Abstract

This report discusses the summer training program at Sonalika International Tractors Limited during the period from 3rd July 2010 to 27th August 2010. It states briefly the importance of tractors in agriculture and industry. It shows a brief background about the place of training. It mentions some facts about the department that was responsible for the training program. The report describes the process of tractor manufacturing at Sonalika International Tractors Limited. Also, it explains the process of designing tractors in accordance with international standards and specifications. Furthermore, the report explains various manufacturing techniques studied during the training period. It also includes materials used, machines used, operations etc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is always said that efficient work is nothing but mutual coordination between two or more people. For me, it was a very difficult real time project without the help of people surrounding me. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to my report guide and referred mentor MR.SUBOROTTO SINHA (Regional ManagerMarketing, UP & UTT)for his valuable support and guidance that geared the work into a proper channel that is demanded. The knowledge offered was from the repository of his vast experience. He gave me much needed valuable advice, positive, criticism, suggestions and constant encouragement through discussions. I would also like to thank MR. RAMGOPAL (Sr. General Manager- Marketing, UP & UTT) .SANDEEP SETHI (General Manager- Marketing, UP & UTT) for the knowledge provided and marketing assistance, that helped me to sharpen my skills and inspired me to work on this project .Finally, I thankful to all of them who directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of the report successfully, for without their help, this project would not have seen the LIGHT OF THE DAY

Sr. No.

Contents

Page no.

1.

Abstract

2.

Acknowledgement

PREFACE

PREFACE
The Practical Training after 2nd year of degree curriculum of an Engineering College is of great significance.

The Training provides: a) Aims at making one aware of industrial environment which means that one gets to know the limitation, constraint and freedom under which the engineer works.

b) Exposure to Industrial Environment, Marketing and Management Technique.

c) An opportunity to undertake project work relating to real technical problems.

d) To check the relationship between the theory and the practice

f) An opportunity to watch from close quarter that indicates manager relation.

This also helps the trainee to know how to work on a particular segment to get the best environment

WELCOME TO SONALIKA INTERNATIONAL SONALIKA INTERNATIONAL

Established in 1969, Sonalika group from the very beginning has tried to understand customer need so that they get better value for their money, hard earned. Sonalika has state of manufacturing, spread in acres, located at Hoshiarpur and tax free zone at AMB in Himachal Pradesh. Sonalika is the one of the top 3 tractor manufacturing companies in India, other products include, Multi utility vehicles, engines and various farm equipments. Today the group stands tall with an approximate turnover of 3200 Core INR. An average growth of 30% makes it one of the fastest growing corporate in India. It is also one of the few debt free companies. Group has strength of about 2000 employee & technocrats. History reveals that innovation is the key to continued progress and when applied to technology that touches human life, it can unfold a whole new economic phenomenon that has the power to change the world. With unique initiatives like the Thought leadership Forum, Leadership Forum, Sonalika have been able to create a unique platform for learning through success stories of industry leaders. No, doubt that the Sonalika products has created a niche for themselves not only in India but also in foreign market. To maintain quality have any defect even at micro level is been taken care of and rectified. The technology, for which they use, is of the high quality and world-class quality standards. The industry has gradually transformed itself into a world-class player involved in building state-of-the-art products, solutions and technologies. As an industry, they are very conscious of responsibility to society. Sonalika Foundation intends to become a catalyst, encouraging our members to do more, capturing best practices for quality and harnessing a greater range of resources, from the industry and beyond, to make a major impact on the development. It has been their vision to cater to the needful agriculture and auto industry with quality products through untiring dedication and activities. As they step in to their fifth decade of existence, continue to lead the development. Tractor and car plants work in 2 to 3 shifts depending upon volume of work for maximum production. It continues to march ahead on road to success and glory driven by the force of initiative and determination to have a leading position in the tractor industry in the days to come.

WELCOME TO KEY SURVEY AND STUDY

A.WHAT IS TRACTOR
A tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high torque for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Mos tcommonly, the term is used to describe the distinctive farm vehicle: agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized. The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere "to pull". The first recorded use of the word meaning "an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs" occurred in 1901,displacing the earlier term traction engine (1859).Tractors are used extensively in mowing and land-clearing applications. In fact, the common suburban riding mower is basically a scaled-down tractor. They're also used in construction, landscaping, livestock operations, and industrial settings.

B.BASIC OF CHOOSING A TRACTOR

Getting the right tractor is important: it's an expensive purchase and one that you can easily last 10, 20, or 30 years or more. This Buyer Zone Tractors Buyer's Guide will help you through the process, answering questions such as: How much horsepower do you need?

What features are most important?

Which attachments are the most useful?

How can you choose the right dealer?

How much you can expect to pay? Start choosing a tractor by determining if one is actually right piece for you. There are three main points to consider when choosing which type of equipment is right for you: FLEXIBILITY Skid steer loaders and tractors are designed to power many kinds of attachments, while excavators and loader/backhoes are dedicated to the specific tasks of digging and loading. 6

As a result, the specialized machines are more efficient at their specific jobs, but the generalists are useful in more ways. SURFACE IMPACT Skid steers and excavator tracks can wreak havoc on grass or loose surfaces. In contrast, even fairly substantial tractors equipped with the right tires can work on these types of surfaces without doing noticeable damage. OVERAGE AREA Since they can move at faster speeds, tractors are more appropriate than skid steers for work that involves covering a lot of ground: mowing or plowing large fields. They have ventured in to automobile sector also with the launching of Rhino

C.WHAT

ARE

OUR

KEY

CONSIDERATIONS

AND

APPLICATIONS
Once you decide that a tractor is the right purchase for you, think through the specifics of what you'll need it do and the environment you'll be using it in. Some points to consider:

What kinds of surfaces you will be using it on?

Will it be used mainly on flat ground, or hilly terrain?

What attachments will you use?

Are there any limiting factors on the size or weight of the tractor? (Gates, garage doors, narrow paths, small bridges)

D. HOW MUCH HORSE-POWER DO WE NEED Once you have a handle on the types of jobs your tractor will be tackling, you can work with a dealer to determine what horsepower you need. Horsepower is the most basic distinction between tractor models: it dictates what work the tractor can perform, what types of attachments it can run, and, to a large degree, how much you'll pay. Tractors with less than 25 HP make up the small end of the market. They're capable of handling most 7

basic lawn work, but often can't provide enough power for more demanding jobs like tilling or heavy brush mowing. Between 25 and 65 horsepower is a comfortable middle ground that features tractors with capabilities suited for communities, horse farms, nurseries, and many commercial uses. Above 65 HP, you get into tractors designed for strenuous agricultural use, such as tilling fields and baling hay. The largest tractors for commercial farming feature 200 HP engines or larger. Be aware: in some tractors, the horsepower available to attachments through the power take off (PTO) connection is less than the overall engine horsepower. Some attachments have more specific HP requirements than others, so make sure you check these ratings carefully. Once you know the general range of horsepower you're looking for, the best way to narrow it further is to talk to a dealer who carries a wide range of different brands and models of tractor. The best dealers, like those on the Buyer Zone network, will ask you specific questions designed to help them determine exactly how much power you need. When it comes to tractor horsepower, there are problems associated with both overbuying and under buying. Buy a tractor that's too small and you may not be able to complete the jobs you Have in mind. Buy one that's too large, and you'll be wasting money, as well as increasing the turning radius, clearance requirements, and damage to the ground.

E. FEATURES Once you decide on a base model tractor, there are several important features you should consider

FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD) Dealers estimate that 90% to 95% of the small to medium-sized tractors they sell are fourwheel drive (4WD) models. The reasons are simple:

4wd is critical if you want to use a loader on the front of the tractor

Tractors with 4WD have substantially better resale values

Tractors are often used on surfaces with poor traction, where 4wd is a huge benefit for basic mowing on relatively level ground, 4WD doesn't really offer any advantages, and it 8

may do even more damage to finished lawns than 2-wheel drive tractors. The only time 2wheel drive is clearly a better choice is when driving the tractor for long distances at road speeds. However, if you need to transport your tractor over long distances on a regular basis, you'd be better off buying a trailer and transporting it that way. ENCLOSED CABS As in other types of small construction equipment, enclosed cabs are becoming a more popular option with new tractors. Enclosed cabs can greatly increase operators' comfort level when working in scorching sun or freezing temperatures. Like 4WD, cabs add a significant amount to your initial purchase price, but also boost the resale value down the line. They can be fairly basic an enclosure and a heater only or totally decked out, with air conditioning and other comforts. Enclosed cabs are not available on all tractors. Because of the power draw of the AC units (3-4 HP); they're less common on tractors less than 25 horsepower. And not all manufacturers offer cabs on all their models. But if your tractor will see a lot of use in very hot or cold weather, the extra investment in an enclosed cab can greatly increase their comfort and therefore their efficiency.

TRANSMISSION While manual transmissions used to be the standard for tractors, other options are gaining Popularity. In particular, the hydrostatic transmission, which allows clutch-free operation in a range of speeds, has become far more common than in years past. Hydrostatic transmissions are the best choice if the primary operators of the tractor aren't familiar with using manual transmissions. However, they're more expensive, and they reduce the available horsepower slightly when compared to manual transmissions. If your operators are comfortable with using a clutch, you can save some money and get a little more power out of your tractor by choosing a manual transmission.

SAFETY (ROPS) All new tractors are required to come with rollover protection structures (ROPS) that greatly improve safety. When used in conjunction with a seatbelt, ROPS prevent the tractor from crushing the operator in a rollover accident. Another safety feature to look for is an operator presence switch. These systems can detect the operator's weight in the driver's seat and if there's no one in the seat, they automatically shut off the engine. Most tractors will have basic lights and flashers for road operation, but you should check local regulations for any rules about driving tractors on public roads to see if there are more specific requirements. 9

HEAVY MACHINE SHOP INTRODUCTION

The heavy machine shop is one of the most important shops of the industry. It plays a very important role in the production of the tractors. As the name suggests all the heavy components namely, the differential housing, the gear box housing, the crank case housing, the cage and trumpet are machine here. The shop is called the backbone of the industries.

Fig.1. Heavy Machine Shop

The heavy machine shop is divided into five sections.

1. 2.

Differential housing line Gear box housing line

3. Cage & trumpet line 4. Crankcase housing line 5. Tool room 10

CNC Machines
Turning Centers are capable of executing many different types of lathe cutting operations simultaneously on a rotating part. This arrangement allows quick return motion. Further more of this allows feed rate change without any gear arrangement or control of speed of motor. This is done by varying the eccentricity e. The higher the e, the higher the feed rate is. A simple trade off of this feed rate control system is that as the feed rate is reduced, the stroke of the ram also gets reduced. The hydraulic type shaper does not have this problem and the feed rate and the stroke can be independently controlled. Figure 3-2 shows the hydraulic arrangement. This machine has been manufactured by Rockford Machine Tool, Rockford, Illinois, USA.

Fig.2. CNC Machines

11

G CODE AND M CODE The entire functioning of the machine is based on G Code and M Code specifications. G Codes define the preparatory functions of the machine. In simple terms, they control the movement and machining related functions of the machine tool. For example, the code "G76" followed by some related arguments is used for fine boring. "G00" with X, Y, Z arguments rapidly move the bed and the spindle head to the position specified by the arguments. M Codes are known as auxiliary functions. They control specific behaviors of the machine. For example "M08" turns on the coolant, M05 stops the spindle.

Fig.3. G Code and M Code

12

Drill Press

Fig.4. Drill Press

A powered vertical drilling machine in which the rotating bit is pressed to the work by a hand-lever. The work is secured to a table. The spindle speed is changed by selection of a pair of step-pulley grooves. Larger drill bits turn at slower speeds. Lubricant (cutting fluid) can be used to cool and improve cutting.

13

LATHE

Fig.5.

Lathe

A lathe is a machine tool in which the work is held and rotated, while being shaped by a cutting tool that is fed against the work carefully machined ways on top of the lathe bed support and provide for precise alignment of the headstock and tailstock.

HEADSTOCK The headstock contains the SPINDLE to which the various work holding attachments are fitted. The spindle is hollow with the front end tapered internally to receive tools and attachments with taper shanks. The hole permits long stock to be turned and allows a KNOWCKOUT BAR to be used to remove taper shank tools. The spindle is usually fitted 14

with either a tapered nose or a threaded nose. Also found in the headstock is the SPEED CONTROL MECHANISM. Power supplied by an electric motor is transmitted to the spindle by moving the belts to positions on the pulleys or by changing the gear ratio. 21 Slower speeds on belt driven lathes are obtained by engaging the BACK GEARS. The large gear (BULL GEAR) is keyed to the spindle and is locked to the pulley with the BULL GEAR LOCK PIN. The back gears can be engaged by disconnecting the bull gear from the step pulley by releasing the bull gear lock pin. DO NOT ENGAGE THE BACK GEARS WHILE THE SPINDLE IS ROTATING.

TAILSTOCK The tailstock can be adjusted along the lathe ways to accommodate different lengths of work. It mounts the dead center that supports the outer end of the work, and can be fitted with cutting tools for drilling, reaming and threading. The unit is clamped to the ways by tightening the clamp bolt nut. The spindle is positioned by rotating the HANDWHEEL and is locked in position with the BINDING LEVER.

CARRIAGE The carriage includes the SADDLE, APRON, CROSS AND LONGITUDINAL FEED, SCREW CUTTING MECHANISM, COMPOUND REST and TOOL POST. The cutting tool is supported and its actions controlled by the carriage which is moved along the ways by hand or power feed. The power feed mechanism is located in the apron. A friction clutch controls longitudinal and cross power feeds. Half nuts are engaged for thread cutting.

FEED MECHANISM The feed mechanism transmits power through a train of gears to the QUICK CHANGE GEAR BOX, which regulates the amount of tool movement per revolution of the spindle. The feed mechanism also contains gears for reversing tool travel. Lettering on the INDEX PLATE tells how to position the levers for various thread cutting and feed combinations. The LEAD SCREW transmits the power to the carriage through a gearing and clutch arrangement in the apron. The FEED CHANGE LEVERS on the apron control the operation of power feeds and, when placed in neutral, permit half-nuts to be engaged for threading operations.

15

POWER TOOL SAFETY Safety Tips: Use the proper tool for the job Never carry a tool by the cord or hose Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, or sharp edges Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing and when changing accessories Keep all guards in place and make sure they are working properly Wear proper apparel. Loose clothing, long hair, and jewelry can become caught in moving parts

Electric Make sure tools are grounded If working outdoors only use an outlet with GFI protection Use double-insulated tools when possible Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations, and store the tools in a dry place

Hydraulic Use approved fire-resistant fluid rated for the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed Do not exceed the manufacturers recommended safe operating pressures Do not check for leaks using your hands because fluid under pressure may puncture skin

PNEUMATIC Always wear eye and hearing protection Use a safety clip or retainer to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a chipping hammer, from being unintentionally shot from the barrel Fasten air hoses together securely with wire or a locking device

FUEL Store and transport fuel only in containers approved for this application Shut off the engine and extinguish all open flames before refueling When operating equipment in closed areas is sure there is proper ventilation. 16

The Horizontal Band Saw

Fig.6. Metal Cutting Band Saw

The horizontal band saw incorporates a vise to clamp the material while the frame holding the moving band saw blade pivots downward allowing the blade to contact and begin cutting the material. The rate of feed is controlled by a hydraulic or spring resistance. Please read and understand the Safety Rules in this section for both types of band saws.

Horizontal Mill

This Mill has a spindle on a horizontal axis unlike the Vertical Mill. The cutters are generally keyed to an arbor and driven by the spindle. A very robust and sturdy machine, the Horizontal Mill is chosen over the Vertical Mill when large quantities of material has to be removed by the cutters or there is less need for accuracy. A substantial vise is required or very secure clamping techniques to secure the material to the table.

General Mill Information COLUMN AND KNEE TYPE MILLING MACHINE 17

The column knee type milling machine is so named because the components that provide movement to the work consists of a COLUMN that supports and guides the knee vertical movement. The knee supports the mechanism for obtaining cross traverse and longitudinal table movements: VERTICAL, CROSS, & LONGITUDINAL, all of which are controlled entirely by hand levers. All milling operations fall into two main categories: 1. FACE MILLING The surface machined is parallel with the face of the cutter. Large flat surfaces are machined by this method. 2. PERIPHERAL MILLING The surface being machined is parallel with the periphery of the cutter. Milling cutters come in a large number of stock shapes, sizes, and kinds to meet many requirements.

There are two general types: 1. SOLID CUTTER The shank and body are made in one piece. 2. INSERTED TOOTH CUTTER The teeth are made of special cutting material and are brazed or clamped into place. Teeth can be replaced. Consult your instructor for the type of cutter needed.

There are two distinct cutting methods in milling operations: 1. CONVENTIONAL or UP-MILLING The work is fed into the rotation of the cutter. The chip is at minimum thickness at the start of the cut and is so slight that the cutter has a tendency to slide until sufficient pressure is built up to make it bite into the work. 2. CLIMB or DOWN-MILLING The work moves in the same direction as the rotation of the cutter. Full engagement of the tooth is instantaneous. The sliding action of conventional milling is eliminated resulting in a better finish and a longer life. Climb milling is not recommended on light milling machines because lack of rigidity and light support offsets any advantages of the technique. Care of Milling Cutters and Cutter Holding & Driving Devices 1. Support the cutter properly and hold the work rigid 2. Use the correct cutting speed and feed 3. An ample supply of cutting fluid is essential 4. Use the correct cutter for the job 5. Store cutters in individual compartments or on wooden pegs 6. Clean cutters before storing 18

7. Never hammer a cutter on the arbor. Examine the arbor for burrs or nicks if the cutter does not slip on easily. 8. Use sharp cutters End mills are held in collets or special holders while drill bits are held in chucks that install into the spindle. To maintain accuracy during the machining operation it is necessary to prevent damage to the cutter holding and driving devices: 1. Keep the taper of the arbor free of nicks 2. Clean and lubricate the bearing sleeve and arbor support bearing before use 3. Clean the spacing collars before placing them on the arbor, otherwise cutter run-out will occur. 4. Store arbors separately and in a vertical position 5. Never loosen or tighten the arbor nut unless the arbor support is locked in place 6. Use a wrench of the correct type and size 7. Do not tighten the arbor nut by striking the wrench with a hammer or mallet. This may crack the nut or distort the threats 8. To remove an arbor or adapter from the machine:

a. Loosen the nut on the draw-in bar a few turns. DO NOT remove it from the arbor completely b. Tap the draw-in bar head with a lead hammer to loosen the arbor from the spindle c. Hold the loosened arbor with one hand and unscrew the draw-bar with the other d. Remove the arbor from the spindle, clean and store it Cutting Speeds and Feeds, Fluids the time required to complete a milling operation and the quality of the finish of the machined surface is almost completely governed by the CUTTING SPEED and FEED of the cutter. Cutting Speed refers to the distance, measure in feet, a point (tooth) on the circumference moves in one minute. It is expressed in terms of FEET PER MINUTE (FPM) and is directly dependent on the REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM) of the cutter. Feed is the rate the work moves into the cutter and is given as FEED PER TOOTH PER REVOLUTION (FTR). The selection of the proper feed is probably the most difficult thing for the machinist to determine. In view of the many variables; width of cut, depth of cut, condition of the machine and cutter etc., feed should be as coarse as possible and consistent with the desired finish. Consult the mill manual or wall chart for the speeds and feeds required for various materials. 19

ASSEMBLY BLOCK
The Assembly at SONALIKA DIVISION deals with the assembly of tractors model DI 730 II, DI 35 II, DI 730 II, DI 745 III, DI 60 (Mileage Master), DI 60 RX, DI 750 etc .Assembly is the joining of various constituents to form a final product. The assembly process is carried out on the main line, which has various sub assemblies along its length. Assembly shop can be divided into two main areas: Before paint area After paint area

BEFORE PAINT AREA

The areas before painting can further be divided into subassemblies/loops namely: 1. Differential loop 2. Gearbox loop 3. Rear cover loop

1) DIFFERENTIAL LOOP
1. Differential casting mounting on trolley after washing. 2. Bull pinion shaft left and right fitted. 3. Cage assembly fitted. 4. Crown wheel 5. Tail pinion assembly 6. Roller bearing 7. Bevel wheels. 8. PTO shaft fitted. 9. Rear axle trumpet is fitted. 10. PTO shifter assembly fitted. 11. Gearbox assembly is fitted. 12. Rear cover assembly fitted. 13. Brakes are fitted. 14. Parking brake. 15. Suction pipe. 16. PTO covers. 17. Trailer hook is fitted 20

DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM:-

FUNCTION

If the axle is a single unit and the wheels are free on the axle that is just moving on the bearings, as is the case of tractor front axle, the wheel swill turn at different speeds to compensate for the difference in travel. However when the wheel are driven positively by engine, a device is necessary which can make the wheels moves at different speeds on turns, whereas the speed of both the wheels should remain equal when the tractor is following a straight path. To accomplish this purpose a system of gears called differential system is provided.

WORKING:The engine drives the crown wheel mounted on the cage assembly through tail pinion. Four bevel pinions are mounted on the bull pinion shafts lt. and rt. which are supported on the taper roller bearings in the differential housing. These taper roller bearings give rigid support to cage assembly. The differential system is very useful in the automobiles. This help in turning the vehicle. As already discussed above that how the vehicle differential works while the vehicle is taking turn. During the turning the inner speed of the wheel reduces and the outer wheel moves faster than the inner wheels. The differential on the vehicle distributes the power between the two wheels by giving the less power to the inner wheel than the outer one & the vehicle moves easily. Steering system is used for the turning of the vehicle on the cross, which is fitted in the cage assembly.

2) GEARBOX LOOPS:1. Gearbox housing mounted on trolley. 2. Drive shaft & input shaft assembly. 3. Output shaft assembly 4. Lay shaft and connecting shaft assembly. 5. Shifter rod assembly. 6. Steering assembly

21

GEAR BOX The gearbox used in the tractors being manufactured by ITL is of the CONSTANT MESH TYPE. This is the simplest type of gearbox. The power comes from the engine to the clutch shaft and hence to the clutch gear which is always in mesh with a gear on the lay shaft. All the gears on the lay shaft are fixed to it and as such they are all the time rotating when the engine is running. The clutch is engaged three and one reverse speed are attained on suitable moving the gear on the main shaft by means of selector mechanism. The power, which the engine develops, is transmitted to the wheels of the tractor by certain essential parts. The application of engine power to the driving wheels through these parts is called POWER TRANSMISSION. These parts are clutching, gearbox, differential and rear axles. To start a tractor from rest, the inertia of its whole weight must be overcome. Diesel engine does not develop its full power at low speed. It has to run at fairly high speed before it develops max power and torque. Since much power is needed in starting, climbing uneven land and pulling loads, a provision must be made to permit the engine to run at high speed while the wheels run at low speed. This is achieved by a system called Gearbox. With the help of gearbox, we can achieve this and pulling power of the tractor can be increased or decreased by varying the speed of tractor. For this we use Constant Mesh Gear type.

PRINCIPLE:As we know that the horsepower developed is directly proportional to the product or torque and rotational speed, i.e. H.P= K.N.T

FUNCTION 1. To convert the power of the engine running at high speed into lowspeed at high torque 2. To exchange the forward motion into the reverse motion of thevehicle. 3. To disconnect the engine from the rear wheels by putting the gearbox into neutral position.

TYPES OF GEARBOX 1. Selective gearbox 2. Sliding mesh type 3. Constant mesh type 4. Synchronous type 5. Planetary gear

22

ENGINE ASSEMBLY
This section deals with the assembly of different components that lead to complete engine assembly. The assembly area is kept clean all the time so that no dust and dirt enter the engine while being assembled. Following are the steps in which the engines are assemble First of all Main Oil Galleries are plugged. Complete assembly of Crankshaft along with timing gear and the balance weight arrive from their vendor. This complete assembly is put into the block once the main journal bearings are placed in it. Rear end plate is bolted and oil seal is pressed onto it. Oil pump is fitted. Cam hole far end is plugged with a circular plate. Camshaft gear is inserted into the shaft after heating and this complete assembly is inserted in this place. Idle gear in timing gear is fitted. Tappets are inserted. Rubber seals for push rod enclosing tubes are inserted then. Studs for holding the head are tightened. Filter body is then bolted to the engine block. A marking plate is bolted which helps to locate the TDC of the 1stcylinder with the help of the crank pulley. The crank pulley is the fixed with the help of a woodruff key onto the crankshaft. 23

 Piston Rings and Connecting rod assemblies are readied on to the assembly line separately. Now the above whole assembly is put into onto the block and the connecting rod big end caps are bolted and tightened with proper torque. Oil sump is then bolted Cylinder head with push rod tubes, studs for rocker and bumping shims are placed and is tightened with proper torque. Oil supply pipe is fixed with a banjo bolt. Inlet and exhaust manifold and the water supply pipes are fitted. Push rods are inserted. Rockers are then fitted. Fuel filter body is then attached. A unique number is engraved onto the block. Water pump is fitted and a thermostat valve is inserted. Fuel Injection Pump is then fitted to the engine as per the specific model. The Valve-Tappet clearance is then set using the feeler gauge. TDC marking is done onto the pulley by putting a depth gauge through the injector hole. B-TDC marking is then done using a special purpose tool. Fuel injection timing is then set by putting on the fuel supply. Alternator mounting clamps are fixed. 24

Injector nozzles and the High pressure fuel lines are then fitted to the F.I. Pump. Bell housing is then bolted. Ring gear is fitted to Flywheel at 350 deg. C. and the assembly is then bolted to the crankshaft rear end

FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD)

Dealers estimate that 90% to 95% of the small to medium-sized tractors they sell are fourwheel drive (4WD) models. The reasons are simple:

4wd is critical if you want to use a loader on the front of the tractor

Tractors with 4WD have substantially better resale values

Tractors are often used on surfaces with poor traction, where 4wd is a huge benefit for basic mowing on relatively level ground, 4WD doesn't really offer any advantages, and it may do even more damage to finished lawns than 2-wheel drive tractors. The only time 2wheel drive is clearly a better choice is when driving the tractor for long distances at road speeds. However, if you need to transport your tractor over long distances on a regular basis, you'd be better off buying a trailer and transporting it that way. Performance and maintenance requirements are about the same in both options. In almost all cases, the bigger price tag of 4WD tractors is worth the investment.

ENCLOSED CABS

As in other types of small construction equipment, enclosed cabs are becoming a more popular option with new tractors. Enclosed cabs can greatly increase operators' comfort level when working in scorching sun or freezing temperatures. Like 4WD, cabs add a significant amount to your initial purchase price, but also boost the resale value down the line. They can be fairly basic an enclosure and a heater only or totally decked out, with air conditioning and other comforts. Enclosed cabs are not available on all tractors. Because of the power draw of the AC units (3-4 HP); they're less common on tractors less than 25 horsepower. And not all manufacturers offer cabs on all their models. But if your tractor 25

will see a lot of use in very hot or cold weather, the extra investment in an enclosed cab can greatly increase their comfort and therefore their efficiency.

TRANSMISSION In particular, the hydrostatic transmission, which allows clutch-free operation in a range of speeds, has become far more common than in years past. Hydrostatic transmissions are the best choice if the primary operators of the tractor aren't familiar with using manual transmissions. However, they're more expensive, and they reduce the available horsepower slightly when compared to manual transmissions. If your operators are comfortable with using a clutch, you can save some money and get a little more power out of your tractor by choosing a manual transmission. SAFETY (ROPS) All new tractors are required to come with rollover protection structures (ROPS) that greatly improve safety. When used in conjunction with a seatbelt, ROPS prevent the tractor from crushing the operator in a rollover accident. Another safety feature to look for is an operator presence switch. These systems can detect the operator's weight in the driver's seat and if there's no one in the seat, they automatically shut off the engine. Most tractors will have basic lights and flashers for road operation, but you should check local regulations for any rules about driving tractors on public roads to see if there are more specific requirements.

TIRES Your application will also determine what type of tires you should choose. Tractors can use many types of pneumatic tires: agricultural tires for working in loose dirt; industrial tires for heavy moving and loader work, or turf tires that reduce damage when mowing finished lawns. Your dealer should show you several types of tires that appropriate for your use.

TRACTOR ATTACHMENTS While the tractor itself provides the power to get your job done, the attachments are what actually do the work. As one dealer told us, a tractor without attachments is basically a slow ride to the mailbox. Buying the right attachments for the job you need to do is an essential part of a tractor purchase. The most common type of application is moving materials around, and for that job, a front-end loader is a great choice. A simple scoop 26

on two arms, a loader can be used for carrying dirt, rocks, mulch, or other loose material leveling and landscaping work; and for carrying heavy items. Unlike most attachments, this popular tool connects to the front of the tractor, instead of the back, meaning it can be left on while using the back end for other attachments.

Box blades These are used to scrape or push earth, for grading, leveling, or bulldozing applications.

Mowers These come in many types: rough cut and brush mowers for cutting through heavy growth and finish mowers for more detailed work.

CONNECTING TRACTORS ATTACHMENTS Most attachments connect using a three-point hitch at the back of the tractor. This lets them use the power take-off unit (PTO) as a power source. Almost all tractors use a standard 540 RPM PTO and three-point hitch, which means attachments are generally interchangeable between different tractors. Verify that the horsepower rating of your PTO is enough to run the attachments you plan on using.1000 and 2000 RPM PTOs are also available, but unless you need a specialized attachment that only works at those speeds, they're not important. Some tractors have a PTO located in the middle of the tractor, beneath the operator. This can be helpful for precise mowing, but it's not very common.

CHOOSING A TRACTOR DEALER Buying a tractor involves more than just choosing the right model and the right attachments: you have to choose a tractor dealer you can work with for the long term. Like any piece of heavy equipment, your tractor will wear and eventually break, making your relationship with the dealer important. Having warranty coverage on your tractor isn't worth much if the dealership can't do the work you need. Ask potential tractor dealers about their service policies: Do you provide loaners if my tractor needs to be taken in for service? Will you pick my tractor up if it needs to go in for extensive work?

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You should visit the dealers facility. Simply seeing the parts warehouse and service areas can give you a good sense of their capabilities.

REGULAR MAINTAINENCE Relatively simple tasks like changing the oil, replacing filters, and lubricating joints are an essential part of extending your tractor's lifespan, and many tractor owners choose to take care of routine maintenance on their own. But in addition to repairing breakdowns, your dealer should also help with this type of preventative maintenance. They should provide you with a detailed maintenance manual, and walk you through the basic maintenance procedures if necessary. They can also be your source for the parts and supplies you need to keep the tractor running smoothly. Handling this routine maintenance isn't difficult, but it does require that you stick to a schedule. Because regularly scheduled maintenance is so important, it can make sense to purchase a maintenance contract. For a small yearly fee, the dealer will make sure all required maintenance is done right and on time, either at your location or theirs.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Many tractor manufactures have been around for decades. While newer or lesser-known brands maybe cheaper, choosing a brand with longevity helps unsure that you'll be able to find parts when you need them. Better dealers will let you take a tractor for a demo at your own site. This is a great way to evaluate different models: you'll be able to get a feel for how well each performs in your specific applications. You'll also be able to directly evaluate subjective issues like visibility and ease of use. Lastly, dont underestimate your personal reactions. Choose a dealer you feel is honest with you and easy to work with: those impressions are often good indicators of how the dealer will treat you in the long run. If the dealer aggressively starts selling you on a tractor without trying to determine your needs, you may want to keep moving. Quality dealers want to put you in the right tractor, knowing that if you're satisfied with your purchase, you'll eventually come back.

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UNIQUE

SELECTION

PROPOSITION

OF

SONALIKATRACTORS

COMPLEMENT AND BALANCE TRACTOR

Sonalika Tractor is complete and Balance tractor because:-

1. PROPORTIONATE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION:The weight distribution of the tractor is uniform across the length due which it has excellent grip on the ground.

This prevents slippage even on steep increasing the load.

It has the capacity to pull heavy load even on steep slope while maintaining its balance.

2. LARGE WHEEL BASE

Front lifting is seldom witnessed due to maximum wheelbase.

It also helps in pulling heavy load even on steep slopes while maintaining its balance.

3. MAXIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

Tractor cross-uneven ground surface without getting stuck because of high ground clearance.

The standing crops of the farmers are not damaged because of the high ground clearance. 29

Also easily oversteps the bunds while moving from one form to another.

4. LOOKS

Sonalika tractors are aesthetically appealing.

Variety is available in color from which the farmers can choose.

5. ERGONOMICS Road visibility is better because of high altitude of drivers seat. Drivers seat is comfortable.

POWERFUL
Sonalika tractor is powerful because:-

1. HIGH BACK UP TORQUE:Back up torque is reserve power

The backup torque is best among all the available tractors in the market.

Work equipment to any tractor with higher HP range i.e. 35 HP range tractor of Sonalika works, equal to 50 HP range tractor of other companies.

Helps in deep cultivation, which gives good yield, as well lesser weeds. Due to excellent pulling power; tractor are also able to turn at edges without lifting up the cultivator.

2. SMOKELESS ENGINE 30

Sonalika has used TREM III Engine which burn every single drop of Diesel and built up full power because of this they give eligible smoke.

Sudden increase in load it does not generate heavy smoke whereas other tractors stall in similar condition

Even on drop of 700-1000 rpm Sonalika works tractors work equally well.

USAGE OF TRACTORS IN MODERN TIMES

Tractors form an integral part of farm mechanization and have a crucial role to play in increasing agricultural productivity. Tractor is a highly versatile piece of machinery having a multitude of uses, used in agriculture both for land reclamation and for carrying out various crop cultivation and also employed for carrying out various operations connected with raising the crops by attaching suitable implements and to provide the necessary energy for performing various crop production operations involved in the production of agricultural crops. Tractors are capital intensive, labor displaying used as a mode of transport, in electricity generation, in construction industry and for haulage operation. It has now become an integral part of farm structure .The application of tractor for agricultural activities which swept India during the last twenty years have erased the problem of farmers. Farm mechanization program in India aims to integrate the use of available human and animal farm power with mechanical sources of power for increasing the productivity. India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 25 percent of Indias GDP and employs nearly 62 percent of the population. It is therefore considered to be the vital sector of Indian economy.

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TRACTOR INDUSTRY IN INDIA

OVERVIEW The tractor industry reported a strong 28.3% growth in sales volumes during 2009-10, thereby ending the phase of cyclical correction that had pulled down tractor sales during the preceding two years (2007-09).

The key factor enabling the demand growth of 2009-10 was strong rural liquidity, which in turn was sustained by several factors, including: higher minimum support price (MSP) for crops; greater ability of farmers to make cash purchases (including the usage of Kissan Credit Card which are increasingly being used to part-finance tractor purchases); enhanced employment opportunities (with rural employment schemes being implemented by the Government of India); an improved credit environment; and continuance of replacement demand. These factors apart, non-agricultural use of tractors (for haulage in construction and infrastructure projects) continued to increase, benefiting tractor demand. Also, with infrastructure projects and rural employment schemes increasing employment opportunities, availability of labor for agricultural activities continued to decline, persuading even farmers with medium-sized land holdings to either rent or purchase tractors. BACKGROUNG The tractor industry reported a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 20% in volume terms during the period 2003-07. The long up-cycle in demand was supported by several factors, including excise duty exemptions on tractors (2004-05), thrust on rural development, improved availability of finances for tractor purchase, and low interest rates. The growth also came on a low base, with the preceding three fiscal years (200003) having witnessed a prolonged phase of volume correction. The cyclical correction during 2000-03 had been aggravated by the build-up of channel inventory with the major players having pushed aggressively for larger sales. In contrast to this phase of cyclical slowdown, the one that happened during 2007-09 was less severe, with volumes declining by around 3%, despite the intermittent tightening of the liquidity situation during H2, 2008-09.The demand slowdown during H2, 2008-09 also impacted the profitability of 32

CONCLUSION
My training was the great experience. I had the pleasure to do the work with one of the most reputed manufacturer in their field INTERNATIONAL TRACTOR LIMITED. I received experience in private sector. It was a good learning time during my training, as I was fortunate to be trained in the department related to manufacturing. I feel training has given me exposure to undergo projects in manufacturing field as well as help me a lot to understand the company work culture, working with terms and much more. In the end I will like to thank all people who helped me throughout my training to enhance my experience. I also pay my regards to my lecturers for their guidance during my training.

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