Code No: RR311804 Set No.

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III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
METALLURGICAL THERMO DYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) How diffusion is influenced by thermal energy? Enumerate processes which

are diffusion controlled. [9]
(b) The diffusion coefficient for Cr in Cr2 O3 is 6 × 10−19 m2 /sec at 727o C and is
1 × 10−13 m2 /sec at 1400oC. Calculate [7]

2. (a) Which mechanism of diffusion takes place in Nickle-FCC Iron system? How
can you determine the number of effective jumps per unit item. [8]
(b) Explain the following: [4+4]
i. lattice diffusion
ii. pipe diffusion.

3. (a) What is the importance of equilibrium constant & how this can be calculated
from standard free energy changes? [8]
(b) Define equilibrium constant & how this can be influenced on the extraction
process. [8]

4. (a) Give an account of Einstein’s theory of specific heats of solids. How does this
theory overcome the limitations of classical theory. [8]
(b) The variation of resistivity with temperature in conductors is opposite to that
in semiconductors. Explain this difference. [8]

5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [10]

6. (a) Explain the difference of crystal imperfect as on the stability of crystal disor-
ders. [8]
(b) What is the importance of Gibbs Duhem equation on Metallurgical processes?
[8]

7. (a) What is the importance of chemical potential? [4]

(b) Derive the Gibb’s phase rule & explain its importance. [12]

8. (a) How thermodynamics is useful to electrochemical cells? [6]

(b) Discuss in detail about the following: [5+5=10]
i. Concentration cells

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Code No: RR311804 Set No. 1
ii. Galvanic cells.

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Code No: RR311804 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
METALLURGICAL THERMO DYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain under what conditions can Fick’s first law be used to solve diffusion
problem. [8]
(b) In a diffusion anneal, to what level should the initial temperature of 900o C be
increased to double the depth of penetration?
Do = 0.4m2 /sec and ε = 100 KJ/mol. [8]

2. (a) Compare interstecial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. [8]
(b) Cite 2 reasons why interstecial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy
diffusion. [8]

3. (a) What is the importance of equilibrium constant & how this can be calculated
from standard free energy changes? [8]
(b) Define equilibrium constant & how this can be influenced on the extraction
process. [8]

4. (a) Explain what is the difference in heat capacities (Cp −Cv ) of a solid crystalline
material in thermal equilibrium at absolute zero temperature. [8]
(b) Calculate the expected specific heat of Aluminium, Copper; Iron and silicon
based on classical model if the atomic weights are 26.98, 63.54, 55.85 and 28
respectively. [8]

5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [10]

6. (a) What are the properties of solution that can be studied with the help of Gibbs
Duhem equation? Explain them in detail. [8]
(b) Write a short notes on Sievert’s law [8]

7. (a) What is the importance of chemical potential? [4]

(b) Derive the Gibb’s phase rule & explain its importance. [12]

8. (a) Explain about the Galvanic cell & its sign convention & representation. [8]
(b) What are the reversible and irreversible cells, Explain any one cell. [8]

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Code No: RR311804 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
METALLURGICAL THERMO DYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain the mechanisms of diffusion. [5]

(b) Explain how does the diffusion constant vary with temperature? [6]
(c) Find the value of flux as given by Fick’s first law of diffusion. [5]

2. (a) Compare interstecial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. [8]
(b) Cite 2 reasons why interstecial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy
diffusion. [8]

3. (a) Discus the derivation & uses of the oxygen nomographic scale in Richardsons
diagram. [8]
(b) Discuss in detail about the properties of a single standard free energy change/temperature
line. [8]

4. (a) Discuss how the phenomenon of thermal expansion is explained in terms of

the lattice vibrations in crystals. [8]
(b) What are the different types of thermal conductivity in materials? How does
each vary with temperature? [8]

5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [10]

6. (a) What are the properties of solution that can be studied with the help of Gibbs
Duhem equation? Explain them in detail. [8]
(b) Write a short notes on Sievert’s law [8]

7. (a) What is the importance of chemical potential? [4]

(b) Derive the Gibb’s phase rule & explain its importance. [12]

8. (a) Differentiate between electrochemical cells & electrolytic cells. [8]

(b) Explain in detail about the concentration cells. [8]

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Code No: RR311804 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
METALLURGICAL THERMO DYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Derive Fick’s second law of diffusion from first principle. How will you solve
such equation. [8]
(b) Briefly explain the difference between self diffusion and inter diffusion. [8]

2. (a) What is kirkendall effect? How will you explain the mass flow of metal or
gases with this effect? [8]
(b) The activation energy for the diffusion of carbon in alpha iron is 20.1kcal/mol.
If Do is 2 × 10−6m2 /sec, calculate the diffusion constant at 27oC and at 527o C
and show that at the elevated temperature the rate of diffusion is much higher
than at the room temperature. [8]

3. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

NiO + H2 = Ni + H2 Oat750o C [8]
from the following data:
Ni + 1/2 O2 = NiO ∆Go = −58, 450 + 2355T cal
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2 O ∆Go = −58900 + 13.1T cal
(b) Calculate the CO/CO2 ratio in equilibrium with Carbon at 727o C assuming
that the total pressure to be 2 atm. 2C + O2 = 2CO ∆ Go 1000 = -95.3
kcal
C + O2 = CO2 ∆ Go 1000 = -94.0 kcal [8]

4. (a) Explain Einstein’s theory of specific heat and the Debye correction. [8]
(b) Explain the phenomenon of thermal expansion that occurs when a metal is
heated. [8]

5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [10]

6. (a) Explain the difference of crystal imperfect as on the stability of crystal disor-
ders. [8]
(b) What is the importance of Gibbs Duhem equation on Metallurgical processes?
[8]

7. (a) What is the importance of chemical potential? [4]

(b) Derive the Gibb’s phase rule & explain its importance. [12]

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Code No: RR311804 Set No. 4
8. Define the following: [2+8=16]

(a) Half cell potential

(b) Decomposition potential
(c) Standard electrode potential
(d) Sign convention of electrode potentials
(e) Nernst equation.
(f) Electrical energy
(g) Electrolysis
(h) Cell representation

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