Strength and mechanics of materials

By P rof. Rajesh K.R. Khod re

(Email:i nfi ni torajkrk@g mail.c om ) BENDING OF CURVED BARS Machine members and structures subjected to bending are not always straight, before a bending moment applied to them. For example crane hooks, chain links etc. The simple flexure formula or bending equation may be used for curved beams for which the radius of curvature is more than five times the depth of the beam. The simple bending formula is not applicable for deeply curved beams where the neutral & centroidal axes do not coincide. In such cases WinklerBach Theory is used. BARS OF SMALL INITIAL CURVATURE VALUES OF p2 FOR VARIOUS SECTIONS RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION

Where, R & R be the radii of curvature of the neutral surface before and after bending respectively under the action of pure bending moment M. STRESSES IN CURVED BARS Following assumptions are made in the analysis of curved bars: 1. Plane section (transverse sections) remains plane during bending. 2. Material is isotropic & obeys hooks law. 3. Radial strain is negligible. 4. The fibers are free to expand or contract without any constraining effect from the adjacent fibers. 5. No buckling failure takes place. BARS OF LARGE INITIAL CURVATURE

(Winkler-Bach Theory)

Stresses in the beam is given by

Strength and mechanics of materials

By P rof. Rajesh K.R. Khod re

(Email:i nfi ni torajkrk@g mail.c om ) CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION

UU and VV. In this case the direction of neutral axis will not be perpendicular to the plane of bending. Reasons of unsymmetrical bending are: The section is symmetrical (such as square, rectangular, circular, etc.) but the load line is inclined to both the principle axes. The section itself is unsymmetrical & the load line is along any centroidal axis. CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXES OF A SECTION The centroidal principal axes of a section are defined as a pair of rectangular axes through the centre of gravity of plane area such that the product of inertia is zero.

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING In the theory of simple bending it is assumed that the neutral axis of the cross-section of the beam is perpendicular to the plane of loading. This condition implies that the plane of bending is coincident with, or parallel to, a plane containing a principal centroidal axis of inertia of the cross-section of the beam. If however, the plane of loading or that of bending, does not lie in (or parallel to) a plane that contains the principal centroidal axes of the cross-section, the bending is called unsymmetrical bending. Some cases of unsymmetrical bending are shown in figure in which the plane of load W is vertical and does not coincide with the principal centroidal axes

SHEAR CENTRE The shear centre for any transverse section of beam is the point of intersection of the bending axis & the plane of the transverse section. Shear section of a centre may be define as a point about which the applied force is balanced by the set of shear forces obtained by summing the shear stresses over the sections. Shear centre is also known as centre of twist.