LAND DISPOSAL

EVT 627 HAZARDOUS WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Learning Outcomes
At the end of lectures week 10 student will Be able to understand the operation of landfill Be able to discuss the system of leachate collection Be able to describe the design of facility and the development related to hazardous waste

CONTENT Disposal sites Landfill operation Leachate collection Facilities design and development

INTRODUCTION
System designed and constructed to contain

discarded waste so as to minimize releases of contaminants to the environment. Necessary because: Other hazardous waste management technology cannot totally eliminate the waste generated Hw technology treatment technologies produce residues.

THE PROBLEM
Since 1945 U.S. manufacturers created,

used, and disposed of billions of tons of hazardous and toxic substances on land Decades of best practice hazardous and toxic waste disposal on land based on lack of knowledge, convenience, and expedience

THE PROBLEM
70,000 chemicals in common use today

500-1000 new compounds created annually

Small % tested

50,000 registered pesticides

600 active ingredients

>1 billion pounds produced per year

>3 billion pounds used per year

DISPOSAL SITES

DISPOSAL SITES
LAND DISPOSAL

Landfilling represents the ultimate fate of waste.

Includes deep well injection. LAND TREATMENT Is a treatment technique wherein biologically

degradable wastes are placed onto the land in low concentrations so that microbes can degrade the materials.

DISPOSAL SITES
LAND DISPOSAL FACILITIES Represent a hw management technique that

constitutes a final placement of a waste.

STORAGE FACILITIES Represent a temporary management techniques

where the waste has not yet reached its final destination. Examples: pits, ponds, lagoon, tanks, piles and vaults.

DISPOSAL SITES
The overall designed of secure land disposal

facilities includes: Control of top to minimize air emission and infiltration of precipitation Control of the bottom to maximize the collection of leachate and minimize contaminant transport through the bottom.

LANDFILL OPERATION

LANDFILL OPERATION
Tracking
the recording of the journey of the waste from time it is

generated to its ultimate disposal site. Extends to the recording of the wastes location within the final disposal site ~ cells Records are maintained, including:
Who provided the waste The nature of the waste

Where and when the waste was landfilled

Reason : to ensure waste compatibility

LANDFILL OPERATION
Form of wastes disposed in a landfill: both bulk &

containerized. Daily cover

placed at the close of each operational day.

Typically consist of soil 0.3m (1 foot) thick.

Purpose to minimize odor, airborne transport of contaminants

and potential for direct contact and minimize aesthetics.

Transportation
Bulldozers, compactors, and trucks developed for heavy

construction are used for land disposal operations. Forklifts and barrel snatchers - may be used to handle containerized waste.

LANDFILL OPERATION
EXAMPLE A landfill has average plan of 500 m by 250 m and 15 m high. Daily filling rates are 15 m by 10 m by 2 m and daily cover is 0.3 m. i) How much material do we need for daily cover for proposed hazardous waste landfill? ii) how much longer could the landfill be used if daily cover were not employed?

LANDFILL OPERATION
SOLUTION i) Material needs for daily cover: v3 = 15 x 10 x 0.3 = 45 m3 ii) Total landfill air space: v1 = 500 x 250 x 15 = 1.88 x106 m3 Each daily layer (lift) volume: v2 = 15 x 10 x 2 = 300 m3 The life of landfill with daily cover: t1 = v1/(v2+v3) =5449 days The life of the landfill without daily cover is: t2 = v1/v2 = 6267 days Therefore the landfill life will be extended by: t3 = t2 t1 = 818 days

LINER & LEACHATE COLLECTION

LINER & LEACHATE COLLECTION

Liner is to provide a barrier to minimize

migration of contaminants. Cause of leachate Combination of direct precipitation infiltration through landfill waste materials and any liquid squeezed out of landfill waste materials as a result of consolidation.

Draw Figure 13-2

LEACHATE COLLECTION
ITEMS Filter zone CHARACTERISTICS/FUNCTIONS may be a geotextile/well-graded sand and gravel particulates are filter out a geogrid may also be included to provide additional structural stability Separates the waste from relatively free draining zone around the primary leachate collection piping. may be used to serve as a filter between the overlying waste and the leachate collection system in this layer the leachate is free to flow to the piping system for removal for treatment. must be designed to avoid collapse (crushing), and the granular material contributes to the pipe stability underlines the entirety of the primary leachate collection zone. U.S must be a synthetic material known as a geomembrane or flexible membrane liner (FML)

Primary leachate collection zone Piping Primary barrier layer

LEACHATE COLLECTION
ITEMS CHARACTERISTICS/FUNCTIONS Secondary the function must the same as primary leachate collection leachate collection system system underlies the primary barrier layer. known as the leak detection system Handles a considerably reduced quantity of leachate. Secondary barrier acts in the same manner as the primary barrier layer layer serving as a hydraulic barrier preventing downward flow of contaminants and allowing the secondary collection system to collect the leachate Third barrier composed of a natural materials, compacted clay or clay admixed into the natural underlying soils. Required to control contaminants that may have passed through the secondary collection system. reduce the rate at which contaminants exit the lad disposal facility through hydraulic transport.

LEACHATE COLLECTION
Problem CLOGGING Can occur from the migration of fines into the system. Also from chemical and biological processes.

FACILITIES DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

COVER SYSTEM
Design must consider; Health and safety Aesthetics Site usage after closure Compressibility Strength
Must provides the following: Controlling water movement into the landfill system Controlling gas movement Minimizing fire potential Controlling surface water runoff Resisting erosion, etc.

COVER SYSTEM
The uppermost layer, a vegetation

support layer, typically consists of an organic sandy loam (topsoil) material used to support vegetation. Vegetation provides several important functions in the performance of the landfill cover:
Reduces erosion Reduce precipitation infiltration Enhances evapotranspiration

MATERIALS
Geomembranes
Engineered polymeric material that is fabricated to be virtually

impermeable.
Geotextiles
Is a geosynthetic which is fabricated to be permeable and has

two categories of hydraulic properties:

Filtration the removal of suspended solids from the floeing liquid. Drainage the transportation of liquids across the plane of the fabric.

Compacted Clays
Widely used as a barrier layer in liner and cover system. Consist of natural clays, silty clays, sandy clays, and clayey silts.

Geosynthetic Clay Liners, In situ clay formations etc.

GEOTEXTILE

GEOMEMBRANE

Environmental criteria and design features of a secure hazardous waste landfill site

LANDFILL STABILITY
Generally MSW has a high shear strength due to the fibrous cohesion Operator got sloppy to stability problems trusting in the waste strength

Lack of knowledge about parameters, analysis methods and risks due to absence of monitoring,

investigations and research.

IMPORTANCE OF LANDFILL STABILITY

Two competing slope considerations must be balanced for

successful design of a waste facility: Flat side slopes are more stable, so that a facility with flatter side slopes is less likely to have a damaging landslide. Steep side slopes allow more volume for a given size of facility. Volume, or airspace, is all that a waste facility has for sale.
Hence, a good stability analysis is needed to avoid costly overconservatism or (possibly) even more costly slope failures.

WASTE SLIDES CAN HURT YOU

A slide is an uncontrolled movement of soil (landslide) or

waste (waste slide) down a slope. A slide is a slope failure; lack of stability. Federal and state regulations state that landfills cannot be located in an unstable area without a demonstration of stability,. The consequences of a slide can be damaging to the environment:
The liners can be torn, maybe causing groundwater pollution.
Wastes can be released outside the unit boundaries. Odor or other air quality problems can result.

And, the necessary remediation/reconstruction can be quite

expensive. The reputations of those responsible will also be damaged

Rumpke landslide

THE END