10

Chapter 2 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF POWER FLOWS OF POWER SYSTEMS AND SELECTING LOCATION OF FACTS DEVICES BY EPVA

2.1 2.1.1

Models of Power System Components Synchronous Machine with Excitation Using SIMULINK 3-Phase Synchronous Machine, Excitation, 3-

Phase Transformer, VI and PQ measurements blocks develops this model as shown in Fig. 2.1

Fig. 2.1

SIMULINK model for Synchronous Machine with Excitation

11

2.1.1.1 Synchronous Machine The SIMULINK synchronous machine block is shown in Fig. 2.2. It gives the required electrical output power depending on the mechanical input (Pm) and field voltage (Vf).

Fig. 2.2

SIMULINK synchronous machine block

The SIMULINK Synchronous Machine block operates either in Generator mode or Motor model depending on the sign of the mechanical power input. If the mechanical power input is positive, synchronous machine operates in generator mode and if the mechanical power input is negative, synchronous machine operates in motor mode. In this SIMULINK model, consider the dynamics of the damper windings, stator and field of synchronous machine. An equivalent circuit in the rotor reference frame represents the synchronous machine model is as shown in Fig.2.3. All electrical quantities and parameters of rotor are viewed from stator side. They are recognized by primed variables. The subscripts used are distinct as follows: d,q: direct and quadrature axis quantity S, R: stator and Rotor quantity m, l: magnetizing and Leakage inductance

12

k, f: damper and Field winding quantity

The electrical part of the machine is shown in Fig.2.3 with the following equations

Fig. 2.3

Electrical part of the synchronous machine

Vd = RSid + dd/dt - Rq Vq = RSiq + dq/dt + Rd V1fd = R1fdi1fd + d1fd/dt V1kd = R1kdi1kd + d1kd/dt V1kq1 = R1kq1i1kq1 + d1kq1/dt V1kq2 = R1kq2i1kq2 + d1kq2/dt d = Ldid + Lmd (i1fd + i1kd) q = Lqiq + Lmqi1kq 1fd = L1fdi1fd + Lmd (id + i1kd) 1kd = L1kdi1kd + Lmd (id + i1fd) 1kq1 = L1kq1i1kq1 + Lmqiq 1kq2 = L1kq2i1kq2 + Lmqiq

----- (2.1)

13

The mechanical part of the synchronous machine is as shown in Fig.2.4 with the following equation

t (t) = (/2H) (Tm Te)dt - Kd (t) 0 (t) = (t) + 0

------ (2.2)

Where = speed variation with respect to speed of operation H = constant of inertia Tm = Mechanical torque Te = Electromagnetic torque Kd = Damping factor representing the effect of damper windings 9Tm (t) = Mechanical speed of rotor 0 = speed of operation (1p.u.)

Fig. 2.4

Mechanical part of the synchronous machine

14

2.1.1.2 Excitation The SIMULINK excitation block is as shown in Fig. 2.5. It gives the required Vf (field voltage in pu) for synchronous machine depending on the inputs Vref (the desired terminal voltage in pu), Vd(direct axis component of terminal voltage in pu), Vq(quadrature axis component of terminal voltage in pu) and Vstab( it is signal from power system stabilizers if PSS used otherwise it should be grounded)

Fig. 2.5

SIMULINK excitation block

The SIMULINK Excitation model implements the IEEE type 1 Excitation with voltage regulator and exciter as shown in Fig. 2.6.

2.1.2

3-Phase Transmission Line Using SIMULIK 3-Phase Series RLC Branch block (C value set

to 0) and 3-Phase Parallel RLC Branch block (R and L values set to infinity) with VI and PQ measurement blocks develops -model transmission line as shown in Fig.2.7. It implements as short transmission line by removing Parallel RLC branch.

15

Fig. 2.6

SIMULINK Excitation model

16

Fig.2.7

SIMULINK Model for 3-Phase Transmission Line

17

2.1.3

3-Phase RL Load Using SIMULIK 3-Phase Parallel RLC Load block with VI and PQ

measurement blocks the model is developed as shown in Fig.2.8. It exhibits constant impedance at the specified frequency. The load active and reactive powers are proportional to the square of the applied voltage. C value is set to 0 for getting 3-Phase RL load.

Fig.2.8

SIMULINK Model for 3-Phase RL Load

18

2.2

SIMULINK Modeling and Load Flows of test Power Systems

2.2.1 3-Machine-9-Bus WSCC test power system The Fig.2.9 shows the 3-Machine 9-Bus WSCC test power system [34] single line diagram. Data presented in appendix A.

Fig.2.9

3-Machine 9-Bus WSCC test power system single line diagram

19

2.2.1.1

SIMULINK model for 3-machine 9-Bus WSCC test power System

SIMULINK model for 3-machine 9-Bus WSCC test power system as shown in Fig.2.10 developed with the help of the SIMULINK power system components, which are discussed in section 2.1

Fig.2.10

SIMULINK model for 3-machine 9-Bus WSCC test power system

20

2.2.1.2

Load Flows of 3-machine 9-Bus WSCC test power system

Using SIMULINK with base loading condition and 65% over loading condition simulates the 3-Machine 9-Bus power system. The load flow results present in table 2.1 and 2.2. The Tables contains eight columns. Column 1 is bus number and bus type is specified in brackets. Column 2 and 3 are voltage magnitude in per unit and phase angle in degrees. Column 4 and 5 are load MW and MVAR. Column 6 and 7 are generation MW and MVAR. Column 8 is injected MVAR by shunt capacitors.

Table 2.1 3 Machine 9 - Bus WSCC Power System Power flow by using SIMULINK with Base load Load Generation Injected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bus no. Voltage Mag. Angle in Deg. MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR 1(Swing 1.04 0.006504 0 0 71.85 27.08 0 Bus) 2(PV Bus) 1.025 9.272 0 0 163 6.746 3(PV Bus) 4(Load Bus) 5(Load Bus) 6(Load Bus) 7(Load Bus) 8(Load Bus) 9(Load Bus) 1.025 1.026 0.9957 1.013 1.026 1.016 1.032 Total Losses: 5.02 MW 4.653 -2.218 -3.993 -3.692 3.703 0.712 1.952 0 0 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

124.9 49.97 89.95 29.98 0 0

99.98 34.99 0 0

314.83 114.94 319.85 23.066 -91.874 MVAR

21

Table 2.2 3 Machine 9 - Bus WSCC Power System Power flow by using SIMULINK with 65% over loading Load 1 Bus no. 1(Swing Bus) 2(PV Bus) 3(PV Bus) 4(Load Bus) 5(Load Bus) 6(Load Bus) 7(Load Bus) 8(Load Bus) 9(Load Bus) 2 Voltage Mag. 1 1 1 0.9521 0.893 0.9201 0.9666 0.9402 0.9795 Total Losses: 10.1 MW 3 Angle in Deg. 0.01604 -0.1899 -6.34 -8.115 -15.09 -14.23 -7.536 -12.85 -9.775 4 MW 0 0 0 0 148.5 0 0 5 MVAR 0 0 0 0 49.5 0 0 Generation Injected 6 MW 7 8 MVAR MVAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

233.4 99.73 197.4 66.12 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 49.97 MVAR 73.95 0 0 0 0 0 0

200.9 80.38

171.3 59.95

520.7 189.83 530.8 239.8

22

2.2.2

6-Machine 30-Bus IEEE test power system

The Fig.2.11 shows the 6-Machine 30-Bus IEEE test power system single line diagram [35]. Data presented in appendix A.

Fig.2.11

6-Machine 30-Bus IEEE test power system single line Diagram

23

2.2.2.1

SIMULINK model for 6-machine 30-Bus IEEE test Power System

SIMULINK model for 6-machine 30-Bus IEEE test power system as shown in Fig.2.12 developed with the help of the SIMULINK power system components, which are discussed in section 2.1

Fig.2.12 SIMULINK model for 6-machine 30-Bus IEEE test Power system (the enlarged figure is enclosed in Appendix C)

24

2.2.2.2

Load Flows of 6-machine 30-Bus IEEE test power system

Using SIMULINK with base loading condition and 52% over loading condition simulates the 6-Machine 30-Bus power system. The load flow results present in table 2.3 and 2.4. The Tables contains eight columns. Column 1 is bus number and bus type is specified in brackets. Column 2 and 3 are voltage magnitude in per unit and phase angle in degrees. Column 4 and 5 are load MW and MVAR. Column 6 and 7 are generation MW and MVAR. Column 8 is injected MVAR by shunt capacitors. Based on these load flows power transmission (active and reactive) paths are selected. For this two load flows studies (base load and over load) are required. Base loading load flow only is not sufficient to find critical power transmission path. Selection of critical power transmission path is discussed in selection 2.3.2.1.2 Table 2.3
6 Machine 30 - Bus IEEE Power System Power flow by using SIMULINK with Base load Load 1 Bus no. 1(Swig Bus) 2(PV Bus) 3(Load Bus) 4(Load Bus) 5(PV Bus) 6(Load Bus) 7(Load Bus) 2 3 Voltage Mag. Angle in Deg. 1.06 1.043 1.021 1.013 1.01 1.012 1.004 -0.003235 -5.538 -8.108 -9.788 -14.29 -11.56 -13.39 4 MW 0 21.7 2.396 7.593 94.2 0 22.84 5 MVAR 0 12.7 1.198 1.598 19 0 10.92 Generation 6 MW 263.3 39.78 0 0 -0.204 0 0 Injected 7 8 MVAR MVAR -17.19 49.15 0 0 36.91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25

8(PV Bus) 9(Load Bus) 10(Load Bus) 11(PV Bus) 12(Load Bus) 13(PV Bus) 14(Load Bus) 15(Load Bus) 16(Load Bus) 17(Load Bus) 18(Load Bus) 19(Load Bus) 20(Load Bus) 21(Load Bus) 22(Load Bus) 23(Load Bus) 24(Load Bus) 25(Load Bus) 26(Load Bus) 27(Load Bus) 28(Load Bus) 29(Load Bus) 30(Load Bus)

1.01 1.052 1.047 1.082 1.056 1.071 1.039 1.031 1.049 1.039 1.009 0.999 0.9989 1.034 1.034 1.023 1.021 1.018 1.001 1.025 1.011 1.006 0.9941 Total Losses:

-12.28 -14.61 -16.17 -14.65 -15.51 -15.54 -16.43 -16.51 -15.97 -16.4 -17.23 -17.48 -17.32 -16.62 -16.61 -16.87 -17 -16.59 -17.01 -16.08 -12.22 -17.31 -18.19

30 0 5.828 0 11.17 0 6.148 8.097 3.527 8.999 3.083 9.024 2.073 17.56 0 3.177 8.681 0 3.498 0 0 2.398 10.6

30 0 2.01 0 7.482 0 1.586 2.468 1.814 5.799 0.8672 3.229 0.6596 11.24 0 1.589 6.685 0 2.299 0 0 0.8992 1.9

-0.204 0 0

31.16 0 0

0 0 -19.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.291 0 0 0 0 0 0

-0.2341 15.63 0 0

-0.2294 11.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

282.592 125.943 302.2085 127.33 -23.381 19.6165 MW 24.768 MVAR

Table 2.4
6 Machine 30 - Bus IEEE Power System Power flow by using SIMULINK with 52% over loading Load 1 Bus no. 1(Swig Bus) 2 3 Voltage Mag. Angle in Deg. 1.06 -0.03631 4 MW 0 5 MVAR 0 Generation 6 MW 400.2 7 MVAR 175.1 Injected 8 MVAR 0

26 2(PV Bus) 3(Load Bus) 4(Load Bus) 5(PV Bus) 6(Load Bus) 7(Load Bus) 8(PV Bus) 9(Load Bus) 10(Load Bus) 11(PV Bus) 12(Load Bus) 13(PV Bus) 14(Load Bus) 15(Load Bus) 16(Load Bus) 17(Load Bus) 18(Load Bus) 19(Load Bus) 20(Load Bus) 21(Load Bus) 22(Load Bus) 23(Load Bus) 24(Load Bus) 25(Load Bus) 26(Load Bus) 27(Load Bus) 28(Load Bus) 29(Load Bus) 30(Load Bus)

0.959 0.9056 0.8756 0.8426 0.8565 0.8351 0.8472 0.8774 0.8541 0.9309 0.8804 0.917 0.8483 0.835 0.8656 0.8416 0.7947 0.7764 0.7757 0.8314 0.8321 0.8174 0.8085 0.8112 0.7808 0.8277 0.8469 0.7928 0.7729 Total Losses:

-7.651 -12.51 -15.37 -24.56 -18.59 -22.53 -20.03 -24.67 -27.94 -24.69 -27.06 -27.08 -28.98 -29.04 -28.04 -28.44 -30.58 -31.08 -30.73 -28.9 -28.87 -29.62 -29.65 -28.85 -29.75 -27.81 -19.79 -30.39 -32.28

40.36 4.146 12.49 144.2 0 34.77 46.44 0 8.541 0 17.09 0 9.024 11.67 5.283 12.99 4.207 11.99 2.75 24.99 0 4.459 11.98 0 4.685 0 0 3.279

23.62 2.073 2.63 0 16.62 0 2.946 0 11.45 0 2.329 3.559 2.717 8.372 1.183 4.291 0.8751 15.99 0 2.23 9.225 0 3.079 0 0 1.23

84.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

49.92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 352.71

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -12.72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.691 0 0 0 0 0 0 -15.411

29.09 -0.0852 39.92

46.44 -0.0861 39.88

-0.0433 23.95 -0.0420 23.94

14.1 2.527 0 429.44 192.476 484.76 4 1 33 175.6449 MVAR

55.319 MW

27

2.3 Placement Strategy of FACTS Devices 2.3.1 Introduction To achieve optimum performance of FACTS controllers proper placement of these devices in the grid is as important as an effective control strategy. Hence, it is imperative that proper placement strategy must precede the installation of any such device to obtain optimum performance. Extended Voltage Phasors Approach (EVPA) has been used for identifying the most critical segment in power system. This method is most effective and computationally simpler than the Line Flow Index (LFI) method [32]. 2.3.2 Voltage Phasors Approach (VPA) Gubina et al. [32] present Voltage Collapse Proximity Index (VCPI) using VPA. They have shown that voltage phasors contain sufficient information to determine voltage collapse proximity and it is possible to identify transmission paths to the most critical load buses with respect to the real or reactive power loading. The main advantage of this method is that it is computationally less insensitive, as it does not require computation of Jacobian matrices. A brief outline of voltage phasors approach is given below for ready reference. For a simple two-bus system with the bus 1 as generator bus and bus 2 as load bus, the critical condition for stable operation is reached when its Jacobian reaches singularity,

i.e.

det J

P2 Q2 P2 Q2 0 2 V2 V2 2

--------(2.3)

28

Equation (2.3) gives the condition for stable operating limit as [32] 0.5 V1 = V2 cos12 ------ (2.4)

Where voltage phasors are denoted by V = V ej, P and Q are active and reactive powers respectively.

V2

Vb

12
Va Fig. 2.13

V1

Voltage phasor diagram for a two-bus system

Fig. 2.13 shows voltage phasor diagram for a simple two-bus system. It is evident from this figure V2 cos12 in (2.4), it corresponds to the projection of load bus voltage V2 on phasor V1 and voltage drop phasor Va represents the difference between the above projection and the sending end voltage phasor V1. Then the stability condition can be expressed in terms of phasors. 2.3.2.1. The Phasor approach for radial and mesh net works 2.3.2.1.1. Radial network A radial transmission path with n buses is analyzed for voltage stability. The intermediate busloads define voltage drops along the path. If the voltage of n-th bus is projected to the generating bus

29

voltage following the equation-2.4, a very conservative estimate of voltage collapse proximity is obtained. When analyzing the voltage

drops on subsequent lines along the transmission path, a modification of the above rule could be applied. Each node voltage Ui+1 is projected to the preceding voltage phasor Ui in the same way as shown in figure 2.13(a) producing a voltage drop component Udi in the direction of the preceding phasor and a voltage drop component Uqi Perpendicular to it. Udi = Ui -Ui+1Cosij+1 Uqi = Ui+1Sinij+1 Where 'i takes values from the generating bus 1 to bus n-1. (2.5)

Fig. 2.13(a)

Voltage drop projections along the transmission path

30

If the projections of the voltage drop phasors Uij+1onto the generator voltage phasor were considered in calculation of the effective voltage drop it would end up with comparison of the voltage phasors UI=UG and Un. As seen from equation-2.14, the voltage drop projection Udi to the preceding voltage phasor Ui is of key importance for voltage stability limit assessment. That may be attributed largely to the reactive power at the bus i+l. Due to loads of preceding buses, the phasor Ui is rotated for angle i. Therefore, the voltage drop Udi is projected onto the generator phasor to obtain the corrected voltage drop Udi. The following scheme is applied in order to calculate the corrected voltage drop Ud of the entire path starting from the generator bus. In the sense of figure 2.13 only the voltage drop component Udi influences reduction of the voltage phasor. Its direct projection Udi to the generator bus voltage phasor UG yields a contribution of the corrected voltage drop to be considered. Udi = (Ui -Ui+1Cosij+1) Cosij (2.6) The total corrected voltage drop Ud is defined as a sum of the corrected voltage drop segments Udi

(2.7) Composing different segments from figure 2.14 following the above reasoning could derive the expression.

.(2.8)

31

The above equation differs from the expression for a two-bus system (equation 2.3) in the third right hand term. It is represented by the segments CD and EF (figure 2.13(a)) and they originate from the voltage drops Uqi attributed largely to the active power. In the sense of equation 2.3, they are rotated due to intermediate loads along the transmission path and do not contribute to the voltage drop Ud. Hence, only the segments AB, BC and DE contribute to the corrected voltage drop Ud to be considered for voltage stability. A Transmission Path Stability Index (TPSI) can be formed based on the concept of equation 2.3 and equation 2.6 or equation 2.7. TPSI is defined as a difference between the halved generator phasor magnitude and the corrected voltage drop along a

transmission path TPSI = O.5UG - Ud. (2.9)

The TPSI index is expressed in per unit. When it reaches zero value the power transfer on that transmission path becomes unstable due to a voltage collapse. The proposed "voltage phasor approach could be utilized to determine proximity of voltage collapse directly from phasor measurements. 2.3.2.1.2. Meshed network A different situation is encountered in case of meshed networks, although the same principles may be followed. In order to pertain to the "phasor concept", some definitions are adopted. The generating buses for active and reactive power have to be identified separately since the voltage collapse can be subject to excessive active

32

or reactive loads. The active power flow is strongly connected to the angle variation and a path with decreasing angles can be identified. The reactive power flow results in voltage decrease along a path of transmission. As a result, two types of transmission paths are analyzed.

2.3.2.1.3. VOLTAGE COLLAPSE PROXIMITY INDEX In general, a voltage collapse may occur at the load bus at the end of one of the identified transmission paths. Therefore, all identified transmission paths are considered for voltage instability, which is of vital importance for voltage collapse location and proximity identification. A load node voltage is stable if the load bus is supplied with the required power through at least one stable path. If that is not the case that load bus is experiencing a voltage collapse. A stable transmission path is required to meet the following condition:

2Ud < UG (2.10)

Meshed networks enable several transmission paths to a load node. A critical path is identified by its voltage collapse proximity index (VCPI) as given in equation 2.11.

VCPI=min TPSI (pi, qi).

(2.11)

Where pi is active power transmission path qi is reactive power transmission path

33

2.3.2.2. Simulink model for determination of TPSI The simulink model for determination of TPSI is developed based on equation 2.7 and equation 2.9 by using simulink function block as shown in figure 2.13(b). This is the model for determination of TPSI for APTP (A1) of 3-Machine 9-Bus WSCC Test System

Fig. 2.13(b)

Simulink model for determination of TPSI for APTP (A1) of 3-Machine 9-Bus WSCC Test System

2.3.3 2.3.3.1

Results and Discussion 3-Machine 9-Bus WSCC Test System

The SIMULINK model for 3-Machine 9-Bus WSCC test system is shown in Fig.2.10. The system data at base case loading is presented in Appendix - A. EVPA approach is applied at base case loading condition of WSCC 9-bus system.

34

Fig. 2.14

Voltage profile of the 9-bus system at base case loading Condition

Fig. 2.14 shows the voltage profile of the 9-bus system at base case loading condition. It is evident from Fig. 2.14 that voltage profile of the system is quite good at base case loading condition. Therefore there is no need of connecting any shunt device in the system. Various APTPs and RPTPs for extended Voltage Phasors Approach (EVPA) are shown in Table 2.3 for base case. Segments (14), (2-7) and (3-9) are transformer segments but as mentioned before they are ignored in the analysis. There are six active power transmission paths and two reactive power transmission paths. Fig.2.15 depicts that TPSI of path A3 is minimum. The path A3 corresponds to line segment (7-5) as shown in Table 2.5. Hence the line segment 7-5 is critical. Hence for base case condition the line segment 7-5 is the appropriate place for placing a series FACTS controller.

35

Table 2.5 Active and Reactive power transmission paths for the 9-bus system at base case loading condition. Active Power Transmission Paths (APTP) Path Line connection No From bus to bus A1 (1-4) (4-5) A2 (1-4) (4-6) A3 (2-7) (7-5) A4 (2-7) (7-8) A5 (3-9) (9-6) A6 (3-9) (9-8) Reactive Power Transmission paths (RPTP) Line connection Path No. From bus to bus R1 (1-4) (4-5) R2 (1-4) (4-6)

Fig 2.15

APTPs and RPTPs of the 9-bus system at base case loading condition

36

2.3.3.1.1

Critical Path Identification at Maximum Loading Condition

At base case loading voltage instability is not significant. Therefore it was decided to load the system to its maximum load ability limit and then identify the critical paths. The loading is increased in the same ratio of their base caseloads and generation is increased according to the inertia of generators. The system loading is increased by 65% over the base case loading condition. From Fig. 2.16, it is clear that the voltage of bus 5 is the lowest among all the buses. Therefore bus 5 is the most appropriate place for placing a shunt compensator device. Various APTP and RPTP for the 9-bus system at maximum loading condition are given in Table 2.6. It is seen that APTPs and RPTPs are the same at maximum loading condition. Fig 2.17 shows the corresponding TPSIs for various paths. As mentioned earlier transformers are not considered in TPSI computations. It is seen that TPSIs for paths A3 and R3 are minimum. Now A3 and R3 have one line segment (7-5). Therefore bus 5 is the most appropriate place for placing a shunt device. Series device is placed in the line segment (7-5).

Fig.2.16

Voltage profile of the 9-bus system at maximum load ability Condition

37

Table 2.6 Active and Reactive power transmission paths for the 9-bus system at maximum loading condition

Active Power Transmission Paths (APTP) Path Line connection No From bus to bus A1 (1-4) (4-5) A2 (1-4) (4-6) A3 (2-7) (7-5) A4 (2-7) (7-8) A5 (3-9) (9-6) A6 (3-9) (9-8)

Reactive Power Transmission paths (RPTP) Line connection Path No. From bus to bus R1 (1-4) (4-5) R2 (1-4) (4-6) R3 (2-7) (7-5) R4 (2-7) (7-8) R5 (3-9) (9-6) R6 (3-9) (9-8)

Fig. 2.17

APTPs and RPTPs of the 9-bus system at maximum load Ability Condition

38

2.3.3.2

6-Machine 30-Bus IEEE Test System

The SIMULINK model for 6-Machine 30-Bus IEEE system is shown in Fig.2.12. The system data at base case loading is presented in Appendix - A. VPA approach is applied at base case loading condition of IEEE 30-bus system.

Fig. 2.18

Voltage profile of the 30-bus system at base case Loading condition

Fig. 2.18 shows the voltage profile of the 30-bus system at base case loading condition. It is evident from Fig. 2.18 that voltage profile of the system is quite good at base case loading condition. Therefore there is no need of connecting any shunt device in the system.

39

Various APTPs and RPTPs for extended Voltage Phasors Approach (EVPA) are shown in Table 2.7 for base load. There are four active power transmission paths and two reactive power transmission paths. Fig.2.19 depicts that TPSI of path A4 and R2 is minimum. The path A4 corresponds to line segment (1-2) (2-5) and path R4 corresponds to line segment (2-5) (5-7) as shown in Table 2.7. Hence the line segment 2-5 is critical. Hence for base case condition the line segment 2-5 is the appropriate place for placing a series FACTS controller.

Table 2.7 Active and Reactive power transmission paths for the 30-bus system at base case loading condition. Active Power Transmission Paths (APTP) Path Line connection No From bus to bus A1 (1-3)(3-4)(4-6)(6-7)(7-5) A2 (1-2)(2-4)(4-6)(6-7)(7-5) A3 (1-2)(2-6)(6-7)(7-5) A4 (1-2)(2-5) Reactive Power Transmission paths (RPTP) Line connection Path No. From bus to bus R1 (2-4) R2 (2-5)(5-7)

40

Fig 2.19

APTPs and RPTPs of the 30-bus system at base case loading condition Critical Path Identification at Maximum Loading Condition

2.3.3.2.1

At base case loading voltage instability is not significant. Therefore it was decided to load the system to its maximum load ability limit and then identify the critical paths. The loading is increased in the same ratio as their base caseloads and generation is increased according to the inertia of generators.

The system loading is increased by 52% over the base case loading condition. From Fig. 2.20, it is clear that the voltage of bus 30 is the lowest among all the buses but is far away from the generators and the line impedance is also high. Therefore bus 7 is the most

41

appropriate place for placing a shunt compensator device. Various APTP and RPTP for the 30-bus system at maximum loading condition are given in Table 2.8. It is seen that APTPs and RPTPs are the same at maximum loading condition. Fig 2.21 shows the corresponding TPSIs for various paths. As mentioned earlier transformers are not considered in TPSI computations.

It is seen that TPSIs for paths A4 and R4 are minimum. Now A4 and R4 have line segment (1-2) (2-5) and (1-2) (2-5) (5-7). Therefore bus 7 is the most appropriate place for placing a shunt device. Series device is placed in the line segment (2-5).

Fig.2.20

Voltage profile of the 30-bus system at maximum load ability Condition

42

Table 2.8 Active and Reactive power transmission paths for the 30-bus system at maximum loading condition Active Power Transmission Paths (APTP) Path Line connection No From bus to bus A1 (1-3)(3-4)(4-6)(6-7)(7-5) A2 (1-2)(2-4)(4-6)(6-7)(7-5) A3 (1-2)(2-6)(6-7)(7-5) A4 (1-2)(2-5) Reactive Power Transmission paths (RPTP) Line connection Path No. From bus to bus R1 (1-3)(3-4)(4-6)(6-7) R2 (1-2)(2-4)(4-6)(6-7) R3 (1-2)(2-6)(6-7) R4 (1-2)(2-5)(5-7)

Fig. 2.21

APTPs and RPTPs of the 30-bus system at maximum load ability condition

43

2.4 Summary In this chapter discussed about the SIMULINK modeling of synchronous machine, transmission lines, loads and models of 3Machine 9-Bus WSCC Test System and 6-Machine 30-Bus IEEE Test System for load flow and transient stability analysis. Simulink modeling for determination of Transmission Path stability Index (TPSI) for voltage collapse proximity index (VCPI) to determine the optimum location of FACTS devices presented and select the optimum location of FACTS devices based on the simulated results.