Power System by: Roel B.

Calano
Problem 1
The 3-phase loads are connected in parallel. One is a purely resistive load connected in wye. It consumes 300kW. The second is a purely inductive 300kVAR load connected in wye. The third is a purely capacitive 300kVAR load connected in wye. The line-to-line voltage at the load is 5kV. A 3-phase distribution line supplying this load has an impedance of 10+j5 ohms per phase. (a) Calculate the currents drawn by each load (magnitude and phase). (b) Indicate the power factor of each load. Remember that non-unity power factors must also include whether they are lagging or leading. (c) What is the power factor of the entire load? That is, what is the power factor seen by the transmission line at the load end? (d) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.

Solution to problem 1

10 + j 5

VLN = 2886.8V

VS

I1

I2

I3

(a)

VLoad =
Note that:

5kV = 2886.80 3

S S S = V I I = , S = 3 3 V

Therefore:
S1 = 100 10 3 W , S 2 = j100 10 3 VAR, S 3 = j100 10 3 VAR.

for purely resistive load:

for purely inductive load:

S1 100 103 I1 = = 2886.8 = 34.640 A VLoad S2 j100 103 I2 = V = 2886.8 = 34.64 90 A Load

for purely capacitive load:

S3 I3 = VLoad

j100 103 = 2886.8 = 34.6490 A

Note in the above that for the resistive load, the current and voltage are in phase, for the inductive, the current lags by 90 deg, and for the capacitive, the current leads by 90 deg. (b) Load 1 : pf 1 = 1.0 Load 2 : pf 2 = 0 lagging Load 3 : pf 3 = 0 leading (c) Need current angle with respect to

I Load
so

VLoad = 2886.980 = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 34.640 j 34.64 + j 34.64 = 34.640

VLoad and I Load are in phase ! pf Load = 1.0

(d)

Vs = VLoad + I Load (Z t ) = 2886.8 + (34.640) (10 + j 5) = 3237.83.07 S3 = 3Vs I Load = 3 (3237.83.07) (34.640) = 336,4723.07VA
P3 = 335.99kW , Q3 = 18.02kVAR

Alternatively, one could compute losses and add to load :

Sloss (3 ) = 3( I Load Z t ) = 3(34.64 ) (10 + j 5) = 35,999.9 + j17 ,998.9

2 2

S 3 = S load (3 ) + S loss (3 ) = 300 10 3 + 35,997.9 + j17,998.9VA P3 = 335.99kW Q3 = 18.0kVAR

A three phase load has a per phase impedance, connected in Y, of 100 + j 30 . The line-to-line voltage magnitude at the load is 1500V. The three-phase distribution line supplying this load has an impedance of 10 + j 5 / . (a) Calculate the line-to-line voltage magnitude at the sending end of the distribution line. (b) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.

Problem 2

Solution to problem 2
(a)

V AN =

V 1500 866.025 = 866.025V I A = AN = = 7.945 j 2.384 A = 8.295 16.7 A Z LOAD 100 + j 30 3

Vsending ,AN = V AN + I A Z Line = 866.0250 + (8.295 16.7) (10 + j 5) = 957.39 + j15.89 = 957.530.95V VSending ,AB = 957.53 3 = 1658.5V
(b) S = 3 V sending , AN I a = 3 (957.530.95 ) (8.29516.7 ) = 22 ,706.5 + j 7224.7VA

P = 22.706kW , Q = 7.225kVAR

Problem 3
A three-phase load consumes 100kVA at 0.7 pf lagging. The line-to-line voltage magnitude at the load is 1500V. The three-phase distribution line supplying this load has an impedance of 10 + j5 / (a) Calculate the line-to-line voltage magnitude at the sending end of the distribution line. (b) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.

Solution to problem 3

(a) Note that =cos-1(0.7)=45.57 deg (the angle is positive because the pf is lagging), and sin(45.7)=0.714.

100 103 1500 (0.7 + j 0.714 )VA Van = = 866.0250V , S1 = 3 3

S1 33.3 10 3 (0.7 j 0.714 ) IL = = 38.45 45.57 A V = 866.025 an Vsending ,an = Van + I L Z L = 866.0250 + 38.45 45.57 (10 + j 5) = 1279.2 6.211 Vsending ,AB = 3 1279.2 = 2215.3V

(b)

S sending = 3 (Van ,sending ) (I L ) = 3(1279.2 6.211) (38.45 45.57 ) = 147.55639.36VA

Psending = 114.09kW , Qsending = 93.58kVAR

Problem 4
The complex power absorbed by a three-phase load is 1500kVA at 0.8 pf lag

P/ =

Q/ =

If the Line voltage at the load in problem 1 is 8660.2540 V, what is the voltage magnitude across each phase of the load, if the load is connected as follows,

Vd =
What is the magnitude of line current drawn by this load?

Vy =

IL =

Solution to problem 4 The complex power absorbed by a three-phase load is 1500kVA at 0.8 pf lag

Note that =cos-1(0.8)=36.87 deg (the angle is positive because the pf is lagging), and sin(36.87)=0.6. Then P1=1500(0.8)/3=400 kW, Q1=1500(0.6)/3=300 kW.

P1 = 400 kW

Q/ = 300 kVAR

If the Line voltage at the load in problem 1 is 8660.2540 V, what is the voltage magnitude across each phase of the load, if the load is connected as follows,

V = 8660.254 V

V y = 5000 V=

8660.254 3

What is the magnitude of line current drawn by this load?

I L = 100 A IL =

1500 x103 3 8660.254

Problem 5
In the circuit shown below, Van = 12,000 + j 0 V (rms). Assume positive phase sequence. The balanced source supplies 1.5 MW and 0.3 MVAR to the three phase balanced load. Find: a) The rms line current. b) Z p

Aa

15

Van Vcn Nn Vbn Bb 15 15

B

VAB

ZP

VCA
BC

+
C

+V

ZP

Solution to problem 5 (a) S3 = (1.5 + j 0.3) * 106VA

1 S1 = ( 1.5 + j 0.3 )* 106VA 3 * * Van I an = S1 = 12 ,000 I an ( 1.5 + j 0.3 )x106 * = 42.49211.31o A I an = 3 12 ,000 I an = 42.492 11.31o A
(b) Z p = 3Z py

Z py =

VAN = VaN I aA * 15 = 12 ,000 42.492 11.31* 15

= 11,375.680.6296oV Z Py =
Z Py

Van I aA

11,375.680.6296o = 267.713511.939o o 42.492 11.31 = 3 x 267.713511.939 = 803.140511.939 o

Problem 6
A three phase source is supplying a balanced three phase load over a transmission line having impedance of ZL=2+j20 ohms per phase. The voltage at the source end of the transmission line is 2887 0 volts line to neutral. The current supplied through the transmission line is IL=100 -30 amperes. 1. Determine the power factor seen by the source, and specify whether it is leading or lagging. 2. Determine the voltage (line to neutral) at the load. 3. Determine the power factor of the load, and specify whether the load is a. leading or lagging b. inductive or capacitive 4. Determine the real and reactive power consumed by the load.

Solution to problem 6
1. 2. 3. pf=cos(30)=0.8660, and it is lagging. VLOAD=28870-100-30(2+j20)=713.8-j1632=2366.5-43.6 pf angle=angle at which voltage leads the current=-43.6-(-30)=-13.6, so pf=cos(-13.6)=0.972, and the current is leading the voltage! This means the power factor is leading (part a) and the load must be capacitive (part b). S=3VLOAD (I)*=3(2366.5-43.6)(100+30)=690044-j166939=709.950-13.6 kVA

4.

Problem 7
A balanced, three-phase load having a power factor of 0.8 lagging is supplied by a transmission line carrying 300 amps at 115 kV line-to-line. Compute the three-phase real and reactive power delivered to the load.

Solution to problem 7
S 3 = 3 V LL I =

( 3 ) (115 10 ) (300 ) = 59 .756 MVA

3

pf = 0 . 8 = cos 1 (0 . 8 ) = 36 . 9 sin ( ) = 0 . 6 P = ( 59 . 756 ) ( 0 . 8 ) = 47 . 8 MW Q = ( 59 . 756 ) ( 0 . 6 ) = 35 . 879 MVAR

Problem 8
A balanced, three-phase, delta-connected load consumes 50-j20 kVA at a line-to-line voltage of 13.8 kV. Compute the per-phase impedance of this load assuming a series connection between R and X.

Solution to problem 8

VLL VLL ( 13.8 10 3 )2 S= * Z = * = = 3283 j1313 3 Z S ( 50 + j 20 ) 10 Z = 3 Z Y Z = 3 ( 3283 j1313 ) = 9849 j 3939 R = 9849 X = 3939( Capacitive )
Problem 9
A three-phase wye-connected load having impedance of Z1=200+j50 ohms per phase is connected in parallel with a three phase delta-connected load having impedance of Z2=600+j300 ohms per phase. The load is supplied by a three-phase wye-connected generator that is directly interconnected with the loads (i.e., there is no transmission line between the generator and the loads). The voltage magnitude of the generator is 13.8 kV line-to-line. Assume that the phase to neutral voltage at the generator is the angle reference. 1. Draw the three-phase circuit. Clearly identify the numerical values of one line to neutral source voltage phasor and one-phase impedance for each of loads 1 and 2. 2. Draw the per-phase circuit. Clearly identify the numerical values of the source voltage phasor and the per-phase impedances of loads 1 and 2. 3. Compute the three-phase complex power consumed by each load and the total, complex three-phase power consumed by the two loads. 4. Show that the total, complex three-phase power consumed by the two loads can be computed using the line current and the line-to-line value of the source voltage.

Solution to problem 9
1. VAN= 7967v Z1=200+j50 Z2=600+j300

2. Z1=200+j50 Z2=200+j100

VAN= 7967v

3.

We could use S1 =3|VAN|2/Z1* , S2 = 3|VAN|2/Z2* , or we could get the current instead. Lets do it by getting the current. I1=VAN/Z1=7967/(200+j50)= 37.4918 - j9.3729, S1=3VAN(I1)*=3(7967)( 37.4918 + j9.3729)= (896.09 +j224.02)kva P1=896.1 kW, Q1=224.0 kVAR I2=VAN/Z2=7967/(200+j100)= 31.8680 -j15.9340 S2=3VAN(I2)*=3(7967)(31.8680 +j15.9340)= (761.68e+j380.84)kva P2=761.7 kW, Q2=380.8 kVAR STotal=S1+S2=1657.8+j604.86 PTotal=1657.8 kW, QTotal=604.9 kVAR IT=I1+I2= 69.3598 -j25.3069= 73.83 -20.05, |VLine|=13,800 STotal=(3)(13,800)(73.83){cos(20.05)+jsin(20.05)}= 1657.8+j604.9

4.

Consider a balanced three-phase source supplying a balanced Y- or - connected load with the following instantaneous voltages and currents.

Problem 10

v an = 2 V p cos(t + v ) vbn = 2 V p cos(t + v 120) vcn = 2 V p cos(t + v 240)

ia = 2 I p cos(t + i ) ib = 2 I p cos(t + i 120) ic = 2 I p cos(t + i 240)

where |Vp| and |Ip| are the magnitudes of the rms phase voltage and current, respectively. Show that the total instantaneous power provided to the load, as the sum of the instantaneous powers of each phase, is a constant.

Solution for Problem 10

Consider a balanced three-phase source supplying a balanced Y- or - connected load with the following instantaneous voltages

v an = 2 V p cos( t + v )

vcn = 2 V p cos( t + v 240 o )

For a balanced load the phase currents are

vbn = 2 V p cos( t + v 120 o )

ia = 2 I p cos( t + i )

ib = 2 I p cos( t + i 120 o ) ic = 2 I p cos t + i 240 o

(2.41)

where

V p and I p are the magnitudes of the rms phase voltage and current, respectively. The total p3 = v an ia + vbn ib + vcn ic

instantaneous power is the sum of the instantaneous power of each phase, given by Substituting for the instantaneous voltages and currents

p3 = 2 V p I p cos( t + v ) cos( t + i ) + 2Vp I p

+ 2 V p I p cos t + v 120 o cos t + i 120 o

v

( cos( t +

) ( 240 )cos( t +
o

) 240 )
o

Using the trigonometric identity cosx cosy =cos(x-y) + cos(x+y)

p3 = V p I p [cos( v i ) + cos(2 t + v + i )] + Vp I p

+ V p I p cos( v i ) + cos(2 t + v + i 240 o )

v

[ [cos(

i ) + cos(2 t + v + i

] 480 )]
o

The three double frequency cosine terms are out of phase with each other by 120 and add up to zero, and the three-phase instantaneous power is

p3 = 3 V p I p cos

= v i

is the angle between phase voltage and phase current or the impedance angle.

Problem 11
A three-phase line has an impedance of 2+j4 ohms/phase, and the line feeds two balanced three-phase loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is Y-connected and has an impedance of 30+j40 ohms/phase. The second load is delta-connected and has an impedance of 60-j45 ohms/phase. The line is energized at the sending end from a three-phase balanced supply of line voltage 207.85 volts. Taking the phase voltage Va as reference, determine: a. The current, real power, and reactive power drawn from the supply. b. The line voltage at the combined loads. c. The current per phase in each load. d. The total real and reactive powers in each load and the line.

Solution for Problem 11

(a) The -connected load is transformed into an equivalent Y. The impedance per phase of the equivalent Y is

Z2 = V1 =

60 j 45 = 20 j15 3 207.85 3 = 120 V

The phase voltage is

The single-phase equivalent circuit is shown in the following figure.

The total impedance is

Z = 2 + j4 +

(30 j 45)(20 j15) (30 + j 40) + (20 j15)

= 2 + j 4 + 22 j 4 = 24 with the phase voltage Van as reference, the current in phase a is V1 1200 o = =5A I= 24 Z
The three-phase power supplied is

S = 3V1 I * = 3(1200 o )(50 o ) = 1800 W

(b) The phase voltage at the load terminal is

V2 = 1200 o (2 + j 4)(50 o ) = 110 j 20 = 111.8 10.3o V

The line voltage at the load terminal is

V2 ab = 330 o V2 = 3 (111.8)19.7 o = 193.6419.7 o V

I1 =

(c) The current per phase in the Y-connected load and in the equivalent Y of the load is

V2 110 j 20 = 1 j 2 = 2.236 63.4 o A = 30 + j 40 Z1 V 110 j 20 = 4 + j 2 = 4.47226.56 o A I2 = 2 = 20 j15 Z2 The phase current in the original -connected load, i.e., I ab is given by

I ab =

I2 3 30
o

4.47226.56 o 3 30
o

= 2.58256.56 o A

(d) The three-phase power absorbed by each load is

S1 = 3V2 I 1* = 3(111.8 10.3o )(2.23663.4 o ) = 450 W + j 600 var * S 2 = 3V2 I 2 = 3(111.8 10.3o )(4.472 26.56 o ) = 1200 W - j 900 var

The three-phase power absorbed by the line is

S L = 3(RL + jX L ) I

= 3(2 + j 4)(5) = 150 W + j 300 var

2

It is clear that the sum of load powers and line losses is equal to the power delivered from the supply, i.e.,

S1 + S 2 + S L = (450 + j 600 ) + (1200 j 900 ) + (150 + j 300 ) = 1800 W + j 0 var

Problem 12
A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4+j2.7 ohms per phase. The line feeds two balanced three-phase loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing 560.1kVA at 0.707 power factor lagging. The second load absorbs 132 kW at unity power factor. The line-to-line voltage at the load end of the line is 3810.5 volts. Determine: a. The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line. b. Total real and reactive power loss in the line. c. Real power and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line.

Solution for Problem 12

(a) The phase voltage at the load terminals is

V2 =

3810.5 3

= 2200 V

The total complex power is

S R (3 ) = 560.1(0.707 + j 0.707 ) + 132 = 528 + j 396 = 66036.87 o kVA

With the phase voltage V2 as reference, the current in the line is

I=

* SR (3 )

3V2*

660,000 36.87 o = 100 36.87 o A 3 22000 o

The phase voltage at the sending end is

V1 = 22000 o + (0.4 + j 2.7 )100 36.87 o = 2401.74.58 o V V1L = 3 V1 = 3 (2401.7 ) = 4160 V

2 2

The magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the line is (b) The three-phase power loss in the line is

S L (3 ) = 3R I + j 3 X I
(c) The three-phase sending power is

= 3(0.4)(100 ) + j 3 (2.7 )(100)

2

= 12 kW + j81 kvar
S S (3 ) = 3V1 I * = 3 2401.74.58 o 10036.87 o = 540 kW + j 477 kvar
It is clear that the sum of load powers and the line losses is equal to the power delivered from the supply, i.e.,

)(

S S (3 ) = S R (3 ) + S L (3 ) = (528 + j 396) + (12 + j81) = 540 kW + j 477 kvar