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Q Question 1 AQA/JUN07/MAK A KEUB/Q1 The table sho ows some mRNA m base sequences and the am mino acid seq quences tha at would be produced fr rom them
(a a)
Comp plete the tab ble above to show the sequence of amino acids produced from the fin nal mRNA base sequence. s [1 1] Thr-His-Thr-His-Thr Use th he informatio on in the tab ble to give (i) one e sequence of DNA bases that code es for the am mino acid ser, [1] TCA (ii) on ne anticodon for the amin no acid ser. [1] UCA
(b b)
c) (c
The genetic code is described d as non-ove erlapping an nd degenerate. Explain the eviden nce from the e table that this code is (i) non-overlap n ping [2] no base of a given codon c contrib butes to part t of the code e of the next t codon / aft ter one codon ha as been read, the immediate 3 base es will be rea ad as the ne ext codon / A base from one e codon cannot be used for adjacen t codon For a specific s poly ypeptide co ontaining 1 type of a a.a, overlapping will produce a polypept tide made up u of more than t 1 a.a e.g. CAA C CAA CAA pr roduces gln-gln-gln, if genetic code c is over rlapping, mR RNA base s equence willl be CAA A ACA AAC pro oducing a polypept tide with diffe erent a.a/ an ny valid exam mples degenerat te [2] One ami ino acid can be encoded d by more th han one codo on ACC and d ACA both code for thre eonine (Thr) )
(ii)
Question 2 AQA/JUN03/PD/Q1 Fig. 2.1 shows a stage in protein synthesis. (a) (i) Name this stage. Translation (ii) What is molecule Q? Proline [1] [1]
(b) Give the base sequence on the anticodon of molecule Z. [1] CAU
(c)
Describe what will happen next to (i) molecule Y; [2] (ii) Anticodon GGG binds to CCC codon at the A-site of ribosomes through complementary base-pairing via hydrogen bonds
molecule Q. [3] Joins to (carboxyl-end of) growing polypeptide Via peptide bond formation between P and Q cataysed by peptidyltransferase
Question 3 Modified N06 P2Q06 Fig. 3.1 is an electron micrograph of a secretory cell from the hypothalamus of the brain. The cell synthesizes and releases ADH (vasopressin). ADH is a peptide made up of nine amino acids.
Fig. 3.1 (a) Label the structures A, B and C. [3] A: cell membrane B: mitochondrion (reject mitochondria) C: rough endoplasmic reticulum
(b)
Explain the role of the following structures in the synthesis of ADH. [4] Mitochondria [max 2m] Involved in aerobic respiration to release energy (reject produce energy) via production of ATP ATP used to activate amino acids required for translation/ form polypeptide of ADH
Accept: form peptide bonds between amino acids to form polypeptide of ADH Accept: ATP are monomers in the synthesis of mRNA of ADH/ tRNA / rRNA required for the translation of ADH Nuclear envelope [max 1m] Regulation/control of movement of ribonucleoside triphosphates/ gene regulatory proteins, RNA polymerase/ any valid examples required for transcription of ADH into nucleus via nuclear pores
OR Regulation/ control of movement of ADH mRNA/ ribosomal subunits / any valid examples out of nucleus via nuclear pores
Examiners comments: Marks were lost because there was poor reference to nuclear pore Nucleolus [max 2m] Site of transcription of rRNA genes to form rRNA. rRNA then assembles with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm to form ribosomal subunits required for translation of ADH mRNA
Examiners comments: Many incorrectly thought that the nucleolus made the mRNA for ADH. ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Outline the main events of transcription. [7] J97 gene that codes for enzyme/protein is on one of the DNA strands template strand RNA polymerase binds to promoter region Unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases to expose the DNA template strand for synthesis of mRNA RNA polymerase adds free ribonucleoside triphosphate (ATP, UTP, CTP and GTP) Order of bases added is through complementary base pairing (A to U and T to A and C to G) to via hydrogen bond formation with template strand ribonucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester bonds elongates in a 5 to 3 direction with respect to the growing mRNA chain transcription stops after RNA polymerase reads the termination signal (in prokaryotes) / polyadenlyation signal (in eukaryotes)
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE Question 1 Nov96 The figure below is a section through the rough endoplasmic reticulum representing the synthesis of proteins.
A B
C
(a) Name structures A to C. [3] A: mRNA; B: Large subunit of ribosome; C: polypeptide; (b) Describe and explain the role in protein synthesis of (i) structure A [3] messenger molecule, carrying genetic code/ information copied from DNA each codon / triplet of bases on mRNA encodes an amino acid serves as template: sequence/order of codons on mRNA determines the sequence/order of amino acids in a polypeptide (ii) structure B [3] Sites of translation to synthesis proteins Holds tRNA and mRNA in close proximity for translation to occur Contains peptidyltransferase which catalyse peptide bond formation between amino acids
Question 2 AQA/JUN06/GG/Q3 (a) (i) What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription? [1] (i) join/attach RNA nucleotides / ribonucleotides via phosphodiester bonds;
C Complete Fig gure 1 to sho ow (i) the ba ases on the DNA strand from which the mRNA w was transcrib bed; CGTTA ACCAA; [2] (ii) the ba ases forming g the anticod dons of the tR RNA molecu ules. CGU UAC CAA; Figure 2 show ws the effect ts of two diff ferent mutati ions of the D DNA on the b base sequen nce of the mRNA. The table sho ows the mRN NA codons for f three ami ino acids.
(c c) Name the e type of mut tation repres sented by mutation 1. [1 1] Base subs stitution;
(d d) Use the in nformation in n the table to o (i) identif fy amino acid X in Figure e 1; alanine;
An nderson Junior College Biology Department 2013
[1]
(ii) explain how each of mutation 1 and 2 may affect the polypeptide for which this section of DNA is part of the code. [4] mutation 1 no change (to sequence of amino acids) silent mutation: GCU and GCA both encodes alanine because of the degeneracy of the genetic code mutation 2 folding/shape/tertiary structure/position of bonds may change (reject peptide bonds) Missense mutation: valine replaced by alanine Question 3 Nov04 Figs. 3.1 and 3.2 are diagrams showing transcription and translation.
(a)
Identify the structures A to D. [4] A DNA, B ribonucleoside triphosphates (accept RNA nucleotides), C mRNA, D polypeptide chain, E RNA polymerase, F ribosome State where in the cell transcription and translation occur. [2]
(b)
nucleus ribosomes
(c)
List three additional ways in which the process of transcription differs from translation.[3] Refer to page 23 of Protein synthesis lecture notes Features Monomers used Bonds between monomers Transcription Ribonucleoside triphosphates / RNA nucleotides / ribonucelotides Phosphodiester bonds Translation Amino acids
Peptide bonds