Lecture 2 Si Sinusoidal id l Steady-State St d St t A Analysis l i ( ) (II)

(chapter 9)

L Learning i goals l

Understand physical meanings of sinusoidal (ac) signals Understand the meaning of rms value of sinusoidal (ac) signals Understand phasor concepts and be able to perform a phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform Be able to transform a circuit with a sinusoidal source into frequency domain using phasor concepts Know how to apply pp y circuit analysis y methods to solve a circuit in frequency domain Be able to analyze circuits containing ideal transformer/ linear transformers using phasor method

Phasor
Phasoroperationtransferv(t)fromtimedomiantoafrequency

domain V

v ( t ) = Vm cos( t + ) timedomain V = Vm e j frequencydomain = Vm = Vm cos + jVm sin

(complex ( p domain) )

Abbreviation of polar form rectangular form

Inverse Phasor Transform

Inverse phasor operation transfers the v(t) from a frequency domain to a time domain 1 Inverse phasor transform P :
P 1 Vm e j = Re Vm e j e j t j t = Re V e

Examples:

V = 100e ; = 300 rad , Findv(t)=? s

45o

Answer:

v ( t ) = 100cos(300t + 45o )V

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Resistor:
i
ohms law:
v = iR

The p phasor for the circuit variables are:

j t v ( t ) = Re V e ; V = Vm e j j t i ( t ) = Re I e ; I = I m e j

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Resistor:
i
ohms law:
v = iR

Substitute those into ohms ohm s law

j t j t Re V e = R Re I e

This will be true if:

V = R I phasorversionofohm'slaw

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Inductor:
i
di v=L dt

Substitute the phasor representations into the di j t element equation : v(t ) = Re V e = L

dt d j t = L Re I e dt = Re Lj I e j t

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Inductor:

j t j t v ( t ) = Re V e Re Lj I e

This will be true if:

V = j L I phasorversionofaninductor
Get rid Ge do of d differential e e a equa equation o

Ca you guess if voltage Can o age leads eads cu current e o or vice versa ?

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Inductor:

j t j t v ( t ) = Re V e Re Lj I e

This will be true if:

V = j L I phasorversionofaninductor
Get rid Ge do of d differential e e a equa equation o

S ce j = e 2 = 190o Since The e voltage o age s sinusoid uso d leads the current by 90 of the phase advance
V = Vm e = j L I = j LI m e
j j

= LI m e

j ( + 90o )

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Inductor:

V = j L I phasorversionofaninductor

Since j = e 2 = 190o The voltage sinusoid leads the current by 90 of the phase advance
V = Vm e = j L I = j LI m e
j j

= LI m e

j ( + 90o )

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Capacitor: p i

dv i=C dt

Substitute the p phasor relationships: p

dv j t i ( t ) = Re I e = C dt d j t = C Re V e dt
= Re j CV e j t

Passive Elements in Frequency q y Domain

Capacitor: p

j t i ( t ) = Re I e Re j CV e j t

Which is true, if:

I = j CV phasorversionforacapacitor
Not a differential equation
I = Ime
j

= j C V = j CVm e = CVm e

j ( + 90o )

i ( t )leads l d v ( t )by b 90o

All passive elements can be written in the phasor d domain i V = I Z , whereZ istheimpedance

I = V Y ,whereY istheadmittance

Passive Elements - Summary y

Separate p each into real and imaginary g yp parts
Z = R+jX Y = G+jB R: resistance X: reactance G: conductance B: susceptance
1 Z = R or Y = G = R
j Z = jx = j L or Y = jB = L
Z= j jx = j C or Z = jB j = j C

For a resistor: For a inductor: For a capacitor:

Passive Elements - Summary y

Kirchhoff's Laws /KVL

Check if the circuit theories (KVL and KCL) are still till valid lid i in f frequency d domain i
Since KVL is expressed as

v (t ) = v (t ) +v (t ) + v ( t ) + ...... + v
i =1 i 1 2 3

(t ) = 0

making the phasor transformation of

j t vi ( t ) = Re Vi e n Produces V i = 0
i =1

KVL holds in frequency domain

Kirchhoff's Laws /KVL

Likewise, KCL is expressed p as

i (t ) = i (t ) +i (t ) + i (t ) + ...... + i ( t ) = 0
j =1 j 1 2 3 n

The phasor Produces

transformationi j ( t ) = Re I j e j t

I
j =1

=0

Both KVL and KCL hold in frequency domain

Series and Parallel Combination

Z : impedenceR, j L, 1 j C

Z can be any of the passive elements

Ohmic law:
V = I Z1 + I Z 2 + I Z 3 = I ( Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ) = I ZT

The equivalent series impedance is

ZT = Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3

Series and Parallel Combination

Example: Find total impedance

Given:

f = 60 Hz = 2 f = 377 rad

Series and Parallel Combination

s e Answer: Calculate impedance in f frequency domain d i
Z R = R = 100 Z L = j L = j 377 500m = j188.5 1 j = = j 265 ZC = j C 377 10
f = 60 Hz = 2 f = 377 rad

The total series impedance is: ZT = Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3

= 100 + j188.5 j 265 = 100 j 76 76.5 5 = 125.9 37.4o

Series and Parallel Combination

Parallel elements:
+

y1

y2

y3

1 1 y = = G, , j C : admittance d itt R j L

I = V y1 + V y2 + V y3 = V ( y1 + y2 + y3 ) )=V yT

The equivalent parallel admittance:

yT =y1 + y2 + y3

Series and Parallel Combination

Example: Find total impedance

R=100

L=500mH

C=10F

Given:
f = 60 Hz = 2 f = 377 rad s

Series and Parallel Combination

s e Answer:
yR = 10.0mS (s:siemens) j j = = j 5.3mS L 377 500m yC = j C = j 377 10 = j 3.8mS yL =
R=100 L=500mH C=10F

The total parallel admittance is

f = 60 Hz = 2 f = 377 rad s

yT =y1 + y2 + y3 = 10 j1.5mS = 10.11 8.53o mS