BEFORE NAVISmeans ship AGEREmeans to drive TODAY!

Y! Art & Science Recording , planning & controlling Craft Safe Route Time Position Experience & Decision How to determine the position? >Longitude, Latitude, and Altitude. Parameters: >Time, Distance, Speed, and Direction.

UT1 is also known as the GMT Time References Ephemeris Time Universal Time (UT) Greenwich Mean time (GMT) Atomic Time Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) Atomic Time based on the transitions in the atom. 9,192,631,770 cycles of cesium atom = 1 second. The first cesium atomic beam clock as portrayed by Ripley's "Believe It or Not" in September 1953 UTC is a high-precision Atomic Time Standard Early Navigational Tools Magnetic Compass Navigational Chart Marine Sextant Almanac Chronometer Lighthouse Buoys

Early Navigational Techniques 1. Celestial Navigation 2. Geo-Navigation a. Piloting b. Dead-Reckoning Celestial Navigation It is the art and science of finding one's geographic position by means of astronomical observations, particularly by measuring altitudes of celestial objects sun, moon, planets, or stars. It usually requires a chronometer, sextant , an almanac, a set of sight reduction tables, and a chart of the region. Piloting A position fixing technique that uses fixed visual references on the ground or sea by means of sight to guide oneself to a destination, with the help of a chart. Common types of visual references are: Natural: Mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, cliffs, rocks, and beaches. Man made: sea marks such as lighthouses, and buoys, and land marks like airports, piers, dams, highways, etc. Dead Reckoning It is the process of estimating one's position based upon a previously determined position, or fix, and advancing that position based upon the known speed, elapsed time, and course. This fix is then advanced, mathematically or directly on the chart, by means of recorded heading, speed, and time. The world wars encouraged the development of an all weather and accurate Electronic Radio Navigation Systems. A method of position fixing using radio and electronic means. Types: Passive Radio Navigation Range = C*t Active Radio Navigation Range = C*t/2 Ground Based Radio Navigation Space Based Radio Navigation Sample Problem A ship has its chronometer reading of 0430 hrs, while the ships local time is 1042 hrs. What is the position of the ship in longitude? Answer: 93 East is the ships longitude.