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ESSAY QUESTIONS 1a. Outline the role of NADP in photosynthesis.

[6]

Nov 2002, Nov 2004

coenzymes of dehydrogenase and function as electron/hydrogen carrier; Final electron acceptor in non-cyclic photophosphorylation; Drives photolysis of water; 2H+ + 2e- + NADP NADPH or reduced NADP/ hydrogen ions from splitting of water combine with NADP to form NADPH;

NADPH passes to Calvin cycle/ light independent reactions; NADPH reduces glycerate bisphosphate to triose phosphate in carbon reduction phase; and gets reoxidized back to NADP; (1m each)

1b. Describe the role of the electron transport chain in respiration and photosynthesis.[7]

series of electron carriers ; embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane and involved in oxidative phosphorylation; embedded in thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts and involved in (cyclic and non-cyclic) photophosphorylation ;

electron carriers

are arranged in order of decreasing energy level ;

series of redox reactions / electron carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons / electrons transferred down ETC;

ref. energy released in ETC used for chemiosmosis, describe chemiosmosis; resulting in the synthesis of ATP ;

in respiration, ETC also allows regeneration of electron carriers, NAD+ and FAD; (1m each)

1c. Describe how the Calvin cycle differs from the Krebs cycle. [7]

refer to Photosynthesis lecture notes page 34


Features Occurs in Location Reaction Krebs Cycle all aerobically respiring cells matrix of mitochondria catabolic reaction ( complete oxidation of pyruvate) production of ATP NAD, FAD release of CO2 Oxaloacetate Calvin Cycle plants cells/algae/blue-green bacteria stroma of chloroplast anabolic reaction (formation of G3P)

Involvement of ATP Hydrogen/ electron carriers Involvement of CO2 Cycle regenerates..

expenditure of ATP NADP usage of CO2 RuBP

(1m each) ADDITIONAL PRACTICE


Question 1 Nov 2003/P2/Q3

(a) Explain the photoactivation of chlorophyll [2]


Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll to a higher energy level; Energy passed on from one chlorophyll molecule to another until it reaches reaction center ( a pair of chlorophyll a molecules) ;

Excited electron ejected from chlorophyll a molecule ;

(b) Describe the function of the thylakoid membrane shown in Fig 3.1 in photophosphorylation. [3]

Provide large surface area for maximum light absorption; Contains PSI photosynthetic pigments; Site of ETC / maintains electron carriers in place Ref. to ATP synthase that produces ATP; Ref. to thylakoid membrane being impermeable to H+ ions proton pumping/ proton gradient;

(c) List 3 ways in which cyclic photophosphorylation differs from non-cyclic photophosphorylation. [3] - refer to lecture notes page 19 (d) State two ways in which oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria resembles photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. [2]

Involves movement of electrons along electron transport chain, generating a proton gradieny ATP is synthesized via chemiosmosis using ATPase Both process take place on membranes ( thylakoid membrane for oxidative phosphorylation and inner mitochondrial membrane for photophosphorylation)

CHALLENGING QUESTION Question 1 The figure below shows the absorption spectra of various leaf pigments and the action spectrum for photosynthesis.

(i)

What evidence is there in suggesting that the light absorbed by chlorophylls a and b is used in photosynthesis? [2] shape of both graphs is similar when the absorption rate of chlorophyll a and b are the highest, so would the rate of photosynthesis both the rate of photosynthesis and the absorption rate of light by chlorophyll a and b peak at around 425 nm and 630 nm

(ii) Carotene is an accessory pigment. What evidence can be obtained from the graph to support this statement? [1] carotene absorbs light only at the blue-violet region of the spectrum amount of light absorbed by carotene is only about half that of chlorophylls a and b (iii) In trying to obtain the absorption spectrum for photosynthesis, what precautions must be taken when illuminating the plants with beams of light of different wavelength in order for the results to be meaningful? [2] intensity of light cannot be too high Factors to be kept constant light intensity CO2 concentration oxygen concentration temperature amount of water (iv) If, in the laboratory, you wish to extract chlorophyll pigments you will need an organic solvent such as ether or acetone. Such substances also dissolve lipids. Suggest why such a solvent is necessary in the extraction of pigments.[2] chlorophyll pigments are membrane bound organic solvents can dissolve the membrane ref. to phospholipids bilayer

ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE H2 BIOLOGY 9648 JC 1 NAME: CLASS:

Evaluation: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Q1 TOTAL MARKS 22


Question 1

Modified from Nov 2007/P2/Q6

The figure below is an electron micrograph of part of a plant cell.

Diagram from TYS Nov 2007 page 282

(a) Name the structures P to R [3] P Q R nucleus/ nucleoplasm/ chromatin/euchromatin nuclear envelope/ membrane cell / plasma membrane reject heterochromatin

(b) Briefly describe how the chloroplast is structurally adapted to carry out its function(s). [2]

Large surface area of thylakiod/grana increase for more photosynthetic pigments for absorbing light/ for embedment of electron carriers and ATP synthase

Thylakoid membrane impermeable to H+ to maintain proton gradient/ ensure that H+ only passes through stalked particle during chemiosmosis

Stroma contains enzyme/ DNA and ribosomes for series of enzyme catalysed reactions in Calvin Cycle.

Different photosystem pigments (PSI/ PS II), trap different wavelength of light

(c) State two ways in which mitochondria and chloroplasts are (i) similar in structure [2] a. both are double-membrane organelles (double outer membrane) b. large surface area / highly folded of inner membrane

c. Presence of ETC/ electron carriers/ proton pumps d. Presence of ATP synthase/ stalked particles e. Presence of 70s ribosomes, and circular DNA

(ii)

different in structure [2] a. chloroplast has a 3rd membrane system : thylakoid membrane b. ref. position of stalked particles: catalytic knob of stalked particles faces inwards form inner membrane into matrix in mitochondria , catalytic knob of stalked particles faces outwards from thylakoid membrane to stroma in chloroplast c. chloroplast contains pigments/ chlorophyll d. chloroplast contains starch grains

(a) ATP synthesis takes place in both mitochondria and chloroplasts, suggest why plant cells with chloroplasts also contain mitochondria. [3]

ATP synthesised in chloroplasts stays within chloroplasts/ stroma to provide energy for reactions in the Calvin cycle/ light-independent stage

ATP synthesised in mitochondria is transported out to cytosol to provide energy for mitosis, active transport ( specific use)

(b) State three ways in which the process of ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts are (i) similar [3]

flow of / passing electrons down electron transport chain / involves movement of electrons from 1 electron carrier to another generation of electrochemical / proton gradient across membrane using energy from ETC diffusion of protons through stalk particles/ATP synthase produces proton motive force to drive phosphorylation of ADP

(ii)

different [3] oxidative phosphorylation versus photophosphorylation

- refer to lecture notes page 42

(f) State and explain the effect of a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in (i) respiration, and [2]

No effect CO2 is not substrate / not raw material / not required (ii) photosynthesis. [2]

decrease in photosynthesis CO2 required for carboxylation of RuBP in Calvin cycle / light independent reaction

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