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September 24, 2010

September 28, 2010
O tober 25, 2010

Lagrangian1

B. Grzadkowski,

a M. Iskrzyski,a M. Misiaka,b and J. Rosieka

Institute of Theoreti al Physi s, University of Warsaw,

Hoa 69, PL-00-681 Warsaw, Poland
b
Institut fr Theoretis he Teil henphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Te hnology (KIT),
D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany

Bohdan.Grzadkowskifuw.edu.pl, mkiskokwf.fuw.edu.pl,
Mikolaj.Misiakfuw.edu.pl, Janusz.Rosiekfuw.edu.pl

E-mail:

Abstra t: When the Standard Model is onsidered as an ee tive low-energy theory,

higher dimensional intera tion terms appear in the Lagrangian. Dimension-six terms have
been enumerated in the lassi al arti le by Bu hmller and Wyler [3. Although redundan e
of some of those operators has been already noted in the literature, no updated omplete list
has been published to date. Here we perform their lassi ation on e again from the outset.
Assuming baryon number onservation, we nd

15 + 19 + 25 = 59

independent operators

(barring avour stru ture and Hermitian onjugations), as ompared to

in ref. [3.

16 + 35 + 29 = 80

The three summed numbers refer to operators ontaining 0, 2 and 4 fermion

elds. If the assumption of baryon number onservation is relaxed, 5 new operators arise
in the four-fermion se tor.

Keywords: Standard Model, Beyond Standard Model

ArXiv ePrint: 1008.4884v2

This paper is based on the MS thesis of the se ond author.

Open A ess

doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2010)085

JHEP10(2010)085

Dimension-six terms in the Standard Model

Contents
1

2 Notation and onventions

3 The omplete set of dimension-ve and -six operators

4 Comparison with ref. [3

5 Bosoni operator lassi ation

6 Single-fermioni - urrent operator lassi ation

10

7 Four-fermion operator lassi ation

13

8 Con lusions

15

1 Introdu tion
The Standard Model (SM) of strong and ele troweak intera tions has been su essfully
tested to a great pre ision [1.

Nevertheless, it is ommonly a epted that it onstitutes

merely an ee tive theory whi h is appli able up to energies not ex eeding a ertain s ale

A eld theory valid above that s ale should satisfy the following requirements:
(i ) its gauge group should ontain

SU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y

of the SM,

(ii ) all the SM degrees of freedom should be in orporated either as fundamental or omposite elds,
(iii ) at low-energies, it should redu e to the SM, provided no undis overed but weakly
oupled

light parti les exist, like axions or sterile neutrinos.

In most of beyond-SM theories that have been onsidered to date, redu tion to the
SM at low energies pro eeds via de oupling of heavy parti les with masses of order

or

larger. Su h a de oupling at the perturbative level is des ribed by the Appelquist-Carazzone

theorem [2. This inevitably leads to appearan e of higher-dimensional operators in the SM
Lagrangian that are suppressed by powers of

LSM =

(4)
LSM

 
1
1 X (6) (6)
1 X (5) (5)
Ck Qk + O
,
+
Ck Qk + 2

3
k

 1 

(1.1)

JHEP10(2010)085

1 Introdu tion

fermions

j
lLp
12

eld
hyper harge

Table 1.
where

(4)

LSM

eRp
1

j
qLp
1
6

s alars

uRp
2
3

dRp
31

j
1
2

The SM matter ontent

is the usual renormalizable part of the SM Lagrangian. It ontains dimension-

two and -four operators only.

1 In the remaining terms,

(n)

denote dimension-n operators,

(n)
and C
k stand for the orresponding dimensionless oupling onstants (Wilson oe ients).
(n)
On e the underlying high-energy theory is spe ied, all the oe ients Ck
an be determined by integrating out the heavy elds.
Our goal in this paper is to nd a omplete set of independent operators of dimension 5
and 6 that are built out of the SM elds and are onsistent with the SM gauge symmetries.
We do not rely on the original analysis of su h operators by Bu hmller and Wyler [3
but rather perform the full lassi ation on e again from the outset. One of the reasons
for repeating the analysis is the fa t that many linear ombinations of operators listed in
ref. [3 vanish by the Equations Of Motion (EOMs).

Su h operators are redundant, i.e.

they give no ontribution to on-shell matrix elements, both in perturbation theory (to all
orders) and beyond [49. Although the presen e of several EOM-vanishing ombinations in
ref. [3 has been already pointed out in the literature [1013, no updated omplete list has
been published to date. Our nal operator basis diers from ref. [3 also in the four-fermion
se tor where the EOMs play no role.
The arti le is organized as follows.

Our notation and onventions are spe ied in

se tion 2. The omplete operator list is presented in se tion 3. Comparison with ref. [3
is outlined in se tion 4. Details of establishing operator bases in the zero-, two- and fourfermion se tors are des ribed in se tions 5, 6 and 7, respe tively. We on lude in se tion 8.

2 Notation and onventions

The SM matter ontent is summarized in table 1 with isospin, olour, and generation indi es
denoted by

j = 1, 2, = 1, 2, 3,

and

p = 1, 2, 3,

respe tively. Chirality indi es (L,

R)

of the fermion elds will be skipped in what follows. Complex onjugate of the Higgs eld
will always o ur either as

12 = +1.

with

or

e,

The well-known expression for

where

(4)

LSM

ej = jk (k ) ,

and

jk

is totally antisymmetri

before Spontaneous Symmetry Breakdown (SSB)

reads

1
1 I
1
1  2
(4)

A
I

2
LSM = GA
G

W
W

B
B
+
(D
)
(D
)
+
m

4
4
4
2




(2.1)
+i l6Dl + eD
6 e + qD
6 q+u
D
6 u + d6Dd l e e + q u u
e + q d d + h.c. ,
1

Canoni al dimensions of operators are determined from the eld ontents alone, ex luding possible

dimensionful oupling onstants. The only dimension-two operator in L(4)

SM is in the Higgs mass
term.

 2 

JHEP10(2010)085

Qk

where the Yukawa ouplings

e,u,d

are matri es in the generation spa e.

We shall not

onsider SSB in this paper. Our sign onvention for ovariant derivatives is exemplied by

Here,

T A = 21 A

A A
I
(D q)j = + igs T
G + igSjk
WI + ig Yq B q k
and

S I = 12 I

are the

SU(3)

and

SU(2)

(2.2)

generators, while

the Gell-Mann and Pauli matri es, respe tively. All the hyper harges
in table 1.
It is useful to dene Hermitian derivative terms that ontain

and

are

have been listed

D (D )

as

follows:




i DI i I D D I .

and

(2.3)

The gauge eld strength tensors and their ovariant derivatives read

ABC GB GC ,
A
A
GA

= G G gs f

ABC GB GC ,
(D G )A = GA

gs f

I = W I W I gIJK W J W K ,
W

I gIJK W J W K ,
(D W )I = W

B = B B ,
Dual tensors are dened by

WI

or

B.

e =
X

The fermion kineti terms in

).
(

(2.4)

D B = B .

(4)

LSM

2 X

(0123

= +1),

where

stands for

are Hermitian up to total derivatives, i.e.

Total derivatives of gauge-invariant obje ts in

LSM

GA ,

i6D h.c.

are skipped throughout

the paper, as they give no physi al ee ts. At the dimension-ve and -six levels, we en ounter no gauge-invariant operators that are built out of non-abelian gauge elds only,
and equal to total derivatives of gauge-variant obje ts.
two possible su h terms

f I W I
analogous W

At the dimension-four level, the

eA GA = 4 GA GA 1 gs f ABC GA GB GC
G

and the

should be understood as impli itly present on the r.h.s of eq. (2.1).

They leave the Feynman rules and EOMs unae ted, showing up in topologi al quantum

ee ts only [1419.

3 The omplete set of dimension-ve and -six operators

This se tion is devoted to presenting our nal results (derived in se tions 5, 6 and 7)
for the basis of independent operators

(5)

Qn

and

(6)

Qn

Their independen e means that

no linear ombination of them and their Hermitian onjugates is EOM-vanishing up to

total derivatives.
Imposing the SM gauge symmetry onstraints on

(5)

Qn

leaves out just a single opera-

tor [20, up to Hermitian onjugation and avour assignments. It reads

where

Q = jk mn j m (lpk )T Clrn (
e lp )T C(
e lr ),

is the harge onjugation matrix.

violates the lepton number

ele troweak symmetry breaking, it generates neutrino masses and mixings.

2

In the Dira representation C = i 2 0 , with Bjorken and Drell [21 phase onventions.

 3 

(3.1)

L.

After the

Neither

(4)

LSM

JHEP10(2010)085




i D i D D

X3

and

4 D 2

2 3

QG

B C
f ABC GA
G G

( )3

Qe

( )(lp er )

QGe

C
eA GB
f ABC G
G

Q

( )( )




D
D

Qu

( )(
qp ur )
e

QW

IJK WI WJ WK

QW
f

fI WJ WK
IJK W

QD

X 2 2

Qd

2 X

( )(
qp dr )

2 2 D

A
GA
G

QeW

I
(lp er ) I W

Ql

QGe

eA GA
G

QeB

(lp er )B

Ql

(3)

( i DI )(lp I lr )

(
qp T A ur )
e GA

Qe

( i D )(
ep er )

(1)

( i D )(
qp qr )

(3)

QW

I W I
W

QuG

Q W
f

I W I
f
W

QuW

B B
e B
B

QB
QBe
QW B
Q W
fB

Qq

QuB

I
(
qp ur ) I
e W

( i D )(lp lr )

Qq

( i DI )(
qp I qr )

QdG

(
qp ur )
e B

(
qp T A dr ) GA

Qu

( i D )(
up ur )

I B
I W

QdW

I
(
qp dr ) I W

Qd

( i D )(dp dr )

I B
f
I W

QdB

(
qp dr ) B

Qud

i(
e D )(
up dr )

Table 2.

Dimension-six operators other than the four-fermion ones.

nor the dimension-six terms an do the job. Thus, onsisten y of the SM (as dened by
eq. (1.1) and table 1) with observations ru ially depends on this dimension-ve term.
All the independent dimension-six operators that are allowed by the SM gauge symmetries are listed in tables 2 and 3. Their names in the left olumn of ea h blo k should
be supplemented with generation indi es of the fermion elds whenever ne essary, e.g.,

(1)

(1)prst

Qlq Qlq

Dira indi es are always ontra ted within the bra kets, and not dis-

played. The same is true for the isospin and olour indi es in the upper part of table 3.
In the lower-left blo k of that table, olour indi es are still ontra ted within the bra kets,
while the isospin ones are made expli it. Colour indi es are displayed only for operators
that violate the baryon number
tables 2 and 3 onserve both

(lower-right blo k of table 3). All the other operators in

and

The bosoni operators ( lasses

ontaining

e
X

L.
X 3 , X 2 2 , 6

and

4 D2 )

are all Hermitian.

Those

are CP-odd, while the remaining ones are CP-even. For the operators on-

taining fermions, Hermitian onjugation is equivalent to transposition of generation indi es

in ea h of the fermioni urrents in lasses
(ex ept for

Qud ).

, (RR)(

, (LL)(

,
(LL)(
LL)
RR)
RR)

and

2 2 D2

For the remaining operators with fermions, Hermitian onjugates are

not listed expli itly.

If CP is dened in the weak eigenstate basis then

Q
Q (+)

are CP-odd (-even) for all

the fermioni operators. It follows that CP-violation by any of those operators requires a

 4 

JHEP10(2010)085

(1)

QG

(LL)(
LL)
Qll
(1)

Qqq

(3)

Qqq

(RR)(
RR)

(LL)(
RR)

(lp lr )(ls lt )

Qee

(
ep er )(
es et )

Qle

(lp lr )(
es et )

(
qp qr )(
qs qt )

Quu

(
up ur )(
us ut )

Qlu

(lp lr )(
us ut )

(
qp I qr )(
qs I qt ) Qdd

(dp dr )(ds dt )

Qld

(lp lr )(ds dt )

(lp lr )(
qs qt )

Qeu

(
ep er )(
us ut )

Qqe

(
qp qr )(
es et )

(3)

(lp I lr )(
qs I qt )

Qed

(
ep er )(ds dt )

Qqu

(1)

(
qp qr )(
us ut )

(1)

(
up ur )(ds dt )

Qqu (
qp T A qr )(
us T A ut )

Qlq

Qud

(8)

(8)
(1)
Qud (
up T A ur )(ds T A dt ) Qqd

(
qp qr )(ds dt )

(8)

Qqd (
qp T A qr )(ds T A dt )

(LR)(
RL)

and

(LR)(
LR)

Qledq

(lpj er )(ds qtj )

Qduq

(1)

(
qpj ur )jk (
qsk dt )

Qqqu

Qquqd
(8)

(1)

Qquqd (
qpj T A ur )jk (
qsk T A dt ) Qqqq
(1)

Qlequ

(lpj er )jk (
qsk ut )

(3)

Qqqq

(3)
Qlequ (lpj er )jk (
qsk ut ) Qduu

Table 3.

B -violating
i
ih
h
jk (dp )T Cur (qsj )T Cltk
h
i

jk (qpj )T Cqrk (us )T Cet
i
h

jk mn (qpj )T Cqrk (qsm )T Cltn
h
i

( I )jk ( I )mn (qpj )T Cqrk (qsm )T Cltn
i
h

(dp )T Cur (us )T Cet
Four-fermion operators.

non-vanishing imaginary part of the orresponding Wilson oe ient. However, one should
remember that su h a CP is not equivalent to the usual (experimental) one dened in
the mass eigenstate basis, just be ause the two bases are related by a

omplex unitary

transformation.
Counting the entries in tables 2 and 3, we nd 15 bosoni operators, 19 single-fermioni urrent ones, and 25

B - onserving

four-fermion ones.

independent dimension-six operators, so long as

In total, there are 15+19+25=59

B - onservation

is imposed.

4 Comparison with ref. [3

Comparing the

B - onserving

operators in tables 2 and 3 with eqs. (3.3)(3.64) of ref. [3,

one nds that

(3)
qsk ut ). This fa t has
Qlequ = (lpj er )jk (
(3)
(1)
where (
lpj u )jk (
q k er ) = 1 Q
was
1Q

(i) The only operator missed in ref. [3 is

been already noti ed in refs. [22, 23
used instead.

lequ

lequ

Phenomenologi al impli ations for top quark physi s have been dis-

ussed, e.g., in ref. [24, 25.

 5 

JHEP10(2010)085

(1)

Qlq

(ii) One linear ombination of the three

4 D 2 - lass

operators in eqs. (3.28) and (3.44)

of ref. [3 must be redundant be ause this lass ontains two independent operators
only. In fa t, presen e of all the three operators ontradi ts orre t arguments given
in se tion 3.5 of that paper.

(iii) The number of single-fermioni - urrent operators in ref. [3 be omes equal to ours
after removing all the 16 operators with ovariant derivatives a ting on fermion elds
(eqs. (3.30)(3.37) and (3.57)(3.59) there). As we shall show in se tion 6, all su h
operators are indeed redundant. This fa t has been already dis ussed in refs. [1012

assignment of the same operator names in ref. [3.

(iv) Our use of

instead of

in lass

2 2 D

does not ae t the formal operator

ounting, but a tually redu es the number of terms to be onsidered. The point is

that Hermitian onjugates of our operators with

have an identi al form as the

listed ones, so they do not need to be onsidered separately. On the other hand, using
s alar eld derivatives with a positive relative sign (opposite to that in eq. (2.3))
would give redundant operators only, i.e. linear ombinations of the three
terms, EOM-vanishing obje ts, and total derivatives.

2 3 - lass

This issue has been already

noti ed in ref. [13.

(v) Fierz identities (for anti ommuting fermion elds) like the following one:

(L L )(
L L ) = (L L )(
L L )

(4.1)

make 5 out of 29 four-fermion operators in ref. [3 linearly dependent on the others.

For instan e,

(lp I lr )(ls I lt ) = 2(lpj lrk )(lsk ltj ) Qprst

= 2Qptsr
Qprst
ll
ll
ll ,

(4.2)

where the identity

I I
jk
mn = 2jn mk jk mn

(4.3)

and eq. (4.1) have subsequently been used. Se tion 7 ontains a full des ription of
the four-fermion operator lassi ation.
As far as the operator names and their normalization are on erned, our notation is lose
but not identi al to the one of ref. [3. Taking advantage of the need to modify the notation
be ause of redundant operator removal, we do it in several pla es where onvenien e is the
only issue.
The omplete list of nomen lature and normalization hanges reads:

(i) Unne essary rationals are skipped in front of

Qee , Quu
(ii)

TA

and

instead of

Qdd .
A

are used in

QuG , QdG

and

 6 

(1)

(3)

QG , QW , QB , Q , Qll , Qqq , Qqq

Q(8)
... .

JHEP10(2010)085

for most of the ases. Note that removing those operators helps in eliminating multiple

(iii) Fierz transformation and multipli ation by

(2)

is applied in our

(LL)(
RR)

lass to

avoid rossed olour and Dira index ontra tions, and to make the notation somewhat
more transparent.

In addition, olour-Fierz transformations are applied to linear

ombinations of the last four operators of this lass.

(iv) Operator names are hanged in many ases to avoid multiple use of the same symbols,
indi ate the presen e of essential elds, and make the nomen lature more systemati
in the four-fermion se tor. In parti ular, the names are modied for

Qud ,

as well as in the whole

(LR)(
RL)

and

(LR)(
LR)

QW B , QW
fB ,

lasses.

that many notational details have hanged. As far as se tion 2 is on erned, we have followed ref. [3 everywhere ex ept for sign onventions for the Yukawa ouplings in eq. (2.1)
and inside ovariant derivatives (eq. (2.2)). The latter ae ts signs of operators in lasses

X3

and

2 X.

5 Bosoni operator lassi ation

Building blo ks for the SM Lagrangian are the matter elds from table 1, the eld strength

I
3 Using them
X {GA
, W , B } and ovariant derivatives of those obje ts.
and imposing just the global SU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y symmetry is su ient to nd all
the gauge-invariant operators in LSM .
Purely bosoni operators must ontain an even number of the Higgs elds (be ause
of the SU(2)L representation tensor produ t onstraints), and an even number of ovariant
derivatives D (be ause all the Lorentz indi es must be ontra ted). Sin e both and D have
anoni al dimension one, while X has dimension two, no dimension-ve operators an arise
tensors

in the purely bosoni se tor. The only possibilities for the dimension-six bosoni operator

X 3 , X 2 2 , X 2 D 2 , X4 , XD 4 , X2 D2 , 6 , 4 D2 and 2 D 4 .
4
The lass X is empty be ause of the antisymmetry of X and absen e of any other
4
obje ts with Lorentz indi es to be ontra ted. We an also skip XD be ause all the possible ontra tions (in luding those with ) lead to appearan e of at least one ovariant
2 2
derivative ommutator [D , D ] X , whi h moves us to the X D lass.
2 4
2
2
In the following, we shall show that all the possible operators in lasses D , XD
2 2
3
and X D redu e by the EOMs either to operators ontaining fermions or to lasses X ,
X 2 2 , 6 and 4 D2 . Next, we shall verify that representatives of the latter four lasses in
eld ontents are thus

table 2 indeed form a omplete set of bosoni operators.

Sin e the ne essary lassi al EOMs are going to be used at the
are not interested in
3

1
3

ee ts, we an negle t all the

1
2

level, and we

terms in the EOMs, i.e.

If the requirement of gauge invarian e was relaxed, gauge elds and their fully symmetrized derivatives
like (1 . . . n GA
) would be the only additional obje ts. No expression depending on su h terms ould
be gauge-invariant be ause one an simultaneously nullify all of them at any given spa etime point by an
appropriate gauge transformation.

 7 

JHEP10(2010)085

One of the reasons for naming our operators with Q rather than with O is to indi ate

derive them from

(4)

LSM

alone. We get then



(D D )j = m2 j j e e lj + jk qk u u dd q j ,


T Ad ,
(D G )A = gs q T A q + u
T A u + d

g  I
i D + l I l + q I q ,
(D W )I =
2
X

.
Y
B = g Y i D + g

(5.1)

Our ordering of operator lasses is su h that those ontaining fewer ovariant derivatives
are onsidered to be lower.

Throughout the paper, operators are going to be redu ed

from higher to lower lasses. For lasses ontaining equal numbers of derivatives, ordering
is dened by the number of

2 D 4

tensors, i.e. lower lasses ontain fewer

tensors.

In this lass, we an restri t our attention to operators where all the derivatives a t

eld, be ause other possibilities are equivalent to them up to total derivatives.

Contra tions with an be ignored be ause they lead to appearan e of [D , D ]
X , whi h moves us to lower lasses ontaining X . For the same reason, ordering of
the ovariant derivatives a ting on an be hosen at will. We use this freedom to get
D D as a part of ea h of the onsidered operators. This moves us by the EOM to lower
4 2
2
2
2
lasses D , D , and dimension-four operators multiplied by m .
on a single

2 XD 2

Here, we allow for

Indi es of

both derivatives.
dierent

being possibly dual, and forget about

otherwise.

annot be ontra ted with themselves, so they need to be ontra ted with
We need to onsider three ases:

(i) Ea h of the derivatives a ts on a

We an eliminate this possibility by parts, ignoring total derivatives.

(ii)

[D , D ] X and get moved to the

2
2
X lass. (iii) One of the derivatives a ts on X , and one on . We an take advantage
e
either of the gauge eld EOM (for the usual tensor) or of the Bian hi identity D X
= 0
4
2
2
2
(for the dual tensor). The EOM moves us to lower lasses D
and D .
Both derivatives a t on a single obje t. We obtain

X 2 D2

Similarly to the

2 D4

ase, we an restri t our attention to operators where all

the derivatives a t on a single tensor.

with a single tensor, we obtain
ontra tions with

or
3
X , and get moved to the X lass. Other

If both derivatives are ontra ted with

[D , D ]

produ e dual tensors. Thus, we allow the non-dierentiated tensor

otherwise. If ea h of the derivatives is ontra ted

use [D , D ] X to hoose their ordering in su h a

to be possibly dual, and forget about

with a dierent tensor, we an

D X arises. In onsequen e, the operator gets redu ed by the EOM to lower

2
2 and 2 XD .
lasses XD

way that

The last possibility to onsider is when the two derivatives are ontra ted with themselves:
(

e
X

e
D D X = X

(D D X + D D X ) = X 3 + 2 XD 2 + 2 XD + E ,
(5.2)

 8 

JHEP10(2010)085

{l,e,q,u,d}

In the rst step, the Bian hi identity

followed by the EOM for

D[ X] = 0

has been used. Next,

have been applied. The symbol

[D , D ] X

stands for EOM-vanishing

operators.

X3

Here we begin to en ounter lasses whose representatives do appear in table 2. To

indi ate that the tensors may be dierent, we denote them by

graph. Allowing one of them to be dual, we an forget about
non-vanishing and independent ontra tion of Lorentz indi es
implies that all the three tensors

Z.

Moreover, neither of the two tensors an be related by duality be-

e
ause X X

e is symmetri in the indi es (), while Z is antisymmetri .

= 41 X X
I f I

It follows that (in parti ular) B W W

= 0, i.e. symmetri singlets in produ ts of two
adjoint representations are absent in the onsidered operator lass. The only other option

to get a gauge singlet from three dierent tensors is to use the stru ture onstants
or

IJK .

This leads us to a on lusion that the four

X 3 - lass

f ABC

operators listed in table 2 are

indeed the only possibilities.

X 2 2

SU(2)L . Hyper harge

I
(but not, e.g., I
e).

The Higgs eld produ ts ombine to singlets or triplets of

onstraints imply that they must be of the form

or

2 2
The eight X - lass operators in table 2 ontain all the possible ontra tions of two eldstrength tensors that form singlets or triplets of

SU(2)L ,

and singlets of

SU(3)C .

For the total hyper harge to vanish, exa tly three of the Higgs elds must be omplex

onjugated.

Grouping the six elds into

pairs, and writing them as in the previous

ase, we are led to onsider tensor produ ts of singlets and triplets of

SU(2)L .

Three triplets

an ombine to an overall singlet only in a fully antisymmetri manner, whi h gives zero

IJK ( I )( J )( K )

in our ase be ause all the triplets are identi al (

= 0).

Two

I
I

triplets and one singlet ombine to an overall singlet as ( )( )( ) that equals

3
to ( ) thanks to eq. (4.3). Thus, the only independent operator in the onsidered lass
is the very

4 D 2

( )3 .

Hyper harge onstraints imply that exa tly two

elds must be omplex-

onjugated. Sin e the two derivatives must be ontra ted, either they a t on two dierent

elds, or the EOM moves the operator to lower lasses. If they a t on two onjugated

or two un onjugated elds, we eliminate those possibilities by parts. If one of them a ts
on a onjugated eld, and the other on an un onjugated one, our

SU(2)L

tensor produ t

ontains four distin t fundamental representations, whi h means that exa tly two independent singlets must be present. Below, we write them on the l.h.s. as produ ts of triplets
and singlets, while the r.h.s. explains (via the Leibniz rule) what ombinations give the two
simple

4 D 2 - lass

operators in table 2:

h
i (4.3) 
 

h
i
( I ) (D ) I (D ) = 2 D
D ( ) (D ) (D ) ,
h
i (5.1) 1
( ) (D ) (D ) = ( )( ) + 2 3 + 6 + m2 4 + E .
2

 9 

(5.3)

JHEP10(2010)085

the antisymmetry of

must be dierent, be ause

X , Y and Z in this para otherwise. The only

This
reads X Y Z .
X X Z g = 0 by

6 Single-fermioni - urrent operator lassi ation

To make general arguments simple, it is onvenient to think rst in terms of only lefthanded fermions

{l, ec , q, uc , dc },

i.e. to use harge onjugates of the

SU(2)L -singlet

fermions as fundamental elds. In su h a ase, we have only three possibilities for fermioni
urrents (up to h. .):

1 2 , 1T C2

1T C 2 . Considering bosoni obje ts with

and ignoring X = 0, omplete sets of building

and

appropriate numbers of Lorentz indi es

blo ks for our operators are easily determined for ea h of the urrents. They read

(D),
(2 , D2 ),
(X, D 2 ),

(XD, 2 D, D3 ),
(3 , D2 ),
(X, D 2 ).

(6.1)

A brief look into table 1 ensures that hyper harges of the urrents involving
vanish, while hyper harges of the ve tor urrents never equal

2 X , 2 D2

and

2 D

1/2.

are empty. Moreover, the Higgs eld produ ts in lass

give non-zero hyper harges, in whi h ase the only possibilities are

never

Consequently, lasses

1.

2 2

must

There is only a

single fermioni urrent that an ompensate su h a hyper harge, namely the one built out
of two lepton doublets. Thus, we obtain the eld ontent of the operator in eq. (3.1). The
isospin stru ture of that operator is the only available one given the antisymmetry of

jk

and the presen e of just a single Higgs doublet in the SM. This ompletes our dis ussion of
dimension-ve operators.
In the dimension-six ase, the number of Higgs elds asso iated with s alar and tensor
fermioni urrents is always odd. Consequently, those urrents must form isospin doublets.
In the standard notation with right-handed singlets, they read

1 2 and 1 2 .

Similarly,

ve tor urrents an only form isospin singlets or triplets, as they ombine with even numbers
of the Higgs elds. Therefore, even if the isospin singlets are taken right-handed, no ve tor
urrents with

enter into our onsiderations. We shall thus return to the standard notation

in what follows.
Classi al EOMs for the quarks and leptons that we are going to use below read

i6D l = e e, i6D e = e l, i6D q = u u

e + d d, i6D u = u
e q, i6D d = d q.

(6.2)

Apart from them, two simple Dira -algebra identities need to be re alled, namely

= g i ,

= g + g g i 5 .

Let us now dis uss all the dimension-six lasses one-by-one.

2 D3

urrent. Sim2
2
X D , we an remove derivatives

Three ovariant derivatives are ontra ted here with a ertain

2 4
ilarly as in the previously dis ussed lasses D and

(6.3)

by parts, and hoose ordering of the derivatives a ting on at will. Choosing
DD
6 , we get an operator that redu es by the EOMs to lass 2 D 2 .
the ordering as in D
a ting on

4
5

Bosoni terms leading to dimension-ve and -six operators are olle ted in separate bra kets.
There are six of them. Note that both the s alar and tensor urrents o ur in the 2 D2 ase.

 10 

JHEP10(2010)085

1 2 :
1T C2 :
T
1 C 2 :

 2 D 2
fermion

As
urrents

follows
only.

from
We

eq.

(6.1),

remove

the

D D

2 X
be ause
[D , D ]
lass

D
[ D D , D D , (D )
take

into

a ount

this

lass

derivatives

that

and

involves
a ting

on

D D

s alar

and

parts,

by

belong

tensor
and

a tually

to

X .
The four remaining possibilities

are EOM-redu ed to lower

and (D )D

lasses as follows:

D (5.1)
D
= 4 + 2 3 + m2 2 + E ,
(6.3)

(6.2)

2 X + 2 2 D + E ,

D

D = i (D ) ( D
6 D
6 ) = i(D )
6 i(D )D
(D )
2
(6.2)

+ 2 2 D + E ,
= i(D )D

= (D )(
D
2(D )D
6 +D
6 )

D
D D + T
= (D )
6 D
6 D
(6.2)

where

2 2 D + 4 + 2 3 + m2 2 + 2 X + E + T ,

(6.4)

stands for a total derivative. In the last step above, one should realize that

D D (6.3)
D D i
D D

=
(5.1)

4 + 2 3 + m2 2 + 2 X + E .

(6.5)

2 XD As in several previous ases, we allow for X being possibly dual, and forget
urrents only, the derivative must be
about otherwise. Sin e we deal here with
ontra ted with X . If it a ts on X , we obtain either the gauge eld EOM (for the usual
e
tensor) or the Bian hi identity D X
= 0 (for the dual tensor). The EOM moves us to
2
2
4
, we
lower lasses D and . Removing by parts terms with derivatives a ting on

D . It gets redu ed to lower

nd that the only expression still to be onsidered is X
lasses as follows:

1
D = 1 X (
D
D
D
X
6 + D
6 ) = X (
6 D
6 ) + X
2
2
1
1
() 1
D
D
(6.6)
6 D
6 ) = X
6 + D
6 X
= X (
4
4
4
1
(6.2)

+
+ T = 2 X + 2 2 D + 4 + E + T .
D X
4
In the third step above (denoted by

()),

we have taken into a ount that the last term in

the pre eding expression is equal to our initial operator but with an opposite sign. In the
last step, we have used the equality

D X

(6.3)

D X i
5 D X = 2 2 D + 4 + E .
2
(6.7)

 11 

JHEP10(2010)085

D = 6DD
D
6 + 2 X

Both the gauge eld EOM and the Bian hi identity are ne essary in eq. (6.7), irrespe tively
of whether the initial

2 3

is dual or not.

A ording to the arguments given above eq. (6.2), the fermion urrent must be an

isospin doublet and olour singlet of the form

1 2 ,

i.e. one of those present in the Yukawa

terms in eq. (2.1). The number of onjugated and un onjugated s alar elds in

is xed

for ea h of the fermioni urrents by hyper harge onstraints. Combining those s alar elds
into an isospin doublet is unique be ause one of the two doublets in

e
in ea h of the ases due to

2 2 2

vanishes

(j ) (k )

blo k of table 2.

2 X

The antisymmetri tensor and the single Higgs eld enfor e the fermion urrent to

be an isospin doublet of the form

1 2 .

Vanishing total hyper harge an be obtained

only if the Higgs eld ombines with the urrents in analogy to the standard Yukawa terms
in eq. (2.1). Couplings with
sors

I
W

and

GA

in table 2 show this analogy most transparently. The ten-

need to be ontra ted with isospin triplets and olour o tets, respe tively,

whi h an be formed just in a single way for ea h of the ases, as in table 2. Dualizing the

2 X- lass operators in that table would not

= 2i and
identities
5 L,R = L,R .
5

tensor in any of the

be ause of the

2 2 D

give anything new

2
3
urrent produ es EOMs and moves us to the previously dis ussed lower lass . Thus,
If the derivative a ts on any of the fermion elds, its ontra tion with the

it is su ient to onsider derivatives a ting on the s alars only. The Higgs elds an form
isospin singlets or triplets, and are olour singlets. The fermion urrents must follow the
same sele tion rules, whi h allows pre isely the urrents listed in the
table 2, up to Hermitian onjugation of the

u
d

2 2 D- lass

blo k of

urrent. Hyper harge onstraints deter-

mine the number of onjugated and un onjugated Higgs elds. We begin with removing
by parts derivatives a ting on one of the s alars, and forming isospin singlets or triplets
from produ ts of

and

D 2 ,

a ording to the stru ture of the orresponding fermion

urrents, whi h gives unique expressions in all the ases. This way we get operators differing from the ones in table 2 only by the presen e of

instead of the

annot terminate at this point be ause the operators without

D.

However, we

are not Hermitian, and

we still need to he k whether their Hermitian onjugates are independent from them or
not. Su h a question does not arise for any other blo k of tables 2 and 3 be ause all the
other operators are either manifestly Hermitian (up to avour permutations in the upper
part of table 3) or their Hermitian onjugates are manifestly independent (due to absen e
of hyper harge- onjugated fermion pairs).
the ase of

Qud

Su h a manifest independen e o urs also in

in the onsidered lass, so we leave it with the usual derivative.

6 In the

remaining seven ases (whi h ontain hyper harge-neutral urrents), we form ombinations

A tually, e D D = 2e D .

 12 

JHEP10(2010)085

= jk
= 0 = jk j k . Consequently, the only

possibilities for this lass are the Yukawa terms multiplied by , as in the upper-right

with

as in table 2, and supplement them with symmetrized ombinations of the form

i
h
i

= ( )
= ( )(6
D + D)
(D + D )
6
+ T = 2 3 + E + T .

(6.8)

Thus, the symmetrized ombinations give redundant operators and an be ignored. At this
point, our lassi ation of all the single-fermioni - urrent operators has been ompleted.

7 Four-fermion operator lassi ation

As in the

beginning of the previous se tion, we think rst in terms of only left-handed fermions

{l, ec , q, uc , dc }.

Lorentz-singlet produ ts of the fermioni urrents (6.1) and their Her-

mitian onjugates never give eld ontents like

or .

For the remaining options,

we sear h for zero-hyper harge produ ts without paying attention to whether they an form
isospin or olour singlets. There are several hundreds of ases to be tested, whi h is done
in less than a se ond by a simple omputer algebra ode. Apart from trivial results giving
produ ts of two zero-hyper harge urrents, only a handful of other possible eld ontents
are found, namely

(l
ec dc q), (quc qdc ), (lec quc ), (qqql), (dc uc uc ec ), (qq u
c ec ), (ql
uc dc ),

(7.1)

and their Hermitian onjugates. Apparently, none of them an be eliminated using

or

SU(3)C

onstraints.

The rst three are

B - onserving,

SU(2)L

while the remaining four are

B -violating.
In the ases with two

and two

single pairing of the four elds into two

elds in eq. (7.1), it is enough to onsider only a

L L

urrents.

7 As far as

SU(2)L

is on erned,

in ea h ase there are two doublet and two singlet elds, whi h gives us only one overall
singlet. Finally, there is only one
and one in

3
3
3

for the

SU(3)C

B -violating

singlet in

3 3

for the

B - onserving

operator,

ones. Consequently, we get just a single operator

Qledq , Qduq and Qqqu

SU(2)L singlets.

for ea h of the three onsidered eld ontents. They are given by

table 3 after passing to the standard notation with right-handed
In the remaining ases in eq. (7.1), four left-handed

elds o ur.

in

On e both the

s alar and tensor urrents from eq. (6.1) are taken into a ount, only a single pairing of the
elds into urrents needs to be onsidered.

8 Alternatively, one an use the Fierz identity

T
T
T
T
T
T
(1L
C 2L )(3L
C 4L ) = 4(1L
C2L )(3L
C4L ) + 8(1L
C4L )(3L
C2L )
to get rid of the tensor urrents.

(7.2)

We hoose the latter option everywhere ex ept for the

(1)
(lec quc ) eld ontent (Qlequ and

(3)
Qlequ ), where we want to retain olour index ontra tions
c c
c c c c
within the urrents. In the three other ases ((qu qd ), (qqql) and (d u u e )), onsidering

two dierent pairings amounts merely to a dierent generation index assignment, be ause
two elds of the same type are always present. On e the elds are paired into urrents, we
7
8

There is only one SL(2, C) singlet in (0, 21 ) (0, 12 ) ( 21 , 0) ( 12 , 0), whi h shows up in eq. (4.1).
There are only two SL(2, C) singlets in ( 12 , 0) ( 21 , 0) ( 12 , 0) ( 12 , 0).

 13 

JHEP10(2010)085

Four fermion operators are the most numerous but very easy to lassify.

determine all the possible isospin and olour index ontra tions. Two possibilities exist in
the

(quc qdc )

and

(qqql) ases, while only a single

(8)
(1)
(3)
Qquqd , Qqqq , Qqqq and Qduu .

one is present for

(dc uc uc ec ).

They are

(1)
identied as Qquqd ,

This way we have ompleted establishing a basis for all the operators that annot be
written as produ ts of zero-hyper harge urrents, i.e. lasses

B -violating

in table 3. The

B -violating

, (LR)(

(LR)(
RL)
LR)

ones are identi al to those in ref. [26 where the

original lassi ation of refs. [20, 27 was orre ted. It is worth re alling that
in the avour-diagonal ase thanks to symmetry of all the three

( I )

(3)

Qqqq

vanishes

matri es, and to

that follows from the fermion eld anti ommutation and

If the eld ontent of a four-fermion operator allows to write it as a produ t of two

zero-hyper harge urrents, we write it like that using the Fierz identity (4.1) if ne essary.

SU(2)L singlets, whi h splits the

(LL)(RR)
in table 3. It remains to

Next, we pass to the standard notation with right-handed

onsidered set into lasses

, (RR)(

(LL)(
LL)
RR)

and

onvin e oneself that the operators listed there indeed form omplete bases for those lasses.
In the beginning, one should onsider all the possible produ ts of urrents that form isospin
singlets or triplets, and olour singlets or o tets. Next, it is possible to eliminate several
ases in the

(LL)(
LL)

and

(RR)(
RR)

lasses using the relation (4.3) together with

1
1
A A
T
T = ,
2
6
and the Fierz identity (4.1) or its right-handed ounterpart.

(7.3)
It is essential to take into

a ount that all the possible avour assignments are in luded in table 3.

One of su h

simpli ations has been already shown in eq. (4.2). The remaining ones read

(7.3)

(
up T A ur )(
us T A ut ) =

(7.3)
(dp T A dr )(ds T A dt ) =
(7.3)

(
qp T A qr )(
qs T A qt ) =

(4.1)

(4.3)

(7.3)

(
qp T A I qr )(
qs T A I qt ) =

(4.3)

(4.1)

(4.3)

1
1
1 prst
1
(
up ur )(
us ut ) Qprst
= Qptsr
uu
uu Quu , (7.4)
2
6
2
6
1
1
1
1
(d dr )(ds dt ) Qprst
= Qptsr
Qprst
, (7.5)
2 p
6 dd
2 dd
6 dd
1 j
1
(
qp qrj )(
qsk qtk ) Q(1)prst
2
6 qq
1
1 j
(
q qtk )(
qsk qrj ) Q(1)prst
2 p
6 qq
1 (3)ptsr 1 (1)ptsr 1 (1)prst
(7.6)
Q
+ Qqq
Qqq
,
4 qq
4
6
1
1
(
qp I qr )(
qs I qt ) Q(3)prst
2
6 qq
1 j
1
(
qpj qrk )(
qsk qtj ) (
qp qrj )(
qsk qtk ) Q(3)prst
2
6 qq
1
1 j
qp qtk )(
qsk qrj ) Q(3)prst
Q(1)ptsr
(
qq
2
6 qq
1
3
1
Q(3)ptsr
(7.7)
+ Q(1)ptsr
Q(3)prst
.
qq
qq
4
4
6 qq

Establishing the above relations ompletes the proof that our four-fermion operator set in
table 3 is indeed exhaustive.

 14 

JHEP10(2010)085

1T C2 = 2T C1
antisymmetry of the C matrix.

the equality

and

8 Con lusions
A tremendous simpli ation of the operator basis by the EOMs an be appre iated by
omparing our table 2 that ontains 34 entries with ref. [28 where 106 operators involving
bosons are present be ause no EOM-redu tion has been applied. Going down from 106 to
51 with the help of EOMs in ref. [3 has been a partial su ess. It is really amazing that no
author of almost 600 papers that quoted ref. [3 over 24 years has ever de ided to rederive
the operator basis from the outset to he k its orre tness. As the urrent work shows, the
exer ise has been straightforward enough for an M. S . thesis [29, 30. It has required no

From the phenomenologi al standpoint, it is hard to overestimate the importan e of

knowing the expli it form of power-suppressed terms in the SM Lagrangian.

Although

their overall number is sizeable, usually very few of them ontribute to a given pro ess.

W tb ouplings that an be well tested at

(3)
(QuW , QdW , Qq and Qud ) [12, 13, 31.

For instan e, anomalous

by four operators only

the LHC are des ribed

Given 14 operators in

the dimension-four Lagrangian (2.1), it is a tually quite surprising that no more than 59
operators arise at the dimension-six level.
It is interesting to note that if the underlying beyond-SM model is a weakly oupled
(perturbative) gauge theory, operators ontaining eld-strength tensors in table 2 annot be
tree-level generated [23. In onsequen e, their Wilson oe ients
Thus, so long as we are interested in operators with

O(1)

Ck

are typi ally

1
.
16 2

oe ients only, as little as 14

entries of table 2 remain relevant. Investigations involving those operators an be found,

e.g., in refs. [24, 25, 32.

Note added.

While this arti le was being ompleted, a new paper [33 on four-fermion

operator lassi ation appeared on the arXiv. The number of independent

B - onserving op-

erators found there is the same as in our table 3. The key point are the identities (7.4)(7.7)
that have not remained unnoti ed [34, but we are not aware of mentioning them in the
literature previously in the ontext of orre ting ref. [3.

A knowledgments
We would like to thank Wilfried Bu hmller and Daniel Wyler for orresponden e and
dis ussions in years 20082010 on erning preparations to reanalyzing their operator lassi ation [3. We are grateful to Pawe Nurowski for helpful advi e. The work of B.G. and
M.M. has been supported in part by the Ministry of S ien e and Higher Edu ation (Poland)
as resear h proje t N N202 006334 (2008-11). B.G. and J.R. a knowledge support of the European Community within the Marie Curie Resear h & Training Networks: HEPTOOLS"
(MRTN-CT-2006-035505), and UniverseNet" (MRTN-CT-2006-035863).

M.M. a knowl-

edges support from the EU-RTN Programme FLAVIAnet (MRTN-CT-2006-035482) and

from the DFG through the Mer ator guest professorship programme.

The work of J.R

has been supported in part by the Ministry of S ien e and Higher Edu ation (Poland) as
resear h proje ts N N202 230337 (2009-12) and N N202 103838 (2010-12).

 15 

JHEP10(2010)085

extra experien e with respe t to what was standard already in the 1980's.

Open A ess.

This arti le is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

Attribution Non ommer ial Li ense whi h permits any non ommer ial use, distribution,
and reprodu tion in any medium, provided the original author(s) and sour e are redited.

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