T HE M OTIONLE SS E LE C TROMA GNE TIC G E NE RA TOR : H OW I T W ORKS .

T. E. Bearden, August 26, 2003

THE PROBLEM: DETAIL

THE FU !TIO I " OF THE MOTIO LE## ELE!TROMA" ETI! "E ERATOR $ME"% &'( A D )H* IT# !OP + '.0 OPERATIO I# PERMI##IBLE.

THE

#OLUTIO : )E E,PLAI : T-e ./er0-e123ng 324.rtan5e .6 t-e 2agnet35 /e5t.r 4.tent3a1, 4art35u1ar17 0-en .ne 1..8s t-r.ug- 9uantu2 e1e5tr.d7na235 :e7es; and 3n /ar3.us gauges. T-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 2e5-an3s2 &2( ut313=ed >7 t-e ME" &3,?,@(. )-7 t-e 4.tent3a1 energ7 .6 an7 EM s7ste2 $su5- as t-e ME"% 5an >e 6ree17 5-anged at 0311, and 6.r 6ree, 3n a55.rd 03t- t-e gauge 6reed.2 4r3n5341e &6(. T-e d366eren5e >et0een s722etr35a1 and as722etr35a1 regaug3ng &A,B(. )-7 a n.ne9u313>r3u2 stead7 state $ E##% s7ste2 6ree17 re5e3/3ng energ7 6r.2 3ts en/3r.n2ent 5an eC-3>3t !OP + '.0. T-e d3re5t ana1.g7 >et0een t-e ME" and a 5.22.n !OP D 3.0 -eat 4u24 &E(.

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': POTE DERIFED.

TIAL# ARE REAL A D FOR!E FIELD# ARE

T-e .1d n.t3.n t-at 4.tent3a1s 0ere 2ere17 2at-e2at35a1 5.n/en3en5es -as 1.ng >een 6a1s363ed, 4art35u1ar17 >7 t-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t &2(, eCtended t. t-e Berr7 4-ase &'0(, and 6urt-er eCtended t. t-e ge.2etr35 4-ase &''(. T-ere are s.2e 20,000 4-7s35s 4a4ers .n ge.2etr35 4-ase, Berr7 4-ase, and A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t. In 9uantu2 e1e5tr.d7na235s, 4.tent3a1s are 4r32ar7 and 6.r5e 63e1ds are derived. T-e 6.r5e 63e1ds .n17 eC3st 3n 2ass, and are t-e effects .6 t-e 3ntera5t3.n .6 t-e :6.r5e<6ree 63e1ds; 3n s4a5e t-at eC3st as 5ur/atures .6 s4a5et32e. T-ere are n. 6.r5e 63e1ds 3n s4a5eG t-ere are .n17 grad3ents .6 4.tent3a1s. Spacetime itself is a i te se p!te tial. Hu.t3ng Fe7n2an &'2(:

"We ma# t$i % !f E&'( #( )( t* a d +&'( #( )( t* as ,ivi , t$e f!rces t$at -!.ld /e e'perie ced at t$e time t /# a c$ar,e l!cated at &'( #( )*( -it$ t$e c! diti! t$at placi , t$e c$ar,e t$ere did !t dist.r/ t$e p!siti! s !r m!ti! !f all t$e !t$er c$ar,es resp! si/le f!r t$e fields." T-e d3st3n5t3.n >et0een E<63e1d and B<63e1d 3s >1urred. As Ia58s.n &'3( 4.3nts .ut: "0E a d + $ave ! i depe de t e'iste ce. A p.rel# electr!ma, etic field i ! e c!!rdi ate s#stem -ill appear as a mi't.re !f electric a d ma, etic fields i a !t$er c!!rdi ate frame. 0 t$e fields are c!mpletel# i terrelated( a d ! e s$!.ld pr!perl# spea% !f t$e electr!ma, etic field F ( rat$er t$a E !r + separatel#." In .t-er 0.rds, .ne 5an -a/e a 2agnet35 5.24.nent and at 1east 4art3a117 turn 3t 3nt. an e1e5tr35 5.24.nent, .r /35e /ersa. T-3s 3s 324.rtant t. t-e ME"Js .4erat3.n. Ia58s.n &'?( a1s. 4.3nts .ut t-at, 6.r t-e !.u1.2> .r trans/erse gauge: "...tra sverse radiati! fields are ,ive /# t$e vect!r p!te tial al! e( t$e i sta ta e!.s C!.l!m/ p!te tial c! tri/.ti , ! l# t! t$e ear fields. T$is ,a.,e is partic.larl# .sef.l i 1.a t.m electr!d# amics. A 1.a t.m2mec$a ical descripti! !f p$!t! s ecessitates 1.a ti)ati! !f ! l# t$e vect!r p!te tial. 03I t$e C!.l!m/ ,a.,e4 t$e scalar p!te tial 5pr!pa,ates5 i sta tl# ever#-$ere i space. T$e vect!r p!te tial( ! t$e !t$er $a d( satisfies t$e -ave e1.ati! ... -it$ its implied fi ite speed !f pr!pa,ati! c." T-us 3t 3s .6 4r32ar7 324.rtan5e t. 5.ns3der >.t- t-e s5a1ar 4.tent3a1 and t-e /e5t.r 4.tent3a1 A 3n a s7ste2 .r 53r5u3t, and 3n 3ts surr.und3ng s4a5e. In t-e ME", .ne 2ust partic.larl# 5.ns3der t-e 2agnet35 /e5t.r 4.tent3a1 A. Indeed, t-e 2agnet35 /e5t.r 4.tent3a1 A 3s s. 324.rtant t-at 3t 5an >e ta8en as t-e >as3s .6 EM energ7 3n-erent 3n t-e a5t3/e /a5uu2 &'@(. Magnet35 /e5t.r 4.tent3a1 A 5.2es 3n t0. /ar3et3es: $3% t-e n.r2a1 A<4.tent3a1, 0-35- -as a 5ur1 5.24.nent 5a11ed t-e B< 63e1d, and $33% a 5ur1<6ree A<4.tent3a1 03t-.ut a 5ur1 5.24.nent and t-ere6.re 03t-.ut t-e B<63e1d $a1s. 5a11ed a :63e1d<6ree; A< 4.tent3a1%.

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2: THE AHARO OF<BOHM EFFE!T. In t-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t &2(, t-e B<63e1d 3s 1.5a13=ed 3n a s4e53635 reg3.n. Outs3de t-at reg3.n, t-ere freel# a44ears a 63e1d<6ree $5ur1<6ree% 2agnet35 /e5t.r 4.tent3a1 A. T-3s 3s a 6ree regaug3ng 4r.5ess, and 3ts .55urren5e d.es n.t re9u3re 0.r8.

T-3s :63e1d<6ree; A<4.tent3a1 still affects a d m!ves electr! s. T-e d36635u1t7 3n >e13e/3ng t-e 4-7s35a1 rea13t7 .6 t-e 4.tent3a1s re9u3red 2@ 7ears 6.r 4-7s353sts t. ./er5.2e >e6.re t-e7 0.u1d a55e4t t-e 4u>135at3.n .6 t-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t 3n 'E@E &2a(. B7 4ertur>3ng t-e A, .ne 5an 4r.du5e an E<63e1d 6r.2 3t >7 E D AK t. It 3s stressed t-at, 3n t-e AB e66e5t, a re,a.,i , -as ta8en 41a5e. T-e 4.tent3a1 .uts3de t-e 1.5a13=at3.n =.ne -as >een 6ree17 5-anged, 03t- an eCtra s4a5et32e 5ur/ature and eCtra energ7 trans6erred t-ere >7 gauge 6reed.2, at n. 5.st t. t-e .4erat.r.

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"I E#, "AU"E FREEDOM, A D RE"AU"I ". T-e /a5uu2 $s4a5et32e% 3s eCtra.rd3nar317 energet35. F.r 4ra5t35a1 4ur4.ses, 3t 5.nta3ns un1323ted energ7 dens3t7 &'6(. #3n5e t-e /a5uu2Ks4a5et32e 5.nta3ns energ7 and energ7 dens3t7, 3t 3s t-ere6.re an eCtra.rd3nar317 4.0er6u1 p!te tialL essent3a117 3n63n3te 3n 3ts 4.3nt 3ntens3t7. A :5ur/ature .6 s4a5et32e; 3s 3dent35a117 a 5-ange 3n t-e a2>3ent /a5uu2 4.tent3a1, and -en5e 3n t-e :a/a31a>1e; /a5uu2 energ7. :Energ7 a/a31a>1e; 2eans t-at, t. use 3t, t-ere 2ust eC3st a p!te tial differe ce and grad3ent >et0een t0. se4arated 4.3ntsLand t-us an energ7 5urrent $a :6ree EM 03nd;, s. t. s4ea8%. T-us a d34.1ar3t7 $4.1ar3=at3.n% 3s re9u3red, t. 4r.du5e a /a5uu2 6.r2 .r :eng3ne; t-at 0311 3ntera5t .n 2ass t. 4r.du5e a 6.r5e, >7 a 5.nstant :03nd .6 /a5uu2 energ7; a5t3ng u4.n 3t. An e ,i e &'A( 3s de63ned as a set .6 s4a5et32e 5ur/atures and /a5uu2 61uC eC5-angesLand t-e3r d7na235sL0-35- 5an a5t u4.n t-e e1e2ents .6 a 2ass s7ste2 t. generate 3ts state and 3ts d7na235s. T-e s3241est eng3ne 3s a grad3ent 3n t-e 4.tent3a1. A1s., an eng3ne 3s a set .6 5.ntr.11ed and d7na235 :EM energ7 5urrents;. An eng3ne 3s a1s. re6erred t. as a vac..m e ,i e .r a spacetime c.rvat.re e ,i e. o T-e eng3ne eC3sts 3n s4a5et32e as 5ur/ature$s% .6 s4a5et32e, 0-et-er .r n.t 3t 3s 3ntera5t3ng 03t- 2ass. o T-e eng3ne 3tse16 3s n.n.>ser/a>1eG 3ts i teracti , -it$ mass 3s .>ser/a>1e. o T-e eng3ne 2a7 2./e .r >e 2./ed t-r.ug- s4a5et32e 3nde4endent17 .6 3ntera5t3ng 03t- 2atter. It 3s 4ure energ7 trans6er, and 3t 3s 0.r8<6ree. A f!rce 3s Must t-e 5.u413ng .6 t-e s3241est eng3ne t. 2ass, 03t- mass2tra slati , .r3entat3.n. Un1ess >.t- t-e eng3ne and 2ass are 4resent and d7na235a117 5.u41ed, t-ere 3s n. 6.r5e. We str! ,l# !te t$at mass is a c!mp! e t !f f!rce( /# 6 7 t&mv*( a d classical mec$a ics errs i ass.mi , a separate

3: E

massless f!rce !perati , .p! a separate mass. T-at n.t3.n re2a3ns .ne .6 t-e great err.rs 3n 2.dern 4-7s35s. )-en a 6.r5e F trans1ates t-r.ug- a d3stan5e, t-at 3s t-e 51ass35a1 n.t3.n .6 eCterna1 2e5-an35a1 0.r8 ), >7 t-e e9uat3.n ) D F d1. .te t-atL51ass35a117L2ass -as >een 2./ed, and t-e :s7ste2; eng3ne -as 4er6.r2ed :eCterna1; 0.r8 .n t-e 2ass. :#tress; .n a 2ass .r 3n a s7ste2 3s t-e s32u1tane.us a44135at3.n .6 t0. .r 2.re eng3nes 0.r83ng .n t-e 2ass .r s7ste2 3n su5- 2anner t-at a11 trans1at3.n /e5t.rs su2 t. =er. /e5t.r3a117. Hen5e n. e'ter al 0.r8 3s d.ne, >ut i ter al 0.r8 3s d.ne .n t-e s7ste2 t. 4r.du5e and 5.nt3nu.us17 2a3nta3n t-3s stress 03t- =er. trans1at3.n. ).r8 3s n.t t-e 5-ange .6 ma, it.de .6 energ7 3n a s3ng1e 6.r2N It 3s t-e c$a ,e !f f!rm .6 energ7, 6r.2 .ne 6.r2 t. an.t-er. T-us t-ere 3s a 5entur7<.1d err.r 3n t-e 4resent F3rst La0 .6 t-er2.d7na235s: An7 5-ange .6 ma, it.de .6 an eCterna1 4ara2eter $su5- as t-e 63e1d .r 4.tent3a1 .6 a s7ste2% -as >een err.ne.us17 de63ned as 0.r8. It 3s n.t 0.r8 36 t-e eCtra energ7 3s 3n4ut 3n t-e sa2e 6.r2. In t-at 5ase 3t 3s as#mmetric re,a.,i ,, and 3n/.1/es .n17 energ7 trans6er 03t-.ut 5-ange .6 6.r2, 0-35- re9u3res n. 0.r8. Regaug3ng 3s 6ree, >7 t-e gauge 6reed.2 aC3.2. T-e 4resent 6.r2 .6 t-e F3rst La0 0.u1d ru1e .ut gauge 6reed.2La 6a5t 0-35- see2s n.t t. -a/e >een 4re/3.us17 n.t35ed. T-e s.pers#stem &'A( 5.ns3sts .6 t-e 4-7s35a1 2ass s7ste2 t.get-er 03t- 3ts :eng3nes; and a11 t-e .ng.3ng 2utua1 3ntera5t3.ns. Hen5e su4ers7ste2 d7na235s 3s ana17=ed s32u1tane.us17 >et0een $3% t-e 4-7s35a1 s7ste2, $33% t-e 1.5a1 a5t3/e 5ur/atures .6 s4a5et32e, and $333% t-e 1.5a1 a5t3/e /a5uu2. A11 t-ree 5.24.nents .6 t-e su4ers7ste2 5.nt3nua117 3ntera5t 03t- ea5- .t-er.

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O EHUILIBRUM #TEAD* #TATE $ #*#TEM# !A PERMI##IBL* E,HIBIT !OP

?:

E##% + '.0

A D

EFE !OP D . A s7ste2 6ar 6r.2 e9u313>r3u2 3n 3ts energ7 eC5-ange 03t- 3ts en/3r.n2ent 5an stead317 and 6ree17 re5e3/e en/3r.n2enta1 energ7 and d3ss34ate 3t 3n eCterna1 1.ads, eC-3>3t3ng !OP + '.0 $as d.es a -eat 4u24% .r !OP D $as d. t-e s.1ar 5e11, 03nd2311, 0ater0-ee1, sa31>.at, et5.%. H.0e/er, L.rent= s722etr35a1 regaug3ng se1e5ts .n17 t-.se MaC0e113an s7ste2s 3n et e1.ili/ri.m 03t- t-e3r eCterna1 /a5uu2 en/3r.n2ent. S#mmetrical regaug3ng s7ste2s 5an .n17 use t-e3r eC5ess 6ree regaug3ng energ7 6r.2 t-e /a5uu2 t. d. 3nterna1 0.r8 .n t-e s7ste2, 5-ang3ng t-e stress .n .r 3n t-e s7ste2, 03t- t-e d3ss34ated energ7 t-en >e3ng returned 6r.2

t-e stress3ng a5t3.n t. t-e /a5uu2. #u5- s7ste2s ca !t use t-e3r eC5ess /a5uu2 energ7 t. d. 6ree eCterna1 0.r8 .n t-e 1.ad. T-e standard L.rent= regaug3ng .6 MaC0e11Js e9uat3.ns t-us ar/itraril# d3s5ards a11 MaC0e113an E## s7ste2s us3ng /a5uu2 energ7 t. d. use6u1 eCterna1 0.r8. In e1e5tr35a1 4.0er s7ste2s, t-e u>39u3t.us use .6 t-e 51.sed 5urrent 1..4 53r5u3t se16<en6.r5es L.rent= s722etr35a1 regaug3ng. T-at 3s t.ta117 ar>3trar7, >ut unre5.gn3=ed. T-e 4resent<da7 a>sen5e .6 !OP + '.0 n.r2a1 e1e5tr35a1 4.0er s7ste2s, d.3ng eCterna1 0.r8 and 6ree17 ta83ng a11 t-e3r 3n4ut energ7 6r.2 t-e 1.5a1 /a5uu2 and s4a5et32e 5ur/ature, 3s str35t17 due t. t-e ar5-a35 e1e5tr35a1 eng3neer3ng 2.de1 and t-e 4re/a313ng use .6 t-e 51.sed 5urrent 1..4 53r5u3t. E1e5tr35a1 4.0er eng3neers eas317 ada4t 6.r a !OP D s7ste2 su5- as a s.1ar 5e11, ut313=3ng energ7 6r.2 3ts .>ser/a>17 a5t3/e en/3r.n2ent. T-e7 0311 n.t e/en g. and 1earn $and ada4t t-e3r ar5-a35 2.de1% t. 4r.4er17 ut313=e e/er7 s7ste2Js n.n.>ser/a>1e a5t3/e /a5uu2 en/3r.n2ent 6.r energ7 t. d. eCterna1 0.r8. Instead, t-e7 0311 un03tt3ng17 .n17 a11.0 t-e a5t3/e /a5uu2 t. 4r.du5e stress 3n t-e s7ste2, >7 us3ng .n17 se16<s722etr35a117<regaug3ng s7ste2s $t-e 51.sed 5urrent 1..4 53r5u3t%. F.r a !OP + '.0 .r !OP D e1e5tr35a1 4.0er s7ste2Lta83ng s.2e .r a11 .6 3ts 3n4ut energ7 6ree17 6r.2 3ts a5t3/e eCterna1 $/a5uu2% en/3r.n2ent, ana1.g.us t. a -.2e -eat 4u24Lt-e s7ste2 2ust /3.1ate t-e 51.sed 5urrent 1..4 5.nd3t3.n $s722etr35a1 regaug3ng% 6.r at 1east a s3gn3635ant 6ra5t3.n .6 t-e .4erat3.na1 5751e .6 t-e s7ste2. In s3241e ter2s, t-e s7ste2 2ust >e .4en t. re5e3/3ng and transdu53ng tra slati! al energ7 6r.2 3ts eCterna1 en/3r.n2entL3n t-3s 5ase, t-e a5t3/e /a5uu2Lrat-er t-an Must stressi , energ7. T-ere a1s. e2erge add3t3.na1 61a0s 3n 51ass35a1 t-er2.d7na235s, 3n51ud3ng 3n 3ts 6unda2enta1 de63n3t3.ns: o An :.4en; s7ste2 3s de63ned as .ne t-at -as 2ass trans6er a5r.ss 3ts >.rders $and 2a7 -a/e energ7 trans6er as 0e11%. o A :51.sed; s7ste2 3s de63ned as .ne t-at -as n. 2ass trans6er a5r.ss 3ts >.rders, >ut 2a7 -a/e energ7 trans6er a5r.ss t-e2. #3n5e t-e ear17 'E00Js, 2ass and energ7 are 8n.0n t. >e 3dent35a117 t-e sa2e t-3ng, 5a11ed :2ass< energ7;. Hen5e an7 :51.sed; s7ste2 t-at -as energ7 trans6er a1s. -as 3ts 2ass 5-anged, and a5tua117 3s an :.4en; s7ste2. o An :3s.1ated; s7ste2 3s de63ned as .ne 3n 0-35- n. energ7 .r 2ass 3s eC5-anged a5r.ss 3ts >.undar7. T-ere eC3sts n. su5- s7ste2 3n t-e ent3re un3/erse, due t. t-e un3/ersa1 eC5-ange .6 energ7 and 2ass >et0een /a5uu2 and s7ste2.

T-e u>39u3t.us energet35 eC5-angeL>et0een /a5uu2 $and 5ur/ed s4a5et32e% and t-e s7ste2Ld.es n.t a44ear 3n 51ass35a1 t-er2.d7na235s. *et t-ere 3s n. 63na1 5.nser/at3.n .6 energ7 un1ess >.t- t-e /3rtua1 and .>ser/a>1e state energ7 eC5-anges are 5.ns3dered 3n .neJs ana17s3s. In t-e 4resen5e .6 .44.s3te 5-arges and t-e3r >r.8en s722etr7, 2u5- .6 t-e virt.al /a5uu2 energ7 a>s.r>ed 3n a d34.1ar s7ste2 >e5.2es !/serva/le energ7 3n t-e s7ste2. F.r t-at reas.n, t-e 4resent 51ass35a1 t-er2.d7na235s ru1es are a44r.C32at3.ns, use6u1 3n a great 2an7 5ases >ut n.t a>s.1ute. As O.nde4ud3 and Pr3g.g3ne 4.3nt .ut &'B(: 80t$ere is ! fi al f!rm.lati! !f scie ce9 t$is als! applies t! t$erm!d# amics.:

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OF A HOME HEAT PUMP . E66353en57 .6 an energ7 .r 4.0er un3t 3s de63ned as t-e t.ta1 use6u1 energ7 .r eCterna1 0.r8 .ut4ut .6 t-e s7ste2, d3/3ded >7 3ts t.ta1 energ7 3n4ut fr!m all s!.rces. It 3s 5.22.n17 eC4ressed as a 4er5entage. T-e -.2e -eat 4u24 &'E( 2a7 -a/e a n.23na1 e66353en57 .6 D @0P, 0-35- 2eans 3t 0astes -a16 .6 t-e t.ta1 energ7 3n4ut t. 3t 6r.2 a11 s.ur5es. In add3t3.n t. t-e .4erat.rJs e1e5tr35a1 3n4ut $0-35- -e 4a7s 6.r%, t-e -eat 4u24 a1s. ut313=es s.2e eCtra -eat energ7 re5e3/ed 6r.2 t-e en/3r.n2ent &20(. T-us t-ere are t0. energ7 3n4uts: $3% t-e e1e5tr35a1 energ7 3n4ut 4a3d 6.r >7 t-e .4erat.r, and $33% t-e free en/3r.n2enta1 energ7 3n4ut 6urn3s-ed >7 t-e eCterna1 at2.s4-ere and 4r.5essed a >3t >7 5.24ress3ng, et5. at /er7 1.0 5.st. T-e -.2e -eat 4u24 t-us -as t0. :energ7 reser/.3rs;: $3% t-e e1e5tr35a1 energ7 reser/.3r 6urn3s-ed >7 t-e .4erat.r and 4a3d 6.r >7 -32, and $33% t-e at2.s4-er35 -eat energ7 reser/.3r 6urn3s-ed 6ree17 >7 t-e at2.s4-ere. !.e66353ent .6 4er6.r2an5e $!OP% 3s de63ned as t-e t.ta1 use6u1 energ7 .r 0.r8 .ut4ut .6 t-e s7ste2, d3/3ded >7 t-e !perat!r;s e er,# i p.t ! l#. It 3s stated as a de532a1, and 2easures -.0 2u5- :>ang 6.r -3s >u58; t-e s7ste2 g3/es t-e .4erat.r. O4erat3ng 3n g..d 5.nd3t3.ns, a -.2e -eat 4u24 .6 e66353en57 D @0P 0311 eC-3>3t a !OP D 3.0 t. ?.0. T-e 2aC32u2 t-e.ret35a1 !OP D B.0 .r s.. .te t-at energ7 3s 5.nser/ed, and a11 energ7 .ut4ut as 0.r8 3s 3ndeed 3n4ut t. t-e s7ste2. . energ7 3s :5reated .ut .6 n.t-3ng;. H.0e/er, t-e .4erat.r .n17 3n4uts a fracti! .6 t-e t.ta1 3n4ut re9u3red, and t-e en/3r.n2ent 6ree17 3n4uts t-e rest. T-e s7ste2 4er23ss3>17 .ut4uts 3 t. ? t32es t-e use6u1 energ7 and 0.r8 as t-e energ7 6urn3s-ed >7 t-e .4erat.r a1.ne. T-e eC5ess energ7 3s 6ree17 3n4ut >7 t-e eCterna1 en/3r.n2ent.

@: OPERATIO

B7 :./erun3t7 4.0er s7ste2; 0e re6er t. a !OP + '.0, 0-35- 3s 4er23tted >7 t-e 1a0s .6 4-7s35s and t-er2.d7na235s 6.r E## s7ste2s su5- as t-e -eat 4u24. )e d! !t re6er t. + '00P, 0-35- 0.u1d re9u3re 5reat3.n .6 energ7 6r.2 n.t-3ng at a11.

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@: OPERATIO HEAT PUMP.

OF THE

ME",

A ALO"OU# TO A

T-e ME" rese2>1es a trans6.r2er, -a/3ng a 5.re .6 s4e53a1 nan.5r7sta113ne 2ater3a1, 3n4ut 5.31 .r 5.31s 3n t-e 4r32ar7, and .ut4ut 5.31 .r 5.31s 3n t-e se5.ndar7. Its .4erat3.n, -.0e/er, 3s 9u3te d366erent 6r.2 t-at .6 a n.r2a1 trans6.r2er. T-e s4e53a1 nan.5r7sta113ne 5.re 2ater3a1 used 3n t-e ME" -as a /er7 s4e53a1 5-ara5ter3st35: T-e 2ater3a1 3tse16 6ree17 1.5a13=es an 3nserted B<63e1d $6r.2 t-e 3n4ut 5.31, .r 6r.2 a se4arate 4er2anent 2agnet, .r >.t-% 03t-3n t-e 5.re 2ater3a1 3tse16. T-ere6.re 3t a1s. 6ree17 e/.8es t-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 $AB% e66e5t. Outs3de t-e 5.re, t-ere 6ree17 a44ears an e'tra 5ur1<6ree 2agnet35 /e5t.r 4.tent3a1 A. T-e ME" t-us -as t0. energ7 reser/.3rs: $3% t-e n.r2a1 B<63e1d energ7 and 61uC .6 an7 trans6.r2er resu1t3ng 6r.2 t-e energ7 3n4ut t. 3ts 4r32ar7 5.31$s%, >ut n.0 t.ta117 1.5a13=ed 03t-3n t-e 5.re 2ater3a1, and $33% an eCtra free A<4.tent3a1 energ7 reser/.3r 6ree17 a44ear3ng Must .uts3de t-e 5.re 2ater3a1 3tse16. !.nse9uent17, t-e ME" 3s 6ree t. .ut4ut t-e n.r2a1 a2.unt .6 energ7 6r.2 t-e B<63e1d 61uC t-at a n.r2a1 trans6.r2er 0.u1d .ut4ut, and a1s. as 2u5- e'tra energ7 as 3t re5e3/es and 5.11e5ts 6r.2 t-e A< 4.tent3a1 3n s4a5e .uts3de t-e 5.re. T-e ME" t-us -as >e5.2e d3re5t17 ana1.g.us t. t-e -eat 4u24. It -as .ne energ7 reser/.3rLt-e 1.5a13=ed B<63e1d 3n t-e 5.reL0-.se energ7 t-e .4erat.r 2ust 6urn3s- and 4a7 6.r. But 3t a1s. -as a se5.nd, 6ree, en/3r.n2enta1 energ7 reser/.3rLa 5ur1<6ree A<4.tent3a1L6ree17 a/a31a>1e 3n t-e eCterna1 en/3r.n2ent. A55.rd3ng17, 6.r !OP + '.0 .4erat3.n, t-e ME" 2ust :4r.5ess; t-e a/a31a>1e A<4.tent3a1 reser/.3r energ7 3nt. usa>1e 6.r2, and use 3t t. -e14 4.0er 3ts 1.ad. B7 3n4utt3ng near17 re5tangu1ar 4u1ses t. t-e 3n4ut 5.31, t-e r3se t32e and de5a7 t32e .6 ea5- 4u1se edge 4r.du5es a resu1t3ng s-ar4 5-ange 3n t-e eCterna1 A<4.tent3a1, 4r.du53ng an E<63e1d >7 t-e e9uat3.n E D AK t. .te 4art35u1ar17 t-at, >7 adMust3ng t-e 3n4ut 4u1se r3se t32e and de5a7 t32e, 0e 5an adMust t-e 2agn3tude .6 t-e e'tra E<63e1ds 6ree17 4r.du5ed 3n s4a5e Must .uts3de t-e 5.re, and t-3s e66e5t 3s eas317 2easured. )e str.ng17 stress t-at s-ar4 grad3entsLsu5- as used 6.r 1ead3ng and tra313ng edges .6 t-e 3n4ut 4u1ses t. t-e ME", 03tresu1t3ng s-ar4 63e1d grad3ents 3n t-e 5.re 2ater3a1s and 3n t-e

un5ur1ed A<4.tent3a1Lare a1read7 re5.gn3=ed t. 4er23ss3>17 /3.1ate t-e se5.nd 1a0 .6 t-er2.d7na235s &2'(. B7 adMust3ng t-e 2agn3tude .6 t-e E<63e1ds .uts3de t-e ME" 5.re and t-e3r 6re9uen57 $and t-ere6.re t-e energ7 re5e3/ed 6r.2 t-e2%, .ne 5an adMust t-e a/a31a>1e 5.n/erted E<63e1d energ7 3n t-e 6ree eCterna1 reser/.3r, and t-us adMust -.0 2u5- .6 3t 3s t-en 5.11e5ted >7 t-e ME". T-3s 6ree E<63e1d energ7 3243nges d3re5t17 u4.n t-e ME"Js :.ut4ut; 5.31, 0-35- n.0 a1s. ser/es as an i p.t 5.31. A12.st a11 t-e B<63e1d 4r.du5ed >7 t-e .ut4ut 5.31 3s 1.5a13=ed 3n t-e 5.re 2ater3a1 runn3ng t-r.ug- 3t and -e1d t-ere3n. T-e E<63e1d energ7 6r.2 s4a5e .uts3de t-e 5.re t-us a5t3/ates t-e .ut4ut 5.31 3n a12.st a 4ure17 e1e5tr35 63e1d 2anner, rat-er t-an 3n a 2.st17 2agnet35 63e1d 2anner. T-e ME" >e5.2es a12.st a 4ure17 :e1e5tr35a1; trans6.r2erN T-e .ut4ut 5urrent 6r.2 t-e 5.31 3s a12.st 3n 4-ase 03t- t-e .ut4ut /.1tage $03t-3n a>.ut 2 degrees%. Hen5e t-e ME" 3s a12.st 5.241ete17 us3ng 3ts 3ndu5ed A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t 6.r 3ts energ7 3n4utL/er7 d366erent 6r.2 an7 .t-er 4.0er s7ste2 trans6.r2er. Due t. 3ts :-eat 4u24; t74e .4erat3.n, t-e ME" >e5.2es a E## s7ste2, 6ree17 re5e3/3ng eC5ess energ7 6r.2 3ts se5.nd $en/3r.n2enta1% energ7 reser/.3r t-at 3s 6urn3s-ed :6.r 6ree; >7 t-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t. A55.rd3ng17, as a E## s7ste2 &22( t-e ME" 5an 4er23ss3>17 eC-3>3t !OP + '.0. F.r t-e ME", a !OP D 3.0 .r s. 3s read317 a5-3e/a>1e, and e/en -3g-er !OP 5an >e a5-3e/ed >7 s4e53a1 2easures. H.0e/er, .ne n.tes t-e ME"Js -3g- n.n13near3t7, and t-us 3ts sus5e4t3>313t7 t. n.n13near .s5311at3.ns and t-e need 6.r n.n13near 5.ntr.1 t-e.r7 and 3241e2entat3.n. A1s., t-e AK t .4erat3.n and 3ts E<63e1ds 4r.du5ed, d. 3ntera5t 03t- .t-er 5.31s .n t-e 5.re, 3n51ud3ng t-e 4r32ar7, et5. Hen5e t323ng and 4-as3ng are 5r3t35a1. An .ut<.6<4-ase ME"<138e un3t 5an 0.rsen t-e !OP Q '.0 a n.r2a1 trans6.r2er 0.u1d 4r.du5eN But a 4r.4er17 4-ased ME" 03t- 4r.4er n.n13near 5.ntr.1 0311 4r.du5e a11 s3gna1s add3t3/e as needed at t-e3r 3nd3/3dua1 1.5at3.ns. T-at :.4t323=ed; ME" t-en 0311 4r.du5e !OP + '.0. #5a1e<u4 a1s. 3s -3g-17 n.n13near, and re9u3res eCtens3/e 4-en.2en.1.g7 >u31du4s and test3ng t. a5-3e/e 4r.4er sta>313t7 and 5.ntr.1. !OP D $se16<4.0er3ng .4erat3.n s3231ar t. a s.1ar 5e11% 3s 4er23tted 6.r t-e ME" $as a E## s7ste2% >7 t-e 1a0s .6 t-er2.d7na235s and 4-7s35s. H.0e/er, 03t- s5a1e<u4 4-en.2en.1.g7, 2ater3a1s /ar3at3.ns, and t-e -3gn.n13near3t7 .6 t-e s3tuat3.n, at 1east .ne 7earJs -ard 0.r8 >7 a tea2 .6 2u1t341e s4e53a13sts 3n ge.2etr35 4-ase, n.n13near .s5311at3.n t-e.r7, n.n13near .s5311at3.ns 5.ntr.1 t-e.r7, et5. 3s needed, and 2.de13ng 2ust >e d.ne 3n a -3g-er gr.u4

s722etr7 e1e5tr.d7na235s. It 3s 5erta3n17 d.a>1e $Must as a -.2e -eat 4u24 5an >e :51.se 1..4ed; 6.r se16<4.0er3ng .4erat3.n%. But 3t 3s n.t a tr3/3a1 13tt1e 5.n/ent3.na1 EM trans6.r2er tas8. It 3s n.t s3241e, and 3t 3s n.t 5-ea4. T-e end resu1t 3s t-at 0e -a/e a su55ess6u1 4r..6<.6<4r3n5341e ME" eC4er32enta1 de/35e, and a 4atent -as >een granted, 03tadd3t3.na1 4atent 0.r8 5.nt3nu3ng. But 0e st311 -a/e an eC4ens3/e 7ear .r 2.re .6 5.241eC and s4e53a13=ed 1a> 0.r8 >e6.re 0e -a/e 4r.t.t74e s5a1ed<u4 r.>ust 4.0er un3ts read7 6.r 2ass 4r.du5t3.n and 0.r1d 2ar8et3ng. )e are 4resent17 see83ng t-e 2aM.r 6und3ng 6.r t-at 5.241et3.n.

!O

!LU#IO #: !OP + '.0 and !OP D e1e5tr35a1 4.0er s7ste2s are 4er6e5t17 4er23ss3>1e >7 t-e 1a0s .6 t-er2.d7na235s and 4-7s35sG as 03tness t-e eC3sten5e .6 s.1ar 5e11s 03t- !OP D . R3g.r.us 4r..6 3s g3/en >7 t-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t 3tse16 &2(, gauge 6reed.2, t-e s.1ar 5e11, B.-renJs eC4er32ent &23(, and se/era1 .t-er eC4er32enta1 ent3t3es su5- as t-e 4atented ME". Bed3n3 &2?(, e.g., -as /3a>1e, 4r./en 4r.5esses 6.r 4r.du53ng !OP + '.0 3n >atter7<4.0ered s7ste2s, and 6.r regaug3ng >atter3es &2@( and 5-arg3ng t-e2 03t- 2.re energ7 t-an 3s 6urn3s-ed >7 t-e .4erat.r a1.ne $t-e eC5ess energ7 5.2es 6r.2 6ree regaug3ng%. O/erun3t7 and se16<4.0er3ng e1e5tr35a1 4.0er s7ste2s 51ean17 ta83ng t-e3r energ7 6r.2 t-e 1.5a1 /a5uu2 5an >e de/e1.4ed an7 t32e t-e U.#. s53ent3635 5.22un3t7 0311 4er23t 3t and a11.0 3t t. >e 6unded. T-e naR/e .>Me5t3.n .6 :4er4etua1 2.t3.n 2a5-3nes >e3ng 4r.-3>3ted >e5ause t-e7 0.u1d >e 0.r83ng s7ste2s 03t- n. energ7 3n4ut; 3s utter n.nsense, as 3s eas317 de2.nstrated &26(. E/er7 03nd2311, 0ater0-ee1, sa31>.at, and s.1ar 5e11 de2.nstrates t-at, 36 t-e energ7 3n4ut 3s 5.nt3nu.us17 and 6ree17 re5e3/ed 6r.2 t-e en/3r.n2ent, 5.nt3nu.us eCterna1 0.r8 5an 6ree17 >e d.ne 3nde63n3te17. E/er7 2.t3.n a1s. de2.nstrates e0t.nJs 63rst 1a0: an .>Me5t 41a5ed 3n a state .6 2.t3.n re2a3ns 3n t-at state .6 un36.r2 $4er4etua1% 2.t3.n s. 1.ng as an eCterna1 6.r5e d.es n.t 3nter/ene t. 5-ange 3t. It d.es n.t re5e3/e an7 add3t3.na1 energ7 t. d. s., n.r d.es 3t 4er6.r2 an7 eCterna1 0.r8 3n s. d.3ng. E/en an e1e5tr35a1 5urrent 3n a s-.rted su4er5.ndu5t3ng 53r5u3t 0311 53r5u1ate 3nde63n3te17 $4er4etua117% 03t-.ut an7 add3t3.na1 3n4ut and 03t-.ut d.3ng an7 0.r8 &2A(. EC4er32enta1 4r..6 .6 3t 3s 4art .6 t-e standard 4-7s35s 13terature.

OUTLOOO

A D FORE!A#T $THE AUTHORJ# OPI IO %: T-e >1a2e 6.r t-e terr3>17 6rag31e and -3g-17 /u1nera>1e 4resent 4.0er s7ste2 and 4.0er gr3d 2.nstr.s3t7 13es s9uare17 u4.n t-e s-.u1ders .6 t-e s53ent3635 5.22un3t7, s3n5e t-e d3s5./er7 and 4r..6 .6 >r.8en s722etr7 3n 'E@A &2B(.

Fr.2 .ur d3re5t eC4er3en5e 03t- se/era1 1eg3t32ate !OP + '.0 EM s7ste2s, 0e are .6 t-e .43n3.n t-at t-e s53ent3635 5.22un3t7 0311 u4-.1d 3ts 4resent d.g2a, 3ts 4resent se/ere17 1323ted and 61a0ed e1e5tr35a1 eng3neer3ng 2.de1, and 3ts 4resent s1a/3s- atta5-2ent t. 6ue1 5e11s, >3g nu51ear 4.0er 41ants, -7dr.5ar>.n 5.2>ust3.n, et5. .t .n17 0311 t-e 4resent s53ent3635 and e1e5tr35a1 eng3neer3ng 5.22un3t3es 63dd1e 0-31e R.2e >urns, >ut t-e7 0311 -e14 >urn 3t. T-e .n17 0a7 t-at 0311 5-ange 3s 6.r a -uge >..t t. >e a4413edLsu5- as t-e e5.n.235 5.11a4se .6 t-e Un3ted #tates. T-e s53ent3635 5.22un3t7 -as a10a7s >een t-3s 0a7, 3n 3ts 63er5e res3stan5e t. rea117 3nn./at3/e de/e1.42ents. A 6e0 eCa241es are as 6.11.0s: T-e s53ent3635 5.22un3t7: o F3er5e17 res3sted u1tra03de>and radar, s1ander3ng and 13>e13ng 3ts 43.neers. o Res3sted Ma7erJs .r3g3na1 state2ent .6 energ7 5.nser/at3.nG -.unded -32 s. 2u5- t-at -e atte24ted su353de and 0as 3nst3tut3.na13=ed. o Laug-ed and s1andered O/s-3ns87 .n -3s :3nsane; a2.r4-.us se23<5.ndu5t.r. :E/er7>.d7 8ne0; a se235.ndu5t.r -ad t. -a/e a 5r7sta113ne stru5ture. T-e Ia4anese 0-. 6unded O/s-3ns87 are st311 1aug-3ng a11 t-e 0a7 t. t-e >an8. o Made )egenerJs na2e a s7n.n72 6.r :utter 6..1; >e5ause .6 -3s 5.nt3nenta1 dr36t t-e.r7. )-7, 32ag3ne 5.nt3nents 61.at3ng and 2./3ngN InsaneN; o Re6used t. a55e4t t-e A-ar.n./<B.-2 e66e5t 6.r 2@ 7ears $as 4.3nted .ut >7 Fe7n2an%. Pr3.r t. t-e ME", t-e AB e66e5t a44ears ne/er t. -a/e >een a4413ed 6.r !OP + '.0 6r.2 :t0.<energ7 reser/.3r; e1e5tr35a1 4.0er s7ste2s. o Uses an EE 2.de1 t-at assu2es e/er7 EM 63e1d, EM 4.tent3a1, and M.u1e .6 EM energ7 3n t-e un3/erse -as >een 6ree17 5reated 6r.2 n.t-3ng, >7 t-e3r ass.53ated s.ur5e 5-arges -it$!.t a # e er,# i p.t. E/en /er7 6e0 EE 4r.6ess.rs are a0are .6 t-at terr3>1e 6auC 4as .6 t-e3r 2.de1. It 3s n.t 4.3nted .ut 3n an7 EE teCt>..8, t. .ur 8n.01edge. o Uses an EE 2.de1 t-at assu2es t-e 2ater3a1 et-er, a 61at s4a5et32e, an 3nert /a5uu2, and 5reat3.n 6r.2 n.t-3ng .6 a11 EM 63e1ds and 4.tent3a1sLa11 1.ng 6a1s363ed 3n 4-7s35s. T-ese 61a0s are n.t 4.3nted .ut 3n an7 EE teCt .r de4art2ent t. .ur 8n.01edge, and 3ndeed t-e7 are -3dden 6r.2 t-e students. o U>39u3t.us17 uses t-e 51.sed 5urrent 1..4 53r5u3t 3n 4.0er s7ste2s, d..23ng t-e2 t. !OP Q '.0 and d3re5t17 5aus3ng t-e 4resent 2ess .6 t-e 3nade9uate, 2.nstr.us, 6rag31e, s413ntered, re1at3/e17 unsta>1e, and -3g-17 /u1nera>1e 4.0er gr3ds. T-3s a1s. 3s d3re5t17 res4.ns3>1e 6.r t-e 5.nt3nu3ng and e/er<3n5reas3ng -7dr.5ar>.n

10

5.2>ust3.n, g1.>a1 0ar23ng gases, 4.11ut3.n .6 t-e 41anet, and strang13ng .6 s4e53es. o #t311 1arge17 4.nt3635ates 3n .66353a1 4u>135at3.ns t-at 4er4etua1 $un36.r2% 2.t3.n 3s 324.ss3>1e 3n 2a5-3nes, 0-35- 3s r3d35u1.us s3n5e t-at 3s 2ere17 e0t.nJs 63rst 1a0. A 5.nt3nu.us 6ree17 0.r83ng 2a5-3ne 3s a1s. 4.ss3>1e, s. 1.ng as 3t 6ree17 re5e3/es t-e ne5essar7 energ7 3n4ut 6r.2 3ts en/3r.n2ent $s. 1.ng as 3t .4erates as a E## s7ste2%. ECa241es are t-e 03nd2311, 0ater0-ee1, and s.1ar 5e11Land 3ndeed a -7dr.e1e5tr35 4.0er s7ste2, 36 .ne s4ea8s .6 t-e ent3re s7ste2 3n51ud3ng t-e r3/erJs 61.0. o R3d35u1es an7.ne 0-. ser3.us17 s4ea8s .6 t-e a5t3/e /a5uu2 .r a5t3/e #T 5ur/ature as energ7 reser/.3rs and en/3r.n2ents t. >e ut313=ed 4ra5t35a117Le/en t-.ug- a11 EM 4.0er s7ste2s and 53r5u3ts are 4.0ered >7 EM energ7 eCtra5ted d3re5t17 6r.2 t-e 1.5a1 /a5uu2 >7 t-e s.ur5e 5-arges &22>(. o !.nt3nues t. rut-1ess17 3gn.re t-e 324a5t .6 t-e 1.ng< d3s5arded Hea/3s3de g3ant n.nd3/erged energ7 61.0 5.24.nent, 6.r >.t- 4.0er s7ste2s and ant3gra/3t7 s7ste2s. o P1a5es an 3r.n 2u==1e .n :.ut .6 t-e >.C; 3nn./at3.n >7 4r.6ess.rs, grad students, and 7.ung 4.st d.5t.ra1 s53ent3sts, 4art35u1ar17 3n an7t-3ng s2a583ng .6 !OP + '.0 EM 4.0er s7ste2s. T-e7 2ust 5.24ete 6.r a/a31a>1e 6und3ng atta5-ed t. resear5- 4a58ages t-at 5.2e d.0n 6r.2 .n -3g-, 03t- t-e resear5- a1read7 s4e5363ed. An7 4r.6ess.r 0-. rea117 r.58s t-e >.at 0311 >e e3t-er 4ar8ed .r destr.7ed, as 0311 an7 grad student .r 4.st d.5. #53en5e 3s 5.ntr.11ed >7 5.ntr.113ng 3ts 6und3ng. #3n5e 3ts 6und3ng 3s a1read7 5.ntr.11ed, .ur s53en5e 3s a1read7 2u==1ed and 5.nstra3ned 03t- res4e5t t. energ7 resear5and de/e1.42ent. Hen5e, >ased .n -3s a/a31a>1e s53ent3635 ad/35e, a Pres3dent3a1 de53s3.n 0as 2ade t. $3% a11.0 u4dat3ng .1d 4.0er 41ants 03t-.ut add3t3.na1 4.11ut3.n 5.ntr.1s, $33% g. 6.r dr3113ng 0-ere/er .31 3s t. >e 6.und, $333% 2ass3/e17 3n5rease t-e gr3d and t-e nu2>er .6 4.0er 41ants, $3/% g. 6.r 6ue1 5e11s as an 3ntended ans0er t. t-e trans4.rt 4r.>1e2, et5. "3/en t-e s53ent3635 ad/35e -e re5e3/es, t-e Pres3dent sees n. .t-er 5-.35e a/a31a>1e. T-at 3s sad, >e5ause t-e :energ7 6r.2 t-e /a5uu2; 5-.35e 3s a/a31a>1e, 4art35u1ar17 03t- a55e1erated de/e1.42ent and 6und3ng. As an eCa241e 6r.2 t-e standard 4-7s35s 13terature, t-e B.-ren<t74e eC4er32ent &23( 3n :negat3/e res.nan5e a>s.r4t3.n .6 t-e 2ed3u2; .ut4uts s.2e 'B t32es as 2u5energ7 as .ne 3n4uts 3n .neJs a55.unted P.7nt3ng energ7 3n4ut. P.7nt3ngJs energ7 61.0 t-e.r7 &2E( d.es n.t a55.unt 6.r a -uge Hea/3s3de n.nd3/erged energ7 61.0 5.24.nent $30%

11

t-at 3s .6ten a tr3113.n t32es greater t-an t-e a55.unted P.7nt3ng 5.24.nent. L.rent= ar>3trar317 d3s5arded t-e Hea/3s3de n.nd3/erged 5.24.nent 53r5a t-e 'BE0s &3'(, and EEs 5.nt3nue t. >13nd17 d3s5ard 3t and 3gn.re 3t &32(. Re6eren5es: '. Stephen L. Patrick, Thomas E. Bearden, James C. Hayes, Kenneth D. Moore, and James L. Kenny, "Motion ess E ectroma!netic "enerator," #.S. Patent $ %,&%',()*, Mar. '%, '++'. 2. ,a- .. /harono0 and D. Bohm, 1Si!ni2icance o2 E ectroma!netic Potentia s in the 34ant4m Theory,5 Phys. 6e0., Second Series, ))7,&-, )878, p. 9*7:98); ,<- = 1>4rther considerations on e ectroma!netic potentia s in the ?4ant4m theory,5 Phys. 6e0., )'&,9-, /4!. )7, )8%), p. )7)):)7'9. / !ood technica e@position o2 the /harono0:Bohm e22ect and its topo o!y is !i0en <y ,c- Terence A. Barrett, "Topo o!ica /pproaches to E ectroma!netism, Part B. /harono0:Bohm E22ect," Modern Con inear Dptics, Second Edition, Myron A. E0ans, Ed., Ai ey, CeE .ork, '++), p. ('':(&&. 3. ,a- M. A. E0ans, P. K. /nastaso0ski, T. E. Bearden et al., "C assica E ectrodynamics Aitho4t the LorentF ConditionG E@tractin! Ener!y 2rom the Bac44m," Physica Scripta %),7-, May '+++, p. 7)&:7)(; ,<- = "E@p anation o2 the Motion ess E ectroma!netic "enerator Eith D,&E ectrodynamics," >o4nd. Phys. Lett., )9,)-, >e<. '++), p. *(:89; ,c- = "E@p anation o2 the Motion ess E ectroma!netic "enerator <y SachsHs Theory o2 E ectrodynamics," >o4nd. Phys. Lett., )9,9-, '++), p. &*(: &8&. See a so ,d- M. A. E0ans, T. E. Bearden, and /. La<o4nsky, "The Most "enera >orm o2 the Bector Potentia in E ectrodynamics," >o4nd. Phys. Lett., )7,&-, J4ne '++', p. '97:'%). ?. ,a- T. E. Bearden, "E@tractin! and #sin! E ectroma!netic Ener!y 2rom the /cti0e Bac44m," in M. A. E0ans ,ed.-, Modern Con inear Dptics, Second Edition, & 0o s., Ai ey, '++), Bo . ', p. %&8:%8*; ,<- = "Ener!y 2rom the /cti0e Bac44mG The Motion ess E ectroma!netic "enerator," in M. A. E0ans ,Ed.-, Modern Con inear Dptics, Second Edition, &:0o s., Ai ey, '++), Bo . ', p. %88:((%; ,c- = Ener!y 2rom the Bac44mG Concepts and Princip es, Cheniere Press, Santa Bar<ara, C/, '++', Chapter (G 1/harono0:Bohm E22ect, "eometric Phase, and the Motion ess E ectroma!netic "enerator5. @. M. A. E0ans, P. K. /nastaso0ski, T. E. Bearden et a ., 164naEay So 4tions o2 the Lehnert E?4ationsG The Possi<i ity o2 E@tractin! Ener!y 2rom the Bac44m,5 Dptik, ))),8-, '+++, p. 9+(:9+8. 6. To see hoE Ma@Ee Is e?4ations are con0entiona y re!a4!ed symmetrica y, see J. D. Jackson, C assica E ectrodynamics, Ay ie, CeE .ork, Third Edition, )888, p. '9+:'9%. A. >or a disc4ssion o2 asymmetrica re!a4!in!, see M. A. E0ans, P. K. /nastaso0ski, T. E. Bearden et a ., 1Some Cotes on J/symmetric 6e!a4!in!I,5 J. CeE Ener!y 9,&-, Ainter )888, p. &'7:&'%. B. >or a disc4ssion on symmetrica re!a4!in!, see Jackson, )888, ibid. E. T. E. Bearden, 1Motion ess E ectroma!netic "eneratorG Prod4ction o2 an /dditiona Ener!y 6eser0oir >ree y >4rnishin! E@tra EM Ener!y Knp4t to the System 2rom Kts E@terna En0ironment,5 )+ J4ne '++& ,in press-.

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'0. M. A. Berry, "34anta phase 2actors accompanyin! adia<atic chan!es," Proc. 6oy. Soc. Lond., Bo . /&8', )8*9, p. 97:7(. ''. .. /harono0 and J. /nandan, "Phase Chan!e D4rin! a Cyc ic 34ant4m E0o 4tion," Phys. 6e0. Lett., Bo . 7*, )8*(, p. )78&:)78%. '2. 6ichard P. >eynman, 6o<ert B. Lei!hton, and MattheE Sands, The >eynman Lect4res on Physics, /ddison:Aes ey, 6eadin!, M/, Bo . KK, )8%9, p. ):&. '3. J. D. Jackson, ibid., p. 77*. '?. J. D. Jackson, C assica E ectrodynamics, 'nd Edn., Ay ie, )8(7, p. ''&. '@. M. A. E0ans, P. K. /nastaso0ski, T. E. Bearden et a ., 1The /harono0:Bohm E22ect as the Basis o2 E ectroma!netic Ener!y Knherent in the Bac44m,5 >o4nd. Phys. Lett. )7,%-, Dec. '++', p. 7%):7%*. '6. See 6. Podo ny, Somethin! Ca ed Cothin!G Physica Bac44mG Ahat Ks KtL, Mir P4< ishers, MoscoE, )8*%, p. )*). Kn mass 4nits, the ener!y density o2 the 0irt4a partic e 2 4@ o2 0ac44m is on the order o2 )+*+ !rams per c4<ic centimeter. To e@press it in Mo4 es per c4<ic centimeter, it is ,c'-,)+*+-. 'A. See T. E. Bearden, >act SheetG 1S4persystem and En!inesG #nderstandin! Ener!etics,5 /4!. '7, '++&. 'B. Di ip Kondep4di and K ya Pri!o!ine, Modern ThermodynamicsG >rom Heat En!ines to Dissipati0e Str4ct4res, Ai ey, CeE .ork, )88*, reprinted Eith corrections )888, p. 978. Dn the same pa!e, se0era areas that are knoEn to 0io ate present thermodynamics are !i0en. 'E. Ai iam C. 6eyno ds, Thermodynamics, 'nd Edn., Mc"raE:Hi , CeE .ork, )8%*, p. '7+:'7' !i0es an ana ysis o2 the Carnot heat p4mp. 20. See 6o<ert H. 6omer, "Heat is not a no4n," /m. J. Phys., %8,'-, >e<. '++), p. )+(:)+8. Heat is not a s4<stance, not a thermodynamic 24nction o2 state, and sho4 d not <e 4sed as a no4n, 4n ess one risks 2a in! into error. /JP Editor 6omer a so e@poses another serio4s EM errorG Kn endnote '9, p. )+8, he takes to task "that dreadful diagram purporting to show the electric and magnetic fields of a plane wave, as a function of position (and/or time?) that besmirch the pages of almost every introductory book. it is a horrible diagram. !isleading would be too kind a word" wrong is more accurate." "perhaps then, for historical interest, #we should$ find out how that diagram came to contaminate our literature in the first place." /s the reader can see, many physics pro2essors and Mo4rna editors are ?4ite aEare o2 n4mero4s 2o4ndations errors in present science. 2'. Kondep4di and Pri!o!ine, ibid. 22. ,a- See partic4 ar y D. J. E0ans and Lam<erto 6ondoni, "Comments on the Entropy o2 Cone?4i i<ri4m Steady States," %. &tat. 'hys., )+8,&:9-, Co0. '++', p. *87:8'+. Kn theory a proper CESS system can prod4ce contin4o4s ne!ati0e entropy. E0ans and 6ondoni Eere so shocked at their oEn theoretica res4 ts, that they 2e t no physica system co4 d e@hi<it s4ch a ne!ati0e entropy, contin4a y decreasin! toEard ne!ati0e in2inity as time passes. HoEe0er, e0ery char!e does this a ready; see ,<- T. E. Bearden, >act Sheet, 1The So4rce Char!e Pro< emG Kts So 4tion and Kmp ications,5 /4!. )*, '++&; ,c- = >act Sheet, 1LeytonIs Hierarchies o2 SymmetryG So 4tion to the

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MaMor /symmetry Pro< em o2 Thermodynamics,5 /4!. '', '++&. The ME" as a CESS system appears to <e a prototype macroscopic poEer system that e@hi<its s4ch permissi< e contin4o4s prod4ction o2 ne!ati0e entropy. 23. ,a- Crai! >. Bohren, "HoE can a partic e a<sor< more than the i!ht incident on itL" /m. J. Phys., 7),9-, /pr. )8*&, p. &'&:&'(. #nder non inear conditions, a partic e can a<sor< more ener!y than is in the i!ht incident on it. Meta ic partic es at 4 tra0io et 2re?4encies are one c ass o2 s4ch partic es and ins4 atin! partic es at in2rared 2re?4encies are another. See a so ,a- H. Pa4 and 6. >ischer, NComment on 1HoE can a partic e a<sor< more than the i!ht incident on itLIO,5 /m. J. Phys., 7),9-, /pr. )8*&, p. &'(. The Bohren e@periment is repeata< e and prod4ces CDP P )*. 24. See T. E. Bearden, "BediniHs Method >or >ormin! Ce!ati0e 6esistors Kn Batteries," Proc. Con!. '+++, St. Peters<4r!, 64ssia, Bo . ), J4 y '+++, p. '9:&*. / so p4< ished in J. CeE Ener!y, 7,)-, S4mmer '+++, p. '9: &*. / so carried on restricted DoE Ee<site httpGQQEEE.ott.doe.!o0Qe ectroma!neticQ and on httpGQQEEE.cheniere.or!. 2@. ,a- John C. Bedini, 1De0ice and Method 2or P4 se Char!in! a Battery and 2or Dri0in! other De0ices Eith a P4 se,5 #. S. Patent $'++&Q+))())) /), J4ne '%, '++&. >or another e!itimate o0er4nity Bedini process, see ,<- John C. Bedini, 1De0ice and Method o2 a Back EM> Permanent E ectroma!netic Motor "enerator,5 #.S. Patent $ %,&8',&(+, May '), '++'. 26. See >act Sheet, T. E. Bearden, 1Perpet4a motion 0s. JPerpet4a Aorkin! Machines Creatin! Ener!y 2rom Cothin!I,5 /4!. '), '++& 2or a ri!oro4s disc4ssion o2 perpet4a motion ,Ehich is M4st CeEtonIs >irst LaE-, and hoE it di22ers 2rom p4rported machines that create ener!y 2rom nothin!. Ddd y, the !reatest=tho4!h tota y 4nEittin!= proponents o2 ener!y creation 2rom nothin!, in a h4man history, are the e ectrica en!ineerin! departments, pro2essors, te@t<ooks, and en!ineers. Their standard e ectroma!netics mode ass4mes that a EM 2ie ds and potentia s and their ener!y are 2ree y created o4t o2 nothin!, <y the associated so4rce char!es without any energy input at all. So they 4nEittin! y ass4me that e0ery Mo4 e o2 EM ener!y in the 4ni0erse has <een and is created 2rom nothin!. This is the 4nEittin! ansatF that has !i0en 4s CDP R ).+ standard e ectrica poEer systems, horrid po 4tion o2 the <iosphere and stran! in! o2 species, acce erated ! o<a Earmin!, and a 2ar more poisono4s and hosti e en0ironment in Ehich to i0e. /nd, to the de i!ht o2 many o2 the ener!y carte s, it is a so Ehat has kept the e ectrica poEer meter on o4r homes and o22ices and ind4stry, and has kept the !as p4mp meter on the !as p4mps 2or o4r a4tomo<i es and transport. Dne m4st keep oneIs sense o2 h4morS By 2ai in! to 4pdate and e@tend their !ross y inade?4ate e ectrica en!ineerin! mode , o4r scienti2ic comm4nity is direct y contri<4tin! to the decimation o2 the p anet and the 24t4re co apse o2 the ind4stria iFed nationa economies.

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2A.

Decay time 2or a c4rrent 2 oEin! in a c osed s4percond4ctin! oop has <een e@perimenta y shoEn to <e !reater than )+ 7 years, and theoretica y shoEn to <e !reater than )+9+,+++,+++ years. 2B. ,a- T. D. Lee, "34estion o2 Parity Conser0ation in Aeak Knteractions," Physica 6e0ieE, )+9,)-, Dct. ), )87%, p. '79:'78. Errata in Phys. 6e0. )+%,%-, J4ne )7, )87(, p. )&(); ,<- T. D. Lee, 6einhard Dehme, and C. C. .an!, "6emarks on Possi< e Conin0ariance 4nder Time 6e0ersa and Char!e ConM4!ation," Phys. 6e0., )+%,'-, )87(, p. &9+:&97. E@perimenta proo2 Eas !i0en <y A4 and her co ea!4es in ,cC. S. A4, E. /m< er, 6. A. HayEard, D. D. Hoppes and 6. P. H4dson, "E@perimenta Test o2 Parity Conser0ation in Beta Decay," Phys. 6e0., Bo . )+7, )87(, p. )9)&. So re0o 4tionary Eas this disco0ery that the Co<e Committee Eith 4nprecedented speed aEarded Lee and .an! the Co<e PriFe in Decem<er )87(=the same year that A4 et al. e@perimenta y pro0ed the prediction <y Lee and .an!. 2E. ,a- J. H. Poyntin!, 1Dn the trans2er o2 ener!y in the e ectroma!netic 2ie d,5 Phi . Trans 6oy. Soc. Lond., Bo . )(7, )**9, p. &9&:&%); ,<- J. H. Poyntin!, "Dn the Connection BetEeen E ectric C4rrent and the E ectric and Ma!netic Knd4ctions in the S4rro4ndin! >ie d," Phi . Trans. 6oy. Soc. Lond., Bo . )(%, )**7, p. '((:&+%. 30. ,a- D i0er Hea0iside, "E ectroma!netic Knd4ction and Kts Propa!ation," The E ectrician, )**7, )**%, )**(, and ater. / series o2 9( sections, p4< ished section <y section in n4mero4s iss4es o2 The E ectrician d4rin! )**7, )**%, and )**(; ,<- = "Dn the >orces, Stresses, and > 4@es o2 Ener!y in the E ectroma!netic >ie d," Phi . Trans. 6oy. Soc. Lond., )*&/, )*8&, p. 9'&:9*+. / so, partic4 ar y see ,c- E. 6. LaithEaite, 1D i0er Hea0iside T esta< ishment shaker,5 E ectrica 6e0ieE, ')),)%-, Co0. )', )8*', p. 99:97. 3'. H. /. LorentF, Bor es4n!en U<er Theoretische Physik an der #ni0ersitVt Leiden, Bo . B, Die Ma@Ee sche Theorie ,)8++:)8+'-, /kademische Ber a!s!ese scha2t M.B.H., LeipFi!, )8&), "Die Ener!ie im e ektroma!netischen >e d," p. )(8:)*%. >i!4re '7 on p. )*7 shoEs the LorentF concept o2 inte!ratin! the Poyntin! 0ector aro4nd a c osed cy indrica s4r2ace s4rro4ndin! a 0o 4metric e ement. This proced4re ar<itrari y se ects on y a sma component o2 the ener!y 2 oE associated Eith a circ4it=speci2ica y, the sma Poyntin! component <ein! diverged into the circ4it to poEer it=and then treats that tiny component as the "entire" ener!y 2 oE. There<y LorentF ar<itrari y discarded the h4!e Hea0iside circ4ita ener!y transport component that is 4s4a y not di0er!ed into the circ4it cond4ctors at a , does not interact Eith anythin! oca y, and is M4st Easted. 32. Ae address this Hea0iside e@tra ener!y 2 oE phenomenon=and many others=in o4r <ook, Ener!y 2rom the Bac44mG Concepts and Princip es, ibid., '++'. Ahen the Hea0iside component is acco4nted, e0ery !enerator and poEer so4rce e0er <4i t a ready o4tp4ts enormo4s y more ener!y than is acco4nted <y the mechanica sha2t ener!y inp4t to the !enerator, or <y the chemica ener!y dissipated <y the <attery. /cco4ntin! its tota ener!y o4tp4t as an ener!y transd4cer o2 0irt4a 0ac44m ener!y into o<ser0a< e ener!y, e0ery poEer so4rce e@hi<its CDPWW).+. The Hea0iside component 4s4a y has itt e or no

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e22ect <eca4se it is in 0ector c4r 2orm, and the di0er!ence o2 the c4r is Fero=in a 2 at spacetime. The 4s4a poEer app ication is in an appro@imate y 2 at spacetime, so the Hea0iside c4r ed 2 oE component is o2 itt e physica si!ni2icance ,4sin! LorentFIs ori!ina ar!4ment-. HoEe0er, <y de i<erate y c4r0in! the oca spacetime ,e.!., as in BohrenIs e@periment and in the ne!ati0e resonance a<sorption o2 the medi4m-, the di0er!ence o2 the c4r is not Fero, and additiona ener!y is 2ree y co ected 2rom the ne! ected Hea0iside component. BohrenIs strai!ht2orEard e@periment yie ds CDP P )*. The simp e 24ndin! o2 a 2eE doctora theses and post:doctora physics proMects in this area 2or three years or so Eo4 d 0ery ?4ick y so 0e the ener!y crisis 2ore0er, 0ery cheap y. (ll )! power systems already e*hibit +,' --../, if their arbitrarily discarded 0eaviside energy flow component is accounted and if it were deliberately used as an e*tra huge environmental energy reservoir from which copious e*tra )! energy were freely e*tracted. E.!., i2 a present coa :<4rnin! p ant Eere modi2ied Eith a Bohren: process so that it 1amp i2ied5 the heat inp4t o2 the com<4stion process <y a 2actor o2 )+, then on y )+X o2 the present coa Eo4 d ha0e to <e <4rned in that modi2ied p ant to prod4ce its same e ectrica poEer o4tp4t. The <ene2icia impact on the en0ironment Eo4 d <e inca c4 a< e, and Eith ess coa <4rned, additiona po 4tion:red4cin! methods co4 d <e a22orded and app ied. Co one in DoE, any other 2edera a!ency, the Cationa /cademy o2 Sciences, the Cationa Science >o4ndation, D/6P/, the nationa a<oratories, or o4r 4ni0ersities has e0en considered it=or apparent y e0en tho4!ht o2 it.

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