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Background:
There are so many forms of calamiti ! in natur . Severe calamity may also be caused by direction of the invisible hand, that is called natur ". So, if one is not careful, the civilization will be ruined in no time. As for example the cyclone of Orissa & Tsunami !ec. "##$% had caused vast losses. &arth'ua(e is a sha(in), tremblin), or concussion of the surface of earth, due to subterranean causes, often accompanied by a rumblin) noise. *t is basically a )round sha(in) ori)inatin) from part of the earth+s crust, )enerally alon) crac(s or fractures (nown as faults,. The wave of shoc( sometimes traverses, destroyin) cities and many thousand lives- .. called also art#din$ art#%uak $ and art#!#ock.
&arth'ua(es may result in lac( of basic necessities, loss of life, )eneral property dama)e, road and brid)e dama)e, and collapse of buildin)s or destabilization of the base of buildin)s which may lead to collapse in future earth'ua(es. *f a structure has not been desi)ned and constructed to absorb this swayin) )round motion then ma/or structural dama)e or outri)ht collapse can result, with )rave ris( to human life. To fi)ht a)ainst this challen)e of nature, the structural en)ineers are supposed to su))est various approaches to retrofit or restren)then the existin) structures and innovate desi)n techni'ues for new constructions. Over the past decades, earth'ua(e resistance desi)n of buildin) structures has been lar)ely based on a ductility desi)n concept worldwide. The performance of the intended ductile structures durin) ma/or earth'ua(es e). 0orthrid)e 1223, 4obe 122$, chi. chi 12225 etc.% didn+t prove to be satisfactory & indeed far below expectations.
6i)h uncertainty of the ductility desi)n strate)y is primarily attributed to7 Source7 8undamental of seismic base isolation, by 9an), :en.;o, Taiwan% The desired stron) column wea( beam, mechanism may not form due to existence of walls. Shear failure of columns due to inappropriate )eometrical proportion or short column effect. <onstruction difficulty in )routin), especially at beam.column /oint, because of complexity of steel reinforcement in ductility desi)n., !ifferent methods for seismic retrofittin) of buildin)s can be )rouped under two main strate)ies. Structural =ehabilitation by stiffness stren)thenin) & >ase *solation, by Sachin ;andit, **T !elhi, "##$%
a.& ' i!mic r tro(itting )'tructural !tr ngt# ning& *.& A! i!mic r tro(itting )+orc r duction& 1.1.1 ' i!mic r tro(itting )'tructural 'tr ngt# ning&
This method is consistent with conventional seismic desi)n concept of structural stren)thenin). *t involves stren)thenin) of the structure such that it can resist the lateral loads. The stren)thenin) in the buildin)s can be achieved by additional bracin)s, shear walls, wall panels, foundations etc. to the buildin) such that the lateral stiffness of the structure is increased. *n the field of structural stren)thenin) the improvement in shear stren)th of the structural elements is of prime importance, One ma/or )roup ,-ILTI" $ is there in the field of shear connectors which are extensively bein) used in structural stren)thenin).
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8i).1.1b% Additional shear walls. Source 8i). 1.1a & 1.1b%7 ?ethods of seismic retrofittin) of structures, web.mit.edu@ist)roup@ist@documents@earth'ua(e@;art$.pdf , *ST )roup "##3%
8i). 1.1 c & d% 7 <onventional =etrofittin) techni'ues% Source77 ?ethods of seismic retrofittin) of structures, web.mit.edu@ist)roup@ist@documents@earth'ua(e@;art$.pdf , *ST )roup "##3% <ommon conventional techni'ues for stren)thenin) reinforced cement concrete elements include concrete /ac(etin), addition of columns, shotcretin)@)unitin) and steel plate bondin) and stren)thenin) of beams and columns usin) new advanced composite materials.
8i).1."b% !eformation after base isolation. Source7 ?ethods of seismic retrofittin) of structures, web.mit.edu@ist)roup@ist@documents@earth'ua(e@;art$.pdf , *ST )roup "##3%
Strate)ies to achieve seismic isolation includes7 ;eriod shiftin) of structure. fi).1.A% <uttin) off the load transmission path. The isolation bearin)s with considerable lateral flexibility help in reducin) the earth'ua(e forces by chan)in) the structure+s fundamental time period to avoid resonance with the predominant fre'uency contents of the earth'ua(es. 9hereas the slidin) type isolation bearin)s filter out the earth'ua(e forces via the discontinuous slidin) interface, between which the forces transmitted to the superstructure are limited by the maximum friction forces, re)ardless of earth'ua(e intensity.
8i). 1.A % ;eriod shiftin) in case of base isolation. source 7 !esi)n of seismic isolated structures , by 0aeim & 4elly% .
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suppress any possible resonance at the isolation fre'uency. Some examples of this system are Faminated =ubber >earin) F=>%, 0ew Lealand isolation system 0L%.
8i).1.3%. A tipical elastomeric bearin). source7 *S&T Bournal, paper no.$3$,"##$ by Oliveto & ?arletta, university of <atania, *taly %
isolator while the yieldin) property of the lead core serves as a mechanism for dissipatin) ener)y and hence reducin) the lateral displacement of the isolator.
8i). 1.$ % Schematic dia)ram of a%F=> b% 0L System. Source7 ?ulti.story base.isolated buildin)s under a harmonic )round motion . ;art *7 A comparison of performances of various systems, by 8a.Eun) 8an and Eoodarz Ahmadi %
friction force offers resistance to motion and dissipates ener)y. These isolation devices have no restorin) force and residual slip displacement between the structure and the foundation will remain after each earth'ua(e.
8i).1.G% Fow friction bearin) device Source7 *S&T Bournal, paper no.$3$,"##$ by Oliveto & ?arletta, university of <atania, *taly %
1A
8i). 1.H schematic dia)ram of a% ;.8 & b% =.8>* system. Source 7 ,?ulti.story base.isolated buildin)s under a harmonic )round motion .;art *7 A comparison of performances of various systems, by 8a.Eun) 8an and Eoodarz Ahmadi%
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8i). 1.K dia)ram depictin) mechanism of 8riction ;endulum System Source7 fundamentals of seismic base isolation, I 9an), :en.;o%
1$
8i). 1.2 schematic dia)ram of a% &!8 & b% S=.8 system Source 7 ,?ulti.story base.isolated buildin)s under a harmonic )round motion .;art *7 A comparison of performances of various systems, by 8a.Eun) 8an and Eoodarz Ahmadi%
1G
Alon) with the elon)ation of time period of the structure, the forces in the structure are also reduced due to the dampin) if present% of the base isolator. !urin) the earth'ua(e , the base isolators )o into the inelastic zone and show hysteretic stress strain curve. The absorption of the seismic ener)y is proportional to the area under the stress strain curve of the base isolators. The first desi)n )uide on base isolated structures was published by the Structural &n)ineers Association of <alifornia S&AO<% in 122#.This also appeared in 1221 in Mniform >uildin) <ode M><%. Ban)id =.S. and !atta T.4. have presented a =eview of the seismic behaviour of base isolated >uildin)s., They have reviewed Darious types of base isolators and their performance under seismic loads.,
8a.Eun) 8an and Eoodarz Ahmadi have performed a ;erformance analysis and sensitivity analysis of various isolation systems for a multi storeyed base isolated buildin) under harmonic )round motion., E. 8alsone and E. 8erro have studied the >est performin) parameters of linear and non. linear seismic base.isolator systems obtained by the power flow analysis., ?urat !icleli and of freedom systems., Sa/al 4anti !eb has )iven An overview of seismic isolation, and also a Three dimensional nonlinear analysis procedure., She has also discussed &ffects of soft soil and near faults on performance of base isolated buildin)s., Sri(anth >uddharam have done a <omprehensive evaluation of
e'uivalent linear analysis method for seismic.isolated structures represented by sin)le de)ree
1H
Bames S. >ailey and &dmund 9. Allen have discussed The seismic isolation retrofittin) of Salt Fa(e <ity and <ounty >uildin)., Dasant ?atsa)ar and =.S. Ban)id has studied the &ffect of isolator characteristics on response of isolated structures., &n)ineerin) Structures ,"##3% , they also have wor(ed on >ase.isolated >uildin) with Asymmetries due to the *solator ;arameters, Advances in Structural &n)ineerin) Dol. K, no. G , !ec. "##$ %, Discoelastic dampers connected to ad/acent structures involvin) seismic isolation, Bournal of civil &n)). & ?ana)ement , Dol. 11, no. 3 , Ban. "##$% & Seismic response of base.isolated structures durin) impact with ad/acent structures, &n)ineerin) structures, "##A%
i!olation t c#ni%u
2orld2id
(or
Ba! I!olation in 8a1an: The techni'ue is bein) extensively used in 8a1an and )ained momentum at the most rapid rate there, coz of the lavish expenditures on research in the field of base isolation. The lar)est base isolation retrofit wor( was that of Building! 1 t#roug# 6 o( 9it!u*i!#i Logi!tic! Cor1oration:! Tok/o DIA Building$; a complex housin) a computer center and data stora)e facilities, completed in around one year by Ta(ena(a corporation Osa(a,. The retrofittin) wor( was carried out while the computers inside the buildin) were operatin) for "3 hours a day. *n that pro/ect "G3 rubber bearin)s and "K wall type viscous dampers were bein) used over an area of about GK,### s'uare meters. Darious other applications were there in Bapan7 9est Bapan postal center, Sanda,, ?atsumura.Eumi Technical =esearch *nstitute 4obe earth'ua(e%, etc.
1K
U' a11lication! : Nuite a )ood number of base isolation wor(s r bein) done in Mnited states 7 8oothill communities law and /ustice centre 8<FB<%, =ancho <ucamon)a, <alifornia,, 8ire <ommand & <ontrol 8acility 8<<8%, Fos An)eles , <alifornia,, &mer)ency Operations <enter, Fos An)eles, <alifornia,, 4in), !rew !ia)nostics Trauma <enter, 9illowbroo(,, Oa(land <ity 6all,, San 8rancisco <ity 6all,, ?ac(ay School Of ?ines, =eno, 0evada, ,M.S. <ourt of Appeals, 8;S *solators%, San 8rancisco, <alifornia,, Fos An)eles <ity 6all,, ?arina Apartments, San 8rancisco, <alifornia, and several others are there. Ba! i!olation in N 2 3 aland : The first ever base isolated buildin) usin) lead rubber bearin)s was 9illiam <layton >uildin) *n 9ellin)ton, 12K1%, other base isolated buildin) are Mnion 6ouse Auc(land, and <entral ;olice Station, 9ellin)ton,.
The structures retrofitted usin) base isolation are 7 0ational ?useum of 0ew Lealand, , 0ew Lealand ;arliament 6ouse, and ;rintin) press >uildin) , ;enton., &tc. Other than above several examples of base isolation wor( done are there in &urope *taly, <alaberia, fri)ento etc.% and other parts of the world across the )lobe.
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=etrofittin) wor( usin) the approach of Ba! i!olation, when carried out in the field should follow the installation and construction se'uence )iven below 7
1.<.1 T#
in!tallation ! %u nc
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>ench mar(s are to be introduced onto the column /ust above and below the final position of the bearin), and measurements are to be ta(en, to enable subse'uent chec(s to be performed of possible movements of the column. Two horizontal cuts are to be made in the column usin) a diamond chain saw 8i)ure 1.11%. The bloc( of concrete in between is to be removed 8i)ure 1.1"%. The
"1
movements of the column above and below the cuts is then to be measured- in most cases this is )enerally small, but can reach as much as Gmm. This is considered acceptable. A bed of epoxy mortar is placed on the low half of the cut surface, and the F=> is then rolled into place on steel ball bearin)s. The )ap above the bearin) is then filled with epoxy mortar. The hydraulic /ac(s in the steel props are released and the props are removed after curin) of the epoxy mortar
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Steel /ac(ets are welded into place above and below the bearin), and )routed to the column, to accommodate the stress concentrations at the cut surfaces of the column arisin) from the bearin) and to replace the reinforcement that has been cut 8i)ure 1.1A%
"A
"3
The bearin)s are wrapped in fire insulation, and brac(ets introduced to support architectural finishes 8i)ure 1.13%. 8inal finishes are then applied.
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The ma)nitude of /ac(in) loads and load application points are provided on the
drawin)s. Typically, the /ac(in) points are located on new steel framin) and corbels welded to the existin) columns. The new corbels also serve as permanent column bases after removal of the existin) base plates.
"G
To study the effect of isolator stiffness asymmetry on a plan asymmetric F.shaped H storey , A bay , A! frame. To study the effect of non.uniformity in isolator stiffness, on shear in columns of different location at )round storey & torsional couplin) of superstructure, for 3 different cases viz 7 fixed, uniform isolated , with different isolator stiffness & isolator stiffness in proportion of the mass ratio load comin) on each column%
"H
"K
Source fi).A.1%7 A mathematical hysteretic model for elastomeric isolation bearin)s, by 6wan),9u,;an,:an) "##"%7 Taiwan%
Two structural desi)n variables are obtained from this force versus deflection curve. The first desi)n variable is the base isolator stiffness ( b%, which is defined as
kb =
F+ F +
The second desi)n variable is the base isolator viscous dampin) O b%, which is
b =
*n this e'uation , 8max and Pmax are the maximum absolute values of 8Q,8.% and PQ,P.%, respectively. *f the dampin) of the isolator is very small , then the area of the loop is also very small. The chemical composition of the inner rubber layers used in base isolator determine the lateral force versus lateral deflection characteristics of the base isolator. >ase isolator can be cate)orized into two main cate)ories on the basis of the force deflection curve, ie linear and 0on Finear .A base isolator which is desi)ned such that the line connectin) the maximum force point in each cycle is linear is called as a Linear Base Isolator.
"2
Fig. 3.2)Force Deflection curve for a Linear Base Isolator Source fi).A."% 7 >ase *solation,, chapter K, !.E. 6art.%
>ase *solators can also be desi)ned to have envelope force versus deflection curve that are not strai)ht lines but exhibit a non linear behavior. >ase isolators desi)ned to exhibit this (ind of behavior are called Non Linear Base Isolators.
A#
9 t#od 1:
One method for desi)nin) the base isolator is to define the desi)n basis earth'ua(e and then set a value for the period of vibration of the base isolated structure. Selectin) a desired natural period of vibration for the base isolated structure is )uided by the desire to have in effect, a ri)id structure sittin) on base isolators. 6ence the natural fre'uency of the base isolated structure can be )iven as
nb =
kb m
A1
9here (b is the stiffness of the isolators under the column and Cm+ is the mass of the structure. The period of vibration is selected to provide a good separation between fixed base period of vibration, T n and base isolated period of vibration, Tnb. Hence we consider a relation T nb= n Tn where n is 3 or greater. Using the value of T nb, the value of kb can be calculated. Alternativel the structural engineer can first set a value of k b and then use the e!uation to calculate the base isolated period of vibration.
nb =
kb m
"t is important to recall that a positive benefit of using a base isolator is the significant increase in damping of the structure. The damping of a rigid structure sitting on base isolators is effectivel the damping of base isolators. Therefore, a starting value of damping #$%&'()* can be assumed for the base isolator, hence the base isolated structure.
+ow using the estimated time period of base isolated structure and the respective design response spectrum for assumed damping, the response acceleration #,a* and the response displacement #,d* of the structure can be calculated. The response parameters would be much lower than that of the Cfixed base+ structure, mainl damping. due to higher time period and higher
A"
0.7 0.6 Spectral Acceleration 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 Tim e (sec) 8 10 12
9 t#od .:
"n method $. the intent was for the base isolated structure to have a target natural period of vibration. As a result of this target natural period of vibration selection, the magnitude of displacement of the base isolator and the value of all desired structure response variables follow, using the design basis earth!uake and method of structural anal sis. An alternative method can be used, which emphasi-es a desired response parameter of base isolator displacement. The desired amplitude of base isolator displacement ma be controlled b the open space called gap or moat, around the base isolated building for architectural, mechanical, electrical, or plumbing considerations. Also a variation in this method is to set a value of absolute acceleration of the structure. This criterion is )enerally re'uired for buildin)s, which house sensitive e'uipments and machineries re'uirin) strin)ent control on the floor acceleration. Some times, acceleration control may be re'uired for human comfort as well. After the parameter is decided upon, the respective spectrum curve for an assumed high damping
AA
#$%&'()* is considered for calculating the time period of the base isolated structure.
A3
Since, a preliminary calculation of time period and the dampin) of the base isolated structure have been performed, an approximate value of the time period and the dampin) of the base isolated structure is (nown. 6ence desi)n spectral acceleration can be found out for the base isolated structure. The base shear of the base isolated structure can be calculated by multiplyin) the spectral acceleration by the total mass of the structure. The fundamental mode of the base isolated structure would be that of ri)id superstructure sittin) on flexible base isolator, therefore, the base shear can be e'ually divided into all floors. 6ence the structure can be analyzed with fixed base and the lateral load applied e'ually at each floor as calculated above. A preliminary sizin) of the sections of the structure can be performed with this analysis.
A$
Since the dampin) of the non linear isolator also depends upon the displacement of the base isolator, the effective dampin) for the displacement calculated in the trial desi)n of the base isolator is considered. 8or the detailed analysis it can not be assumed that the dampin) of the structure is same as the dampin) of the base isolator. Therefore dampin) of the structure has to be calculated. The effective dampin) for the different modes is calculated by formin) a complete dampin) matrix <% of size CnQm+ where Cn+ is the de)ree of freedom of the structure and Cm+ is the de)ree of freedom related to base isolators. The dia)onals of the R T <R )ive the measure of e'uivalent modal dampin) for the analysis. >ecause the dampin) in the base isolated buildin) is not classical , the non dia)onal terms in the matrix shall not be zero, but they are ne)lected in the classical modal analysis of the base isolated structure. <hopra Anil 4., !ynamics of Structures7 Theory & Application To earth'ua(e &n)ineerin)., "nd edition, ;rentice 6all Of *ndia.% 6ence a desi)n response spectra correspondin) to the effective dampin) fundamental mode% as calculated above is used for the first iteration of the response spectrum analysis. SA; "### is used for the response spectrum analysis in this pro/ect. *n case of non linear isolators, iterations have to be performed to conver)e to the final solution. As explained earlier, the effective stiffness and dampin) were considered for the displacement calculated in the trial desi)n of the base isolator. 8or the next iteration, the effective stiffness and dampin) of the base isolated structure shall be considered for the displacement calculated in the previous iteration of the response spectrum analysis. This is re'uired because the effective stiffness and dampin) are not constant for non linear base isolator but a function of the displacement of the base isolator. The final solution is achieved when the displacements from successive iterations conver)e.
AG
AH
The base isolators are modeled throu)h 0FFin( elements of SA; "###.A 0FFin( element is a two./oint connectin) lin(. &ach element is assumed to be composed of six separate sprin)s,, one for each of six deformational de)rees.of freedom. All Finear@0onlinear property sets contain linear properties that are used by the element for linear analyses, and for other types of analyses if no other properties are defined. Finear@0on linear property sets may have non linear properties that will be used for all non linear analyses, and for linear analyses that continue from nonlinear analyses. 0on linear behavior is only exhibited durin) time history analysis. 8or all other analysis, the lin( element behaves linearly. The non lin ar 1ro1 rti ! for each 0FFin( ;roperty must be of one of the various types described below. The type determines which de)rees of freedom may be non linear and the (inds of non linear force. deformation relationships available for those de)rees of freedom . 8or each non linear type of 0FFin( ;roperty, there are six uncoupled linear effective. stiffness coefficients, > , one for each of the internal sprin)s. The lin ar (( cti? !ti((n !!
represents the total elastic stiffness for the 0FFin( element that is used for all linear analyses that start from zero initial conditions.
8or each non linear.type of 0FFin( ;roperty, there are six uncoupled linear effective. dampin) coefficients, C , one for each of the internal sprin)s. >y default, each coefficient C is e'ual to zero. The lin ar (( cti? dam1ing represents the total viscous dampin) for the 0FFin( element that is used for response.spectrum analyses, for linear and periodic time. history analysis. &ffective dampin) can be used to represent ener)y dissipation due to non linear dampin), plasticity, or friction.
AK
8or the non linear analysis, the plasticity property used for non linear analysis of the lin( element is based on hysteretic behavior proposed by 9en 12HG%. 8i).A.$%
Fig.3.)) *Nonlinear Behaviour of NLlin+ ele#ent in !," 2((( Source7 SA; Analysis reference manual, pa)e no. "3", <S*, >er(eley, Banuary "##H%
The non linear force.deformation relationship is )iven by7 f = ratio k d + 1 ratio% /i ld z where k is the elastic sprin) constant, Cd+ is deformation, /i ld is the yield force, ratio is the specified ratio of post. yield stiffness to elastic stiffness k%, and z is an internal hysteretic variable. This variable has a ran)e of W z W 1, with the yield surface represented by W z W =1. The initial value of z is zero, and it evolves accordin) to the differential e'uation7
9here Cexp+ is an exponent )reater than or e'ual to unity. Far)er values of this exponent increases the sharpness of yieldin). The practical limit of exp is about "#.
A2
3#
?atsa)ar Dasant & Ban)id =.S. >ase.isolated >uildin) with Asymmetries due to % .,
the *solator ;arameters, Advances in Structural &n)ineerin) Dol. K, no. G , !ec. "##$%% *f there is lar)e difference between the shear force values for the different )round storey columns then this indicates hi)her torsional effects in the superstructure i.e. structure will be more torsionally coupled. Or it will vibrate in torsional directions. These shear force values are bein) compared to have an idea about torsional couplin) in the structure considered. The fre'uency ratio Y% i.e. the ratio of the torsional fre'uency
fre'uency % or Yy% )ives an idea as to what extent that structure is torsionally coupled. 8or example7 *f the torsional fre'uency is very low then the fre'uency ratio would be lower, i.e. Ome)a is less. This shows us that the structure is torsionally very flexible, i.e. first fundamental% mode of vibration itself could be in torsional direction. *n simple words, it will essentially vibrate in its torsional direction . And if the torsional fre'uency is very hi)h then the fre'uency ratio would be hi)her, i.e. Ome)a is more. This shows us that the structure is torsionally very ri)id, i.e. vibration mode in torsional direction may appear 'uite late almost absent%. *n simple words, it will not vibrate at all in the torsional direction . &ccentricity i.e. the distance between the centre of )ravity <E% & centre of ri)idity <=% % values are also bein) calculated for each case isolated frame% .
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8or carryin) out of above analysis , an F. shape H storey , A bay, A! frame is bein) modeled and analyzed. Structural members modeled are 7 beams , columns & slab. Then load on each node is bein) calculated manually. Then co.ordinates for centre of )ravity @ centre of mass are bein) calculated. 8or the isolated case the stiffness of isolators with is (nown. 0ow considerin) the superstructure as ri)id body, the centre of stiffness is located for all the three cases for isolated frame viz7 for uniform isolator stiffness , for different isolator stiffness , for isolator stiffness in proportion of load comin) on individual column. *n this way the locations of <E & <= for all the 3 cases is determined. 0ow the fre'uency ratio @ x is bein) calculated usin) followin) relations 7 4x T 4y T
K K
bx
by
x = K x @ m
4 T
{K
bxi
= K @ mr "
= @ x
4 T Torsional stiffness.
& Cm+ is mass of the structure. % Si T !istance of ith isolator alon) S.axis from centre of ri)idity. as shown in fi). 3.1%
3"
:i T !istance of ith isolator alon) :.axis from centre of ri)idity. as shown in fi). 3.1%
8i). 3.1 7 ;lan of the F.shaped frame showin) Si & :i . Thus the fre'uency ratios are bein) calculated & then the fre'uency ratio values for various cases are bein) compared, to have an idea of the extent of torsional couplin) in the structure.
33
3$
3G
3H
&ffective stiffness in vertical direction T1HGK 40@mm &ffective stiffness in horizontal direction T #.GK$ 40@mm ".% 8or different randomly% isolator stiffness case 7 *solator 1 =M>1% 7 ;laced at the base of columns 1A,1!,"!,3A,3> 8i). 3.A% &ffective stiffness in vertical direction T 1GH$ 40@mm &ffective stiffness in horizontal direction T #."H$ 40@mm *solator " =M>"% 7 ;laced at the base of columns 1>,1<,"A,"<,AA,A> 8i). 3.A% &ffective stiffness in vertical direction T 1HG# 40@mm &ffective stiffness in horizontal direction T #.G$ 40@mm *solator A =M>A% 7 ;laced at the base of column ">. 8i). 3.A% &ffective stiffness in vertical direction T 1KG$ 40@mm &ffective stiffness in horizontal direction T #.2H$ 40@mm A.% 8or isolator stiffness in proportion of mass ratio 7 *solator 1 =M>1% 7 ;laced at the base of columns 1A,1!,"!,3A,3> 8i). 3.A% &ffective stiffness in vertical direction T 1H#K 40@mm &ffective stiffness in horizontal direction T #.3$ 40@mm *solator " =M>"% 7 ;laced at the base of columns 1>,1<,"A,"<,AA,A> 8i). 3.A% &ffective stiffness in vertical direction T 1HK$ 40@mm &ffective stiffness in horizontal direction T #.H1G 40@mm
3K
*solator A =M>A% 7 ;laced at the base of column ">. 8i). 3.A% &ffective stiffness in vertical direction T 1K#$ 40@mm &ffective stiffness in horizontal direction T #.2" 40@mm The elevation of isolated frame is as shown in fi). 3.$% , an enlar)ed view of isolator is also bein) shown.
32
Acc in )
Time sec%
8i). 3.G 7 ;lot of &l.<entro time history 0S component .123# source7 www.csiber(eley.com %
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". *solated frame with all isolators of uniform stiffness. A. *solated frame with isolators of randomly different stiffness. 3. *solated frame with isolators of different stiffness, *solator stiffness mass ratio%. The analysis is carried out, Then results are compared for the above 3 cases, basically the base shear in the )round storey column of some particular locations are bein) compared to observe the difference in the ratio of those base shear values, which indirectly represent the extent of torsional couplin). Also the fre'uency ratio is bein) compared for all the A isolated cases. 8re'uency ratio is a direct measure of torsional couplin) in the structure. *solators used for isolation are laminated rubber isolators, & they are of linear type. ?odelin) and analysis of the frame is bein) done in SA;."### Dersion.11 Advanced% usin) both response spectrum *S 1K2A7"##"% and time history &F.<entro 0S component% . . The base isolators, are bein) chosen from the available isolators as per the re'uirement of the structure. And in response spectrum analysis 7 the dampin) of isolators are only assumed to be the dampin) of the structure, because there will not be any additional dampin), the isolator bein) linear. Darious steps involved are as follows 7 in proportion of the load comin) on the individual column or in proportion to
$1
Analysis of fixed base A.! =<< F .shape frame for dead and seismic loads. Analysis of above frame for7 1.% seismic loadin) as per *S 1K2A."##" response spectrum & ".% An arbitrarily chosen time history loadin) &F.<entro 123#%. ?odelin) of the above frame7 1.% 9ith isolators of uniform stiffness below each column ".% 8or isolators of randomly different stiffness.& A.%8or the stiffness of isolators in proportion to the load comin) on the individual column. =esponse spectrum analysis of above all three >ase isolated frames, for *S 1K2A. "##" response spectrum seismic loadin). 0onlinear time history analysis of above all three base isolated A.! frame, usin) &F.<entro .123# 0S component.
7. RE'ULT' F DI'CU''ION :
Analysis of the frame under consideration as described in numerical study is bein) done usin) SA; "### Der. 11 Advanced% for all the four cases 7 1.%8ixed base frame with no isolators. ".%*solated frame with all isolators of uniform stiffness. A.%*solated frame with isolators of randomly different stiffness. 3.%*solated frame with isolators of different stiffness , stiffness bein) in proportion of the load comin) on the individual column or in proportion to mass ratio%.
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As
analysis
results,
the
values
of
fundamental
time
of the structure,
columns <olumns with extreme values of column shear%7 1A,1!,">,"!,3A,3> as shown in plan in fi). $.1% and base & top displacement i.e. absolute and relative displacements% are obtained for all four cases, 1,",A,3% usin) modal & both response spectrum and non.linear time history analysis. And after analysis the displacement time histories for top displacement are obtained. All above results are obtained directly from SA;.
8i). $.1 7 ;lan specifyin) location of columns 1A,1!,">,"!,3A,3>. Then <enter of Eravity <.E.% & <entre of =i)idity <.=.% are bein) located manually .Then eccentricities e% values i.e. distance between <E & <= is calculated for all of the three isolated cases, then the fre'uency ratio = @ x % is bein) calculated as described in methodolo)y . !urin) above all exercise, the superstructure is considered to be a perfectly ri)id body. These all are obtained manually. So followin) are the results obtained on A! analysis of the F.shape H storey A bay frame under consideration.
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Table $.17 8undamental time period in sec.7 <ompares the fundamental time periods which is obtained from modal analysis, for the 3 cases under consideration. & )ives the ratio of the same with respect to the fixed base case.
Structure Model Time period (sec.) Fixed Isolated : uniform isolator stiffness Isolated : diff. isolator stiffness Isolated : isolator stiffness in proportion to t e load !oming on t e !olumn 0.78525 2.5681 2.873 2.868 1.0 3.27 3.66 3.65 Ratio w.r.t. fixed based
Table $." Total base shear values 40%7 The total base shear is )iven in table $." , for response spectrum *S 1K2A."##"% loadin). The table compares the base shear values for t
Ratio w.r.t. Fixed Base 1.0 0.1632 0.143 0.164
Structure Model Fixed Frame Isolated : uniform isolator stiffness Isolated : diff. isolator stiffness Isolated : stiffness in proportion to t e load !oming on t e !olumn
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Table $.A 7<olumn shear 40% in )round storey columns 7 >ase shear values in columns 1A,1!,">,"!,3A,3> location shown in fi) $.1% for both response spectrum & time history is )iven in table $.A. And ratio of extreme base shear values i.e. maximum in ">% & minimum in 1!% value of shear in )round storey columns% & stiffness values for isolators used in each case are also )iven in the same table $.A% Ratio o( =tr m column !# ar ?alu ! ) .BG1D&
Time %istor& Res. Spec. Time %is.
olumn shear !alues ("#) ol. no. Response Spectrum ). Fixed !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 372.856 372.343 4"7.075 365.266 365.81 363.802 *. +niform isolated !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 46.133 46.03 114.6 41.0"8 42.05 41.683 10".51 10".275 26".11 "5.7 "8.35 374.44 374.313 51".45. 37".243 382.6
1.37 378.12
1.374
2.75 "7.2
$$
!1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6
40.813 40.706 "".205 36.863 36." 37.414 -. $solators with Stiffness in mass ratio
"2.05 "1.82 223.8725 82."5 83.076 2.65 84.22 2.66 '2(0.65 '3(0."75 '1 ( 0.275
!1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6
178.53 178.65 204 131.685 154.104 1.47 138.553 1.476 '1 ( 0.45 '2(0.716 '3(0."20
Table $.3 7 8re'uency ratio & &ccentricity values7 <ompares the fre'uency ratio7 @ x calculated manually as described in chapter 3,sec 3.1% & eccentricity values calculated manually considerin) superstructure to be ri)id%
Structural Model +niforml& isolated $solators with different stiffness $solators with Stiffness in mass ratio
@ x
1.527 1.31" 1.413
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Table $.$ 7 >ase and top displacements in mm.%7 <ompares the base & top displacements, obtained from SA; for both response spectrum & time history loadin). 8or each case the nodal displacement values which )ives maximum top relative displacement are compared.
Response Spectrum Top Base (Abs.) 0 107.82 117.08 121.2 "1.35 122."5 130.52 133.2 Time %istor& Top (abs.) Top (rel.) "2."5 304.05 308.6 310." "2."5 3".47 31.75 2".1
Structural Model Fixed base +niforml& isolated $solators with .ifferent stiffness $solators with stiffness in mass ratio
Table $.G 7 ?aximum *nter storey !rift values mm%7 *nter storey drifts for each storey is calculated & the maximum value for each structure is compared for all 3 models in this table.
Structural Model Fixed Frame +niforml& isolated .iff. isolator stiffness .iff. stiffness in mass ratio Response Spectrum 16."24 2."7 2.5"4 2.08 Time %istor& 18.2"8 7.5 6.22 4."4
Table $.H 7 >endin) moment in <olumns in 40.m%7 The bendin) moment values for )round storey columns are ta(en from SA; analysis results & the maximum >endin) ?oments for each case are compared for al 3 cases in this table.
.ifferent isolator stiffness 26".8" 272.4 .ifferent stiffness in mass ratio 256.38 535.35
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9ODE '-A4E' O+ +OUR +RA9E': 8irst mode shapes & deformed plan for fixed & all of three base isolated frames fi). $." a,b,c,d,e,f% and The top displacement time histories fi). $.A a,b,c,d% are obtained as shown in the followin) fi)ures 7
8i). $." a% 1st mode shape for fixed base frame 7 A! view
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8i). $." b% 1st mode shape for fixed base frame 7 top view
8i). $." c% 1st mode shape for uniform isolated frame 7 top view $2
8i). $." d% 1st mode shape for uniform isolated frame 7 A! view
G#
8i). $." e% 1st mode shape for different random% isolator stiffness frame 7 A! view G1
8i). $." f% 1st mode shape for isolator stiffness in mass ratio frame 7 A! view
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8i). $.A a% Top displacement mm% time history for frame restin) on fixed base
8i). $.A b% Top displacement mm% time history for frame restin) on isolators of uniform stiffness
GA
8i). $.A c% Top displacement mm% time history for frame restin) on isolators of randomly different stiffness.
8i). $.A d% Top displacement mm% time history for frame restin) on isolators of different stiffness in proportion to load comin) on the column.
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B nding mom nt ?ariation! for fixed frame is as shown in fi). $.3 a% & b% for response spectrum & time history analysis respectively. The values of maximum bendin) moments obtained from analysis results for the structure usin) SA;% are )iven in Table $.H pa)e $A%
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8i). $.3 a% >?! at Erid " for fixed frame sub/ected to response spectrum *S 1K2A7"##"% loadin).
GG
GH
8i). $.3 b% >?! at Erid " for fixed frame sub/ected to time history &l.<entro% loadin).
GK
individual column. This ratio is one measure of torsional couplin) in the superstructure , if the difference between these shear values is lar)e or in other words if ">@1! is hi)h then this implies more torsional effects in the structure.
here% , the torsional couplin) will be more if the fre'uency ratio is low i.e. superstructure will vibrate in torsional direction in earlier modes. 8re'uency ratios for each case is bein) displayed in Table $.3 , case "
is more for
T1.$"H% when the structure is restin) on isolators of uniform stiffness than that for the case 3 T1.31A% when structure is restin) on the isolators of stiffness in
proportion of the load comin) on individual column. As per this observation in case " the structure will be less torsionally flexible than in that of case 3% , this contradicts the above ">@1! lo)ic. >ut actually the )overnin) factor for torsion is the fre'uency ratio neither the ratio of shears nor the eccentricity values. Thus as far as torsion is concerned uniform case is performin) better. E++ECT ON RELATIVE TO4 DI'4LACE9ENT F INTER 'TORED DRI+T: The results show that relative top displacement & inter storey drifts are reduced upto 1@Gth times & 1@Hth times respectively while movin) from fixedto the isolated fram. *f top relative displacement table $.$% & maximum inter storey drift table $.G% is considered then that is 'uite low in case 3 i.e. when structure is restin) upon the isolators of stiffness in ratio of the mass comin) on the individual columns. >ut the top relative displacement in case of isolated frame is in order of few mm+s , inter storey drift 'uite low in isolated frames because of ma/or amount of displacement occurs at the isolation level itself.%. So more important parameter of concern is the fre'uency ratio as compared to this relative displacement & inter storey drift which
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are actually matter of few mm+s only in case of isolated frame, The reason bein)7 the ma/or amount of lateral drift is accommodated at the isolation level, hence there is substantial lateral deflection in isolators but the inter storey drifts are very low.
E++ECT ON 9AHI9U9 BENDINE 9O9ENT : 8urther when it comes to bendin) moment values table $.H% it is clearly observed that 8or isolated cases the maximum bendin) moment reduced upto 1@1# th of that of fixed case . The value of maximum bendin) moment is very hi)h $A$.A$ 40.m % in case when the structure is restin) on the isolators of stiffness in proportion of the load comin) on individual column compared to AK"."A% when the structure is restin) on the isolators of same stiffness. The values of bendin) moment shown here is when &F.<entro time history was the input motion as earth 'ua(e loadin). So considerin) bendin) moment also, the uniformly isolated frame is performin) better as compared to the one with isolator stiffness in ratio of load comin) on individual columns. E++ECT ON DE+OR9ED '-A4E OR TWI'TINE : *n fi). $." a & b% which shows the deformed shape of the superstructure in plan, the twistin) effect is conspicuously visible in case of fixed frame & the same in isolated frame is considerably reduced. This shows the effectiveness of base isolation as far as twistin) of superstructure is concerned. A)ain the reason bein) maximum displacement is ta(in) place at the isolation level only, so superstructure is not deformin) much. <omparin) the A isolated cases the difference is not 'uite visible because the difference in displacements values alon) x,y & z direction% for different isolated cases bein) very low in an orders of few mm+s only.
< . CONCLU'ION :
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On the basis of numerical study & discussions of results obtained after analysis, followin) conclusions were drawn 7 >ase isolation substantially increases the time period of structure & hence correspondin)ly reduces the base shear. As observed in the present study Table $.1 & $."% the time period is bein) increased upto A." times & base shear is reduced upto 1@Gth of that of fixed one. The deformed shape in plan for fixed & isolated uniform stiffness% 7 fi). $." a% & $." b% clearly indicates the reduced twistin) effect in case of isolated frame. This can be ensured by comparin) the values of displacements in other " normal directions than M1 i.e. M" & MA. Thus seismic isolation considerably reduces the twistin) effect. The study carried out here and results obtained su))ests the structure restin) on the isolators of uniform stiffness as a better option than that restin) on the isolators of stiffness in proportion of mass ratio as far as torsional couplin) because fre'uency ratio is observed to be hi)hestT1.$"H for uniformly isolated case amon)st the all 3 cases considered% & maximum bendin) moment is observed to be minimumT12A."H 40.m for response spectrum & AK".A 40.m for time history for uniformly isolated case amon)st the all 3 cases considered% is concerned. 9hich is 'uite contradictory from the eccentricity approach for torsional behavior.
As far as the relative top displacement & maximum inter storey drifts are concerned, *n this present study, the results obtained su))est that the case 3 i.e. the when the stiffness of isolators are in the ratio of the load comin) on individual column )ives lower relative top displacement & maximum inter storey drifts as compared to case " i.e. uniform isolator stiffness.
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The top displacement time histories for fixed & isolated cases conspicuously shows the reduction in fre'uency & hence ma)nified time period in case of isolated frame. And the base shear value will )et reduced correspondin) to the increased time period of the structure.
>ased on the study carried out & discussion of results it is observed that how effective seismic isolation is considerin) various aspects such as7 base shear, inter storey drifts, maximum bendin) moments & column shears etc. *n case of torsion7 Analysis results of the study su))est that isolators of uniform stiffness are better option as compared to isolators of stiffness in ratio of column load, when torsional couplin) is concerned. The reason bein) increase in fre'uency ratio in case of uniform isolation.
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RE+ERENCE'
1% Analysis =eference ?anual 7 SA; "###, <S* <omputers & Structure, *nc.%, >er(eley, <alifornia, MSA, Banuary "##H. "% <etin :ilmaz, &dmund >ooth & <hris S(etchley =etrofit of Antalya Airport
*nternational terminal buildin), Tur(ey usin) Seismic *solation,. ;aper no.1"$2, 8irst &uropean conference on &arth'ua(e &n)ineerin) & Seismolo)y. Eeneva, Switzerland, A. K September "##G A.% <hopra Anil 4., !ynamics of Structures7 Theory & Application To earth'ua(e &n)ineerin)., "nd edition, ;rentice 6all Of *ndia. 3.% 8a.Eun) 8an and Eoodarz Ahmadi, ?ulti.story base.isolated buildin)s under a harmonic )round motion .;art *7 A comparison of performances of various systems., !epartment of ?echanical and *ndustrial &n)ineerin). <lar(son Mniversity, ;otsdam, 0ew :or(, MS ,Bune,12K2 $.% 6art !.E. , <hapter Kth, >ase isolation. G.% 6wan),9u,;an,:an) "##"% A mathematical hysteretic model for elastomeric isolation bearin)s,
HA
H.% *S 1K2A."##" part *7 <riteria for &arth'ua(e =esistant !esi)n of Structures, ;art 17 Eeneral ;rovisions & >uildin)s 8ifth revision%, >ureau of *ndian Standards, 0ew !elhi, *ndia. K.% Ban)id =.S. and !atta T.4. =eview of the seismic behaviour of base isolated >uildin)s., 2.% ?atsa)ar Dasant & Ban)id =.S. >ase.isolated >uildin) with Asymmetries due to the *solator ;arameters, Advances in Structural &n)). Dol. K, no. G , !ec. "##$% 1#.% ?urat !iclelia Tur(y% & Sri(anth >uddharam MSA% <omprehensive evaluation of e'uivalent linear analysis method for seismic.isolated structures represented by S!O8 systems,!epartment of &n)ineerin) Sciences, ?iddle &ast Technical Mniversity, #G$A1 An(ara, Tur(ey & !epartment of <ivil &n)ineerin) and <onstruction, >radley Mniversity, ;eoria, *F G1G"$, MSA, October "##G. 11.% 0aeim 8arzad & 4elly Treavor, !esi)n of Seismic *solated Structures 7 8rom theory to practice,, 1222, Bohn 9iley & Sons, *nc., 0ew :or(. 1".% Oliveto & marletta, Seismic =etrofittin) Of =einforced <oncrete >uildin)s Msin) Traditional And *nnovative Techni'ues,, *S&T Bournal, paper no. $3$, "##$ 1A.% ;andit sachin, Structural =ehabilitation by Stiffness Stren)thenin) & >ase *solation, **T !elhi, "##$. 13.% Sa/al (anti deb **TE% Seismic isolation 7 an overview,. 1$.% S(inner , =obinson & ?c Derry , An *ntroduction To Seismic *solation,, 122A, Bohn 9iley & Sons, *nc., 9ellin)ton, 0ew Lealand. 1G.% Tervor &. 4elly, >ase *solation of Structures 7 !esi)n )uidelines, 6olmes <onsultin) Eroup Ftd.
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1H.% Mniform >uildin) <ode 122H , Dolume ", Structural !esi)n =e'uirements 1K.% 9alters ?ason, S.&., ;rincipal T# ! i!mic r tro(it o( t# Oakland Cit/ -all" , ;aper no. 1#, 8orell@&lsesser &n)ineers, *nc., San 8rancisco, <alifornia 12.% 9an), :en.;o, 8undamentals of seismic base isolation, .
W *!it ! r ( rr d:
1.% www.csiber(eley.com ".% web.mit.edu@ist)roup@ist@documents@earth'ua(e@;art$.pdf , *ST )roup "##3% ?ethods of seismic retrofittin) of structures, A.% www.nicee.or)
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