Analysis of stress distribution around pin loaded holes in orthotropic plates

O. Aluko
a
, H.A. Whitworth
b,
*
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Architecture and Computer Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 7 June 2008
Keywords:
Composite materials
Pinned joints
Fiber reinforced laminates
Contact stresses
Frictional effects
a b s t r a c t
An analysis was performed to evaluate the stress distribution in composite pin loaded joints. The analysis
involves specication of displacement expressions in the form of a trigonometric series that satisfy the
boundary conditions for the contact region in terms of a set of undetermined coefcients. Based on this
assumed distribution, the Lekhnitskii complex variable approach is used to obtain the stress functions
needed to evaluate the contact stresses within the joint. Unknown coefcients in the displacement
expression were obtained by assuming coulomb friction within the contact region and evaluating the dis-
placement at discrete points within this region. Material properties of carbon ber reinforced plastic lam-
inates were used for this study and the stress distribution for different values of coefcient of friction
analyzed. The analysis revealed that friction affects the stress distribution around the hole boundary
with, in general, the peak stresses varying with increasing values of frictional coefcient.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Due to their high specic strength and specic stiffness, com-
posite materials and thus composite joints are nding increasing
application in a variety of engineering structures and hence have
received much attention by many investigators [118]. Mechanical
joints are the only form of joints that permit disassembly without
causing any damage to the structure. However, mechanical joining
that requires rivets and/or bolt through holes result in stress con-
centrations, ultimately leading to possible failure. Accurate and
proper design of mechanically fastened composite joints, require
the determination of the stress distribution at pin-plate contact
surface and within the plate followed by the use of an appropriate
failure theory to determine the strength of the joint.
There are two basic approaches used to analyze the problem of
stress distribution in composites with stress concentration. The
rst and more mathematically rigorous approach is based on the
anisotropic elasticity method of Lekhnitskii [4]. The second ap-
proach is using numerical techniques such as the nite element
method. The elasticity solutions generally assume a pinned con-
nection rather than a bolted connection due to the two-dimen-
sional limitation of the elasticity solutions. Therefore, bolt
clamping force and interlaminar effects in composites, for example,
are not accounted for with any of these elasticity solutions.
In evaluating the stress distribution in composite joints, two
innite plate solutions were superposed by de Jong [9] to approx-
imate the nite geometry effects of orthotropic plates. de Jong
[9,10] also showed the simultaneous inuence of friction and load
direction on the stresses in orthotropic plates with a single pin-
loaded hole. Hyer and Klang [12] modeled the pin and its interac-
tion with the hole by including pin-elasticity. They showed that
pin-elasticity is rather unimportant in stress prediction compared
to clearance, friction and elastic properties of the plate material.
Zhang and Ueng [11] presented a compact solution for a rigid, per-
fectly tting-pin loading an innite plate. They used a certain dis-
placement expressions for the edge of the hole that satisfy the
physical displacement requirements in conjunction with Lekhnit-
skiis complex functions to evaluate the stress distribution in the
contact region.
Using the nite element analysis and a failure area index
method, Ryu et al. [14] were able to predict the failure loads of car-
bon/epoxy composite laminates. In their analysis, the pin-plate
interface was assumed to be frictionless and the results compared
with experimental data. Lessard et al. [15] evaluated failure of
mechanically fastened joints made from AS4-3501-6 graphite
epoxy laminates. They tested laminates of varying geometric ratios
in order to determine failure strengths using linear and non-linear
nite element models. Whitworth et al. [16] also used nite ele-
ment analysis and the ChangScottSpringer characteristic curve
model [18] to evaluate the stress distribution around the fastener
hole in composites. The YamadaSun failure criterion [19] was
used to evaluate joint strength and good agreement observed be-
tween the theory and experimental data on bearing strength and
failure modes for graphite/epoxy laminates.
In this analysis, a method is proposed to evaluate the stress dis-
tribution around loaded holes in orthotropic plates using the meth-
od proposed by Zhang and Ueng [11]. The solution involves the
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.06.001
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 202 806 6600; fax: +1 202 483 1396.
E-mail address: hwhitworth@howard.edu (H.A. Whitworth).
Composite Structures 86 (2008) 308313
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
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j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ compst r uct
determination of the complex stress functions used to calculate the
contact stresses based on assumed displacement expressions that
satisfy the displacement boundary conditions in the contact region.
The plate is assumed to be innite, the pin rigid and the coefcient
of friction constant in the contact region. Additionally, it is as-
sumed that under the action of the pin load, the circular hole de-
forms into an ellipse. Numerical solutions are obtained for
different values of coefcient of friction.
2. Theoretical analysis of the joint
Fig. 1 represents the geometry of the pin-loaded hole for the
orthotropic plate. The plate is assumed to be innite with a hole
of radius r equal to radius of the pin and the pin is assumed to
be acted on by a resultant force P causing displacement u
o
in the
x-direction. For this case of zero clearance, contact between the
pin and the plate spans through half of the holes circumference.
The boundary conditions (Fig. 1) can be expressed as follows:
Region I (no-slip region): k 6 h 6 k
v 0 1
u u
o
2
s
rh
< gr
rr
3
Region II (slip region): 3p/2 6 h 6 k and k 6 h 6 p/2
v 0 h p=2; 3p=2 4
u
o
u cos h v sinh 3p=2 6 h 6 k and k 6 h 6 p=2 5
s
r

h
grrr
3p=2 6 h 6 k and k 6 h 6 p=2 6
Region III (no contact region): p/2 6 h 6 3p/2
rrr
s
r

h
0 p=2 6 h 6 3p=2 7
The displacements u and v that satisfy the boundary conditions in
the contact region can be expressed by the following trigonometry
series:
u

4
i1
u
i
cos 2ih
v

4
i1
v
i
sin2ih
8
where u
i
, v
i
(i = 14) are coefcients to be determined from the
boundary conditions.
To determine these coefcients, displacements are prescribed at
a discrete number of points within the contact region. Since the
displacement expression for u contains four unknown coefcients,
the solution process requires displacement to be prescribed at four
points within the contact region. Thus, in addition to the assumed
displacement u
o
at h = 0, displacements u
b
, u
c
and u
a
were also pre-
scribed at arbitrary points h = 30, 45 and 90 within the contact
region. These displacements can be determined from the laminate
properties and the frictional condition between the pin and the
plate. Substituting these prescribed displacements into Eq. (8),
yields the following expressions for the unknown coefcients in
terms of the prescribed displacements:
u
1

u
o
2

1
6
u
a

2
3
u
b
u
2

u
o
4

1
4
u
a

1
2
u
c
u
3

1
3
u
a

2
3
u
b
u
4

u
o
4

1
4
u
a

1
2
u
c
9
Similarly, the unknown coefcients v
i
can be obtained by satisfying
Eq. (5) at arbitrary points within the contact region. In this analysis,
points h = 25, 30, 45 and 60 were selected to yield
v
1
0:166667u
a
0:666667u
b
9:37293 10
17
u
c
1:5u
o
v
2
0:833333u
a
1:33333u
b
0:5u
c
0:75u
o
v
3
0:166667u
a
0:666667u
b
1:0u
c
0:5u
o
v
4
0:25u
a
4:44089u
b
10
16
0:5u
c
0:25u
o
10
Lekhnitskii [4] has shown that if the known boundary displacement
at the contour of the opening can be expressed in the form
u

a
o

1
m1
fa
m
r
m
a
m
r
m
g
v

b
o

1
m1
fb
m
r
m

b
m
r
m
g
11
and the components of the resultant forces that cause the displace-
ment are given, then the stress functions can be expressed by the
following relations:
/
1
z
1
Alnf
1
a
1
q
2


b
1
p
2

1
2
xibq
2
ap
2

_ _
1
Df
1

1
D

1
m2

a
m
q
2


b
m
p
2
f
m
1
/
2
z
2
Blnf
2


a
1
q
1


b
1
p
1

1
2
xibq
1
ap
1

_ _
1
Df
2

1
D

1
m2
a
m
q
1


b
m
p
1
f
m
2
12
In Eqs. (11) and (12), r = e
ih
, bars represent conjugate values, a
m
and
b
m
are known coefcients that depend on the load distribution at
the opening edge, a
o
, b
o
are arbitrary constants and D, p
1
, p
2
, q
1
and q
2
are constants that depend on the property of the plate and
f
k
is the mapping function given by
f
k

z
k

z
2
k
l
k
r
2
r
2
_
r il
k
r
k 1; 2 13
where l
k
(k = 1, 2) are the roots of characteristics equation [4]. Addi-
tionally, the constants A and B of Eq. (12) can be obtained from the
following relations [4]: Fig. 1. Regions on the pin/plate boundary.
O. Aluko, H.A. Whitworth/ Composite Structures 86 (2008) 308313 309
A
P
pih
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
2
l
1
l
2

a
12
a
22
_ _
l
1
l
2
l
1
l
2
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
2
l
1
l
2

B
P
pih
l
2
l
2
l
2
l
1
l
2
l
1

a
12
a
22
_ _
l
1
l
2
l
1
l
2
l
2
l
2
l
2
l
1
l
2
l
1

14
where as previously indicated bars represent conjugate values, a
ij
are the laminate elastic compliance and h is the thickness of the
plate which is unity in this analysis.
By expressing r in Eq. (11) in terms of trigonometric function
dened by
cos nh
r
n
r
n
2
; sinnh
r
n
r
n
2i
15
and comparing Eqs. (8) and (11), the stress functions of Eq. (12) can
be expressed as [13]
/
1
z
1
Alnf
1

1
2D
u
1
q
2
iv
1
p
2
f
2
1
u
2
q
2
iv
2
p
2
f
4
1
u
3
q
2
iv
3
p
2
f
6
1
u
4
q
2
iv
4
p
2
f
8
1

/
2
z
2
Blnf
2

1
2D
u
1
q
1
iv
1
p
1
f
2
2
u
2
q
1
iv
2
p
1
f
4
1
u
3
q
1
iv
3
p
1
f
6
2
u
4
q
1
iv
4
p
1
f
8
2

16
The radial, hoop and tangential stresses can be expressed in terms
of the stress functions as [4]
r
rr
2Refsinh l
1
cos h
2
/
0
1
z
1
sinh l
2
cos h
2
/
0
2
z
2
g
s
rh
2Refsinh l
1
cos hcos h l
1
sinh/
0
1
z
1

sinh l
2
cos hcos h l
2
sinh/
0
2
z
2
g
r
hh
2Refl
1
sinh cos h
2
/
0
1
z
1
l
2
sinh cos h
2
/
0
2
z
2
g
17
Aluko [13] has shown that the real parts of Eq. (17) can be ex-
pressed as
r
rr

1
ka
11
gr
a
22
u
1
n 1 ka
12
u
1
v
1
a
11
v
1
n k
P
pr
_ _
cos h
1
ka
11
gr
a
22
u
1
n 1 2u
2
n 1
ka
12
u
1
2u
2
v
1
2v
2
a
11
2v
2
n k v
1
n k
cos 3h
1
ka
11
gr
a
22
2u
2
n 1 3u
3
n 1
ka
12
2u
2
3u
3
2v
2
3v
3
a
11
3v
3
n k
2v
2
n k cos 5h
1
ka
11
gr
a
22
3u
3
n 1 4u
4
n 1
ka
12
3u
3
4u
4
3v
3
4v
4
a
11
4v
4
n k
3v
3
n k cos 7h
4
ka
11
gr
a
22
u
4
n 1 ka
12
u
4
v
4

a
11
v
4
n k cos 9h 18
s
rh

1
ka
11
gr
a
22
u
1
n 1 ka
12
u
1
v
1
a
11
v
1
n k
P
pr
_ _
sinh
1
ka
11
gr
a
22
u
1
n 1 2u
2
n 1
ka
12
u
1
2u
2
v
1
2v
2
a
11
2v
2
n k v
1
n k
sin3h
1
ka
11
gr
a
22
2u
2
n 1 3u
3
n 1
ka
12
2u
2
3u
3
2v
2
3v
3
a
11
3v
3
n k
2v
2
n k sin5h
1
ka
11
gr
a
22
3u
3
n 1 4u
4
n 1
ka
12
3u
3
4u
4
3v
3
4v
4
a
11
4v
4
n k
3v
3
n k sin7h
4
ka
11
gr
a
22
u
4
n 1 ka
12
u
4
v
4

a
11
v
4
n k sin9h 19
r
hh
r
hh1
r
hh2
r
hh3
r
hh4
r
hh5
20
where
r
hh1

1
gkr
2
a
h
a
22
1 knu
1
ka
12
a
11
kv
1
cos 3h sin
4
h
_
cos hsin
4
ha
22
nu
1
a
22
knu
1
a
12
kv
1
a
11
k
2
v
1
a
22
n
3
u
1
a
11
k
3
v
1
a
12
kknu
1
kv
1
n
2
v
1
cos 2h
2a
22
k n
2
u
1
a
12
kku
1
nv
1
sin
2
h
kcos
5
hka
12
nu
1
v
1
a
11
k n
2
v
1
cos 2h
2a
22
u
1
2ku
1
a
11
n2k 2k
2
n
2
v
1
a
12
ku
1
2k
2
u
1
nnu
1
v
1
sin
2
h cos
3
h sin
2
ha
22
1 k
2
nu
1
ka
11
k1 2k k
2
2n
2
v
1
a
12
2knu
1
v
1
2kv
1
k
2
v
1
cos 2h
2a
22
1 2k k
2
2n
2
u
1
ka
11
1 k
2
nv
1
a
12
1 2k k
2
u
1
2nv
1
sin
2
h
_
21
r
hh2

1
gkr
4
a
h
k
2
a
12
nu
2
v
2
a
11
k n
2
v
2
cos
5
h cos 4h
_
4ka
22
u
2
2ku
2
a
11
n2k 2k
2
n
2
v
2
a
12
ku
2
2k
2
u
2
nnu
2
v
2
cos
5
h cos 2h sin
2
h
a
22
1 k
2
nu
2
ka
11
k1 2k k
2
2n
2
v
2
a
12
2knu
2
v
2
2kv
2
k
2
v
2
cos
3
h cos 4h sin
2
h
4a
22
1 2k k
2
2n
2
u
2
ka
11
1 k
2
nv
2
a
12
1 2k k
2
u
2
2nv
2
cos
3
h cos 2h sin
4
h
a
22
n2 2k n
2
u
2
ka
11
k2 kv
2
a
12
knu
2
2v
2
kv
2
n
2
v
2
cos h cos 4h sin
4
h
a
22
k n
2
u
2
a
12
kku
2
nv
2
sin
5
h sin4h
_
22
r
hh3

1
gkr
6
a
h
k
2
a
12
nu
3
v
3
a
11
k n
2
v
3
cos
5
h cos 6h
_
2ka
22
u
3
2ku
3
a
11
n2k 2k
2
n
2
v
3
a
12
ku
3
2k
2
u
3
nnu
3
v
3
cos
5
h1 2cos 4h sin
2
h
a
22
1 k
2
nu
3
ka
11
k1 2k k
2
2n
2
v
3
a
12
2knu
3
v
3
2kv
3
k
2
v
3
cos
3
hcos 6hsin
2
h
2a
22
1 2k k
2
2n
2
u
3
ka
11
1 k
2
nv
3
a
12
1 2k k
2
u
3
2nv
3
cos
3
h1 2cos 4h sin
4
h
a
22
n2 2k n
2
u
3
ka
11
k2 kv
3
a
12
knu
3
2v
3
kv
3
n
2
v
3
cos hcos 6h sin
4
h
a
22
k n
2
u
3
a
12
kku
3
nv
3
sin
5
hsin6h
_
23
r
hh4

1
gkr
8
a
h
k
2
a
12
nu
4
v
4
a
11
k n
2
v
4
cos
5
hcos8h
_
4ka
22
u
4
2ku
4
a
11
n2k 2k
2
n
2
v
4
a
12
ku
4
2k
2
u
4
nnu
4
v
4
cos
5
hcos 2h cos6h
sin
2
h a
22
1 k
2
nu
4
ka
11
k1 2k k
2
2n
2
v
4
a
12
2knu
4
v
4
2kv
4
k
2
v
4
cos
3
hcos 8hsin
2
h
4a
22
12k k
2
2n
2
u
4
ka
11
1 k
2
nv
4
a
12
1 2k k
2
u
4
2nv
4
cos
3
hcos2h cos 6h sin
4
h
a
22
n2 2k n
2
u
4
ka
11
k2 kv
4
a
12
knu
4
2v
4
kv
4
n
2
v
4
coshcos8hsin
4
h
a
22
k n
2
u
4
a
12
kku
4
nv
4
sin
5
hsin8h
_
24
310 O. Aluko, H.A. Whitworth/ Composite Structures 86 (2008) 308313
r
hh5

a
11
8a
22
pr
1
a
h
P cos h7a
22
6a
22
k 8a
12
k
2
a
22
k
2
3a
22
n
2
_
4a
22
2 2k n
2
cos 2h a
22
1 2k k
2
n
2
cos 4h
_
25
In Eqs. (18)(25), n and k can be obtained through the following
relations [4]:
k l
1
l
2

a
22
a
11
_ _1
2
26
n il
1
l
2
2 k
a
12
a
11
_ _

a
66
a
11
_ _1
2
27
As stated previously, in this analysis it is assumed that the hole
deforms as an ellipse due to the application of the pin load. It was
shown [11] that this assumption requires an additional term to be
added to the hoop stress to account for this deformation. This term
can be expresses as [13]
r
hh6

1
a
h
u
o
k
1
a
11

1
a
11
a
22

k
_ _
k n cos
2
h
_ _

1
a
11
a
22

k
2

1
a
11
1 nk n
_ _
sin
2
h
___
1
a
11
n1 k nr
_ _
28
Thus the hoop stress can be obtained by adding this term to Eq. (20)
and expressed as
r
hh
r
hh1
r
hh2
r
hh3
r
hh4
r
hh5
r
hh6
29
3. Determination of constants u
i
and v
i
Assuming that the coefcient of friction g, is constant through-
out the contact boundary, from Eq. (6), satisfaction of traction
boundary condition at discrete points h = 25, 50, 75 and 90 re-
sults in the following relations:
s
rh
25

gr
rr
25

0
s
rh
50

gr
rr
50

0
s
rh
75

gr
rr
75

0
s
rh
90

0
30
Using Eqs. (9), (10), (18) and (19), Eq. (30) can be solved to yield
values of u
o
, u
a
, u
b
and u
c
in terms of material properties and coef-
cient of friction. Then, from Eqs. (9) and (10), the unknown dis-
placement coefcients u
i
and v
i
can be determined and the
results substituted into Eqs. (18), (19) and (29) to yield the values
of the radial, tangential and hoop stresses, respectively. Finally, the
angle k of Fig. 1 that describes the boundary between the slip and
no-slip regions can be found by determining the value of k that sat-
isfy the root of Eq. (6).
4. Results
In this investigation, properties of [45]
s
and [0
4
/ 45]
s
car-
bon ber reinforced plastic laminates [9] presented in Table 1 were
used to evaluate joint stress distribution for friction coefcient val-
ues of 0.0, 0.2 and 0.4, respectively. The resulting stress distribu-
tion are presented in terms of a dimensionless ratio obtained by
normalizing these stresses by the bearing stress, r
b
= P/2r, for a
plate of unit thickness. The results are displayed in Figs. 27. Also
shown in these gures for comparison are the results generated in
Ref. [9].
In this analysis, a computer code was written using a Mathem-
atica package that utilizes Newtons method of iteration to deter-
mine the no slip region. From this analysis, the value of the angle
k was found to be zero for all the values of coefcient of friction
tested. Similar results were also obtained by de Jong [9].
Figs. 2 and 3 show the normal stress, r
rr
for the [45]
s
and
[0
4
45]
s
laminates. As can be seen from these gures, the mag-
nitude of the peak stresses decreases with increasing frictional va-
lue and the location also varies with increased friction. For g = 0,
the maximum stress occurs at h = 0, beyond g = 0.2, the maximum
occurs at larger values of h.
The shear stress distribution, s
rh
, at the pin-hole boundary for
the [45]
s
and [0
4
45]
s
laminates are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
From these gures it can be observed that the magnitude of the
peak stress increases with increased value of the friction coef-
cient. Unlike de Jong [9], the present results show peaks occurring
at two different locations within the contact region for the [45]
s
Table 1
Laminate Properties [9]
Laminate [45]
s
[0
4
/45]
s
E
x
(GPa) 20.3 111.7
E
y
(GPa) 20.3 20.4
G
xy
(GPa) 27.7 16.9
m
xy
0.728 0.663
n 1.130 3.156
k 1 2.340
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Present
de Jong
=0
=0.2
=0.4
rr
b

Fig. 2. Radial stress for [45]

s
laminate.
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Present
de Jong
=0.4
=0.2
=0
rr
b

Fig. 3. Radial stress for [0

4
/45]
s
laminate.
O. Aluko, H.A. Whitworth/ Composite Structures 86 (2008) 308313 311
laminate. However, while friction appears to inuence the magni-
tude of the stress, it does not appear to inuence the location at
which the peak occurs.
Figs. 6 and 7 show the hoop stress, r
hh
, for the laminates ana-
lyzed. As can be seen from these gures, the hoop stress initially
increases with increasing values of h. However, for the [45]
s
lam-
inate, this stress is compressive in the region h = 0 for all frictional
values investigated with magnitude becoming increasingly tensile
as h increases.
5. Conclusion
An analysis is presented to evaluate stress distributions in com-
posite pin-loaded joints. The approach involves specication of dis-
placement expressions in the form of a trigonometric series that
satisfy the boundary conditions for the contact region in terms of
a set of undetermined coefcients. Numerical results for [45]
s
and [0
4
/ 45]
s
laminates indicate that friction has a signicant
inuence on the radial, shear and hoop stresses for these lami-
nates. In all cases, the maximum radial stress decreases with
increasing value of the frictional coefcient. In addition, the loca-
tion of this maximum also varies with increased friction coef-
cient. On the other hand, the shear stress distribution exhibits a
peak stress that increases with increased value of the friction coef-
cient. For the hoop stress, the [45]
s
laminate experienced an ini-
tial compressive region followed by a tensile region and, in the
tensile region, the peak stress and its location varied with in-
creased friction coefcient.
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-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Present
de Jong
=0.4
=0.2
=0
b

Fig. 6. Hoop stress for [45]

s
laminate.
-0. 4
-0. 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 5 0 100
Present
de Jong
=0.4
=0.2
=0
b

Fig. 7. Hoop stress for [0

4
/45]
s
laminate.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 20 40 60 80 100
Present
de Jong
=0.4
=0.2
r
b

Fig. 4. Shear stress for [45]

s
laminate.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 50 100
Present
de Jong
=0.4
=0.2
r
b

Fig. 5. Shear stress for [0

4
/45]
s
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