comme une violation grave de la
2013
25
26
I Larrestation et la
dtention de la requrante
sont-elles arbitraires ?
I La requrante a-t-elle
droit une indemnit
rparatrice ?
2013
27
28
Dernires atteintes
contre la profession en Turquie
de la Convention.
Que fera maintenant la Cour de cassation
franaise?
Il est vrai quen France est maintenant en
vigueur la loi du 15 juin 2000, comme le
rappelle la Cour lorsquelle considre que le
requrant na aucun droit indemnisation et
crit que:
2013
29
30
Martin PRADEL
Directeur Adjoint des Droits de lHomme et
Dfense de la Dfense de lUIA
Pradel, Reingewirtz, Lindon et Kaufman
Paris, France
pradel@prlk.fr
2013
31
r
o
f
l
l
Ca
s
e
l
c
i
t
ar
Lquipe du Juriste International
vous invite devenir rdacteur!
Faites-nous parvenir vos propositions
darticles en franais, anglais ou
espagnol sur les sujets qui vous
intressent en matire de droits de
lHomme , de pratique gnrale du droit
ou sur la profession davocat.
Para ms informacin
sobre nuestra carta de redaccin:
For further information
concerning our guidelines:
Pour plus dinformations
sur notre charte de rdaction:
Union Internationale des Avocats
25, rue du Jour
75001 Paris
France
Anne-Marie Villain
avillain@uianet.org
Tel : + 33 1 44 88 55 66
Fax : + 33 1 44 88 55 77
32
2013
www.worldcoalition.org/es/index
33
Neurosciences et expertise
mdico-lgale dans le procs pnal
Philippe Matsa-Opale
I Daniel ZAGURY
34
2013
35
I Des enjeux
multidimensionnels majeurs
36
I Un contexte international
mouvant
2013
I Conclusion
Lensemble de ces approches interdpendantes
vise mettre en uvre de faon responsable les
projets industriels, ce qui peut permettre aux
entreprises ptrolires dobtenir leur permis
socital doprer (Social licence to operate) dans
les pays htes et dtre acceptes par les
communauts locales. Cette acceptabilit locale
garantit la prennit de leur dveloppement et la
longvit de leur permis juridique doprer
(Legal licence to operate). Pour Total, il sagit
essentiellement dune dmarche de progrs,
valuer et amliorer continuellement pour faire
face aux nombreux dilemmes auxquels sont
confrontes sur le terrain les entreprises
extractives, qui ont besoin de soutien de la part de
tous les acteurs concerns, a fortiori des tats ou
de la socit civile.
Jean-Marc FONTAINE
Adjoint au directeur Hygine-Scurit-Environnement
de lExploration-Production et Coordinateur
Dveloppement Durable,Total E&P
jean-marc.fontaine@total.com
Julie VALLAT
Direction Juridique Groupe, Conformit et
Responsabilit Socitale,Total S.A.
Paris, France
julie.vallat@total.com
37
La profession d'avocat
The Legal Profession
La Abogaca
I La jurisprudence Akzo
On se souvient que, par arrt du 14 septembre
2010, la Cour de Justice de lUnion europenne
a considr que les correspondances et les
crits changs entre un avocat interne une
entreprise et sa direction ne bnficiaient pas
de la confidentialit des correspondances entre
les avocats et leurs clients. Cette dcision
confirmait un arrt du tribunal de premire
instance de Luxembourg prononc le 17
septembre 2007. Cest la jurisprudence Akzo,
faisant rfrence lentreprise hollandaise au
sein de laquelle les autorits de la concurrence
avaient saisi de tels correspondances et mails.
Ces dcisions se fondaient sur le rapport de
contrat demploi existant entre lavocat interne
et lentreprise, lequel empche lavocat, selon
les
juridictions
europennes, dtre
intellectuellement indpendant lgard de
cette dernire.
2013
39
40
I Amendment to the
fundamental law
2013
41
42
I Restriction of arbitration
The right to refer matters to arbitration was
also restricted in 2012. According to the
modified Act on Arbitration, in cases where the
subject-matter concerns a dispute over a
national asset (as defined by the Act on National
Assets) situated in an area within the boundaries
of Hungary and which includes rights, claims and
privileges related to such asset, such a matter
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13201_en.htm#PR_metaPressRelease_bottom
http://acelg.blogactiv.eu/2013/04/23/hungary%E2%80%99sconstitutional %E2%80%9Crevolution%E2%80%9D-a-majorchallenge-to-the-european-union%E2%80%99s-evolutiontowards-a-constitutional-and-political-entity/
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-24_en.htm
Fourth Amendment
to the Hungarian Constitution
MainIssuesofConcern
I Mlanie DE SAQUI DE SANNES
I Introduction
and background
2013
I Functioning of the
Constitutional Court
43
Competence to review
constitutional amendments
The Constitution now reads that the
Constitutional Court is competent to examine
the procedural constitutionality of proposed
amendments to the Fundamental Law, while
their substantial review is excluded from the
scope of competence of the Court. The
question whether the Constitutional Court is
competent to review the Constitution, even
though the Courts powers are derived from it,
had not been entirely clarified under the
former Constitution. Possibly due to the
specific context of the parliamentary supermajority in Hungary and to the numerous
amendments to the Constitution, the
Constitutional Court had however recently
granted itself the power to substantially
examine such amendments.7 The Fourth
amendment to the Constitution does not
allow such a jump, restricting the extension of
the Courts competence to a procedural
control of constitutional amendments. The
exclusion of any substantial review of
constitutional amendments is aimed at avoiding
interference of the Constitutional Court in the
exercise of the Parliaments constituent power.
Competence in budgetary
and tax matters
The latest constitutional amendment confirms
the restriction to the competence of the
Constitutional Court regarding the control of
laws on budgetary and tax matters. As long as
the State debt exceeds half of the GDP, the
constitutionality of such laws may only be
reviewed with respect to specific fundamental
rights, among which the right to life and human
dignity and to freedom of thought, conscience
and religion, but not, for example, the right to
property.
This provision, originally part of the Transitional
Provisions, was struck down by the
Constitutional Court in 2012 for lack of
transitional nature, because it permanently
excludes budgetary and tax laws adopted while
the debt exceeded half the GDP from the
control of the Court. The latest constitutional
amendment removes any ambiguity by
integrating this rule into the permanent
constitutional framework. Though the
provision illustrates a laudable will to prioritize
44
I Administration
of the judiciary
I Scope of fundamental
rights
General uncertainty
due to absence of case-law basis
The fact that the standards developed by the
Constitutional Court in its past decisions may
no longer be referred to in future decisions
creates legal uncertainty regarding the extent
of protection of the fundamental rights which
had been defined and interpreted through
case-law. The basic fundamental rights
protected by the Constitution are stripped of
the abundant details and clarifications brought
by the Court. For example, a decision of the
Court had set that the equal recognition of
heterosexual and homosexual couples
cohabitating without being married could be
derived from the general principle of equal
treatment and the right to the protection of
ones private life. It is also through a Court
decision that for example the prohibition of
2013
45
Higher education
Where the new Constitution initially stated that
the organization and financial management of
institutions of higher education was to be
regulated by law, the Fourth amendment
introduced a modification placing their financial
management under the supervision of the
Government. Though the independence of
universities in the definition of content of
research and education remains constitutionally
protected, the abolishment of their financial
autonomy raises concern as to the reality of such
independence.
The Fourth amendment to the Constitution also
foresees that receiving financial aid from the State
for higher education may, by law, be set under the
condition that the concerned students be
employed in a Hungarian enterprise for a definite
period of time after they finish their studies.This
provision subsequently constitutes a
constitutional basis for the provision added in
2012 to the Act on Higher Education, according
to which students whose tuition fees were
covered by financial aid have to either work in
Hungary for twice as long as they studied within
the first twenty years after obtaining their degree
(meaning working in Hungary for at least 10
years for students with a Masters Degree), or
reimburse the full cost of their tuition fees. This
measure is considered by opponents to the
recent amendment to disproportionately
restrict the rights of students to choose their
occupation freely,20 but is defended by its
proponents as a necessary means to ensure that
public funds are used both to the benefit of
individual students and of the Hungarian
community as a whole.21
46
Ibid.
According to the Venice Commission in its opinion CDLAD(2011)016, 98, 99, this provision goes against the aim of
enhancing the protection of fundamental rights.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
I Introduction
The profession of attorney is one of the most
popular and attractive professions in the world,
therefore it is quite understandable that, in
Georgia, it is a popular profession to pursue.
Approximately 75% of law school students at
the onset of their legal education want to
become an attorney and approximately 45% of
the graduated students apply to enter the
profession every year.
Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that the
Republic of Georgia is a rather small country,
consisting of no more than 3.5 million people
and out of this there are approximately 4,600
registered attorneys of whom only 3,200 are
active attorneys who pay dues and hold
attorneys status.
Such a number of attorneys is rather big for
such a small country like Georgia particularly in
light of the fact that Georgia remains a
developing economy.
I Entrance
2013
47
48
I Conclusion
The profession of attorney in Georgia is facing
systematic development and is on its way to
reaching the higher level of actual functioning,
therefore it must be noted that:
For reaching the higher level of development
the system of entrance into the profession
should become rather more difficult;
On-going CLE programmes should be
controlled well and the distance learning
programmes should be introduced to
attorneys as well;
For reaching the higher level of development,
there is the necessity of an initial training
system to be established for the lawyers
before entering the profession that will be a
novelty for the profession in Georgia but on
the other hand will be the additional guarantee
of quality service for the beneficiaries of the
legal services in the country.
Irakli KANDASHVILI
Attorney at Law, Licensed Mediator
Executive Director of Georgian Lawyers Union
Georgian Lawyers for Independent Profession
(G.L.I.P)
irakli_legalgeorgia@yahoo.com
2013
I Case management:
judge as referee
49
I Settling disputes:
50
I Costs management:
a clear goal
I Access to justice:
2013
I Conclusion
There is clearly a long game to be played here,
and it will be some time before the results of
the reforms are known and understood.
What seems clear is that cases like Multiplex
have had their day, and that it would be difficult
to run a case in that way in the new postJackson environment. Ironically of course,
without cases like Multiplex, where the costs
escalated beyond control, the legal community,
spearheaded by Jacksons review, may not have
had the impetus to take these measures to try
to control litigation costs.
Ian DE FREITAS
President of the UIA Intellectual Property Commission
Berwin Leighton Paisner LLP
London, United Kingdom
ian.de.freitas@blplaw.com
51
52
I Les consquences
de larrt Lavalle
I Audience Lavalle
Suite la dcision Lavalle, comment les
tribunaux peuvent-ils, dans le cadre de
lexcution dun mandat de perquisition,
sassurer de protger le secret professionnel
des documents qui ont t saisis?
Cest le problme soumis lHonorable Guy
Cournoyer, j.c.s; dans la dcision Directeur des
poursuites criminelles et pnales et Shrif de la
Chambre criminelle et pnale6.
2013
53
54
I Conclusion
La perquisition dans un bureau davocats, dans
une tude lgale, demeurera toujours un sujet
sensible. Nous ne pourrons pas y chapper
parce que les autorits publiques ont un devoir
denrayer le crime et dviter les situations
permettant sa propension.
Malheureusement, il se peut que des lments
de preuve concernant la commission
dinfractions se retrouvent dans des bureaux
davocats. Toutefois, les perquisitions dans les
bureaux davocats, quelles aient lieu au Canada
ou ailleurs, devront toujours tre entoures de
prcautions particulires parce quelles
peuvent mettre en pril lapplication dun
principe de justice fondamentale des systmes
judiciaires de pays dmocratiques, le secret
professionnel de lavocat.
Les perquisitions et les principes que nous
venons de mentionner ne sont pas restreints,
tout le moins au Canada, dans les locaux de
ltude mais dans tout autre endroit o,
raisonnablement, il est possible de trouver des
dossiers ou des documents qui peuvent tre
lobjet de la protection du secret professionnel.
Une fois les prcautions prises et la
perquisition excute, un juge devra se
pencher sur ltendue de la protection qui sera
requise du client, qui devra avoir t avis de la
perquisition pour dterminer si les documents
bnficient ou non de la protection du secret
professionnel.
2012,Volume 3
13
Pratique du Droit
Legal Practice
Ejercicio de la Abogaca
I Howard TSANG
The Chinese government is fully aware of the
importance of intellectual property (IP). As an
economic powerhouse, it is not simply
manufacturing goods for foreign investors inside
China, its own goods are also exported
worldwide.The government recognizes that the
damaging effect of piracy is causing considerable
losses to its own industry. Piracy rates are still
high. More can be done by the Chinese
government. Having a better understanding of
the Chinese system also helps intellectual
property rights (IPR) owners to better protect
their IPRs in China.
I Administrative enforcement
measures
2013
A complaint, rightly or wrongly, may affect the future career of the enforcement
officials. This has created immense pressure on them and it is therefore not
surprising that they are conservative.
the same team.What is bad for them is bad for
us.We are not there to give them trouble. In fact,
by working together, it will help their career. At
a higher level, it can help AICs elevate their
enforcement standards as well as establish their
authority.We are in a win-win situation.
I was involved in a complicated case concerning
prominent featuring of the name Panasonic Air
Conditioner Industry (H.K.) International Ltd
on the packaging of air-conditioners. This was a
company duly registered in Hong Kong, but
otherwise was a dummy company, and the use
of Panasonic was not authorised by Panasonic
Corporation. The AIC just did not understand
why we insisted a raid be carried out. They have
a certificate of incorporation issued by the Hong
Kong Companies Registrar, cried the AIC officer.
After more than one hour of explanation that it
must be right that under Hong Kong law
permission to register a company bearing a
certain name did not mean permission to carry
on business under that name and that there was
a likelihood of confusion caused to consumers in
China that the air-conditioners in question were
related to Panasonic Corporation, which
amounted to unfair competition, the officer
eventually understood and conducted the raid
for us very quickly. It required a lot of patience
ChineseRegNo.3240985
Infringement
57
InternationalRegNo.G615992
I Criminal enforcement
measures
InternationalRegNo.G615994
Infringement
58
2013
59
I Sebastiaan MOOLENAAR
Sebastiaan Moolenaar, a partner with the
Transport & Trade team at law firm AKD in
Rotterdam, outlines the implications of a
recent decision of the Dutch Supreme Court
on the calculation of commercial agents
indemnity rights.
In times of economic downturn, self-employed
intermediaries such as ship agents may find
themselves increasingly confronted with
termination of their agency agreement with their
principals. Commercial agents throughout
Europe, however, do have a protected status, and
for that reason it is important that both agents
and the commercial interests who contract with
them are fully aware of their rights under agency
law.
Self-employed intermediaries have continuing
authority to negotiate agreements on behalf of a
principal, or, as the case may be, to negotiate and
conclude such agreements on behalf of and in
the name of that principal.
The rules on commercial agency in Europe are
derived from uniform European laws. The
adoption of EU Council Directive (86/653) on
the Co-ordination of Laws of the Member States
relating to Self-Employed Commercial Agents is
an effort to harmonise national legislation on
commercial agency law. Although uniform
implementation into national laws was foreseen,
practice shows that both national legislators and
national courts have failed to create the desired
uniformity and legal certainty.
One of the basic principles of the Commercial
Agency Directive is the mandatory protection of
commercial agents, which follows from the
agents position, which itself is characterised by
economic dependency on the principal. The
most significant form of protection is the right of
the commercial agent to claim indemnity (often
called goodwill indemnity) upon termination of
the agency agreement. Such indemnity is due by
the principal if, during the term of the agency
agreement, the agent has brought the principal
60
2013
61
SPCIAL IMMIGRATION
62
2013
I Introduction of Bridging
Open Work Permits
63
SPECIAL IMMIGRATION
I Conclusion
In the recent past, Canadas economic
immigration program has been critiqued for its
lengthy processing times. In addition, Canada has
found it difficult to retain highly skilled
temporary foreign workers through its
economic immigration programmes. Finally, the
integrity of both the economic immigration and
spousal sponsorship programmes has been
questioned. We are expectant that these new
amendments and policy measures instituted in
recent months by Citizenship and Immigration
Canada will rectify these issues and provide
faster, more reliable programmes that facilitate
the entry of skilled workers and spouses.
Jacqueline R. BART
Jacqueline Bart & Associates
Toronto, Canada
bart@bartlaw.ca
Carrie A.WRIGHT
Jacqueline Bart & Associates
Toronto, Canada
carrie@bartlaw.ca
64
I A2 Countries
Bulgaria and Romania, also known as the A2
nations, joined the European Union in 2007. At
the time of their accession, transitional
arrangements were put in place to restrict A2
nationals access to the job market.With these
interim measures set to expire in early 2014,
reactions have been predictably drawn down
familiar party lines, with neither side paying
particular attention to the other.
I Laura DEVINE
These ads, in theory, would highlight the
perceived negative aspects of life in the UK,
such as poor weather, low pay, and scarcity of
work.8
Beyond the expected and justified shock, this
has led some to counter with similarly
negative, though ironic, adverts. Gandul, a
Romanian newspaper, ran mock ads asking why
anyone would want to leave Romania where
half the women look like Kate Middleton and
the other half like her sister.9 Similarly, the
Guardian held a contest to come up with the
catchiest anti-ad, generating such taglines as:
UK? YUK!
Come Here and Clean the Loo (a play on
the WWII poster Keep Calm and Carry
On)
Summertime and the Living Aint Easy. Britain:
Dont bother were closed
The sky in the UK is this colour for 8 months
of the year. Try Miami instead (set on a solid
dark gray background)
The idea of a consciously negative ad, aside
from being counter-productive and offensive, is
even more astonishing in light of the very
recent public relations push surrounding the
London 2012 Olympic games which promoted
the UK to the world.10 It is also indicative of
how far the immigration debate has strayed
from a meaningful exchange of ideas.
www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/
cm121031/debtext/121031-0001.htm#12103160000001
at column 237
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2224386/Fears-newimmigration-surge-Bulgarians-Romanians-Britainborders-open.html
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/15/
bulgarian-romanian-migration-uk-restrictions
(paras 7-11)
www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/jan/25/uk-tripledip-recession-gdp
It is often too easy to live within the vacuum of our own bell jar, safely
tucked away from the tumultuous, bouncing collisions of external ideas.
as well as all other political discourse, must be
guided by shared values and conscious
decisions rather than empty rhetoric and
kneejerk reactions.
Laura DEVINE
Laura Devine Solicitors
London, United Kingdom
laura.devine@lauradevine.com
www.gandul.info/news/campania-gandul-info-why-dont-you-come-over-provoaca-dezbateri-in-presainternationala-associated-press-in-spatele-campanieiironice-se-afla-un-mesaj-serios-pentru-marea-britanie10536390
10
11
12
www.ippr.org/publication/55/10188/fair-and-democraticmigration-policy-a-principled-framework-for-the-uk
13
www.progressonline.org.uk/2013/01/22/a-principledmigration-policy/
2013
65
ESPECIAL IMMIGRACIN
66
2013
Au del des critres dligibilit, les visas H-1B sont soumis un quota annuel,
qui fait lobjet dun vote par le Congrs amricain.
essentiellement dans le domaine de lducation ou
des organisations but non lucratif, ne sont pas
soumis aux quotas. De la mme faon, les
bnficiaires renouvelant leur visa ou changeant
demployeurs ne sont pas soumis aux quotas,
condition quils restent dans la limite maximale de
validit de six ans.
Avec la crise conomique mondiale qui a suivi, les
demandes de visas H-1B ont ensuite chut. Pour
les annes fiscales commenant les 1er octobre
2009, 2010 et 2011, les quotas nont t atteints,
respectivement, que le 21 dcembre 2009, le 26
janvier 2011 et le 22 novembre 2011. Pour lanne
fiscale commenant le 1er octobre 2012,
lconomie amricaine commenant se
redresser, les quotas ont t atteints beaucoup plus
tt, le 11 juin 2012, soit peine deux mois aprs
louverture de la saison. Ainsi, cette tendance
est directement lie la bonne conjoncture
conomique, o les employeurs amricains ont
davantage tendance embaucher des travailleurs
trangers qualifis.
Pour lanne fiscale commenant le 1er octobre
2013, sans doute grce lamlioration de la
situation conomique, le mme phnomne de
saturation des quotas pour les visas H-1B sest
67
SPCIAL IMMIGRATION
68
I Employment visas
Pre-arrival formalities
A recent ruling by the Indian authorities has
imposed a minimum salary requirement of US
$25,000.00 per annum in order for a foreign
national to qualify for an Employment visa. The
Ministry of Home Affairs (New Delhi)
notifications, issued as FAQs [Frequently Asked
Questions], list the various types of activities
undertaken in India which fall within the ambit
of an Employment visa. It is imperative to note
that Employment visas must be issued from the
country of origin or from the country of
domicile of the foreigner provided the period of
permanent residence of the foreign national in
that particular country is more than two years.
At present, there are no specific categories for
inter-company transfer visas.
Amongst other documents, a tax liability letter,
a justification letter, educational qualifications as
well as the Indian companys certificate of
incorporation are required whilst submitting an
employment visa application.
Applicants also need to be skilled in their
profession or employed by an Indian company
on a contractual or full-time basis at a senior
level, such as a technical expert or manager.The
MHA is reluctant to issue employment visas for
jobs which can be filled by skilled Indian labour
force or for jobs which are clerical or
secretarial in nature.
Post-arrival formalities
In the case of an Employment Visa issued for a
period of 180 days or less, registration with the
local FRRO/FRO [Foreigners Regional
Registration Office] is not required and this is
usually endorsed on the foreign nationals
passport.
However, if the employment visa is valid for a
period of more than 180 days, the E-visa holder
must register with the local FRRO/FRO
concerned within 14 days of arrival in India.
I Business visas
Pre-arrival formalities
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in India
has made certain radical changes regarding
2013
I Red flags
A key issue to bear in mind is that applications
may receive different treatment depending on
the jurisdiction where the application is made,
the specific Indian consulate involved, the
citizenship of the applicant and in the event
there is any nexus to countries that may be
have been designated as sensitive by the Indian
Government. The current list includes the
following countires: Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
China, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
Extension of employment visas must be made
in India and applicants must ensure they have
filed local tax returns and obtained the
necessary clearance from the local tax
authorities in advance of their extension
applications.
69
SPECIAL IMMIGRATION
La discrimination rebours
lencontre des citoyens suisses en
matire de regroupement familial
I Rayan HOUDROUGE & Jeremy NACHT
Le Parlement avait donc t enjoint par le TF se
prononcer sur la question. Le 19 mars 2010, le
conseiller national,Andy Tschmperlin, dposa une
initiative parlementaire (no 10.427) en ce sens. Le
28 septembre 2011, le Conseil national la rejeta.
Dans ce contexte, les attentes taient donc grandes
de voir le TF remdier lui-mme la situation
discriminatoire lorsquun nouveau cas se
prsenterait. Larrt du 13 juillet 2012 (arrt
2C_354/2011) du Tribunal fdral tait donc trs
attendu.
I La problmatique
70
I Introduction
A teneur des lois et conventions actuelles, la venue
en Suisse des parents en ligne ascendante dune
personne domicilie en Suisse nest pas soumise
aux mmes conditions, selon que cette personne
est suisse ou ressortissante dun pays de lUnion
europenne ou de lAssociation europenne de
libre-change (UE/AELE). Dans son arrt du 22
janvier 2010 (ATF 136 II 120), le Tribunal fdral
suisse (TF) avait jug regrettable cette
discrimination et estim quelle pourrait violer
larticle 8 (droit au respect de la vie prive et
familiale) et larticle 14 (interdiction de la
discrimination) de la Convention europenne des
droits de lhomme (CEDH). Le TF rappela, quen
vertu de larticle 190 de la Constitution fdrale, il
est oblig dappliquer les lois et que le lgislateur est
seul comptent pour modifier ces dernires. Le TF
stait rserv, nanmoins, la possibilit de corriger
ventuellement cette discrimination sur la base des
rgles de rang international, dans lhypothse o le
lgislateur ne remdierait pas la situation dans un
avenir proche.
I tat de fait
Dans larrt du 13 juillet 2012, le TF a d se
prononcer sur le cas dun citoyen suisse, dorigine
bosniaque, qui stait vu refuser le regroupement
familial pour sa mre, citoyenne de BosnieHerzgovine. Il sagissait ainsi dun cas de
regroupement familial dit invers, cest--dire la
situation dans laquelle un enfant souhaite faire venir
en Suisse un de ses parents, dont il est responsable.
Dans larrt en question, le recourant demandait le
regroupement familial en raison du mauvais tat de
sant de sa mre et dun manque de ressources
financires. Suite un refus de lautorit
comptente, confirm par le Tribunal cantonal, le
recourant a saisi le TF, allguant une violation des
articles 8 et 14 CEDH.
I Analyse duTF
I Conclusion
2013
71
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72