Seminar 2 A. Arguments vs. Adjuncts 1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) &.

With regard to the sentence in (i) below, are the statements in (ii)(v) true or false? The monks regularly brew beer on their premises. Sentence (i) contains two Adjuncts. he !re"ositional !hrase on their "remises functions as #irect $bject. he Subject of (i) is monks. he #irect $bject of (i) is beer on their premises. And again, with regard to (i) below, are the statements (ii)(v) true or false? After seeing the film we had a meal in a restaurant. he %! of this sentence is had. After seeing the film is a !!. in a restaurant is a !!. he #$ is a meal in a restaurant. #iscuss the argument structure of the verbs in the following sentences'

(1) !oirot "romised (aigret the job last wee). (&) *msworth is wal)ing the dogs. (+) hat !oirot had left dis""ointed the crowd immensel,. (-) he huge "ig frightened the s"ectators. (.) / have received the boo) this morning. +. /dentif, all the %!0adjuncts in the following e1am"les' (1) he student will e1amine the te1t ver, carefull,. (&) he students will ver, carefull, e1amine the te1t. (+) $ne of the most controversial ta)eovers in 2ritish s"orting histor, was last night awaiting a government decision. (2ased on Guardian, 1+.+.1333, ". 1, col. 1) (-) /t is two0faced of the ma,or to one da, attac) the "rivate sector and the ne1t da, outbid them. (Guardian, 3.1&.&444, ". ., col. 5) (.) he new rule does not end judicial discretion but it rightl, seriousl, curtails it. (based on Guardian, &5.+.&441, ". 3, col. &) 67aegeman &448' &1&9 -. /dentif, the arguments and the adjuncts of all the verbs below' (1) 7e was feeling disa""ointed at onl, obtaining average grades in the mor"holog, e1ercises. (&) Student counsellors )now that mone, troubles can cause considerable stress. (+) $""osition "oliticians are "ressing for election debates to receive better television coverage. (-) Seasoned "ress commentators doubt if the wor)ers will ever full, acce"t that substantial "a, rises lead to runawa, inflation. (.) Students often com"lain to their high school teachers that the state education s,stem "romotes universal mediocrit., (8) Some scientists believe that climatic changes result from o:one de"letion due to e1cessive carbon dio1ide emission. (5) ;inguists have long sus"ected that "eer grou" "ressure sha"es linguistic behaviour "atterns in ver, ,oung children. (<) =ou don>t seem to be too worried about the "ossibilit, that man, of the shareholders ma, now vote against ,our revised ta)eover bid. 6e1am"les from ?adford &44-' -<9

B. Auxiliary verbs 1. #iscuss the grammatical "ro"erties and categorial status of the highlighted words in each of the following e1am"les, giving arguments in su""ort of ,our anal,sis' 1. a. @obod, needAdare sa, an,thing b. @obod, needsAdares to as) Buestions c. Cohn is wor)ing hard d. Cohn may sta, at home e. Cohn has done it f. Cohn has to go there g. Cohn used to go there Buite often.

6?adford &44-' -89

&. Dnderline the au1iliar, verbs in the following sentences and identif, the categor, the, belong to (choosing from' modal au1iliar,, as"ectual au1iliar,, "assive au1iliar, or dumm, do). Eive reasons for ,our answers. (1) (&) (+) (-) (.) (8) We will assign a new tutor to this student. Seamus is "la,ing in the garden. She can>t have been being interrogated again. She mustn>t wait an, longer. She ma, have been abroad. Canet hasn>t done her homewor).

6Aarts &441 '.49

+. Some of the following sentences contain as"ectual au1iliaries. /dentif, them and e1"lain in which situations we would use them. (i) She is laughing. (ii) She was laughing. (iii) 7e has eaten all the biscuits. (iv) 7e ate all the biscuits. (iii) 7e had eaten all the biscuits. 6Aarts &441' .19 -. Fonsider the underlined occurrences of do in the following e1am"les. Fan we eliminate do and "reserve a grammatical sentence? /t turns out that if we eliminate do we must attach the inflection that is associated with do to the verb itself and the resulting sentences will be acce"table. ;oo)ing at the conte1ts in which the sentences with do are used, tr, to identif, a common conte1tual factor that relates all these e1am"les. (1) / don>t remember much of an,thing she said in the church fo,er or what / uttered bac). She had that da::ling effect on me. ruth is, she still does. What / do recall is that she invited me to a holida, "art, two nights later at the mutual friend>s "lace. ( Chicago Tribune, &&.1&.&44+, section 1+, ". 3, col. 1) (&) Foleman, who describes himself as a Gsemi0"rofessional "unterH, gave evidence at a trial in Southam"ton in $ctober &441 and his statements to the court then will form the basis of the case against him. /t is still not clear if he will turn u" for the 14 a.m. hearing at the club>s headBuarters in ;ondon, but the feeling at !ortman SBuare ,esterda, was that he would indeed a""ear to defend himself . . . /f Foleman does a""ear this morning, the Coc)e, Flub ma, also wish to inBuire about another "art of the evidence. (Guardian, &&.1.&44+, ". 1-, cols 1 and &) (+) $n uesda, Flarett dis"uted the contention of universit, officials that he had failed to file the "ro"er "a"erwor) that would have allowed him to attend the funeral . . . *ach side is right, Flarett did fill out the "a"ers but filled them out too late to receive tic)ets to fl, home. ( New York Times, &.1.&44+, ". #1, col. 1)

(-) Cac)son is hardl, a virgin forest. ;i)e most of the state>s redwood land, it has been logged intermittentl, since about the middle of the 13th centur, . . . 2ut the forest does have thousands of acres of <40 to 1440,ear old redwoods. (San Francisco Chronicle, &<.11.&44&, ". A+-, col. 1) (.) />m "robabl, more benevolent towards (r ;ivingstone than a lot of "eo"le and / actuall, do thin) he>s ver, brave in tr,ing congestion charging. (Guardian, +.1.&44+, ". +, col. -) (8) !eo"le close to Senate leader om #aschle sa, he should be considered a "ossible candidate, but man, #emocrats sa, the, would be sur"rised if he does run. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1.1&.&44&, ". A8, col. .) (5) 2ut that>s the trouble with middle0aged men these da,s' the,>re so bus, tr,ing to convince the world that the, reall, do li)e *minem that the, have forgotten several decades of their "ast. ( os Angeles Times, &8.11.&44&, ". *1+, col. +) (<) /n the new re"ort, mice that were fed onl, ever, other da, but could gorge on the da,s the, did eat saw similar health benefits to ones that had their diet reduced b, -4 "ercent. ( !ashington "ost, &3.-.&44+, ". A+, col. .) (3) We were told journalism is a science. /t didn>t ma)e sense then nor does it now. 2ut it does ma)e sense that we were learning a "rofession. (ada"ted from !ashington "ost, &3.-.&44+, ". A&&, col. -) (14) When it was first established in 1344, the @obel committee clearl, thought 6the !eace !ri:e9 should be awarded to "eo"le who reall, did believe in "eaceful solutions and non0violence. (Guardian, 5.1&.&44&, ". 14, col. 1) 67aegeman &448' .+0.-9 C. Tree Diagrams 1. #raw com"lete tree re"resentations for the following "hrases and sentences. a. !hrases the bo,, the curious bo,, the bo, in blue jeans, e1tremel, loud, aware of the danger, Buite slowl,, in the ,ard, totall, over the moon, slee" "eacefull,, draw a "ainting b. Sentences (1) / will go. (&) She rode her bic,cle slowl,. (+) Seamus can s"ea) Fhinese. (-) he bo, has drun) a glass of Fo)e. (.) Cohn is waiting for the bus im"atientl,. ?eferences' Aarts, 2. &441. #nglish Synta$ and Argumentation, !algrave, (acmillan 7aegeman, ;. &448. Thinking Syntactically. A Guide to Argumenation and Analysis, 2lac)well ?adford, A. &44-. %inimalist Synta$& #$ploring the Structure o' #nglish , Fambridge, Fambridge Dniversit, !ress