Pharmacological and clinical research on Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) in China

LIN Zhi-Bin Department of Pharmacology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China linzb1937@sina.com

Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) was listed in the Shennong Material Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing) as a superior medicine, which provides the effect on maintaining health without toxicity even for long-term use, as well as benefits energy and lifeenhancement.

Li Shi-Zhen, a well known the Ming Dynasty Chinese physician scholar, also described the efficacy and medical

uses of Ganoderma in the world renown classic Compendium of Materia Medica (Ben Cao Gang Mu) in the 16th century.

Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinense ) have been listed in Pharmacopoeia of Peoples Republic of China (Part I).
The use of Lingzhi as a drug or health food is on the rise in China.

Nowadays, in China, extensive research and industrial development has lead Lingzhi and a vast variety of its products to be widely applied for the prevention and cure of diseases, as well as for the improvement of health and general well-being.

Immune regulation Anti-tumor effect Protective effect on radiotherapy/ chemotherapy-induced injuries

Sedative effect
Anti-ischemic effect

Pharmacological
effects of Lingzhi

Hypolipidemic effect
Hypoglycemic effect

Chemical and immunological liver injury prevention

Anti-hypoxic effect Anti-oxidation and free radical scavenging effect Anti-aging effect

Bronchitis and asthma Neurasthenia and insomnia Hypertension

Clinical application of Lingzhi

Hyperlipidemia Diabetes mellitus

Hepatitis Cancer Mushroom poisoning Sub-healthy and elderly

Cancers
Clinical trials showed the evidence of Lingzhis adjuvant effects when it was applied to supplement chemotherapy or radiotherapy. integrated Lingzhi can reduce and attenuate gastrointestinal injury, such as anorexia, nausea and vomiting . Lingzhi can reduce myelosuppression, such as leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Lingzhi can enhance patients immunological

functions. Lingzhi can improve cancer patients life quality.

Clinical reports on adjuvant treatments of G. lucidum for cancers

No. of cases Diagnosis Dosage Efficacy Note

22 G.l.

Squamous lung cancer, infiltrating type breast cancer, colon Adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer.
Advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer ~ stages 26 ~stages 30

Decoction of fruiting body of G.l.,50g/day, 4 weeks

CR + PR:13.16 %Karnofsky score increased more than 10: 36.4%CD3CD4CD4/CD8 ratioNK activitylymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 activity increasedCD8 decreased Serum -GT content dropped from 101.03 17.79 IU/L to 70.65 15.05 IU/L
G.l.+ chemotherapy CR+PR 65.71 %RBCWBCHGB PLT no significant changes after treatmentT3T4 and T8 increased after treatment. Chemotherapy group CR +PR 42.85 %, blood assay and T3,T4,T8 decreased

Ref.1

56:G.l. +chemot herapy 35 chemoth erapy 21)

G.l. (fruiting body) oral liquid 20ml, take orally t.i.d. for 2 months

Ref.2

No. of cases
114G.l. + Chemotherapy 66 Chemoth erapy 48

Diagnosis

Dosage

Efficacy
G.l. markedly ameliorated immune suppression (NK, CD3,CD4 and CD8) induced by chemotherapy

Note
Ref.3

Cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, liver, cervix, colon or bladder

Esophagus cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer with TCM diagnosed with deficiencies in the spleen

G.l. extract capsule 4 capsules, 4 times daily for 40 days

160 G.l. 100 Chemo therapy 50 radiotherapy 50; Control 60 Chemo therapy 30 radiotherapy 30

G.l. spore powder capsules 0.4g, t.i.d. for 30 days

Karnofsky score increased 10~30 points :G.l. 91.0%, Control 30.0%; the average effective rate of TCM grading scales was 86.0% (G.l.) vs. 26.7%(control); Hematological changes in the two groups was significant before and after treatment.

Ref.4

Changes on T-lymphocyte subsets in Lingzhi and Control group before and after treatments (Ref.3)
Group
CL

N
66 Before After Before After

CD3
51.43 6.00 50.67 6.29 50.99 6.52 43.38 6.39*

CD4

CD8

CC

48

36.57 6.69 31.20 6.90 37.10 6.49 30.24 7.60 37.75 7.40 30.99 6.69 31.01 6.31* 26.42 7.15*

xs *p0.05, compared with before and after the treatment in the same group. Effect of Lingzhi extract combined with chemotherapy on 114 patients with cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, liver, cervix, colon or bladder. All patients were randomly divided into two groups, i.e., chemotherapy with Lingzhi group (CL) and chemotherapy control group (48 cases). In control group (CC), the FAM chemotherapy was applied, including intravenous injections of 300 mg/m2 5flurouracil twice a week and 30 mg/m2 adriamycin once a week in the first and the fourth weeks, and bolus intravenous injection of 3mg/m2 mitomycin once a week, for 6 weeks as one course of treatment. For the patients in CL, in addition to the same chemotherapy, 4 capsules of Lingzhi fruiting body extract were administered, 4 times daily for 40 days as one course of treatment.
J Practical Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, 2004, 18(5):457-458

No. of cases
114G.l. + Chemotherapy 66 Chemoth erapy 48

Diagnosis

Dosage

Efficacy
G.l. markedly ameliorated immune suppression (NK, CD3,CD4 and CD8) induced by chemotherapy

Note
Ref.3

Cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, liver, cervix, colon or bladder

Esophagus cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer with TCM diagnosed with deficiencies in the spleen

G.l. extract capsule 4 capsules, 4 times daily for 40 days

160 G.l. 100 Chemo therapy 50 radiotherapy 50; Control 60 Chemo therapy 30 radiotherapy 30

G.l. spore powder capsules 0.4g, t.i.d. for 30 days

Karnofsky score increased 10~30 points :G.l. 91.0%, Control 30.0%; the average effective rate of TCM grading scales was 86.0% (G.l.) vs. 26.7% (control) Hematological changes in the two groups was significant before and after treatment.

Ref.4

Curative effects based on symptom improvements on patients (Ref.4)

Lingzhi Group Symptom Anorexia Fatigue/hypologia Lassitude Abdominal distension Loose stool Cases 69 87 83 12 14 Effective 61 (88.4%) 79 (90.8%) 69 (83.1%) 6 (50.0%) 8 (57. 1%) Control Group Cases 46 48 47 6 7 Effective 14 (30.4%) 11 ( 22.9%) 12 (25.5%) 0 (0) 0 (0)

These patients had been diagnosed with deficiencies in the spleen according to TCM practice, and were receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Starting 3 days before radiotherapy or chemotherapy, patients in the Lingzhi Group(100 cases) were given oral administration of 0.4 g Lingzhi spore powder capsules, 3 times a day for one month as one course of treatment. Patients in the Control Group(60 cases) received their regular radiotherapy or chemotherapy without the Lingzhi capsules during the same time period.
Clin J Anhui Trad Chin Med, 1997, 9(6): 292-293

Hematological changes on cancer patients before and after treatment(Ref.4)

Group Item n before treatment after treatment
4.77 0.43 4.00 0.15 9.721.24 7.331.17 4.900.82 3.62 0.49 10.088.91 6.2610.21

difference
0.76 0.53 0.700.29 1.080.75 0. 89 0.22 1.070.93 0.85 0.94 1.850.86 1.89 1.92

Lung cancer patients: Lingzhi group WBC (109/L) 10 3.93 0.48 Control group 9 4.59 0.36 Lingzhi group Hb (g/L) 10 8.531.67 Control group 9 8.000.66 Esophageal and gastric carcinoma patients: Lingzhi group WBC(109/L) 10 3. 830.50 Control group 10 4.45 1.04 Lingzhi group Hb(g/L) 10 8.231.67 Control group 10 8.151.67

Clin J Anhui Trad Chin Med, 1997, 9(6): 292-293

No. of cases 309,(G.l. 155 , Control 154 )

Diagnosis The advanced malignant tumors with same chemotherapy protocol

Dosage G.l. teabag 24 g, b.i.d., for 1520days

Efficacy* The nausea and vomiting ratings: G.l. were 59 of 0, 77 of I,16 of IIand 3 of III; Control were 31, 92, 25 and 6, respectively. Food intakes: G.l. were 17 of I, 81 of IIand 57 of III,; Control were 39, 74 and 41, respectively. Decreases in WBC among patients in G.l. were less than those in the Control.

Note The chemother apy also included anti-emetic drugs and leucocyte increasing agents. Ref.5

*The efficacy criteria included (1) nausea and vomiting: 0for none, Ifor vomiting 1-2 times, andIIfor vomiting 3-4 times, IIIfor vomiting more than 5 times a day; (2) food intake: Ifor eating nothing or less than half of normal amount, IIfor eating half of the normal amount, andIIIfor normal consumption; and, (3) peripheral blood test conducted every 3 days, 3-4 times before and after chemotherapy.

References
1. Wang, H.J., Liu, Y.E., Chen, J. et al. Clinical research of decoction of Ganoderma lucidum on treatment of malignant tumors. Journal of Dalian Medical University, 1999,21(1):29-31 2. Yan, B.K., Wei, Y.J. and Li, Y.Q. Clinical observation of Lingzhi oral liquid combined with chemotherapy in 56 cases of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical Pharmacology, 1998, 9(2): 78-80 3. Lin, N.D., Su, J.N., Gao, Y.H. et al. Clinical analysis of 66 cases of treatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract combined chemotherapy for tumors. Journal of Practical Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, 2004, 18(5):457-458 4. Ni, J.Y., Wang, X.M. and He, W.Y. Clinical study of efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder capsules on cancer patients with deficiencies in the spleen receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Clinical Journal of Anhui Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1997, 9(6): 292-293 5. Zhou, J., Zou, X.X. and Zhou, J.C. Clinical observation of Ganoderma lucidum preparation in adjuvant therapy for tumors. Jiangxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2001, 32(3): 30,32

Research on mechanism of antitumor activity of Lingzhi

G.lucidum (extract, polysaccharides and triterpenoids) exhibited significant anti-tumor effect in tumor-bearing animals.
G.lucidum enhanced anti-tumor effects of the chemotherapeutant, such as cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cisplatin and Ara-C. G.lucidum had anti-radiation effect. G.lucidum relieved the immunosuppression or myelosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide mitomycin C, fluorouracil and Ara-C .

 The anti-tumor efficacy of G. lucidum (extract and polysaccharides) was mainly a result of their immunoregulating activity, including enhancing the maturation and function of dendritic cells, increasing activities of macrophages, the natural killer cells (NK) and cytotoxic T cell, modulating humoral and cellular immunity, and promoting secretion of anti-tumor cytokines, such as TNF and IFN .

G. lucidum polysaccharides can inhibit tumor angiogenesis via suppressed proliferation of the endothelial cells.

G. lucidum can suppress invasion of human lung carcinoma cell in vitro.

New findings!
Recently, our laboratory investigated the reversal effect of G. lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-

PS) on multidrug resistance (MDR) in the adriamycin (ADM)-resistant leukemic cell line K562/ADM. Results indicate that Gl-PS obviously reversed the resistance of K562/ADM to adriamycin (doxorubicin) by downregulating the expression of MDR-1 and MDR-associated protein (MRP 1)in K562/ADM cells.

(A). Effects of Gl-PS on sensitivities of K562/ADM cells to ADM. (B). Reverse index of drug resistance by Gl-PS in K562/ADM cell.
MeanSD. bP<0.05, cP<0.01 vs control group. Cells were incubated in 96well plates (1.0105/well), in 100 L medium containing ADM and Gl-PS (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L) were added. VER was used as a positive control. After 44 h incubation, 20 L MTT (5 g/L in PBS) were added. After 4 h inhibition, the absorbance at 570 nm was determined using an enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay multikan reader. n=4. VER, verapamil; RF, reversing factor. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2008,29(5): 620-627

MDR1 and MRP1 transcript determined by RT-PCR. RTPCR analysis of total RNA obtained from K562/A and K562/A plus 10 mg/L (top) or 50 mg/L Gl -PS (bottom). The primers for human mdr-1 and mrp-1 and the control housekeeper gene -actin are shown in Table 1. Lanes 1, 2 and 3, K562/A cells with Gl-PS. Lanes 4, 5 and 6, K562/A cells without Gl-PS, respectively. Lane 7 is the DNA ladder.

Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2008,29(5): 620-627

Accumulation of Doxorubicin in drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant K562 cell

K562/ADM

K562

K562/ADM+GlPS 10mg

K562/ADM+Gl-PS 50mg

Effect of G.lucidum on drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant small-cell lung carcinoma cells

Condition H69 drug-sens VPA drug-resist

Etoposide, no preincubation 0.41 0.17a,b Etoposide, preinc. G. lucidum 0.04 0.02b (-fold sensitization) (10.2-fold) Doxorubicin, no preincubation 28 8c,d Doxorubicin, preinc. G. lucidum 5 3d (-fold sensitization) (5.6-fold)

3.35 1.22b 0.21 0.09b (15.9-fold) 185 44d 36 15d (5.1-fold)

a IC50 in M SD. b All values significantly different (p < 0.05) by ANOVA and Tukeys test, except H69, no preincubation vs. VPA, preincubation with G. lucidum. c IC50 in nM SD. d All values significantly different (p < 0.05) by ANOVA and Tukeys test, except H69, no preincubation vs. VPA, preincubation with G. lucidum. D. Sadava, et al. Cancer Letters 277 (2009) 182189

Multidrug resistance (MDR), a major cause of cancer treatment failure, is a phenomenon whereby cancer cells develop resistance to a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs. MDR has been associated with the over expression of Pglycoprotein (P-gp) or MRP, 2 transmembrane transporters that act as pumps to remove toxic drugs from tumor cells. This mechanism may involve Lingzhis synergic effect with chemotherapy.

Ganoderma tsugae extract inhibits expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells: In vitro and in vivo

Ganoderma tsugae extract (GTME) inhibited cell proliferation and sensitized A-431 cells to Taxol treatment
Shih-Chung Hsu, et al.Cancer Letters 281 (2009) 108116

GTME inhibited EGFR protein expression in EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells.

Shih-Chung Hsu, et al.Cancer Letters 281 (2009) 108116

Inhibition of VEGF protein levels and VEGF secretion of A-431 cells by GTME

Shih-Chung Hsu, et al.Cancer Letters 281 (2009) 108116

Inhibition of A-431 xenograph tumor growth, EGFR expression, and VEGF expression by the G. tsugae extract in nude mice

Shih-Chung Hsu, et al.Cancer Letters 281 (2009) 108116

Results suggest that GTME inhibits VEGF expression via the suppression of EGFR expression, resulting in the down regulation of VEGF secretion from epidermoid carcinoma A-431 cells. The findings reveal a novel role for G. tsugae in inhibiting EGFR and VEGF expression, which are important for tumor angiogenesis and growth. The

oral administration of G,tsugae appears to be of

potential interest as an anti-angiogenesis treatment modality,

Protection of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide(Gl-PS) on methotrexate(MTX)induced intestinal damage in mice

Compared with the normal group , the intestinal villus in the MTX group became shorter and fused , and the crypt cells were disappeared , the goblet cells were decreased.
Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2009, 14 (10):1110-1114

Ultrastructural changes

Effect of Gl-PS on malondialdehyde (MDA) content and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in intestinal homogenate supernatant
Groups
Normal control MTX model Gl-PS(50 mgPkg) Gl-PS(100 mgPkg) Gl-PS(200 mgPkg)

MDA(nmol/mgProt)
0. 89 0. 20c 1. 45 0. 28 1. 34 0. 24 1. 20 0. 20b 0. 99 0. 14c

SOD(U/mgProt)
108 18c 77 10 92 15 100 25b 108 22c

Compared with MTX model b P < 0. 05 , c P < 0. 01

Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2009, 14 (10):1110-1114

Hyperlipidemia
Lingzhi lowers serum cholesterol, triglyceride and lowdensity lipoprotein(LDL), and increases high density lipoprotein(HDL). Lingzhi reduces blood plasma viscosity and improve hemorheological properties of the blood facilitating blood flow and circulation. Lingzhi has a synergistic effect combined with the conventional lipid-lowering drugs. The chemical lipid-lowering drugs currently used for clinical purposes often cause liver damage. Taking Lingzhi along with the prescription drugs can prevent or mitigate the injuries.

Pharmacological studies on rats with hyperlipidemia showed that G.lucidum extract and its polysaccharides reduced the serum cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride levels in the liver of the animals. In contrast, it elevated serum HDL, significantly improved serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and reduced serum lipid peroxides (LPO) concentration. G. lucidum polysaccharide peptides (GLPP ) had protective effect of on apoptosis of endothelial cells( HUVECS) injured by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH).

Protective effect of GLPP on apoptosis of HUVECS injured by t-BOOH(400, Hochest 33258 staining)

A: Showing normal nucleus; B: Injury group ( by t-BOOH 119 10-4 molL-1 ) showing the most condensed chromatin and the lest cells alive; C: Treated group ( by GLPP 6.125 m.L-1 ) showingmore apoptotic bodies and less cells alive; D: Treated group ( by GLPP 25 mgL-1 )showing less apoptotic bodies than injury group. Chinese Pharmacological B ulletin, 2010,26: 657660

Morphological changes of HUVECs under the electron microscope

A: Control group: Nucleus of cells was spheroid with dispersed chromatin and intact organelles( 8 000) ; B: Injury group: Nucleus of cells appeared patches of condensed chromatin lying against the nuclear membrane ( 5 000) ; C: GLPP low dose group: The structure of nucleus had fewer changes than injury group ( 5 000) ; D: GLPP high dose group: Nucleus of cells was spheroid with intact organelles( 8 000)
Chinese Pharm acological B ulletin, 2010,26: 657660

Hypertension
G. lucidum can lower the blood pressure and improve subjective symptoms in hypertensive patients.
The efficacy is particularly pronounced when it is applied in combination with conventional antihypertensive drugs..

Changes in blood pressure (mmHg) before and after treatment

Lingzhi tablet (n=27) Index Major Arteries Systolic Pressure Major Arteries Diastolic Pressure Arterioles Systolic Pressure Pretreatment 155.3 17.5 94.411.1 132.116.7 78.2 10.6 51.113.0 Posttreatment 141.2 15.3** 86.6 7.6** 120.9 12.7 ** 73.3 9.5* 41.9 8.8** Placebo (n=13) Pretreatment 161.220.9 93.0 13.1 140.2 15.1 81.5 14.0 54.2 10.7 Posttreatment 158.1 14.3 92.9 8.25 138.5 15.2 83.1 7.9 55.412.7

Arterioles Diastolic Pressure

Capillary Pressure

Values are mean SEM (**P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, compared with pretreatment with Lingzhi tablets or post-treatment with placebo).
J. China Microcirculation, 1999, 3(2):75-78

Changes in the microcirculation of nail wall before and after treatment

Lingzhi tablet (n=27) Placebo (n=13) Pre-treatment Post-treatment

Index
Pre-treatment Capillary Loop Density (Strip/mm) Efferent Limb Diameter (m) Afferent Limb Diameter (m) Red Blood Cell Flow Rate (m/s) Post-treatment

6.88 1.26

8.28 3.96*

7.08 1.41

7.16 1.85

6.76 2.48 10.05 3.43

8.95 2.58** 12.21 3.63** 566.67 276.22

7.27 3.33 10.85 3.58

8.88 3.37 12.85 5.07 438.46 258.81

444.4 277.99

538.46 317.53

Values are mean SEM (**P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, compared with pretreatment with Lingzhi tablets).
J. China Microcirculation, 1999, 3(2):75-78

Changes in blood rheology before and after treatment

Lingzhi tablet (n=27) Index Whole Blood Viscosity High Shear Rate (80 s1) Whole Blood Viscosity 5.88 1.52 5.34 0.72* 5.74 1.09 5.98 1.06 Pre-treatment Post-treatment Placebo (n=13) Pre-treatment Posttreatment

Low Shear Rate (20 s-1)

Plasma Viscosity Hematocrite Values % Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(mm/h)

7.33 1.82 1.71 0.12 0.45 0.05

6.35 0.96** 1.58 0.11** 0.39 0.04**

7.62 1.95 1.74 0.09 0.45 0.05

7.90 1.48 1.71 0.18 0.45 0.04

14.89 12.45

10.83 4.22*

13.62 11.86

13.01 9.17

Values are mean SEM (**P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, compared with pre-treatment with Lingzhi tablets or post-treatment with placebo).
J. China Microcirculation, 1999, 3(2):75-78

Neurasthenia
Lingzhi has a curative effect on insomnia for the neurasthenia patients. Within 1-2 weeks after the treatment, patients sleep quality, appetite, weight-gain, memory and energy improved, and palpitation, headache and complications are relieved or eliminated. Actual therapeutic effect depends on dosage and treatment period. In general, larger doses and longer treatment periods tend to yield better results.

 For those patients diagnosed by the traditional Chinese

medicine practice as deficient in the heart and spleen (shown with the symptoms, such as palpitation, forgetfulness, insomnia, loss of appetite, abdominal distension, loose bowel, sallow face, weak pulse), Lingzhis

efficacy may be more pronounced than in other types of patients. For chronic bronchitis, coronary heart disease, hepatitis or hypertension patients, who also suffer from insomnia, Lingzhi can not only treat their main diseases but also help improve their sleep quality.

Efficacy of Lingzhi tablet on neurasthenia and residue neurathenic sydrome at the schizophrenia recover stage (NS)
Neurasthenia NS Total cases Effective cases Total cases Effective cases 45 30 27 17 40 27 21 13 40 26 31 18 32 20 24 16

Symptom Insomnia Lack of appetite Body weakness Low energy/poor memory

Headache, dizziness
Flustered, short breath Dyspepsia, loose stool Lethargy

16
7 6 2

8
4 5 4 2

7
11 4 2 1

3
8 1 1 1
Connect with next page)

Upset/mental instability 10

Symptom

Neurasthenia Total cases Effective cases 2 3 3 5 1 11 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1

NS Total cases Effective cases

Impotency, spermatorrhea
Menstrual disorder Tinnitus Sensitivity to coldness Compulsive symptom Frequent dreams Waist aches

1 2 3

1 3

J Beijing Med Coll1977285-88

Hepatitis
In the 1970s, China began to use Lingzhi for treatment of viral hepatitis. A comprehensive clinical report indicated that the total effective rate ranged from 73.1% to 97.0%. The clinical curing rate was 44.0-76.5%. Indication of a cure included: (a) reduction or disappearance of the subjective symptoms, such as fatigue, lack of appetite, abdominal distension and pain in hepatic area; (b) normalization or lowering of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT); and (c) disappearance or

reduction of liver and/or spleen swelling.

Recovery of liver function with administration of Lingzhi capsules

ALT Group Cases Tested Cases of Recovery Rate % Cases Tested Cases of Recovery Rate % SB

Lingzhi
Control

86
50

82
36

95.3
72.0

72
40

66
26

91.7
72.5

The therapeutic efficacy of Lingzhi capsules on 86 chronic hepatitis B patients. For the duration of 1 to 2 months, the 86 patients were administered 2 Lingzhi capsules (containing 1.5 g natural Lingzhi per capsule) 3 times a day. The control group of 50 took a packet of Xiaochaihutang granules, 3 times a day. The efficacy was evaluated according to the following indicators: clinical observations, determinations of ALT, serum bilirubin (SB), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), as well as hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBc).
p0.05, treatment group compared with control group.
Occupation and Health, 2003, 19(3): 103-104

Negative conversion rates of hepatitis B virus markers with Lingzhi treatment

HBsAg Group Cases Lingzhi Control 86 50 Negative Conversion 14 4 Rate % 16.3 8.0 HBeAg Cases 74 36 Negative Conversion 38 7 Rate % 51.4 19.4 Anti-HBc Cases 86 50 Negative Conversion 13 4 Rate % 15.1 8.0

p0.05, treatment group compared with control group. Occupation and Health, 2003, 19(3): 103-104

HBeAg negative conversion rates (NCR) and HBeAg/HBeAb seroconversion rates (SCR) in lamivudine (LAM) and LAM/ Lingzhi groups
Group Cases Index Post-treatment Time, month (%) 3 6 12 18 3 (4.76) 2 (3.17) 5 (7.94) 4 (6.35) 8 (12.70) 8 (12.70) 10 (15.87) 9 (14.29)

LAM LAM/ Lingzhi

63

HBeAg NCR HBeAg/HBeAb SCR HBeAg NCR HBeAg/HBeAb SCR

63

5 (7.94) 11 (17.46) 21 (33.33) 27 (42.86) 3 (4.76) 7 (11.11) 16 (25.40) 26 (41.27)

Randomly divided equally among the 126 patients into two groups of treatment with LAM and LAM in combination with Lingzhi. Both group of patients were given 100 mg LAM daily, while those in the LAM/Lingzhi group were given 50g Lingzhi and 10g red dates in addition to LAM during 18 months.
Modern Practical Medicine, 2006, 18(7):466-467

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