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1) Multivariate analysis (MVA) involves observing and analyzing multiple statistical variables at once to perform design trade studies across dimensions while accounting for variable effects. 2) MVA uses include design for capability, inverse design, analysis of alternatives, and identifying critical drivers. 3) Surrogate models ease MVA by providing fast approximations of physics-based models, enabling large-scale Monte Carlo simulations.
1) Multivariate analysis (MVA) involves observing and analyzing multiple statistical variables at once to perform design trade studies across dimensions while accounting for variable effects. 2) MVA uses include design for capability, inverse design, analysis of alternatives, and identifying critical drivers. 3) Surrogate models ease MVA by providing fast approximations of physics-based models, enabling large-scale Monte Carlo simulations.
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1) Multivariate analysis (MVA) involves observing and analyzing multiple statistical variables at once to perform design trade studies across dimensions while accounting for variable effects. 2) MVA uses include design for capability, inverse design, analysis of alternatives, and identifying critical drivers. 3) Surrogate models ease MVA by providing fast approximations of physics-based models, enabling large-scale Monte Carlo simulations.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Als DOCX, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Multivariate analysis (MVA) is based on the statistical principle of
multivariate statistics, which involves observation and analysis of more than one statistical variable at a time. In design and analysis, the technique is used to perform trade studies across multiple dimensions while taking into account the effects of all variables on the responses of interest. Uses for multivariate analysis include: • Design for capability (also known as capability-based design) • Inverse design, where any variable can be treated as an independent variable • Analysis of alternatives, the selection of concepts to fulfill a customer need • Analysis of concepts with respect to changing scenarios • Identification of critical design drivers and correlations across hierarchical levels Multivariate analysis can be complicated by the desire to include physics- based analysis to calculate the effects of variables for a hierarchical "system-of-systems." Often, studies that wish to use multivariate analysis are stalled by the dimensionality of the problem. These concerns are often eased through the use of surrogate models, highly accurate approximations of the physics-based code. Since surrogate models take the form of an equation, they can be evaluated very quickly. This becomes an enabler for large-scale MVA studies: while a Monte Carlo simulation across the design space is difficult with physics-based codes, it becomes trivial when evaluating surrogate models, which often take the form of response surface equations. CLUSTER ANALYSIS: 'Cluster analysis' is a class of statistical techniques that can be applied to data that exhibit “natural” groupings. Cluster analysis sorts through the raw data and groups them into clusters. A cluster is a group of relatively homogeneous cases or observations. Objects in a cluster are similar to each other. They are also dissimilar to objects outside the cluster, particularly objects in other clusters. The diagram below illustrates the results of a survey that studied drinkers’ perceptions of spirits (alcohol). Each point represents the results from one respondent. The research indicates there are four clusters in this market. Another example is the vacation travel market. Recent research has identified three clusters or market segments. They are the: 1) The demanders - they want exceptional service and expect to be pampered; 2) The escapists - they want to get away and just relax; 3) The educationalist - they want to see new things, go to museums, go on a safari, or experience new cultures. Cluster analysis, like factor analysis and multi dimensional scaling, is an interdependence technique: it makes no distinction between dependent and independent variables. The entire set of interdependent relationships is examined. It is similar to multi dimensional scaling in that both examine inter-object similarity by examining the complete set of interdependent relationships. The difference is that multi dimensional scaling identifies underlying dimensions, while cluster analysis identifies clusters. Cluster analysis is the obverse of factor analysis. Whereas factor analysis reduces the number of variables by grouping them into a smaller set of factors, cluster analysis reduces the number of observations or cases by grouping them into a smaller set of clusters. In marketing, cluster analysis is used for: • Segmenting the market and determining target markets • Product positioning and New Product Development • Selecting test markets (see : experimental techniques) The basic procedure is: 1. Formulate the problem - select the variables that you wish to apply the clustering technique to 2. Select a distance measure - various ways of computing distance: ○ Squared Euclidean distance - the square root of the sum of the squared differences in value for each variable ○ Manhattan distance - the sum of the absolute differences in value for any variable ○ Chebychev distance - the maximum absolute difference in values for any variable ○ Mahalanobis (or correlation) distance - this measure uses the correlation coefficients between the observations and uses that as a measure to cluster them. This is an important measure since it is unit invariant (can literally compare apples to oranges) 3. Select a clustering procedure (see below) 4. Decide on the number of clusters 5. Map and interpret clusters - draw conclusions - illustrative techniques like perceptual maps, icicle plots, and dendrograms are useful 6. Assess reliability and validity - various methods: ○ repeat analysis but use different distance measure ○ repeat analysis but use different clustering technique ○ split the data randomly into two halves and analyze each part separately ○ repeat analysis several times, deleting one variable each time ○ repeat analysis several times, using a different order each time Clustering procedures There are several types of clustering methods: 1) Non-Hierarchical clustering (also called k-means clustering) ○ first determine a cluster center, then group all objects that are within a certain distance ○ examples: a) Sequential Threshold method - first determine a cluster center, then group all objects that are within a predetermined threshold from the center - one cluster is created at a time b) Parallel Threshold method - simultaneously several cluster centers are determined, then objects that are within a predetermined threshold from the centers are grouped c) Optimizing Partitioning method - first a non-hierarchical procedure is run, then objects are reassigned so as to optimize an overall criterion. 2) Hierarchical clustering ○ objects are organized into an hierarchical structure as part of the procedure ○ examples: a) Divisive clustering - start by treating all objects as if they are part of a single large cluster, then divide the cluster into smaller and smaller clusters b) Agglomerative clustering - start by treating each object as a separate cluster, then group them into bigger and bigger clusters examples: c) Centroid methods - clusters are generated that maximize the distance between the centers of clusters (a centroid is the mean value for all the objects in the cluster) d) Variance methods - clusters are generated that minimize the within-cluster variance example: e) Ward’s Procedure - clusters are generated that minimize the squared Euclidean distance to the center mean f) Linkage methods - cluster objects based on the distance between them examples: g) Single Linkage method - cluster objects based on the minimum distance between them (also called the nearest neighbour rule) h) Complete Linkage method - cluster objects based on the maximum distance between them (also called the furthest neighbour rule) i) Average Linkage method - cluster objects based on the average distance between all pairs of objects (one member of the pair must be from a different cluster) See also • marketing • marketing research
• factor analysis • multi dimensional scaling • quantitative marketing research • positioning • perceptual mapping