Reuse and Recycling On London 2012 Olympic Park Oct 2011

Reuse and Recycling on the London 2012 Olympic Park
Lessons for demolition, construction and regeneration

October 2011
Disclaimer: This report was produced by BioRegional, Atkins and CLM. All of the factual details have been agreed by all parties. However, the opinions stated do not necessarily reflect the views of all parties in all cases.
BioRegional Development Group BedZED Centre 24 Helios Road Wallington Surrey SM6 7BZ Tel : 020 8404 4880 www.bioregional.com
ReuseandRecyclingontheLondon2012OlympicPark
Contents
1 2 ExecutiveSummary.................................................................................................................4 Context...................................................................................................................................5 2.1 2.2 3 TheLondon2012OlympicParkSite..................................................................................5 EnvironmentalImpactsofConstruction.............................................................................5
Reclamation,ReuseandRecyclingBestPractice.....................................................................7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 InstituteofCivilEngineersDemolitionProtocol.................................................................7 CarbonAccounting........................................................................................................... 9 SustainabilityClausesinContracts................................................................................... 9 IncentivesandMarkets....................................................................................................10 HealthandSafety............................................................................................................10
TheOlympicParkStrategy....................................................................................................11 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 ContractualRelationships................................................................................................12 SpecialistSubcontractors................................................................................................14 PreDemolitionandReclamationAudits..........................................................................15 DecisionMakingProcess.................................................................................................16 MonitoringandDataCollection.......................................................................................17 WorkingwithDesigners...................................................................................................19 MaterialsStorage............................................................................................................20
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CaseStudy1Bricks..............................................................................................................22 CaseStudy2SteelPortalFrame..........................................................................................26 CaseStudiesofOtherMaterials............................................................................................29 MaterialsRecyclingwithDataTables....................................................................................34 MaterialsReuseandRecyclingDataTables........................................................................36 ConclusionsItemsReusedandRecycled........................................................................39 OverallRecommendations..............................................................................................40
1 ExecutiveSummary
Theenvironmentalbenefitsofreclamationandreuseareconsiderable.OveralltheConstruction andDemolition(C&D)sectorcontributesatleast15%oftheUKsnationalCO2emissions1and generates120milliontonnesofwasteperyear,makingitthesinglelargestproducerofwastein England2. TheOlympicDeliveryAuthority(ODA)setdemandingsustainabilitytargetsfortheOlympicPark demolition,includinganoveralltargetofatleast90%byweightofdemolitionmaterialtobe reusedorrecycled.TheODAsoveralltargetwasachievedonaprojectofsignificantscale,with challengingandinflexibledeadlines. ThefocusofthisreportisreuseofC&Dmaterials.Itdescribestheprocessesusedthroughout demolitionhighlightingprojectmanagement,contracting,communication,documentation, demolitionprocesses,productstorageanddesign. Thesuccesses,lessonsandrecommendationswillbeofinteresttolocalandnationalgovernment departmentsresponsibleforlargescaleeventssuchastheCommonwealthGamesand regenerationprojectssimilartotheKingsCrossredevelopment.Thisreportshouldfurtherbeof interesttoseniorexecutivesandprojectmanagersintheconstructionanddemolitionindustries andthecasestudiesandkeylessonsmaybebeneficialtodemolitioncontractorslookingto expandincomestreams. Thisreportisdesignedtohighlightlessonsforfutureprojects;learningfromthepositivesand beinginapositionnottoreplicatetheareasofmissedopportunity.Inparticulartherearelessons tobelearntfromthemissedopportunitytomaximisethereuseofproductsonaprojectofthis size.Inthisreportlearningisclearlysetoutinpulloutboxestoassisttheplanningoffuture projects. TheODAexceededthedemolitionreuseorrecyclingtargetof90%by8.5%,withlessthan7,000 tonneslandfilled.Thisisanimprovementonindustrystandardsandsignificantprogresstowards anoverallindustrygoalofhalvingwastetolandfillby20123.Reclaimedandreusedmaterialsare adropintheoceaninthetotalcontextatonly0.5%.Therewasnooveralltargetforreuseandit isalmostimpossibleatthisstagetodeterminewhatwouldhavebeenappropriate.Allfigures containedinthisreportareaccurateuptoDecember2009. Itispossibletoconcludethatmoreproductscouldhavebeenreused,andrecommendationsin thisreportshouldhelptoshowhowfutureprojectscansetsimilartargetsandindoingsowork towardsachievingimprovementsinsustainability. MuchofthislearningcanbeemployedinthetransformationphaseoftheParkbetweenGames andLegacyandtherearestepsthatcanbetakenduringconstructionwhichwillhelptoensure reuseandrecyclingismaximised.Managersthroughouttheprocesswillneedtobeawareofthe potentialforreuseaswellasrecycling,andreadytotakeeffectiveactionatanearlystage.
1WhatMakesanEcoTown?PublishedbyBioRegionalandCABE,2008. 2WRAP2007 3 WRAP,(2009).HalvingWastetoLandfill[online].Available: http://www.wrap.org.uk/construction/halving_waste_to_landfill/index.html[accessed1stDecember2009]
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2.1
Context
TheLondon2012OlympicParkSite
On6July2005theInternationalOlympic CommitteeannouncedthatLondonwouldhost the2012OlympicandParalympicGames.The London2012bididentifieda2.5squarekilometre siteintheLowerLeaValley,EastLondon,asthe siteforthe2012OlympicParkredevelopment. Thesitehashistoricallyhadastrongindustrial focusbasedaroundtheimportanttransportlinks providedbytheRiverLeaandtheextensivecanal network. Forthedemolitionphaseover220buildingshad tobedemolishedalongsideanumberofwalls, bridgesandroads.Aconsortiumconsistingof CH2MHillInternational,LaingORourkeandMace DemolitionunderwayontheOlympicPark (CLM)wasthedeliverypartnertotheOlympic DeliveryAuthority(ODA)withAtkinsasprojectmanager.TheParkitselfwasdividedintoaNorth andaSouthsidewithMorrisonConstructionandBAMNuttallactingastherespectiveTier1 contractorsfortheEnablingWorks. Atthepeakofconstructionasmanyas11,000workerswillbeemployedsimultaneouslyatthe London2012OlympicParksiteandAthletesVillage4.ThefixeddeliverydateofJuly2011for completionofOlympicParkinfrastructureandvenuesisobviouslyinflexible.Thesignificanceof deadlinesalongwiththetighttimescaleandsizeofthesiteallpresentedchallengesforthe partnersinvolvedindemolition,inparticularforreclamationandreuse,whichcantakelonger thantraditionaldemolition.
2.2
EnvironmentalImpactsofConstruction
ConstructionofthebuiltenvironmenthasasignificantimpactonUKsustainability.The ConstructionandDemolition(C&D)sectorcontributesatleast15%oftheUKsnationalCO2 emissions5andgenerates120milliontonnesofwasteperyear,makingitthesinglelargest producerofwasteinEngland6.
Reclaimedandreusedsteelsectionstypicallyhavea25timeslowerenvironmental impactthannew,eventhoughnewsectionstypicallyhavea60%recycledcontent.
4 5
ODApressreleaseof29thApril2009 WhatMakesanEcoTown?PublishedbyBioRegionalandCABE,2008. 6 WRAP2007
In2005,52%ofEnglandsC&Dwastewasrecycled7.SeveralEUmemberstatesrecycleover 80%ofC&Dwastegenerated,includingDenmarkandGermany8.Thisismainlyachieved throughrecyclingintoaproductoflowervalueordowncycling,suchascrushingmaterialsfor aggregateuseonsiteorincinerationforenergyrecovery.SeeTable1belowforadefinitionof reuseandrecyclingterms.

Thechallengeofreducingglobalgreenhousegasemissionsby80%below1990levelstoavoid irrevocableclimatechange9shouldimpactthewayinwhichwedealwithwaste.Oneoftheways theconstructionsectorcantakeontheirshareofthisclimatechallengeistomaximisewaste reductionandreuseasitmovestowardszerowaste. Table1:DefinitionofTerms
Term Reclaim Definition Torecoveraproduct,forreusepurposes, thatwasoriginallydestinedforwasteor recycling. Theuseofaproduct,initsoriginalform withminimalreprocessing,thatwas originallydestinedforwasteorrecycling. Torecovertheconstituentmaterialsofa productforremanufactureorreprocessing intoasomethingofequivalentvalue. Examples Dismantleasteelframebuilding. Collectbricks/blocksfroma demolitionsite. Makingatablefromreclaimed floorboards. Buildingawallfromreclaimedbricks. Newplasterboardsreformedfrom plasterboardoffcuts. Gradedaggregatefromcrushed bricks. Panelproductsfromchippedtimber.
Reuse
Recycle
Torecycleanoriginalproductinto Downcycle somethingoflowergrade;intermsofeither materialoreconomicvalue.
Reuseretainstheembodiedenergyinthe originalmaterial,reducestheneedformore energyandmaterialstobeexpended,can reducetransportemissionsandcongestion andpreserveshistoric,rare,irreplaceableand soughtaftermaterials.Incontrast, downcyclingwastescarbon,asthenew producthasalowerembeddedcarbonwhen madefromvirginsourcesthantheproduct

TheDefraWasteHierarchy DepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernment: http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/waste/kf/wrkf09.htm[accessed12thApril2010] 8 EurostatandETC/RWM,2008basedonnationalreportsandStatistics;citedinEUasaRecyclingSociety:Present recyclinglevelsofMunicipalWasteandConstruction&DemolitionWasteintheEU;ChristianFischerandMads Werge,DanishTopicCentreonWaste;April2009): http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/publications/wp2009_2/wp/wp2009_2[accessed12thApril2010] (TheEUWasteFrameworkDirective(2008/98/EC)setatargetformemberstatesthatby2020,the preparingforreuse,recyclingandothermaterialrecovery,includingbackfillingoperationsusingwaste tosubstituteothermaterials,ofnonhazardousconstructionanddemolitionwasteexcludingnaturally occurringmaterialdefinedincategory170504intheEuropeanWasteCatalogue(EWC)shallbeincreased toaminimumof70%byweight. EUWasteFrameworkDirective(2008/98/EC) 9 WhatMakesanEcotown?ReportofBioRegionalandCABE,2008
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whichisrecycled.Anexampleofthisiscrushingbrickstocreaterecycledaggregate.Recycling canstillconsumesignificantenergyforreprocessingorremanufacturing,around70%ofthe environmentalimpactofnewconstructionarisesfromtheembodiedenergyduetothe manufactureoftheproduct10.Whilstrecognisingthatsomematerials(notablyconcrete)cannot bereuseditisimportanttokeepreuseaboverecyclingandenergyrecoveryforthereasons outlinedabove. ThepotentialcontributionofthereuseofbuildingmaterialstotheUKswasteandgreenhousegas emissiontargetsisconsiderable.Forexample,reclaimedandreusedsteelsectionstypicallyhave a25timeslowerenvironmentalimpactthannew,eventhoughnewsteelsectionscommonlyhave a60%recycledcontent11.Inadditiontotheseenvironmentalimpacts,1tonneofembodiedCO2 maybesavedthroughthereuseofaroundatonneofstructuralsteelor400bricks.
Reclamation,ReuseandRecyclingBestPractice
Reclamationandreuseofconstructionproductsisnotanewidea,salvagehasalwaysformedan integralpartofthedemolitionprocess12.However,reusedeclinedwiththeadventofmodern constructionmethodsandthelandfillingofbuildingmaterialsincreased13.Recenttechnical developmentsinrecyclinghavetendedtobothreducetotalwastetolandfillandreducethe amountofconstructionproductsreusedintheiroriginalform14. Justasdemolitioncompaniescanrealiseprofitsbyinvestinginthecapitalmachineryrequiredfor recycling,profitscouldalsobeincreasedbyinvestingintheskillsandknowledgetoreclaim materials.Ifthistrendtookoffinthedemolitionindustry,itcouldenablethosemostskilledat reclaimingtooutbidothersonlowerpriceandincreasedsustainability,unleashingachain reactionofmarketforcesbenefitingtheenvironmentandthesupplychain.
Sustainabilityobjectivesarebestachievedwhentheclientorganisationis committedandtakesthelead.RecommendationoftheJointContractsTribunal
CurrentbestpracticeonconstructionwastetendstofollowtheUKGovernmentsStrategyfor SustainableConstruction15whichincludestheConstructionWasteCommitment,agovernment andindustrytargettohalvewastetolandfillby2012.ThecampaignisdeliveredbyWRAP16.
3.1
InstituteofCivilEngineersDemolitionProtocol
TherevisedDemolitionProtocol,producedbytheInstitutionofCivilEngineers(ICE)andendorsed byWRAPprovidesaframeworkforusingthewastehierarchytomaximisematerialsresource
PushingReuse,ThorntonKay,publishedbyBioRegional,2009 BuildingResearchEstablishment(BRE)lifecycleanalysis,citedinReclaimedBuildingMaterialsinthe DevelopmentoftheThamesGateway,BioRegionalReclaimed,2006 12 HistoryofWastepublishedbytheCharteredInstituteofWasteManagers 13Ibid 14 Forexample,theBigRecsurveyin2008notesthereductionintheoverallvolumeinreuseofconstruction timberintheprevious10years.See.www.reuse.it/salvo/bigrec.html 15 StrategyforSustainableConstruction,June2008 16 WRAPcommitmentasagreedbytheStrategicForumforConstruction(seewww.strategicforum.org.uk/PR ForumandWRAPpledgeNov06.doc.)
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efficiency17.ThewastehierarchyisrelatedtothedemolitionprocessasindicatedinFigure1, below.

Figure1.RelatingtheWasteHierarchytoDemolition(ICE,2008) TheDemolitionProtocolproposesthatbeforedemolitionstartsafullpredemolitionauditand reclamationsurveyareundertakentoidentifythespecificopportunitiesforreuse(seeFigure2 below).Completingareclamationsurveyalongsideafullpredemolitionauditenablesatargetto besetfortheamountofreclamationfromdifferentpartsofasitetobedeconstructedand demolishedandcreatesabenchmarkforsitewidereuse,recyclingtargetsandperformance monitoring.
17
Thisislocatedathttp://www.ice.org.uk/downloads//Demolition%20Protocol%202008.pdf.
Figure2.MaximisingReclamationthroughtheDecisionMakingProcess
3.2
CarbonAccounting
Allprojectsthatundertakecompletecarbonaccounting(duringtheconstructionstageaswellas demolitionstage)shouldconductananalysisoftheembodiedcarbonofrecoveredmaterials.This couldbeincludedaspartofthepredemolitionaudit.TheEnvironmentAgencyhasintegrated carbonemissionsintoitsprocurementprocesstoreducecarboncostsfromconceptthrough outlineanddetaileddesigntofinalasbuiltcarboncosts.Thisapproachcouldhavebeentaken furtherforthe(farmorecomplex)2012OlympicParkprojectbyintegratingcarbonintothe costestimatingsystem,toensurethat'valueengineering'reducescostsandcarbontogether. However,carbontargetswerenotsetastheprocesswasrelativelynewwhentargetsforthe projectwerebeingagreed.
3.3
SustainabilityClausesinContracts
Sustainability in design and construction is an issue of major importance and should be provided for in the contract documents. Its incorporation can be in the printed contract conditions, a specifically drafted schedule to the conditions or in the specification or other contract documentation. Whatever means are used it is important that the sustainability requirementsarecontractuallyenforceableorattheveryleastprovideobjectivemeasuresfor exercisingsanctionswherethereisnoncompliance.18
TheJointContractsTribunal,inarecentbriefingnoteonsustainabilitycommentsthat:
Forfurtherinformationonincorporatingsustainabilityclausesandreclamation,inparticularinto contracts,TheNorthernIrelandExecutiveCentralProcurementDirectoratehaspublishedauseful guidancenoteaimedatprojectmanagersondemolitionprojects19.Therecommendationsecho
18
19
BuildingaSustainableFutureTogether,availablefromwww.jtcltd.co.uk AvailablefromtheNorthernIrelandExecutiveatwww.cpdni.gov.uk/scg_guidance_note_6.pdf
someofthelearninghighlightedinthisreportincludingtheimportanceofcontractsandgood targetsetting.
3.4
IncentivesandMarkets
Thestandardrateoflandfilltaxwas24pertonneon1stApril2007andincreasedby8pertonne eachyearafterthat.Thisrepresentsaconsiderableeconomicincentiveforlandfillavoidance thoughthereisnoeconomicincentiveforcontractorstochooseoffsitereuseoverrecycling, exceptforarchitecturalsalvageandotherhighervalueitems. Salvo,thedirectoryofUKsuppliersofarchitecturalsalvageandpublishersoftheBigRECreport, estimatethataround10milliontonnesperyearofmaterialscouldbesalvaged20whichequatesto around8%overallacrosstheUK21.Also,industryresearchshowsthataround13%ofconstruction wasteisnew,unusedmaterial22,thissuggeststhat10%byweightmaybeagoodguideforfuture reuselevelsfortheconstructionstage. Notallsitescontainlargeamountsofeasywinsandheritageproducts.Fordemolition,thereuse targetshouldbesetfollowingareclamationaudit23asthereuseopportunitieswilldependon structure(e.g.thisismuchhigherforVictorianhouseswherethebricksareheldtogetherwith limemortar,andforportalsteelframeswheremostofthebuildingcanbereclaimed).The2007 BigREcSurvey24findingsreportthattheamountofbricksreclaimedintheUKhavedoubledsince 1998toover845,000tonnes,suggestingthatthereisanestablishedmarketforreclaimedbricks.
3.5
HealthandSafety
Thehealthandsafetyoftheworkforceisobviouslyofvitalimportance.Constructionand demolitioncanbedangerousandin2008/0953constructionworkersdiedinaccidentsonbuilding sites.In2007/08therewere72fatalinjuries25.Mostreclamationtechniquesinvolveagreater numberofoperativesworkingclosertothestructureforalongerperiodoftime.Inlightofthis, reclamationdoesrequireincreasedhealthandsafetyprocessestobeputinplace,sotimeor resourcesneedtobeallocatedtoensurethatthishappens.
Ibid. Construction,demolition,refurbishmentandexcavationproducearound120milliontonnesofwasteeachyear intheUK.SeeHalvingConstructionWastetoLandfillby2012:ConstructionBriefingNote www.wrap.org.uk/construction. 22 Seewww.bre.co.uk/.../sustainable_construction_simpleways_to_make_it_happen.pdf 23 SeeDemolitionProtocol2008(InstitutionofCivilEngineers) 24 BigREcsurvey2007availableat: http://www.crwplatform.co.uk/conwaste/assets/Publications/BigREcfullreport.pdf[Accessed12thApril2010] 25 CharteredInstituteofEnvironmentalHealth

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TheOlympicParkStrategy
InthissectionwedescribetheprocessesadoptedontheOlympicParkundertheheadingsof ContractualRelationships,SpecialistSubcontractors,DemolitionandReclamationAudits, DecisionMakingProcess,MonitoringandDataCollection,WorkingwithDesignersandMaterials Storage.Wedrawoutcomparisonswithbestpracticeandhighlightthelessonslearnedfromeach stageoftheprocess.
90%ofmaterialbyweightarisingthroughdemolitionworkstobereusedorrecycled followingtheODAswastehierarchyofeliminate,reduce,reuse,recycle,recover, dispose.London2012Target

CentraltotheOlympicParkapproachwasLondon2012scommitmenttosustainability.This commitmentwasencapsulatedintheTowardsaOnePlanetOlympicsbiddocument26The SustainableDevelopmentStrategy,producedbytheODA,setouttheapproachinmoredetail andtwelvekeythemeswereidentifiedeachwithspecifictargets.Withregardtowastethetarget was90%ofmaterial,byweight,arisingthroughdemolitionworkstobereusedorrecycledandto followtheODAswastehierarchyofeliminate,reduce,reuse,recycle,recover,dispose27.Thiswas refinedtogiveadetailedwastehierarchywhichalsoprioritizedonsiteandlocalsolutionsinthe DemolitionandSiteClearanceMaterialManagementPlanwherefeasibleandcosteffectivetodo so. Priortodemolition,theTier1contractorscompletedbothapredemolitionaudit28anda reclamationsurvey29.Neitherdocumentagreedatargetforreclamationandreusebutthewaste hierarchywasadopted.The90%targetforcombinedreuseandrecyclingduringdemolitionwas includedincontractsbetweentheODAanddemolitioncontractors.Acombinedtargetdoesnot encouragethewastehierarchytobefollowedasrecyclingiscurrentlycheaperthanreclamation.,, Consequentlyneitherdemolitioncontractorsnordesignerswereincentivisedtoseekinnovative reusesolutions.Thecombinedtargetencouragedmorerecyclingthanreuseandthisisan inversionofthebestoutcomeasdemonstratedbythewastepyramid. Thesecontractsleddirectlytotheachievementofhighrecyclingrates,wellaboveindustry standardforrecycling.Reuseismorecomplicatedandtimeconsumingandthereisnoonesize fitsallapproach,therefore,thecontractprocesswouldlikelyhaveledtocontractorsachievingthe 90%recyclingtargetwithclosetozeroreusewithoutaninterventiontopursuereuse. Asaresult,theopportunitiesidentifiedforreusewerenotintegratedintothemaintenderand contractclausesandtherewerenooverallmeasurestomaximisereuseopportunitiessuchas provisionforoffsitestorageandreuse.
TowardsaOnePlanetOlympicsavailableat:http://www.london2012.com/documents/bidpublications/towards aoneplanetolympics.pdf 27 ODASustainableDevelopmentStrategy,January2007 28 CompletedbyHyderonbehalfofMorrisonConstruction.Itisnotclearifthiswasforpartorallofthedemolition works. 29 TheReclamationSurveyswerecompletedbyBioRegional,workinginconsultationwithTier1contractors.
26
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4.1
ContractualRelationships
Ascanbeseenabove,contractsareacrucialfactoraffectingthesuccessofreclamation.Well writtencontractsshouldleadtotransparent,efficientandcosteffectiveprojectswhere reclamationworksarerequiredtomeetreusetargetsandarenotdisadvantaged(suchasthrough insufficienttimeorflexibilityintheprojectprogramme). Table2:ContractorResponsibilitiesandBenefitsRelatingtoReclamationandReuse

Agency Project Recycling Focused Client Reuse Focused Recycling Focused n/a Softstripandsiteclearance. Considerationofreuseand reclamationaspartofawaste managementstrategy. Softstripandsiteclearance. Contractedtoconsiderreuseand reclamationinthesoftstripand giventimeandcontactsinthereuse andreclamationsectors. Contractedtodeliverreuseand recyclingtargetswhicharepassed ontoTier2s. Demolitionofbuildingstothefloor slab. Obligationtocontributeto90% recyclingtarget. Noobligationtoundertake reclamation. Demolitionofbuildingstothefloor slab. Obligationtodeliver%byweight recyclingtarget. Obligationtodeliver%byvalue reusetarget. Responsibilities RelatedFinancialIncentivesand Benefits Incurredadditionalcoststhrough compensationeventswherereuse occurred. Competitivetenderschallenge contractorstomeetreusetargets, ensuringbestvaluetotheclient. Ownitemsclearedaspartofthe softstrip(minimalvalueorpresenta disposalcost). Tier1reducestheirdisposalcostsby facilitatingreclamationand furniturereusespecialiststoremove anyremainingsaleablefurniture, whitegoods,lightingetcbeforethe softstrip. Ownbuildingfabricandrelated arisings. Materialspresentalowcostwhen sentforrecyclingoranassetif contractorcanrecycleandsell materialsthemselves. Ownbuildingfabricandrelated arisings. Financialpenalties,bonusesorgain shareincontractsensuredelivering onreuseisasprofitableasrecycling. Wheresubcontractorsare employed,ownershipofthe structurepassestothem. Chargeforworkcanvarybetween thespecialistpayingforthe building,tonochargeoracharge fordeconstructionandremoval. OntheOlympicParkthespecialist subcontractorsinvolvedeffectively paidtotakedownandreusethe 30 building .
n/a
Tier1 Contractors Reuse Focused
Recycling Focused Tier2 Contractors Reuse Focused
Specialist Subcontractors
Reuse Focused
Undertakeinitialreclamationaudit followingthepredemolitionaudit. Subcontractedtoundertake reclamationofspecificstructures.
30
BasedonaninterviewwithJohnRoseofPortalPowerAugust11,2009
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Table2comparescommonpractise,RecyclingFocusedprojectstoanidealisedReuseFocused projectandsuggestshowwithgooduseofcontractsandincentives,reusecanbefinancially incentivised. TheInstituteofCivilEngineersDemolitionProtocolhighlightstheeffectsofthearrangementof ownershipindemolitioncontracts31.Salvoalsostressestheimportanceoftheclientsrolestating thatitisbestiftheclientmakesthedecisiontoreuse32. OntheLondon2012OlympicPark,theTier1swereresponsibleforbuildingshandedoverto themduringthedemolitionphase,buttheODAretainedownershipofallbuildingsandmaterials, thismayhaveadverselyaffectedfinancialincentivesforreusecomparedtocommonreclamation practicewhereownershippassestothereclamationspecialistsanddemolitioncontractors.Ina casewheretheclientretainsownershipofbuildings,thereislessincentiveforcontractorsto maximisethesalesrevenuefrommaterialsbysellingthoseforwhichthereisareadymarketas reclaimedproducts.However,ifownershiphadpassedtothespecialiststhenthematerialsmay havebeenimmediatelyprocessedforrecyclingratherthanconsideredforreclamationorreuse.
ExperienceontheOlympicParksuggeststhatthemarketwasnotnecessarilypreparedto acceptallofthepotentiallyreclaimablematerialsavailableinthelimitedprojecttimeframe. KeyLessonsonIncorporationofReuseintoConstructionContracts Make distinct reclamation, reuse and recycling targets. State targets clearly in the tendering process. Base the reclamation targets on reclamation audits to identify what is achievable onsite. Consider specifying the reclamation of key items or materials. If unsure consult with specialistreclaimersbeforedraftingtenders. Make explicit in the Contract, which party has responsibility for demolition and removal of materials and final ownership of arisings. Make clear the business benefits of ownership of site arisings. Ensure the reclamation targets specified in the Contract are achieved; do not allow them to be overlookedoncethetenderingprocessiscompleted. Incentiviseuseofspecialistcontractorsespeciallywhereexpertiseisavailable(e.g.forstructural steel and regional bricks). Create specific tenders and contracts where feasible and refer to specificitemsandmaterialsidentifiedonsite. Include use of site won reused materials in the design and construction contracts, setting a separatetargetforreuseandrecycling. Require reuse to be entered into a material tracking system and include in Site Waste Management Plans. Adherence should be verified by an individual responsible for monitoring environmentaltargets,throughspotchecksofdataonexistingandreclaimedtonnages. Create financial incentives for achieving reuse targets, these should be informed by an awareness of the relative prices for the reused or recycled product. Set bonuses and penalties toensurethatreuseofthekeyitemsandmaterialsarefinanciallyincentivised. TheDefrawastehierarchyisausefultoolforreference,strategy,educationandawareness. However,withoutspecifictargets,referringtothewastehierarchywillnotyieldspecificresults.
31
32
AvailablefromtheInstituteofCivilEngineers:www.ice.org.uk PushingReuse,publishedbyBioRegional
13
Elsewhere,higherlevelsofreclamationhavebeenachievedthroughspecificrequirementsand targetsinplanningandcontractualrequirements.Forexample,theKingsCrossredevelopment includedarequirementtoreclaimsomestructuresinitsSection106planningagreement.The CaneHillhospitalinCroydonincludedminimumtargetsforbrickreclamationinthetenderand contractdocuments,whichledtoahigherlevelofreclamationtothatachievedonthe2012site.
4.2
SpecialistSubcontractors
Threesteelportalframebuildingswereremovedbeforecompulsorypurchaseordersonthe OlympicParkwereputinplace.OncetheODAtookcontrolofthesite,specialistsubcontractors wereemployedbyLondon2012OlympicParkcontractorsforelementsofdemolitionworkson anotherthreesteelportalframebuildings,andoneTier1contractorsuccessfullycarriedout reclamationofaportalframebuildingthemselves(afulllistofreclaimedportalframebuildings canbefoundinsection6).UseofaProjectManagersInstructionmeantseveraldemolitionfirms undertookthedeconstructionofbrickstructuresandtherecoveryofthebrickswithnospecialist subcontractors. Specialistreclamationsubcontractorshavetheknowledgeandtechniquetoachievehigherlevels ofreclamationthanmostgeneralistdemolitionfirms.Moredetailontheseprocessesisincluded inthesteelportalframeandbrickreclamationcasestudiesinsections5and6andinthedata tablesfromsection8below. Knowledgeofresalemarketsisasimportantasskillindeconstruction.Heritageandantique products,andgoodqualitystoneareresoldrelativelyeasilyandtherearegoodmarketsforsteel portalframebuildings,whereasconcreteblock,genericbrickandfencingcanberelativelyeasyto reclaimbutmarketsmaybehardtofind.Advisingonthemarketorevenofferingtopurchaseisa keyroleforthereclamationspecialist.Asignificantproportionofdemolitionoperationalcosts mayberecoveredfromproductresale.InAugustof2009aninterviewwithoneofthereclamation contractorsoperatingontheParkrevealedthatcontractorsarewillingtopaybetween40pence andonepoundpersquarefootofbuildingfootprintforsteelportalframes.33 Becauseofthescaleoftheprojectandtimeconstraints,insomecasestheremayhavebeenalack ofcapacityinthereclamationsectortodismantlebuildingsintherequiredtime.Reclamation specialistswouldhavehadmoreopportunitytofindendusersgivenmoretimeorresources34.
BenefitsofUsingSpecialistReclamationContractors35 Canachievehigherlevelsofreclamation. Experiencedinfindingmarketsandendusers,ensuringmaterialsarereused. Can offer good prices for deconstruction as the ownership of the building passes to the contractoranditsvaluemakesupapartoftheirpaymentandisincludedintheoverallprice. The demolition phase of a build can be perceived as a costly delay before the value adding elements of a build begin. By clearly separating demolition from build the right time and focuscanbegiventothisphaseallowingforimprovedreclamationandreuse.
33BasedondialoguewithPortalPower,specialiststeelportalframebuildingreclamationcompany(August2009) 34Ibid. 35Specialistscanbefoundthroughwww.salvo.co.ukandwww.frn.org.uk.
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4.3
PreDemolitionandReclamationAudits
TheODAworkedwithBioRegionalandothers,triallingmorethanoneauditprocesstoscopethe potentialtodeveloprobustproceduresandgenerateauditabledocumenttrails.Experimental processesweretrialledtoraisetheprofileofreuseanditssustainabilitycontextthroughthe supplychain.TheODAusedfoursetsofauditdata,thesearedescribedbelowandevaluated. PredemolitionAudit:Predemolitionaudits arerecommendedbyWRAPandtheInstitute ofCivilEngineersasbestpractiseindemolition. PredemolitionandSiteClearanceMaterials Surveyswerecarriedoutbyspecialist engineeringconsultantsforthenorthofthe OlympicPark,howevertheTier1contractor carriedoutthesurveysinthesouthofthePark. Thisisapositivemessageanddemonstrates thatitisnotonlytherealmofspecialist consultantstocompletesurveysandthat contractorshavethecapacitytocomplete them,albeitwithappropriatetraining. EmbodiedCarbonandRecoveryPotential Itemsofhistoricandculturalsignificance,suchas Report:InNovember2006,BioRegional thiswarmemorial,helptoretainsenseofplace andshouldbeidentifiedinreclamationaudits. submittedanassessmentoftheembodied Thisstoneworkremainedinsitu. carbonandrecoverypotentialofjustfourwork packagestothecontractors.Thisgavea detailedpictureofthereclamationpotentialfromalimitednumberofstructures,includingthe potentialembodiedcarbonsavingscalculatedbyengineeringconsultants,HyderConsulting.
KeyOpportunitiesReports,ProposalsforReclaimingSteelFramesandBricks:InJanuary2007 BioRegionalsubmittedtwoshortreportstotheODA,highlightingthepotentialforreclamationof specificsteelportalframeandbrickstructures.Thereportaimedtohighlightquickwinsand includedrecommendationstoachievehighlevelsofreclamationandlistsofavailablespecialist contractors.ThisdocumentwasmadepossibleasaresultofagrantprovidedtoBioRegionalfrom Defratosupportandencouragereuse36.Inanidealsituation,wherecontractorshavebothreuse andrecyclingtargetsintheircontracts,thisstepwouldnothavebeennecessary.However,a similardocumenthighlightingthequickwinsforreclamation,potentialsubcontractorsandend userswouldassistcontractorstomeettargets.Easeofreuseandpotentialcarbonsavingscould formpartofapredemolitionaudit,removingtheneedforthisadditionalstep. DetailedReclamationSurveys:BioRegionalcarriedoutdetailedreclamationsurveysalongside Tier1contractorsfollowingvacantpossessionofstructures.Thesesurveyscoveredtheentire Parkandincludedmostofthebuildings,structuresandmaterialsincludingstreetfurniture.They
36
BioRegionalreceivedfundingfromDefrasBusinessReuseFundtoincreasereuseofbuildingmaterials.
15
werecarriedoutthroughnoninvasivevisualinspectionofthebuildinginterior,exteriorand surroundingarea.Qualitativeandquantitative(approximate)dataofreclaimablematerialswere recordedonsurveysheets.Informationwasthensummarisedinadigitalformatlinkedtoa photographicsummaryofitems.Thesereportsweremainlyusedasacommunicationtoolfor designerstogenerateinterestinincorporatingsitewonmaterialsintheOlympicParkdesigns. Reclamationsurveysweretimeconsuming.Inthefuture,otherprocesseswouldneedtobeused. Asimilareffectcouldperhapsbecreatedbyallowingspecialistreclamationcontractorsaccessto thepredemolitionauditdataandarrangingsitevisits.
KeyLessonsonReclamationSurveysandDataGathering Ideally,gatherdatabeforeissuingtendersandcontracts. Startearlybycompletingapredemolitionaudit. Ensurethepredemolitionauditincludesareclamationsurveythatidentifiestherangeof reclamationpossibilitiesandmajorreuseopportunities,andsetsoutthecarbonandpotential financialbenefits.Thiscouldinvolvetakingreclamationspecialistsonashoppingtripof yoursite.Recordallbuildings,buildingelementsandproductswithreclamationpotential. Particularstructureslikelytobeofinteresttoreclamationprofessionalsareidentifiedand theirreclamationspecifiedinthetenderdocuments,therebyallowingdemolitionfirmsto formallianceswithspecialists.Providecontactdetailsofrecommendedspecialistsif necessary. Identifyopportunitiesforreclamation,includingsavingstodisposalcostsonthesoftstrip. Theseitemscanbesavedbyinvitingafurniturereuseorsalvagespecialisttoidentifyitemsto remove. Inpractiseittakesknowledgeandexperiencetoidentifyreclamationpotentialandweighthe costsandbenefits.Astheindustryreduceswasteandincreasesreuse,expertiseincost effectivelymaximisingresourceefficiencywillgrow.Tier1contractorswillrequirecontinued supportandtraining.
4.4
DecisionMakingProcess
Thesurveydocumentsdescribedabovewerereviewedbyrepresentativesoftheproject managementteam,Tier1contractorsandBioRegional.Thereviewdiscussedindividualitemson thesurveylistandconsidered:healthandsafety,program,costandaccesstoareusemarket.The surveyreviewmeetingsledtoanagreedlistofactionsfortheTier1contractortocarryoutto achievereclamation.
thereisevidencethatsomecontractorsareembarkinguponprojectswithout properlycheckingwhethertheycanactuallyachievethesustainabilityrequirements setoutinthespecification.Thosethatdoareoftenfailingtopricethese requirementsproperly.BuildingSustainabilityTogether,briefingfromtheJoint ContractsTribunal
16
Itwasnotuntilthereclamationsurveyswerecompleteandthedesignteamsengagedthatthe clientidentifiedparticularmaterialsandoutlinequantitiesforreclamation.Forthemajorityof buildingsthiswasfromJuly2007onwards,afterdemolitioncontractshadbeenagreed. TheODArequiredtheTier1contractorstosubmitquotesforthereclamationofsomeitems identifiedinthepredemolitionsurveys.Basedonthefourkeyconsiderationsinthesurvey documentreviewsmentionedabove,theODAunderstandablyrejectedmany(ifnotmost)ofthe inflatedpricesandschedulesforreclamationsubmittedbydemolitionfirmswhowere inexperiencedinreclamationanduncertainofthemarketforreusedmaterials37.Mostbuildings thatwentthroughthisprocessweredemolishedandrecycledgenerallyduetoprogramme constraintscombinedwithnoimmediateenduser. WheretherewasacleardemandfromtheOlympicParkdesignteamsforsitewonreusable materials,theProjectManagerissuedaProjectManagerInstruction(PMI38).Forexample,aPMI wasissuedforthereclamationandstorageofall: YellowStockandStaffordshireBluebricks; GraniteKerbsandsetts/cobbles; Rooftiles; Streetfurnitureincludingbollards,manholecovers,drainagegratings,andsignage; Heritageitems;and Concretekerbsandpavingto600mm2.
Somebutnotallofthesewerereclaimed,and somewerereused.Someitemswhichwerethe subjectofPMIsforonsitereusedidnotappearin thestorageareainventoryastheywere inadvertentlysentoffsiteforrecycling,so althoughtheintentionforreclamationandreuse wasthere,theintermediatestorageofmaterials mustbeproperlymanaged.
4.5
MonitoringandDataCollection
ASiteArisingsSteeringGroupwascreatedand chairedbyarepresentativeofAtkins,theproject manager.TheSteeringGroupincludedthe demolitionprojectmanager,Tier1contractors, designers,andthirdpartiesincludingWRAPand BioRegional. TheODAusedSMARTWaste,asuiteoftoolsand
Thequantityofearthworkstobehandled complicatedmonitoringofmaterialsrecovery.This imageshowssoilawaitingprocessing.
Forexample,onecontractorprovidedquotesforthedeconstructionofthesteelportalframebuildingsofover 150,000.Thiscontrastedwiththeguidepricesprovidedbyspecialiststeelportalframereclaimersofunder 50,000inonecase.Thesebuildingsweresubsequentlydemolishedasaresultofprogrammeconstraints. 38 APMIis[BioRegionalsuggestsODAprovideadefinitionofthisinternalrole.]
37
17
consultancyservicesdevelopedbytheBuildingResourceEstablishment(BRE)tobenchmark, surveyandauditwastearisingfromtheconstructionanddemolitionindustries,(thetoolwasalso usedfortrackingthelargequantityofearthworkshandledonsitewhichwasSMARTWastesmain focus).Thesourceofmaterialwasidentifiedbyitsbuildingreferenceanditsdestinationwasthen recordedasoffsiteorgivenanonsiteGPScoordinate,andthespecificationandquantity(in tonnes)ofmaterialwasalsorecorded.Thislevelofdatacollectionamountedtoover160,000data entries(includingearthworksdata)inputtedtoSMARTWastebyTier1contractorBAMNuttall alone.However,despiteitsshortcomings,manycontractorsfeltSMARTWastecapturedthe informationneeded.Amanual39hassincebeendevelopedandbeenissuedtoallcontractors responsibleforinputtingdataintoSMARTWaste.Issueswithmonitoringidentifiedthrough interviewswithcontractorsincluded: ThecomplexityofcollatinginformationfrommultiplesourceswithoutaclearBillof Quantitiesproducedforthedemolitionstage Thebacklogofdataresultingfromthedelayinissuingtheadaptedtoolandthetime takentocollectandinputdata Aswithalldatabasesitwassensitivetodataquality;additionaltraining,acentraldata entryteam,moreinvolvementofusersinsettingupthedatabase,creationofamanual andstandardisationofinputsystemsandwastecodeswouldhaveimproveddataquality Tiertwocontractorsandthewastetransferstationswerenotcontractuallyobligedto provideinformation Althoughweighbridgeswereused,datacollectioncouldhavebeenimprovedifa comprehensivesystemofweighbridgeshadbeenemployed BioRegionalcouldhavebeengiventheopportunitytohavemoreinfluenceandmore responsibilityfordistributionandsecuringofendpointsandTier2sshouldhavehadan obligationorbeencontractedtocomply.Tier1sbelievedthatBioRegionalhadtheability toinfluenceendusersandthatTier1srequiredadditionalsupport. TheinclusionofallearthworksdataintoSMARTWastemadeelementsofthesystem complicatedtomanageanditbecamedifficulttomakechanges.
KeyLessonsonMonitoring Material tracking systems are a useful tool for managing and monitoring waste arisings onsite. Ensure those responsible for inputting data have adequate training in its use and are suitably incentivisedtoensuredataquality. Creating a site arisings steering group is a good idea for large projects that aim to exceed industrybestpractise. Onlargeprojectsandparticularlyiflargeearthworksmovementsaretoberecorded,separate systemsmaybeneededforrecordingsmallerquantitiesofreclaimedmaterials. Produce a How to manual to ensure the method for inputting data is standardised across all users.
39
AGuidetoMaterialsMovement
18
On largeprojects ensurean extensivesystemofweighbridgesareemployed aswastecarriers leavesiteandthattheyaresuitedtothevolumeofmaterialonsite.
4.6
WorkingwithDesigners
Endusersareessentialtoensureeventualreuse. Thesecaneitherbedirectcontacts(e.g.designers withintheprojectteam)orindirect(deliverytoa reclamationyardallowsenduserstobeidentified separately,afterreclamationhastakenplace). Designersareofteninspiredbytheopportunityto capturethetextureandmemoryofprevioussite useintomoderndesignsandimagessuchasthese canbecapturedinCharacterAppraisalsofthelocal area.Thetechniquesusedtocreateanonsite marketformaterialswere: DesignerWorkshops:AnumberofDesigningwith ReclaimedMaterialsworkshopswererunfor designteams.
Sitevisitsandworkshopswereattendedby DesignTeamsthroughoutthedemolition phase
DesignTeamSiteVisits:Deliverypartnersarrangedsitevisits.Designteamswerealsoshown thetypesandquantitiesofconstructionproductsavailable.Whereitemswereidentified,design teamssubmittedDesignRequestFormsidentifyingthetype,quantityandlocationofdesirable products. MaterialsDatabase:DatawasdownloadedfromSMARTWasteandissuedtodesignteams. Designteamssubmittedrequestsforavarietyofmaterials,whichresulteddirectlyinPMIsbeing issuedtotheTier1stoensuretheseitemswerereclaimed.Formanyitemsitwasdifficulttofind onsiteendusersandinsomecasesitemswereavailabletooearlyfortheParkdesignteamsto specifythem.Somematerialsmayhavebeenunsuitableforonsitereuseinthedesignersvision. Somedesignersrequireguidanceonhowmaterialscanbereused,andtheyneedtobeinventive. Itwouldhavebeenhelpfulifdesignerswererequiredtoincorporatesitewonreusablematerials intotheirdesigns.
KeyLessonsonWorkingwithDesigners Design team workshops are recommended and should be backed up by site visits. These site visitsshouldbecompletedbeforedemolitionbegins. Useasimplebuteffectiveproductprocurementorallocationprocess. Invite designers and potential end users from other local regeneration projects to reduce delays if your owndesignersarenotatastagetospecify materials.However,thisalternative shouldonlybeusedifmaterialscannotbereusedonsite.
19
Educatedesignersonhowmaterialscanbereused. Images and Character Appraisals may be adequate to generate design team interest at early stages. For onsite reuse, supply will not coincide with demand. Ensure adequate storage (See MaterialsStoragesectionbelow). Exportofavailablereusablematerialsintoasummaryfordesignteamswasnotsufficientasa stand alone tool to facilitate reuse, feedback from design teams suggested getting onsite to see materials was the most useful element for them. Less detailed information, such as the Character Appraisal documents used by planning teams in conservation areas may be more appropriateatanearlystage.
4.7
MaterialsStorage
Suitablestoragesecuredfromtheverybeginningof demolitionisvitalformaximisingratesofreclamationand reuseby:
Providingaholdingplaceformaterials/items untilsuchtimeastheyarerequiredorpurchased; allowingtimefortheidentificationofendusers; allowingaggregationofmaterialssothat sufficientquantityexistsastobeeconomicalfor anendusertocollect; makingiteasiertomarketproduct; minimisingdoublehandlingandanyresultant damage;and allowingtimetosourcesufficientquantitiesof reclaimedmaterials/itemsinadvanceof constructionactivities.
Reclaimedgranitesettsinstorageon theGreenway
Suitable storage is determined by considering a number of factors,including:
Quantityofmaterialandthearearequiredto storethem; durationoftimetheyneedtobestored; whetherthematerialscanbestoredexposedto theelementsorrequirepackagingand/or Reclaimedyellowstockbricksin covering; storageontheOlympicPark securitymeasuresnecessarytoensurethat materialsarenotstolen; logisticsmeasuresnecessarytominimisedoublehandling;and managementmeasuresnecessarytomakethematerialsandtheirspecifications accessibletotheendusers.
Storage may be onsite or offsite and may be provided through the project (project site or contractedthroughtheproject)orviaathirdparty(e.g.reclamationyard). AtemporaryonsiteReclamationYardwascreatedattheOlympicParkinNovember2007.Prior tothis,materialstobereclaimedwerestoredonsitebutinsomecasesneededtobemovedto allowworkstotakeplace.TheYardhadasecureperimeter,aparttimeYardManager,andwas
20
inventoriedquarterly;however,materialswereeventuallyrelocatedfromthissitetoallowworks intheareatobecompleted. Onsitestorageminimisestransportationofmaterialsandriskofdamage.Duetothelarge volumesofsoilandaggregatesstoredforrecyclingattheOlympicPark,storagespacewasata premium.Thisledtotheprogrammeteamdecidingthatstoragecouldonlybejustifiedfor productsthatwouldbereusedonsite.Thismayhavelimitedtheviabilityofreusebyreducingthe rangeofendusers(seeWorkingwithDesigners).
KeyLessonsonPlanningReclaimedMaterialsStorage Sufficientstorageareaisvitaltoenablereusealongwithampleviewingtimefordesigners. Aim foronsite storage foronsitereuseaccordingtothewaste hierarchy.Offsitestorageand offsite reuseispreferable torecycling, evenwhereanenduser isnotidentifiedatthetimeof demolition. Double handling of reclaimed products increases cost, increases breakages and can result in valuablematerialsbeingsentoffsiteforrecyclingduetomiscommunication. Storage should be secure, managed and staffed. If a logistics compound is planned, it should beopenedbeforedemolitionandshouldincorporatespaceforreusablematerials. Where there is a lack of local capacity to reuse construction materials or products, a large project can help facilitate start up of such an initiative and create a new sustainable waste infrastructureintheareaoftheproject.
21
CaseStudy1Bricks
OntheLondon2012OlympicParktherewereanumberof buildingsandstructuresbuiltwithbricksthatwereeasyto reclaimespeciallyYellowStock,RedRubberand StaffordshireBluebricks.Asurveyoftheentiresitewas completedtoidentifybrickbuildingswiththepotentialfor reclamationandprovidedalistofpotentialreclamation contractorswhocouldcarryoutreclamationwork40.This surveyidentified3.6millionbricksonsite.Takinginto accountbarrierstotheirreclamation,afigureof1.35million brickswasestimatedasfeasibletoreclaim.BioRegional wereaskedtoassistincreatingatargetforsitewidebrick reclamation.Throughconsultationwiththereclamation industryatargetof60%ofbrickssitewideor80%on specificbuildingswasrecommended. YellowStockandStaffordshireBluebrickswerethesubject ofaPMIandallshouldhavebeenreclaimedandstored. Althoughapproximately20,000YellowStockshavebeen reusedonsitetodate,notallofthebricksreclaimedwere eventuallyreused,130,000YellowStocksweresoldontoa specialistdemolitioncontractor,someweredamaged duringdemolitionandotherswereinadvertentlysentoffsite RedandBluebricksbeing forrecycling.TheseincludedtheStaffordshirebluesand reclaimedatConstructionZone8 theRedRubberbricksfromOldFordCottage,atwo storeybuildingwitha60m2footprintwheretherewere estimatedtobe35tonnesofRedRubbersofwhich3tonnes werereclaimedforreuse.Thiscasestudydescribesthe processusedtodemolishOldFordCottageandreclaim6% ofthebricksinthebuilding.
Reclaimedyellowstockbricks usedtocreateseatingareasonthe Greenway
SoftStripofInternalItems
The Tier 1 contractor carried out the majority of the soft stripping of Old Ford Cottage. It was thought that the building contained a total of 10 tonnes (15 tonnes of embodied CO2) of heritageitems and materials with avalue
Exampleitemslostfromthe interiorofOldFordCottage
of over 2,00041. However, during the softstrip the Tier 1 deemedthebuildingtobestructurallyunsafeandnofurtherinternalitemscouldbereclaimed.
40 41
OlympicParkSteelFrameandBrickReclamationProposal,January2007. BasedonquotesprovidedbyJasonDaviesofArchitecturalForum
22
StepstoReclamationofBricks
In this demolition and reclamation project the reclamation of elements of the building was undertakenbythedemolitioncontractorsthemselvesattherequestoftheclient. 1.AnexclusionzonewaserectedconsistingofHerasfencingaroundthebuilding. 2.Removaloftheroof. 3.Demolitionofthemainbuildingusinghighreach excavator.Theexcavatorworkedfromthetopdown breakingawayallthefacingbrickatthiselevationso astoexposealltheinteriormezzaninetimberfloor andfirstfloorinternalwalls. 4.Internalwallsatfirstfloorweredemolished. 5.Progressivesequentialdemolitionofthewallsona baybybaybasisensuredthatallportionscollapsed inacontrolledmannerintothebuildingfootprint. 6.Removaloftimbermezzaninefloor. 7.Segregationofallbrickandblockworkand concreterubbleintostockpilesatgroundlevelusing askidsteerloadingshovel. 8.Segregationoftimberarisingsintoawasteskip beyondthebuildingfootprint. 9.Anadditionalstockpileofmixedarisingswas maintainedforportionsofdemolitiondebriswhere the above two components were not easily separated. 10.Clearanceofbricktosafedistance.Manualremovalofmortarandpalletisingof bricksbyoperatives.
Acombinationofmachineryand manualworkwasemployedin thedemolitionandreclamation ofbricks
23
Table3:OutlineComparisonofDeconstructionMethods42.
Reclamation rate 0% 3weeks Good 4workers 2machine operatives 6workers 2machine operatives 1longreachand1 standardexcavator Timeonsite Minimum access Plant Labour
Potential earnedincome fromSaleof Product
Method
1.Standardmechaniseddemolition: plantdemolishthebuilding; materialsseparatedonthegroundusingmachinery; masonrycrushedandusedasfill. 3040% 34weeks Good
35.00
2.Collapsingbuildinginto/outoffootprint: buildingdismantledpanelbypanelbypulling/pushingwallwithexcavator; useexcavatortocarefullymovebrickstoonesideforcleaning; clearingasyougoincreasesrates; wherebackedupwithundesirablebricks,reclamationoffacingskincan reach70%. 80% 3weeks Good 4workers 2machine operatives Poor 8workers 2machine operatives
1longreachand1 standardexcavator
5,238
3.Paddedgrab: peelsectionsofbrickworkoff; swingawayfrombuildingtoacleaningstationapproximately30metres awaywhereacleaninggangseparate,cleanandpalletthem. 90% 6weeks
1longreachand1 standardexcavator
11,927.00
4.Scaffold: longreachusedtodemolishroof; scaffoldingerectedaroundbuilding; manualremovalandcleaningonsite; bricksplacedonforkliftandremoved; oftenusedwhereaccessisanissuee.g.adjacenttomainroad.
1forkliftand1long reachexcavator
13,414.00
42
AresultofconversationswithLeeDemolitionandotherleadingbrickreclamationcontractors
KeyLearningBricks
Throughconsultationwiththereclamationindustryatargetof60%ofbrickssitewideor 80%onspecificbuildingswasrecommendedwhichwouldhaveresultedinthereclamation ofover800,000bricks.Overallthereclamationofbrickswasfarbelowthisfigure. YellowstockbrickswerereusedaroundtheOlympicPark,butothertypesofbrickswere inadvertentlyrecycled.Thisemphasisestheneedforconstantlycontrolledstorageareas thatarewellmanaged. Theprocessadoptedwasasquickasconventionaldemolition.Theapproachrequiredtwo moreoperativesthanpurelymechanicaldemolitionbutcanbecarriedoutbydemolition contractorsandworkerswithoutspecialistreclamationexperience. Unfortunatelymechanisationcausesdamagetomaterialswhenfallingontothegroundand whenmovingawayfromthebuildingfootprintforcleaning,reducingthequantitieswhich canbereused,thisexplainedsomelossesofbricks.However,although1,000brickscanbe manuallystackedandcleanedbyoneworkerinaday,thisisstillaslowerprocessthan mechanisationandabalancebetweencostandprogrammeisnecessary.HealthandSafety considerationsalsoneedtobetakenintoaccount. Somelossesofbrickscanbeattributabletoprocessissues.Therecommendationson processesaredescribedthroughoutthisdocument.
25
6 CaseStudy2SteelPortalFrame
Steel portal frame buildings are a potential quick win in terms of reclamation. The structures are relatively easy to dismantle; several operators will dismantle and resell portal frames, and the market for preused buildings is strong. BioRegional carried out surveys on the Olympic Park and identifiedatotal0f34buildingscontainingreclaimablesteel; 26 steel portal frame buildings and 8 buildings containing elements of structural steel 43 ; of these, seven were reclaimed for reuse including three by specialists, one by a demolition contractor and 3 by the owners. Table 4 below summarises the steel framed buildings which were not demolished but were either removed prior to compulsory purchase, totally reclaimed for reuse or partially reclaimed Reclamationofasteelportalframebuilding forreuse. ontheOlympicPark Table4:ReclaimedSteelFrameBuildings
BlgRef. CZ4/1/1 Name Boots Footprint 6,750m2 3,150m2 7,150m2 Process Reclaimed by specialist contractor Reclaimed by specialist contractor Reclaimed by specialist contractor Reclaimed by demolition contractor Reclaimed priortoCPO Reclaimed priortoCPO Reclaimed priortoCPO Unknown Unknown EndUseandDestination Transportationcompanyin Ireland AgriculturalPlantStorein Lincolnshire Currently unknown use in Sussex Elements reclaimed by transportation company in Ireland Reclaimed by owner to unknowndestination Reclaimed by owner to unknowndestination Reclaimed by owner to unknowndestination Currentlyunknown Currentlyunknown
CZ4/1/2
Fedex
CZ8a/3/1
Sortex
CZ4/1/3*
Newsfax
Unknown 261m2 724m2 91m2 3,855m2 216m2
CZ3a/8/2 CZ2b/1/13 CZ1b/3/4 CZ8c/6/1* CZ5a/4/2*
AngelHouseSite Clearun HansonPremix Depot Bridgewater Distribution FirstBusDepot (Fuelcell)
*Somedocumentationevidencingthereclamationandreuseprocesswasincompleteorunavailable Barrierstothereclamationoftheremainingbuildingsincludedlackoftime,ageofthebuildinggivingita low resale value, and in one case proximity to a live railway track. This case study outlines the steps, advantagesanddisadvantagesoftheprocessusedononereclaimedbuilding.
43
ListedinOlympicParkSteelFrameandBrickReclamationProposal,January2007
26
SteelPortalFrameAnExample
The steel portal building was used as a parcel distribution warehouse. It was approximately eight years old with dimensions of 100m x 32m x 7m and had a footprint of 3,200 m2. The building was in excellent condition and included insulated metal cladding, roller shutter door access, a two storey internal office areaofsteelandconcrete,aconveyerbeltsystemandassortedbuildingservices.Theprocessdescribed hereinissimilartothatusedontwootherreclaimedbuildingsontheOlympicParkandisrecommended asgoodpractice. Table5:SummaryofReclamationofOneSteelFrameBuilding
Totalmaterialwithinthestructure: Ofwhichstructuralsteelandsteelcladding: Totalembodiedcarbonwithinthestructure: Ofwhichstructuralsteelandcladding: Totalembodiedcarbonsavingcomparedwithrecycling: Labour: 190tonnes 163tonnes 346tonnes 297tonnes 84tonnes 3,000personhours(based ondiscussionswith reclamationcontractor)
To put the environmental benefits into context, 84 tonnes of CO2 is more than the total CO2emissions saved over a year by insulating and installing energy efficiency measures in 16 households44. This figure isbasedoncomparisonofreusingorrecyclingthesteelelementsonly.
Process
Inthisprojectthereclamationoftheentirebuildingwasundertaken by a reclamation specialist under contract to the demolition contractor. The reclamation contractor was Portal Power, their approach aimed to maximize the recovery of the complete building and accessories. Their Tier 2 contractor carried out the majority of the soft stripping prior to handover. Following handover, external and internal elements were removed for reuse using the following process: 1.Extensivelabelingofeachbuildingelement. 2.Removalofroofingandcladdingonebayatatimestackedontoa telescopichandlerandloweredtothegroundforstorage. 3.Unboltingandremovalofpurlinsandroofingandcladdingrails usingpoweredaccess,scissorliftsandtelehandlers.Asinglelineof purlinswereleftattheapexofeachrooftomaintainstructural stabilityuntilacranewasusedforsupportpriortofinalunbolting. 4.Cranepositionedtosupporttheweightofeachrafter.
44
EnergySavingTrust
27
5.Unboltingofraftersfromsupportingcolumns.Cherrypickerplatformsandscissorliftsemployedto allowoperativesaccess. 6.Raftersloweredtothegroundbycraneandunboltedby operativesontheground. 7.Verticalcolumnssupportedbycranewhilstanchorboltsfixingthe columnstoconcreteanchorswerecut.Onceeachboltwascutthe columnwasloweredtothegroundbycrane. 8.Columnsmovedtostoragebytelehandler. Two months onsite, or approximately 3,000 person hours, were required. Portal Power believe that additional time was required due to the logistical complexity of operating as part of a large project and thatasimilarbuildingcouldbereclaimedinunder2,000personhours.
KeyLearningSteelPortalFrame
ThereclamationofthisbuildingandothersteelportalframesontheOlympicParkwasasuccess andcanbeconsideredbestpracticesuitableforreplicationonotherprojects.Steelportalframe buildingsarereadilyreusable.Onaprojectwithlesspressingtimeconstraints,agreaternumber ofsteelportalframescouldhavebeenreclaimedandreused. Conventionaldemolitionwouldhaveresultedinrecyclingofatleast90%ofdemolitionwastes45. Approximately190tonnesofsteelwithanembodiedCO2of345tonneswasreclaimedinthis example,resultinginanembodiedCO2savingof84tonnescomparedwithrecycling46. Thereareconsiderablefinancialadvantagestothereclamationcontractor.PortalPowerwere abletosellthebuildingfor170,000,andmadeaprofitaftercostoftheworkandpricepaidto thedemolitioncontractorwereincluded47. Thereareconsiderablefinancialadvantagestothedemolitioncontractor.Reclamation contractorswillpayaround5perm2or0.05perft2todeconstructsalablebuildings48. Financialbenefitswilldependonpricesavailableforscrapsteelcomparedwiththepriceforpre usedportalframebuildings.Whentheprojecttookplacethescrapvalueofsteelreachedapeak fromwhichithasrecentlydeclinedconsiderably49.Asthesemarketswillvary,financial incentivescannotbereliedontodrivereclamationandreuseinthedemolitionindustry. Regenerationprojectsaimingtoreducetheircarbonimpactsneedtorequirereclamation throughtendersandcontractstoensurereuseismaximised. Theopportunitytoreusesteelportalframebuildingsisunderexploitedandthecapacityofthe reclamationsectorhasscopeforexpansion.Withincreaseddemandandinvestmentthissector couldgrowandleadtomainstreamreclamationforthesebuildings.
45
BasedonOlympicDevelopmentAuthoritytargets Basedonnewsteelwith60%recycledcontentcontainsembodiedCO2of1.82tonnespertonne(UniversityofBath, InventoryofCarbonandEnergy,2006) 47 BasedoncorrespondencewithPortalPower 48 BioRegional 49 www.eurofer.org

46
28
CaseStudiesofOtherMaterials
Awidevarietyofmaterialswerestoredinthereclaimedmaterialsstorageareaonsiteforreuse. Table6:DetailedBreakdownofItemsStoredonsiteforReuse(Thistableincludesthetotalbricksin thestoragearea,includingYellowStockBricks)

Material Bricks StoneandPaving Tiles,ClayProduct,Slate Timber Metal Misc Total Tonnes 995.0 507.5 86.1 9.8 63.8 4.0 1,666 TonnesCO2 517.4 113.4 91.9 4.5 154.8 26.1 908
StoneandPaving:GraniteKerbs
GranitekerbsarebeingreusedasdrainagerunsandfordetailingonroadsidesintheLandscapeand PublicRealmareaattheNorthoftheOlympicPark.Thegranitekerbsareahardwearingandlong lastingmaterialandtheseexamplesarestillinaverygoodcondition. Thereuseofgranitekerbscreatesalinktotheindustrialpastofthearea,allowingthecharacterand warmthoftheStratfordsitetobepreserved.Graniteisaverypopularchoiceofnaturalstoneandthe kerbsshouldbeseenasanasset. Table7:SummaryofReclaimedGraniteKerbs
TheCO2savingsfromsubstitutingreclaimedgranitekerbsforimported granite VolumeofgranitekerbsstoredinReclamationYard EmbodiedcarbonofgranitekerbsstoredinReclamationYard Quantityofreclaimedgranitekerbsusedonsite EstimatedCO2savingfromuseofgranitekerbsonsite 0.7kgCO2/kg 298tonnes 93tonnes 298tonnescurrently specifiedindesigns 93tonnesCO2

Granitekerbswrappedand readyforreuse
29
StoneandPaving:GraniteSetts
Thereuseofmaterialshasenabledthe OlympicParktoutilisethehighquality materialtraditionallyusedinthearea andtoprovideauniquefinishto architecturalfeaturesacrossthePark. Thedistinctivegranitesettsfromthe OlympicParkareahavebeenretained foruseonTheGreenwayasafeature aroundutilityaccessanddrainage areas,thesettswillhelptobreakup thecontinuousstripsofrelaidtarmac andwillprovideanattractivefeature andregenerationvaluetoThe Greenway. Table8:SummaryofReclaimedGraniteSetts
TheCO2savingsfromsubstitutingreclaimedgranitesettsforimportedgranite VolumeofgranitesettsstoredinReclamationYard EmbodiedcarbonofgranitesettsstoredinReclamationYard Quantityofreclaimedgranitekerbusedonsite EstimatedCO2savingfromuseofgranitekerbsonsite 0.7kgCO2/kg 38tonnes 2tonnes 38tonnesspecifiedin designs 12tonnesCO2
GranitesettsbeinginstalledontheGreenway
ThecontractorinvolvedinregenerationofTheGreenwayinitiallyestimatedthattheywouldonlybeable touse60%oftheavailablestockbutafterrealisingthesettswereinsuchgoodconditionaround95% werereused.
Granitesettsinstoragepriortouse
GranitesettsinplaceontheGreenway
30
StoneandPaving:Sandstone
Reclaimedsandstonepavingblocksare beingreusedonTheGreenwayasa decorativepathwayandinsome temporaryareasontheOlympicPark. Theblocksareofsimilarproportion whichisfortunateasreusedexamples canoftenbeofvariablesizeand dimension. Sandstoneisoneofthemostwidelyused stonesavailableduetoitsrustic colouringandbeautyandthisparticular applicationlendsanappealingandnatural appearancetothesurroundingsandwill provideahardwearingbaseforthislightly traffickedfootpath. Table9:SummaryofReclaimedSandstone
TheCO2savingsfromsubstitutingreclaimedsandstonepaving VolumeofsandstonepavingstoredinReclamationYard EmbodiedcarbonsandstonepavingstoredinReclamationYard Quantityofsandstonepavingusedonsite EstimatedCO2savingfromuseofsandstonepavingonsite 0.05kgCO2/kg 117tonnes 6.55tonnesCO2 117tonnesspecifiedin designs 6.55tonnesCO2
Sandstonepavingformingapaththroughatemporary gardenintheOlympicPark.

Reusedsandstonepaving
RegenerationoftheGreenwaywith sandstonepathway
31
ConcreteProduct:Blockwork
Concreteblockworkhasbeenlaidat theNorthPlazaintheDogPound area.ThissmallsectionoftheParkis beingusedasatemporaryexercise yardforthelargenumberofsecurity dogsworkingonthePark. Theblockworkhasbeenusedinstead ofstandardtarmacandprovidesa moreattractivevisionoftheParkfor passingcarsastheypassalongthe busyA12. Table10:SummaryofReclaimed ConcreteBlockwork
ConcreteblockworkinsituintheNorthPlaza
EmbodiedCO2savingsforreusingblockworkinsteadofusingtarmac Volumeofconcreteblockworkstoredonsite(notstoredin ReclamationYard) Quantityofconcreteblockworkusedonsite EstimatedCO2savingfromuseofconcreteblockworkonsite
0.14kgCO2/kg 485tonnes 485tonnes(approx) 67.9tonnesCO2
Becausetheuseortheblockworkshownhereistemporarythecarbonsavingmustbediscountedunless theblocksarereclaimedasecondtimeandusedonoroffsiteaspartofapermanentfeature. Over30palletsoftheconcretesettsreclaimedhavenotyetfoundendusesandmaybesentforrecycling.

Improvedaestheticcomparedwith tarmac
Concreteblockwork
32
Timber:BelfastTruss
TheKingsYardareacontainedapreWorld WarTwofactorywhere3,000employees madesweets,chocolatesandlozengesfor nationalandworldmarkets.Itwasoneof London'sfewsurvivingEdwardianworks. Amongmanyinterestingandunusual architecturalfeatureswastheBelfasttruss roof,onceapopularstructuretosupport widespanroofswithoutcolumnsin factoriesandhangarsbeforesteelframes werewidelyavailable.Thetrussesprovide evidenceoftheindustrialhistoryofthearea.
Therooftrussinitsoriginallocation
Thewoodedtrussstructureandaccompanyingsteelpillarswerecarefullyremovedbyoperativesand movedtoalocalstorageareaintheLeaValley.Noenduserhasyetbeenfoundandthetrussesare awaitinganewhome.Theweightandembodiedcarbonofthetrusseswerenotquantified.

Localheritagecampaigner,TomRidge andlocalcouncilorStephanieEaton visitthesite
ThetrussisnowstoredintheLea Valleyawaitingahome
33
8 MaterialsRecyclingwithDataTables
ThedemolitionofbuildingsandrecyclingofmaterialsacrosstheParkwascarriedoutbysixdemolition contractorsandwasongoingforaroundsixmonths.Guidance50onmaterialsmanagementwasissuedto demolitioncontractors.Theguidancesetouttherecommendedreuseandrecyclingprocessesavailable formaterialsexpectedtoberecoveredandprovidedastrategyforthedemolitionprocess. Tier1contractorswererequiredtosetreclamationandrecyclingtargetsforeachdemolitionsiteanda demolitionandsiteclearancemanagementimplementationplanwasproduceddescribinghowthe targetswouldbemet.Alogofthequantitiesandmovementofdemolitionmaterialwaskeptusing materialtransfernotes.Materialwasprocessedlocallyatthedemolitionsiteoratthecentralprocessing area.Tier1contractorswererequiredtoprovidemonthlyreportsshowingperformanceagainstthe wasterecoverytargets. Priortodemolition,contractorscarriedoutaType3asbestossurveytoconfirmthepresenceofallareas ofasbestos,theseinvolveddemolitioninspectionstogainaccesstodifficultareas.Allasbestoswas removedusingcontrolledmethodsandunderHSEguidelines. DemolitioncontractorsissuedSection80noticestotheLocalAuthorityforallbuildingsintendedtobe demolished.AsixweeknoticeperiodfollowedwithinwhichtheLocalAuthoritywouldissueaSection81 responsegivingthegoaheadforremovalsubjecttospecificconditions. Theinitialsoftstripstageinvolvedtheremovaloffurniture,lightingandelectrics.Anysegregationof materialsthatcouldbecarriedoutpriortodemolitionwascompleted. Modernconstructionmethodstendtofavouraswiftapproachtodemolitionandwillutiliseheavy machinerytolevelthestructuresastheymovethrough.Thisleavesamassofwastemixedinwith recyclablematerialthatwillbedestinedforlandfill.ThemethodsemployedontheParkutiliseda processdesignedspecificallytotryandmaximisematerialrecoveryandminimiselandfillthroughreuse andrecycling. Atthispoint,thebuildingcouldbedemolishedtogroundlevelandtheteamswereabletomoveinand separatetheremainderoftheconcrete,hardcore(brickandblockwork),steelandtimber.Most buildingshadonecrusherlocallyonsite,concreteandhardcorewasscreeneddownto75mmandstored onsegregatedpilesuntilrequiredforuseonthePark.Allmaterialcrushedonsitewasusedonsite. TheODAexceededthedemolitionreuseorrecyclingtargetof90%by8.5%,withlessthan7,000tonnes landfilled.Thisisanimprovementonindustrystandardsandprogresstowardsanoverallgoalofzero waste.However,arelativelylowpercentageofmaterialwasreclaimedandreusedconstitutingonly 0.5%oftotalmaterialsavailableforreuse.
50
ODADemolitionandSiteClearanceMaterialsManagementPlan
34
Table11:BreakdownofRecycledMaterials
Material Concrete Brick/Hardcore Metal Bitumen Timber Other Total Total 249,131 164,133 7,842 7,812 2,267 3,018 434,203
ThebreakdownofrecycledmaterialsindicatesthelargescaledemolitioncarriedoutonthePark.All concrete,brickandhardcorewasrecycledandusedonsitewithnonegoingoffforfurtheroffsite processingordisposal.Thisisaveryimpressiveachievementconsideringthelimitedstoragespace availableontheParkwithalargenumberofcontractorstakingcontrolofdifferentareasofthePark. Processinganduseofrecycledmaterialsonsitealsosavedover20,000lorrymovements,which significantlyreducedtrafficloadingonlocalroads.Thesuccessoftherecyclingprocessisatestamentto thededicationoftheteamsinvolvedtomeetingtheParksrecyclingtargetsandhavingastrongand committedprojectmanagementteaminplace. Recycledmaterialswereutilisedprimarilyonsite.Thousandsoftonnesofmaterialwasscreenedand sortedforawidevarietyofengineeringuses. Table12:ExampleofEndUsesforRecycledMaterials
EndUse StadiumBase TempRoads HaulRoads StructuralFill 7AITravellerssite* PilingMatts VelodromeRetainingWall Tonnes 14,716 7,124 6,885 5,481 5,291 5,238 779
*3,047tonneswassubsequentlyreusedas subbasefortheMediaCentre
GabionbasketsinstalledattheLO3Bridge
Recycledmaterialwasusedasa subbasefortheOlympicStadium
35
9 MaterialsReuseandRecyclingDataTables
TheODAachieveda98%recyclingrateand0.5%reuserateduringthedemolitionoftheOlympicPark. Combined,thiswellexceededtheODAs90%target.Lessthan7,000tonneswerelandfilled,the majoritybeinghazardousandgeneralwaste. Notargetwassetforoverallreuseandthishasbeenhighlightedasanissuethroughoutthisreport. BioRegionalhadestimatedthroughsitesurveysthataround9,000tonnesofmaterials(2.8%ofthetotal materials)couldhavebeenreclaimedandreused.Fourteenpercent(14%)ofpotentiallyreusable materialwasactuallyreused,therestwasrecycled.Thecarbonsavedthroughreusecanbeestimatedat around1,300tonnes.Thecarbonlostthroughrecyclingreusablematerialscanbeestimatedataround 7,900tonnes. Table13showstheestimatedquantitiesofreusedmaterialsloggedinSMARTWaste.Thevaluefor materialsstoredforreuseistakenfromTable16:DetailedBreakdownofItemsStoredonsiteforReuse, andisareasonablyaccurateestimateofthesequantities.Thetotalreusedismoredifficulttoascertain; thefigurehereistakenfromTable15below,andisatotalofeverylineforwhichthereisaquantity available. . Table13:SummarisingQuantitiesReusedOnsite
Tonnes Materialsonsite(excludingsoils) Materialsstoredforreuse Totalmaterialsreused Reusedonsite 434,203 1,666 %ofTotalDemolition Materialsloggedin SMARTwaste 100 0.38 0.49 0.3
2,171
1,305
Table14belowprovidesasummaryofOlympicParkdemolitionmaterialquantitiesloggedin SMARTWastethatwerereusedorrecycled. Table14:SummarisingQuantitiesReusedorRecycled

Tonnes Materialsonsite(excludingsoils) Materialsreusedorrecycled Reusedorrecycledonsite Recycledoffsite Totalmaterialsreused Landfill 434,203 427,531 417,359 10,172 2,171 6,672 %ofTotalDemolition Materialsloggedin SMARTwaste 100% 98.5% 97.6% 2.4% 0.49 1.5%
36
Table15:TotalitemsReclaimedandReusedOnorOffSite
StructureorMaterial Metals SteelPortalFrameBuilding1(FedEx) SteelPortalFrameBuilding2 SteelPortalFrameBuilding3 SteelPortalFrameBuildings49 BricksandConcreteBlock YellowStockBricks YellowStockBricks RedRubberBricks ConcreteBlock ConcreteSlabsandKerbs Timber 1TimberBridge 67Timbersleepers 1BelfastTruss(timberandsteel) Ceramics Stone GraniteSetts GraniteKerbs SandstonePaving Furniture HomeFurnishings Tonnes 190* unknown unknown unknown 674** 310 3* 485* 71* 2** unknown unknown 12*** 319** 298*** 117*** 0.25** Destination Soldbyreclamationspecialist Soldbyreclamationspecialist Reclaimedbydemolitioncontractor Various GiventoconstructionTrainingCentre.** 130,000bricksboughtfromODAbyOakwood Unknown,possiblysentforrecycling Onsitepaving Onsitepaving SoldtoKentCountyCouncil** Usedonsite** StoredintheLeaValley,noenduserfound Destinationunknown Decorativepathwayonsite(noteonly38 tonnesappearintheonsitestoreinventory) Onsitedecorativeedging Decorativepathwayonsite Giventolocalhousingassociation**
NotestoTable15: *CalculationscarriedoutbyBioRegionalApril2008 **CorrespondencewithAtkins ***Basedonquantitiesstoredonsite AllotherdatainTable15hasbeenverifiedbymorethanonesource.
37
Table16:DetailedBreakdownofItemsStoredonsiteforReuse(AtJuly200851)
Material SandstoneEdgingStones GraniteKerbStones GraniteKerbStones RedBricks YellowStockBricks CurvedRedRoofingTiles DarkBricks TactilePaving LargePavingSlabs SmallPavingSlabs BuildingSand RockSalt FlatRedRoofingTiles LargeGraniteKerbStones LargeConcreteKerbStone FireExtinguishers FirePointSignandBell HeavyDutyBatteries Timber(2) Timber(2) Timber(2) Sleepers(3) Pipework Bollards ChimneyStacks DrainPipes CastIronFireEscapeStairs SingleLampPost DoubleLampPost SpeedBump LargeSecurityFencing Spiralstaircase Concretechairs Stainlesssteelmesh Metalelectricalconduits CastIronFirePlace FlatRoofingTiles BluePillars WhitePillars Weighbridge SmallSecurityFencing Desk Chairs TelegraphPole DarkBricks DarkTriangularBricks SmallPavingSlabs PalisadeSecurityFencing ManholeCovers GraniteKerbStones StreetCobbles StreetCobbles ExtraLargeGraniteKerbStones Totals Tonnes 117 20 155 2 504 9 173 2.5 30 4.7 0.1 0.4 9 65 18 0.1 0 0.3 1.84 1.38 0.23 4.36 0.25 18 0.1 0.2 8 2.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 2.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 1 39 8 18 10 1 0 0.2 2 312 4 19 22 0.4 21 2 36 20 1,666 Stone LocalGranite LocalGranite FacingBricks FacingBricks Tile FacingBricks ConcretePaving/GeneralClayProduct ConcretePaving/GeneralClayProduct ConcretePaving/GeneralClayProduct Sand TakeSandValue Tile LocalGranite PrecastConcrete Estimate Estimate Estimate Softwood Softwood Softwood Hardwood SteelPipe PVCPipe ConcretePaving/GeneralClayProduct ConcretePaving/GeneralClayProduct Iron Aluminium Aluminium InjectionMouldedPolypropylene SteelSheetGalvanised Iron PrecastConcrete StainlessSteel Estimateasproduct Iron Tile PVCPipe PVCPipe Iron SteelSheetGalvanised FRNvalue FRNvalue Timber FacingBricks FacingBricks ConcretePaving/GeneralClayProduct SteelSheetGalvanised Iron LocalGranite Stone Stone LocalGranite Material Carbon 52 Value 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 0.5 0.3 0.2 5 5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.7 2.5 0.2 0.2 1.9 8.2 8.2 3.9 2.8 1.9 0.2 6.2 10 1.9 0.5 2.5 2.5 1.9 2.8 3 3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 2.8 1.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 Total Carbon 6.55 6.34 49.14 1.04 262.08 4.14 89.96 0.55 6.60 1.03 0.00 0.00 4.14 20.61 3.84 0.50 0.05 0.50 0.83 0.62 0.10 2.05 0.68 45.00 0.02 0.03 15.28 21.42 2.47 0.20 0.42 4.78 0.09 1.23 0.50 1.91 17.94 20.00 45.00 19.10 2.82 0.03 0.45 0.92 162.24 2.08 4.18 62.89 0.76 6.66 0.11 2.02 6.34 908
July2008timeofthelastdocumentedinventorymadeofthesitewidereclamationyard.Materialsstillstoredonsite atvariouslocations 52 CarbonvalueswereobtainedfromtheInventoryofCarbonandEnergypublishedbytheUniversityofBath

51
38
10 ConclusionsItemsReusedandRecycled
TheoveralllevelofreclamationofbuildingsontheOlympicParkisnotknownastherewasnotafullpre demolitionauditcompletedsettingoutthequantitiestobedemolishedinthedifferentstructuresand externalworks.Itisregrettablethatweareunabletoexpressthereuseandrecyclingasapercentageof thetotalmaterialsonsite,butratheronlybasedonmaterialsloggedinSMARTWaste. Overoneandahalfthousandtonnesofitemsandmaterialswereidentifiedforreuseandstoredinthe onsitestorewithunquantifiedothersincludingtheBelfasttrussbeingstoredoffsite.Giventhedetailed processesinvolvedinidentifying,assessing,movingandmonitoringthesematerialsasdescribedabove inthisreport,itisunfortunatethatweareunabletoidentifytheendusewhichmanywereputtoeither becauseanaccuraterecordwasnotkeptorbecauseasignificantquantityofmaterialwassentoffsite forrecycling. ItisfurtherunfortunatethatheritageitemsliketheBelfasttrusshavenotyetfoundause,andthatsome itemssuchastheconcreteblockworkmayyetberecycledbeforetheGamesarestaged. Therewaslimitedreuseofanumberofitemswhichwererequestedbydesignteamsandmayhavebeen thesubjectofPMIs,includingcastironcolumns,companyandstreetsigns,streetfurnitureandaniron weighbridgeduetoitemsbeinginadvertentlysentoffsiteforrecycling.Wecannotthereforeconclude thatthoseitemswerereused(althoughwecanclaimsignificantsuccessinthereuseofotheritems includinggranitekerbsandcobblesandsandstonepavers).Thisemphasisestheneedfortightcontrols onmaterialsmanagementwithadedicatedstorageareaandresponsiblepersonsinchargeofmanaging stock. Thelevelofreclamationachievedwasmainlyduetothehardworkanddedicationofthoseinvolved fromtheprojectteamandthecontractorsengaged.Elsewhere,higherlevelsofreclamationhavebeen achievedthroughspecificrequirementsandtargetsinplanningandcontractualrequirements(e.g.Kings CrossandCaneHillinCroydon).AlthoughtheOlympicParkwassubjecttoplanningandcontractual requirementstosomedegree,themajorityofreclamationwasachievedfollowingcostbenefitanalysis. Environmentally,maximisingreuseandrecyclingisvital.Formostbusinesses,itnowmakeseconomic sensetorecycle,butnotalwaystoreuse.Currentlythereisalimitedfinancialcaseforreclamationover recycling,andreuserequirementsmustbeincludedincontractsandatthetenderstageinorderto encouragesuccessfulachievement. TheLondon2012OlympicParkgeneratedlargequantitiesofdemolitionmaterialinaveryshortperiod oftime.Thelocalreclamationandreusesectorwaschallengedtocopewiththesevolumesbecause separatereclamationandreusetargetswerenotestablishedincontractsandthereforedidnotprioritise andprovideincentivesforreclamationandreuse.Theuniquenessoftheprojectmeantthatonsite storagespacewasverylimited,andtheprojecttimelinewasrapid.Ideally,workerswouldhavebeen mobilisedwithenoughtimeandspacetoachievegreaterreclamationrates.Demolitionprojectsonthe scaleoftheOlympicParkrequireupfrontclientandcontractualtargetsandarrangements,investmentin thereclamation/reusesector,andenoughtimetoemploylargescalereclamationtechniquesinasafe andsecuremannerinordertoachievegreaterlevelsofreuse. Oneoftheeasiestmeasurablebenefitsofreuseoverrecyclingisthesavingofembodiedcarbon. London2012completedacarbonfootprintcalculationfortheconstructionworksbutthisapproachwas notemployedonthedemolitionphase.Greaterestimationofthecarboncostsofdemolitionand construction(suchasby'carbonising'thepredemolitionaudit),wouldhavebeenuseful.Thiswould
39
haveintegratedcarbonreductionintotheprocurementprocessinaquantitativeway(focusingonafew headlineinitiativesdoesnotnecessarilyminimiseoverallimpacts,ifoveralltargetsarenotenforcedand linkedintothecontract).Thisreductionofembodiedcarbon,throughreclamationandreuseatthe demolitionstageandeliminationofsurplusunusedproductandwasteduringtheconstructionstage,is keytoreducingnotjusttheclimateimpactbuttheoverallenvironmentalimpactofconstruction. Thankstothoseindividualsinvolvedatthetime,theLondon2012OlympicParkachievedtruly outstandingrecyclingratesandgreateffortwasputintoreusingandreclaimingbuildingsandmaterials. Usingthelessonslearntfromthisuniqueprojectandtherecommendationsgeneratedinthisreport,itis hopedthatthebarcanberaisedforfutureprojectsandhigherratesforreclamationandreuseachieved.
11 OverallRecommendations
Thekeylessons,highlightedinpulloutboxesthroughoutthisreportareintendedasaneasyreference forprojectmanagersatdifferentstagesoftheprocess.Thetenmostimportantareincludedbelow. MuchofthiscouldbeappliedtothetransformationphaseofthePark. MuchofthislearningcanbeemployedinthetransformationphaseofthePParkandtherearestepsthat canbetakennowwhichwillhelptoensurereuseandrecyclingismaximisedatthatstage.Managers throughouttheprocesswillneedtobeawareofthepotentialforreuseandrecycling,andreadytotake effectiveactionatanearlystage.Thisreporthashighlightedthesignificanceofpracticalauditsand targets.Thetransformationphasewillneedthese,aswellaspersonswithresponsibilitiesforrecycling andreuse.
40
TenKeyLessonsforEnablingReuse
1.Undertakeapredemolitionauditandincludeareclamationsurvey. 2.Usethisdata,andconsultationswithreclamationspecialists,tosetheadlinetargets forreuseandreclamationforkeymaterialsbeforeissuingtenders,ideallylinkedto carbontargets.Thoroughlyinvestigatetheendusermarketandlookoutforbuilding elements/productswithaclearmarketandthosewhichpresentaparticularlyhigh carbonsavingopportunity. 3.Includeclearreclamationandreusetargetsasseparateandadditionaltotheoverall recyclingtargetandstatethemclearlyinthetenderingprocessandincontracts.Make explicittheresponsibilityfordemolitionandremovalofproductswithregardto reclamationandthefinalownershipofarisings. 4.Incentiviseuseofspecialistcontractorsespeciallywhereexpertiseisavailable(e.g.for structuralsteelandregionalbricks,removaloffixturesandfittings). 5.Incentivesforachievingreusetargets,aswellasrecyclingshouldbeinformedbyan awarenessoftherelativepricesforthereusedorrecycledproduct(i.e.wholebuilding comparedtosteelorreclaimedbrickcomparedtoaggregate). 6.Requiretheprojecttomeasurethetotalcarbonimpactofthedemolitionprocessand thenewconstructiononthesite.Thisshouldinformdesignandplanning,beincludedin thetenderandcontractandrecordedoncetheworksarecompleted.Forthedemolition stagethisshouldincludetheembodiedcarbonofexistingworks,thecarboninvolvedin transportofproductfromsiteandtheonsiteenergyuse. 7.RequirereusetobeenteredintoamaterialsdatabaseandincludedinSiteWaste ManagementPlans.Adherenceshouldbeverifiedbyanindividualwithresponsibilityfor monitoringenvironmentaltargets,throughspotchecksofdataonexistingandreclaimed tonnages. 8.Designteamworkshopsarerecommended;regularsitevisitsarevital;asearlyinthe designprocessaspossible,butdontneglecttocommunicatewithotherlocal regenerationprojects. 9.Includeuseofsitewonreusedmaterialsinthedesignandconstructioncontractsfor thenewbuild. 10.Sufficientstoragespaceisvitaltoenablereuseofconstructionproducts.Makesure itissecure,staffedandcommunicated.Ifonsitestorageisunavailable,engage,orsell directtoareclamationspecialistwithsufficientoffsitestorageandmarketpresence.
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About BioRegional
BioRegional is an entrepreneurial charity, which initiates practical sustainability solutions, and then delivers them by setting up new enterprises and partnerships around the world. We assist and encourage others to achieve sustainability through consultancy, education and informing policy.
Published by BioRegional Development Group, BedZED Centre, 24 Helios Road, Wallington, Surrey, SM6 7BZ. Registered charity no. 1041486

Reuse and Recycling On London 2012 Olympic Park Oct 2011

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Reuse and Recycling on the London 2012 Olympic Park

Lessons for demolition, construction and regeneration

ConstructionofthebuiltenvironmenthasasignificantimpactonUKsustainability.The ConstructionandDemolition(C&D)sectorcontributesatleast15%oftheUKsnationalCO2 emissions5andgenerates120milliontonnesofwasteperyear,makingitthesinglelargest producerofwasteinEngland6.

ODApressreleaseof29thApril2009 WhatMakesanEcoTown?PublishedbyBioRegionalandCABE,2008. 6 WRAP2007

Torecycleanoriginalproductinto Downcycle somethingoflowergrade;intermsofeither materialoreconomicvalue.

Forfurtherinformationonincorporatingsustainabilityclausesandreclamation,inparticularinto contracts,TheNorthernIrelandExecutiveCentralProcurementDirectoratehaspublishedauseful guidancenoteaimedatprojectmanagersondemolitionprojects19.Therecommendationsecho

90%ofmaterialbyweightarisingthroughdemolitionworkstobereusedorrecycled followingtheODAswastehierarchyofeliminate,reduce,reuse,recycle,recover, dispose.London2012Target

Tier1 Contractors Reuse Focused

Recycling Focused Tier2 Contractors Reuse Focused

Undertakeinitialreclamationaudit followingthepredemolitionaudit. Subcontractedtoundertake reclamationofspecificstructures.

thereisevidencethatsomecontractorsareembarkinguponprojectswithout properlycheckingwhethertheycanactuallyachievethesustainabilityrequirements setoutinthespecification.Thosethatdoareoftenfailingtopricethese requirementsproperly.BuildingSustainabilityTogether,briefingfromtheJoint ContractsTribunal

Somebutnotallofthesewerereclaimed,and somewerereused.Someitemswhichwerethe subjectofPMIsforonsitereusedidnotappearin thestorageareainventoryastheywere inadvertentlysentoffsiteforrecycling,so althoughtheintentionforreclamationandreuse wasthere,theintermediatestorageofmaterials mustbeproperlymanaged.

ASiteArisingsSteeringGroupwascreatedand chairedbyarepresentativeofAtkins,theproject manager.TheSteeringGroupincludedthe demolitionprojectmanager,Tier1contractors, designers,andthirdpartiesincludingWRAPand BioRegional. TheODAusedSMARTWaste,asuiteoftoolsand

Thequantityofearthworkstobehandled complicatedmonitoringofmaterialsrecovery.This imageshowssoilawaitingprocessing.

On largeprojects ensurean extensivesystemofweighbridgesareemployed aswastecarriers leavesiteandthattheyaresuitedtothevolumeofmaterialonsite.

Sitevisitsandworkshopswereattendedby DesignTeamsthroughoutthedemolition phase

Suitablestoragesecuredfromtheverybeginningof demolitionisvitalformaximisingratesofreclamationand reuseby:

Suitable storage is determined by considering a number of factors,including:

of over 2,00041. However, during the softstrip the Tier 1 deemedthebuildingtobestructurallyunsafeandnofurtherinternalitemscouldbereclaimed.

Acombinationofmachineryand manualworkwasemployedin thedemolitionandreclamation ofbricks

1.Standardmechaniseddemolition: plantdemolishthebuilding; materialsseparatedonthegroundusingmachinery; masonrycrushedandusedasfill. 3040% 34weeks Good

3.Paddedgrab: peelsectionsofbrickworkoff; swingawayfrombuildingtoacleaningstationapproximately30metres awaywhereacleaninggangseparate,cleanandpalletthem. 90% 6weeks

4.Scaffold: longreachusedtodemolishroof; scaffoldingerectedaroundbuilding; manualremovalandcleaningonsite; bricksplacedonforkliftandremoved; oftenusedwhereaccessisanissuee.g.adjacenttomainroad.

Unknown 261m2 724m2 91m2 3,855m2 216m2

CZ3a/8/2 CZ2b/1/13 CZ1b/3/4 CZ8c/6/1* CZ5a/4/2*

AngelHouseSite Clearun HansonPremix Depot Bridgewater Distribution FirstBusDepot (Fuelcell)

BasedonOlympicDevelopmentAuthoritytargets Basedonnewsteelwith60%recycledcontentcontainsembodiedCO2of1.82tonnespertonne(UniversityofBath, InventoryofCarbonandEnergy,2006) 47 BasedoncorrespondencewithPortalPower 48 BioRegional 49 www.eurofer.org

Awidevarietyofmaterialswerestoredinthereclaimedmaterialsstorageareaonsiteforreuse. Table6:DetailedBreakdownofItemsStoredonsiteforReuse(Thistableincludesthetotalbricksin thestoragearea,includingYellowStockBricks)

ThecontractorinvolvedinregenerationofTheGreenwayinitiallyestimatedthattheywouldonlybeable touse60%oftheavailablestockbutafterrealisingthesettswereinsuchgoodconditionaround95% werereused.

EmbodiedCO2savingsforreusingblockworkinsteadofusingtarmac Volumeofconcreteblockworkstoredonsite(notstoredin ReclamationYard) Quantityofconcreteblockworkusedonsite EstimatedCO2savingfromuseofconcreteblockworkonsite

0.14kgCO2/kg 485tonnes 485tonnes(approx) 67.9tonnesCO2

Becausetheuseortheblockworkshownhereistemporarythecarbonsavingmustbediscountedunless theblocksarereclaimedasecondtimeandusedonoroffsiteaspartofapermanentfeature. Over30palletsoftheconcretesettsreclaimedhavenotyetfoundendusesandmaybesentforrecycling.

Thewoodedtrussstructureandaccompanyingsteelpillarswerecarefullyremovedbyoperativesand movedtoalocalstorageareaintheLeaValley.Noenduserhasyetbeenfoundandthetrussesare awaitinganewhome.Theweightandembodiedcarbonofthetrusseswerenotquantified.

Table14belowprovidesasummaryofOlympicParkdemolitionmaterialquantitiesloggedin SMARTWastethatwerereusedorrecycled. Table14:SummarisingQuantitiesReusedorRecycled

NotestoTable15: *CalculationscarriedoutbyBioRegionalApril2008 **CorrespondencewithAtkins ***Basedonquantitiesstoredonsite AllotherdatainTable15hasbeenverifiedbymorethanonesource.

July2008timeofthelastdocumentedinventorymadeofthesitewidereclamationyard.Materialsstillstoredonsite atvariouslocations 52 CarbonvalueswereobtainedfromtheInventoryofCarbonandEnergypublishedbytheUniversityofBath

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NotestoTable15: CalculationscarriedoutbyBioRegionalApril2008 CorrespondencewithAtkins Basedonquantitiesstoredonsite AllotherdatainTable15hasbeenverifiedbymorethanonesource.