l Introduction

l Analog TV systems
l Progressive and interlaced systems
l Synchronism signals
l Composite signal
l Components signal
l NTSC and PAL systems
l Sampling of the TV signal

1
 Amplitude
Camera Transmitter

Real world Electrical signal

Visual system
TV screen Receiver

2
 Sclera

Vitreous humor
Iris
Cornea Lens
Fovea

Aqueous
humor Retina Optic nerve

Blind spot

Glare limit

Subjective brightness
0.01

Adaptation range
Sensibility to contrast

0.02 8 Ba
ee)

Bb
egr

0.05 4
s/d
cle

2
(cy

0.1
Scotopic
ncy

1
0.2
que
fre

0.5
tial

0.5 Scotopic Photopic

Spa

1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 12 16 24 threshold

Temporal frequency (Hz)

Log of intensity
3
Number of lines per image:

Depends on desired vertical definition

Number of images per second:

No flicker > 50
Motion sensation > 15
4
 1 cycle

33.5 cycles
per image height

5
 1 cycle

6.5 cycles
per image height

6
 1 cycle

1.5 cycles
per image height

7
1 cycle

33.5 cycles
per image width
8
 6.5 cycles
1 cycle per image width

9
1 cycle

1.5 cycles
per image width 10
 1/60s 1/60s 1/30s
1 2
3 4
5
6
7 + 8 =
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Odd field Even field Complete image

A C C A
1
2
3
4
5
6

B B
D D
Odd lines Odd field flyback Even lines Even field flyback

Number of lines: 525 Number of fields: 60

Number of images: 30 2 fields = 1 image
11
1
A
. C
.
3
2
5
4
7
6
9
8
11
10
13
12
15
14
17
16
19
. . 18
D B

Horizontal scanning
Horizontal flyback
Vertical flyback
12
 Horizontal
synchronism

100 Maximum level

Amplitude %

75 Blanking level

50

25

0 White level
Video signal
Line N
13
even

odd

14
 fh: Line frequency (15.750)

fv: Field frequency (60)

f
0
fv 2fv fh 2fh

f
0 5 MHz
15
 Sound
carrier

Microphone
Audio FM RF
Amplif. modulator Amplif. +
TV camera
Video Video Vestigial
Video AM
adder R.F. Lateral band
Amplif. modulator
+ sync Amplif. filter

camara
Sync. Video
time
generation carrier
base

16
 2.8
Y Y=X

1 1/2.8
Y=X

r
itte
Em

0.5

r
ve
cei
Re

0 0.5 1 X

17
 Limiter Sound Sound
Amplif. detector Amplif.

FI Video
Tuner Detector
Amplifier Amplif.

Delay
GAC
GAC

Sync. Line Line

Sync processing oscilator output
separator Sync Field Field
processing oscilator output

18
 R - Red G - Green B - Blue

R
Camera G Bandwidth is
B 3 x 5 MHz = 15 Mhz

19
 R Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B 5 MHz
Camera G u = 0.495 (B – Y) 1 MHz
B v = 0.877 (R - Y) 1 Mhz
Bandwidth is 7 Mhz

Y - Luminance u = 0.495 (B – Y) v = 0.877 (R - Y)

20
 R Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B 5 MHz
Camera G R-Y 1 MHz
B B-Y 1 Mhz
Bandwidth is 7 Mhz

R-Y = R - (0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B) = 0.7R - 0.59G - 0.11B

B-Y = B - (0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B) = -0.3R - 0.59G + 0.89B

Y Y+R-Y=R
R-Y Receiver Y+G-Y=G Screen
B-Y Y+B-Y=B

G - Y = -(0.3/0.59)(R - Y) - (0.11/0.59)(B - Y)
21
 Saturated magenta

Saturated yellow
Saturated green
Desaturated red

Saturated cyan
Saturated red

Saturated blue
Saturated red
(very bright)

(less bright)
White

Gray
1.0 1.0
0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.20 0 0 0
R
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.20 0.5 0 0
G 0 0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.20 0.5
0 0 0 0
B
1.0
0.30 0.65 0.59 0.70 0.89
0.20 0.15 0.11 0.41
Y
0.70
0 0 0.35 0.35 0.11
R-Y
-0.59 -0.70
0 0 0.41 -0.11 -0.59
0.30 0.11
G-Y
-0.11 -0.41
0 0 -0.30 -0.15 -0.15 0.89 0.59
0.30
B-Y

-0.30 -0.15 -0.15 -0.59 -0.89

22
NTSC defines

I = 0.877 (R – Y) cos 33 – 0.493 (B – Y) sin 33

Q = 0.877 (R – Y) sin 33 + 0.493 (B – Y) cos 33

I Bandwidth: 1.5 Mhz

Q Bandwidth: 0.5 Mhz

Note: Next slides will use, (I,Q), (u,v) or (R-Y, B-Y) indistinctly
Signals are not exactly the same, but concepts are.
There is a weighting factor applied
23
 V
0.877 (R-Y) 0.7

Red 0.6
103°
0.5 Magenta
0.4 61°

0.3
Yellow 0.2
saturation
167°
0.1 Hue
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

-0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 U

-0.1 0.493 (B-Y)
Blue
-0.2
347°
-0.3

Green -0.4
241°
-0.5
Cyan
-0.6 283°
-0.7

24
I Amplitude
modulator

+90
CHROMINANCE

subcarrier +
oscilator S(t)
3.58 Mhz

Q Amplitude
modulation
S(t) = I cos(ωst+33) + Q sin(ωst+33)

25
 Burst
10 ± 1 cycles
White

1.0
0.90 0.90 0.89 Yellow

0.76 0.76 Cyan

0.70

0.83 0.83 Green

0.59

0.83 0.83 Magenta

0.41

0.76 0.76 Red

0.30

0.90 0.90 Blue

0.11

Black
0.0

Luminance signal

Chrominance signal

26
 Carrier amplitude

0
75%
100 %

20 %
0.90 0.90

0.76 0.76

0.83 0.83

0.83 0.83

0.76 0.76

0.90 0.90
1.33
-0.33

1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4

27
 Carrier amplitude

0
75 %

20 %
100 %

White level
White
0.44 0.44 Yellow
0.63 0.63 Cyan
Black level

0.59 0.59 Cyan

0.59 0.59 Magenta
0.63 0.63 Red
0.44 0.44 Blue
Black
1.33
-0.33

1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4

28
 Y

0 1 2 3 4 5 f (MHz)

0 1 2 3 4 5 f (MHz)
Bandwidth depends on (I,Q) or (u,v) signals

v
0 1 2 3 4 5 f (MHz)
Bandwidth depends on (I,Q) or (u,v) signals

Composite signal
f (MHz)
0 1 2 3 4 5

4. 43 (color subcarrier - PAL)

3.58 (color subcarrier – NTSC) 29
 0.877 (R-Y)

Line n

R – Y is switched each line φ

to compensate for the 0.493 (B-Y)
phase errors (hue)
0.493 (B-Y)
-φ

Line n+1

-0.877 (R-Y)

S(t) = (B-Y)sin(ωst) + (R-Y)cos(ωst)

-
30
R-Y R-Y

Cn
En
En
ϕ
C n+1
'

B-Y B-Y
ϕ C n+1
E n+1
E n+1
EMITTER RECEIVER

31
l Component sampling
Applications: multimedia, Digital TV

l Composite signal sampling

Applications at the TV receiver
Image enhancement
Flicker reduction

32
 ITU - 601 CIF QCIF

Sampled signals Y, u, v Y, u, v Y, u, v

Sampling frequency Mhz. (Y) 13.5 - (u,v) 6.75 (Y) 6.75 - (u,v) 3.375 (Y) 6.75 - (u,v) 3.375

Sampling structure orthogonal 1:1 orthogonal 1:1 orthogonal 1:1

Pixels / image (Y): 720 x 576 (Y): 352 x 288 (Y): 176 x 144
(u,v): 360 x 288 (u,v): 176 x 144 (u,v): 88 x 72

Bits/pixel 8 8 8

33