ISL1 - Sociolingistic 3 Review: participant regiolect ethnolect sociolect jargon/slang variation between groups of speakers -> dialect Northern

Cities Shift - use different phonemes phonetic change Language have to be intelligible Kachu (1992) three circle model of World Englishes (plural!!!) Inner Cirle ENL - English Native Language 'norm providing' Outer Circle ESL - English Second Language 'norm developing' -usually countries with links to Inner Circle-Countries (due to Colonization) Expanding Circle EFL - Englisch Foreign Language (Austria) 'norm dependent' Strong point: Englisch has more than one standard, one variation Labov /r/ in New York City English Results: upper middle class use /r/ more often in casual speech than others, but are outclassed by lower middle class in word lists and minimal pairs Bilingual a term used to describe a native speaker of two languages or a country with two official languages, in contrast to monolingual restrictive definition - the criteria of birth to make us bilingual is relativly narrow bidialectal being capable of speaking two dialects 'style-shifting' - 'code-switching' style-shifting - shifting between dialects, jargon code switching - switching between languages! Whiteley-Beispiel: Zeigt, wie code switching sich auswirkt Context influences the language used! Language use influences context

It's a two-way-relationship! bi-directional - the two co-constitute each other register - refers to linguistic patterns, which go hands in hand with situation of language use example: Classroom (more paedagogical register) vs conference (more professional register) genre - somehow similiar, describes text types (Jobinterview) not a fixed jacket, not a script - but it has clear features and linguistic patt erns draws in a cultural context has become more flexible intertextuality - links between texts whatever we say, we interact, it does not come out of the blue there is a development between texts Language influences society and vice-versa A: Dude, you promised to lend me some money! B: Sir, I have no idea what you are talking about by choosing a different register, the situation changes A: informal, bond by lending money B: formal, denying the bond establishing a relationship in austria "Sehr geehrter Vize-Rektor, lieber Arthur!" 'Communication accommodation theory' convergence - more closer divergence - more distance example: Austrians in germany use more standard-language -> convergence! Standard language A socially favored variety of a language diglossia A relatively stable situation in which two clearly seperate varieties ('H' and 'L') are used for clearly different functions (defin ition based on Ferguson 1959) "A social organization of dialects of the same language so that one is seen as more pure and is used for formal purposes (including writing), while others are used for everyday purposes. Diglossic communities take pride in both. example Switzerland: Switzerdtsch used spokenly, High German writtenly Language contact situations: People need to communicated - what do they do with no shared language? they need to come up with a shared code pidgin - only used for certain uses (f.e. trade)

a certain code stripped down to what is necessary are looked down upon, even if they're useful babies first have pidgins! creole - a pidgin which becomes to the first language creole develop the full functionality Interesting area: How do they develop? Pidgin normally do not have hypertaxes, subclauses. Creoles do develop hypertaxes. Jamaican creole: see website. lingua franca - a language both participant speaks englisch is a common lingua franca ELF = english as lingua franca? critique about three circle model pidgins/creoles? bi/multilingualism? native speaker? EFL vs. ELF ESL or EL1? ENL which norm for whom? Language have different values connected with them. Connected with ideology (Goethes Sprache ist herausragend) no evidence, just ideology. It's arbituary, it is questionable.