Structure of Hadrons

quarks
Flavor u (up) d (down) s (strange) c (charm) b (bottom) t (top) A 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 t 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 t0 -1 0 0 0 0 S C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -1 0 B 0 0 0 0 0 T 0 0 0 0 1 Q(e) Mc 2 (GeV) + 2 3 0.002 - 0.008 - 1 3 0.005 - 0.015 - 13 0.1 - 0.3 +2 3 1.0 - 1.6 -1 4.1 - 4.5 3 +2 180 12 3

+ 12

0 -1 0

estimates based the least massive are u- and d-quarks (hence the lightest on properties of baryons and mesons must be made exclusively of these hadrons! two quarks) strange quark carries a quantum number called strangeness S. Strange particles (such as kaons) carry this quark there are also six antiquarks they are fermions; they carry half-integer spins

Hadrons baryons
fermions made up of three quarks must have half-integer spins

mesons
bosons made up of quark-antiquarks* must have integer spins
* Bosons

can be annihilated; strong interactions conserve the # of quarks

Structure of Hadrons
antiparticles

p+ p g +g

particle-antiparticle annihilation

particle and antiparticle have opposite charges, baryon numbers, etc. they must have opposite intrinsic parities they must have opposite isospins

charge number

A Q = - t0 + 2
third component of isospin

baryon number

Charge conjugation transforms particles into antiparticles

+ p = a1/ 2,- 1/ 2 0 + n = b1/ 2 ,- 1/ 2 0 + n = a1/ 2,+ 1/ 2 0 + p = b1/ 2, + 1/ 2 0

particles antiparticles

Particles into antiparticles are not independent of each other; they transform into each other through charge conjugation!
t -t 0 bt+ at ,- t0 ,t0 = (-1)

p p C

n - n C

the same relation holds for quarks

u u C

d - d C

Structure of Hadrons
isospin of quarks

p = uud

n = udd
3

d- and u-quarks form an isospin doublet

t (nucleon) t (qi)
i= 1

t+ u = d

t- d = u

quark wave functions of pions

Consider p- (t=1 and t0=1). The only possible combination is

p - = ud
In general, it is possible to find several linearly independent components corresponding to the same t and t0. The appropriate combination is given by isospin coupling rules. Furthermore, the wave function must be antisymmetric among the quarks

p0 = p
+

1 1 t- p - = uu - dd 2 2

T=1 triplet

= - ud

What about the symmetric combination?

h0 =

1 uu + dd 2

T=0 singlet

To produce heavier mesons we have to introduce excitations in the quark-antiquark system or invoke s- and other more massive quarks

Structure of Hadrons
strange mesons
The lightest strange mesons are kaons or K-mesons. They come in two doublets with t=1/2:

{K

( us), K 0 (ds)},

{K

( u s), K 0 ( d s)}

This means that s-quark has zero isospin (no strange mesons with t=3/2 have been seen),

Q = - t0 +

1 (A+ S + C + B + T ) 2

generalization strangeness is conserved!

p - (u d ) + p( uud) K 0 ( ds) + L( uds)

Strong interactions conserve the total number of each type of quarks. However, quarks can be transformed from one flavor to another through weak interactions (CKM matrix!).

Structure of Hadrons color

Consider a D-particle. It has isospin 3/2 with four different charge states:

D-,D0 , D+, D++

Since it is nonstrange baryon, is has to be made of u- and d-quarks. D++ has Q=2 and the only possiblity is a (uuu) combination. The intrinsic parity of D++ is known to be positive, its intrinsic spin is 3/2, and isospin is also 3/2. How to get the wave function that is untisymmetric with respect to a permutation of any two of the three quarks? Is Pauli wrong? Color saves the day. It is a property of quarks. There are three colors: R (red), G (green) and B (blue). The wave function has to be antisymmetric in the color degree of freedom: the net color in hadron must vanish! Since color is an unobserved property, all hadrons must be colorless oblects!

static quark model of hadrons pseudoscalar mesons

Structure of Hadrons

r r r r r r J = l + S , S = sq + sq

r J total angular momentum r l orbital angular momentum r S total spin

S can be either 0 or 1. The mesons with the relative zero orbital angular momentum are lower in energy. For the pion, S=0, hence J=0. Consequently, pions are scalar particles. But what about their parity? The parity of the pion is a product of intrinsic parities of the quark (+1), antiquark (-1) and the parity of the spatial wave function (-1)l=+1. Hance the pion has negative parity. It is a pseudoscalar meson. With (u,d,s) quarks, one can construct 9 pseudoscalar mesons: 9=8 (octet)+1 (singlet) Members of the octet transform into each other under rotations in flavor space (SU3 group!). The remaining meson, h0, forms a 1-dim irrep.
1 p = uu - dd 2 1 h8 = uu + dd - 2 ss 6 1 h0 = uu + dd + ss 3
0

(ds )
497.67 493.67

(us )

(du )

547.45

134.98 139.57

(ud )

( (

)
I3 =I0=-T0
nuclear physics

957.77

(su )

(sd )
masses are given in MeV/c2

High-energy physics

static quark model of hadrons

In reality, since the SU3 (flavor) symmetry is not exact one, the observed mesons are:

Structure of Hadrons

h = h 8 cosJ + h 0 sin J

h' = -h 8 sin J + h0 cosJ

J-

Cabibbo angle, ~10o for pseudoscalar mesons

vector mesons
Here S=1, hence J=1. This implies negative parity. The vector mesons are more massive than their pseudoscalar counterparts, reflecting the differences in the interaction between a quark and an antiquark in the S=0 and S=1 states.
891.6

J =1

1019.4 768.5

781.9

masses are given in MeV/c2

static quark model of hadrons baryons

With three flavors, one can construct a total of 3x3x3=27 baryons for a given set of (l,S)-values. 27=10+8+8+1

Structure of Hadrons

baryon singlet

+ 1 Jp = , t = 0 2

Completely asymmetric under a transformation in flavor

L1 =

1 { uds + dsu + sud - dus - usd - sdu } 6

baryon decuplet
Completely symmetric under a transformation in flavor

+ 3 Jp = 2

static quark model of hadrons baryon octet

The remaining 16 members of the 27 possible baryons constructed from u-, s-, and d-quarks have mixed symmetry in flavor. The lower energy octet contains protons and neutrons as its members. The wave functions for each member in the group is symmetric under the combined exchange of flavor and intrinsic spin (the quarks are antisymmetric in color!)

Structure of Hadrons

1 J = 2
p

939.6 1115.7

938.3

1197.4

1192.5

1189.4

1321.3

1314.9

masses are given in MeV/c2

p =
example: proton wave function

1 2( u u d + u d u + d u u ) { 18 - ( u u d + u d u + d u u ) + ( u u d + u d u + d u u )}

In order to get the neutron wave function, one has to substitute all the u-quarks by d-quarks and vice versa.

magnetic dipole moments of the baryon octet

The magnetic dipole moment of a baryon comes from two sources: the intrinsic dipole moment of the constituent quarks and the orbital motion of the quarks. For the baryon octet, l=0.

Structure of Hadrons

r r qh m = gs mD , mD = 2 mq c

For Dirac particles (I.e., particles devoid of internal structure), g=2 for s=1/2. Unfortunately, we do not know quark masses. Assuming that the masses of uand d-quarks are equal, one obtains:

mu = - 2 m d
Consider the proton wave function written in terms of u- and d-quarks. The net contribution from u-quarks is 4/3 and that from d-quarks is -1/3. Hence By the same token

This gives

mn 2 =mp 3

4 1 m p = mu - md 3 3 4 1 mn = md - mu 3 3
(=-0.685 experimentally)

quark magnetic moments

Probing charge form-factors

Structure of Hadrons

Although the neutron and proton are equally important in building nuclei, the quality of experimental information available about their internal structure has been vastly different, because one cannot make a target of free neutrons. For example, the graphs here compare what we know from electron-scattering experiments about the amount of electric charge per unit radial distance from the center of a neutron (on the left) versus a proton. The width of the blue band for the neutron and of the curve for the proton indicate the approximate level of uncertainty in the currently available experimental information. The crude data for the neutron suggest that smaller charged particles do indeed reside inside, with positive charges preponderant near the center and negative charges near the periphery, but provide little additional constraint on nucleon structure calculations. Our knowledge of the neutron will be brought closer to a par with the proton (as suggested by the yellow band on the left) by a new series of experiments, made possible by the advent of continuous-beam electron accelerators and by advances in the technology for measurements of spin polarization.

Structure of Hadrons
Origin of the nucleon-nucleon force

The simplest contributions to the force between nucleons, as viewed from (a) QCD and (b) conventional nuclear theory. In (a), the exchange of two colored gluons causes two quarks in each nucleon to change their colors (blue changes to green and vice versa in the case illustrated). This process produces a force without violating the overall color neutrality of the nucleons. The strength of the force depends on the separation of the different quark colors within each nucleon. On the other hand, low-energy nuclear physics measurements show clearly that the longest-range part of the force arises from the exchange of a single pi meson between two nucleons, as in (b). In this low-energy view, the internal structure of each nucleon is generally attributed to three pseudo-quarks, which somehow combine the properties of the valence quarks, sea quarks, and gluons predicted by QCD.