Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PapyricontainingvictoryodesanddithyrambsofthepoetBacchylides,as publishedbyF.G.Kenyonin1897,haveconsiderablysupplementedwhatlittlehas survivedofthecorpusofninecanonicallyricpoetsaseditedbythescholarsof AlexandriaintheHellenisticperiod.Informandincontent,thesongsof BacchylidesarecloselyrelatedtothoseofPindar,whosevictoryodeshaveforthe mostpartsurvivedbywayofthemedievalmanuscripttradition,alongwith considerablefragmentsofhisdithyrambsandothercompositions.Thisclose relationshipbetweenthemediaofBacchylidesandPindarhasledtoagradual pindarizationofthetextofBacchylidesinmodernClassicalscholarshipoverthe lastcentury,asisevidentfromacomparisonoftheoriginalTeubnereditionby FriedrichBlassin1898,onehundredyearsago,andtodaysTeubnereditionby HerwigMaehler,postBrunonemSnell(hereafterabbreviatedasSM).My argumenthereisthattheongoingquestofmodernClassicalscholarstorecoverthe realtextofBacchylideshasledtotheneglectofinsightsprovidedbyancient ClassicalscholarshipasrepresentedbytheBacchylidespapyri,stemmingmostly fromthe2ndcenturyCEbutreflectingastretchofscholarshipthatgoesbackto the2ndcenturyBCE(and,most{7|8}likely,earlier).[1 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.1)] ()Thisessayhighlightssomeofthoseinsights
1.scriptiocontinua.
IntheBacchylidespapyri,wordendingswithintheindividuallinesarenot indicatedbyspaces.Thisvisualformatofavoidingworddivisionsisknownas scriptiocontinua,anditcharacterizesancientGreekwritingingeneral. IntheBacchylidespapyri,thepresenceofawordendingwithinthelineis occasionallyindicatedinindirectways,bywayofspecialsigns.Forexample,the signoftheapostrophe(asatlines60,61,62,65,71,74,76,80,84,89inthe Appendix[seethepdfofpp.2627ofQUCC64(2000)])directlyindicateselision andtherebyindirectlyindicateswordending.Similarly,thesignoftheraised dot(asatlines62,67,70,73,76,77,78,83,84[2x],85,86,88,89,91inthe Appendix)directlyindicatessyntacticalpauseandtherebyindirectlyindicates, again,wordending.Inthiscontext,Iusepausemerelyinacompositionalrather thanaperformativesense.(Ondistinctionsbetweenperformativeand compositionalperspectivesintheapplicationofthetermpause,seeNagy1998.) {8|9}Theoccasionsofthesesigns,aswewillsee,aresignificantinandof themselves,andthissignificanceisstrippedwhenmoderneditorsdiscontinuethe formatofscriptiocontinua,printingthelinesinavisualformatthatshowsthe wordsseparatedfromeachotherbywayofspacesthatwerenotthereinthe originalwrittentext. Inelaboratingthispoint,Ineedtoconsiderwithinabroaderscopethegeneral phenomenonofscriptiocontinuainancientGreekscripttraditions,whichtook shapeinaneraofexpandingliteracy,asearlyastheClassicalperiodofthe5th centuryBCE,andwhichpersistedallthewaythroughthe9thand10thcenturies CE.[2 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.2)]()Amajor questionis,whywasscriptiocontinuaabasicfeatureofancientGreekliteracyfor aperiodthatcoverswelloverathousandyears? Withinthisbroaderscope,Ihopetoshowthattheformatofscriptiocontinuais notadisadvantagebutanadvantageforthemechanicsofreading,especially readingaloud.AswewillseefromtheBacchylidespapyri,thisadvantageof scriptiocontinuaisfurtherenhancedbytheusageofsuchsignsasIhavejust describedinformallyastheapostropheandtheraiseddot.
2.colometry.
IntheBacchylidespapyri,linedivisionsgenerallyshowcola,notperiods.Theline divisionsinthepapyriandinthemedievaltextsofPindaralsogenerallyshowcola, notperiods.ThelinedivisionsinmoderneditionsofPindar,however,show periods,notcola. ThismodernpracticestartedwiththePindareditionofAugustBoeckh(Leipzig 1811/1821),whichreshapedthelinenumberingonthebasisofalargermetrical unitthatBoeckhdefinedastheperiod(orverse,asLaetitiaParkercallsitin theOxfordClassicalDictionary,p.975).[3 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.3)] ()Inthenextparagraph,Iofferaworking
definitionoftheperiod. Whilethecolonisasmallermetricalunit,theperiodisalargermetricalunit containingcola.Acolonendingmayormaynotcoincidewithawordending,but aperiodendingmustcoincidewithbothacolonendingandawordending. (Occasionally,aperiodmayconsist{9|10}ofonlyonecolon.)AsBoeckhshowedin his1809bookonPindaricmeter,awordendingthatcoincideswithaperiod endinghasspecialfeatures,namely,thepotentialforhiatusinthecaseofaword finalvowelandbrevisinlongointhecaseofawordfinalsyllable.[4 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.4)] () ComparetheformulationofWest1982.5:Theperiodisthefundamentalself containedunitinmetricalcomposition.Itisanalogoustothesentencein discourse:thesentenceisasegmentwithinwhichthereissyntacticcontinuityand attheendofwhichsyntacticalconnectionisinterrupted,theperiodinmetreisa segmentwithinwhichthereisprosodiccontinuityandattheendofwhich prosodicconnectionisinterrupted.[5 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.5)] ()
Thelowernumbersthatweseeinthelinenumberingofthelefthandmarginsin moderneditionsofPindar,likethatofSnell/Maehler,gobacktotheeditionof Boeckh,whousedhisthenrevolutionaryperiodcountingformat.Thehigher numbersthatweseeintherightmarginsgobacktoC.G.Heynesedition (Gttingen1798),whohadingeneralusedtheearliercoloncountingformatofthe medievalmanuscripts.(Thesehighernumbersareusefulforcrossreferencestothe Pindaricscholia,sinceDrachmannseditionofthesescholiausesHeyneseditionof Pindarasitspointofreference.)Thecoexistenceofthesehigher/lowernumbering systemscaneasilybemissedinthemorerecenteditionsofPindar:Snell,for instance,spellsitoutonlyonp.2oftheSMedition,atthebeginningofthetextof Olympian1,butthereisnoindicationthereafterthatthenumberingsgobackto BoeckhandHeynerespectively.TheLoebeditionofWilliamRace,astheeditor himselfinformsthereader(p.vii),omitstherighthandnumberingofHeyne altogether.
Bacchylidespapyriin1897didnotleadtoadecisivereversionfromtheperiod formatofBoeckhs1811/1821editionbacktotheoldercolonformatofearlier editionslikethatofHeyne? Theanswerissimple:theperiod,asformulatedbyBoeckh,wasrecognizedasa workingprincipleinmetrics,notjustavisualscheme,whereastheearlier colometryofthecolawasgenerallythoughttobeanarbitraryanduselesssetof segmentations,eventhoughthiscolometrydatedbacktotheworldofancient scholarship,inparticulartoAristophanesofByzantium.[7 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.7)] () ThereactionofL.R.Farnellistypical:Unfortunatelywehavenoexternalevidence toguideusforourexistingmss.havenoultimateauthorityonthismatter,nor doesthediscoveryofthepapyrusof[Bacchylides]...,showingtheshortlineasthe metricstandard,supplyuswithevidenceofanyavailforPindar,asKenyon supposesitmay[p.xvii].[8 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.8)] ()
FarnellwasinfluencedbythediscoveriesofmetricianslikePaulMaasconcerning theprincipleofresponsion.Thisprinciple,whereagivenstropherhythmically matchesotherstrophesaswellasitsantistropheandwhereagivenepode matchesotherepodes,establishestheperiodastheviableunitofrhythmic replication:responsioninvolvesnotjustthemetersbutalsothepausesthat delineatethesemeters,andthissortofdelineationcanonlybeunderstoodinterms ofthelargerunitoftheperiod,notintermsofthesmallerunitofthecolon.[9 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.9)] ()Maasinferredthat ancientscholarswereunawareofthe{11|12}period,onthegroundsthattheyrefer toresponsionintermsofcola.[10 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.10)] ()HereisthewayMaasputsit(1962par.6):
Pindar(1935rev.1947)professesseverity,indeferencetoMaas,thoughhisstance isdefensive:atp.viii,hedeclaresthathefollowsthecolometryofBoeckh(note especiallytheconventionofmakingtheperiodbeginningsflushwiththelefthand margin)atp.ix,hesaysofthetextuallytransmittedcolometry:haecdivisio,ut utilisestatquenonnihilfertoculisvenustatis,itanullamhabetapudcodices auctoritatemwhereverpossible,asBowrasays(ibid.),hetriestomakethe concentustobeabsolutusthoughhehedgesaboutfollowingMaascompletely. ThelesssevereSchroederisaparticularlyinterestingcaseinpoint:thoughhe adoptedtheperiodcountingformatforhis1900editionofPindar,heswitchedto theoldercoloncountingformatinalateredition(1913:seeFarnellp.xxii). AnotherinterestingcaseisSnellhimself,whoseTeubnereditionofPindar (1943/1953),ashis1964Praefatiodeclares,isacontinuationoftheworkof Schroeder.WhenitcomestocorrectingtheAlexandriantradition,Snellsays(p. v)thatSchroederwasmoreconfidentthanheis.Still,Snelladoptstheperiod countingformatforhiseditionofPindar,thoughheretainsthecoloncounting formatforhiseditionofBacchylides.[13 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.13)] ()
Thecola,asweseetheminthevisualformatoftheBacchylidespapyri,sometimes doandsometimesdonotcoincidewithwordendings.Thisformatsnon observanceofwordendingiswhatIamcallinghyphenation(asatlines58,60, 68,69,74,75intheAppendix[seethepdfofpp.2627ofQUCC64(2000)]). Hyphenationisamechanismthatcanserveasanaidtoreadingaloud.Itiseasier forthereadertodevelopafeelforaperiodending,thatis,foracolonending thatisalsoaperiodending,simplybydevelopingafeelforalltheplaceswhere hyphenationcanhappen,thatis,wherecolonendingsneednotcoincidewith wordendings.Thismechanismofhyphenationisanaspectoftheoverallmentality ofscriptiocontinua:itiseasiertodevelopafeelforaperiodending,whichis followedbyapause,simplybydevelopingafeelforalltheplaceswhereaword endingmustnotbefollowedbyapause.Inthiscontext,Iamusingpausein performativeratherthancompositionalterms. AsItellmybeginningstudentswhenIinitiatethemintothereadingofdactylic hexameter:(1)trynottostopbetweenwordsuntilyoureachtheendoftheline (2)ifyouhavetostopinordertocatchyourbreathbeforeyoureachtheendofthe line,allowyourselftodosoonly{13|14}atacaesuraoratthediaeresis.Thereason fornotallowinganyplacetostopotherthanthecaesurasorthediaeresisissimple: ifyoudostopanywhereotherthanthoseplaces,youriskbreakingtherhythm.[15 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.15)] ()Letmerestatemy formulationbytranslatingitintothemetricaltermsofthemediumnowunder consideration,thepoetryofBacchylides:(1)trynottostopbetweenwordsuntil youreachtheendoftheperiod(2)ifyouhavetostopinordertocatchyour breathbeforeyoureachtheendoftheperiod,allowyourselftodosoonlywhere thecolonendhappenstocoincidewithawordend.[16 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.16)] ()
Nicanorsnotionofdiastolisequivalenttothecorrespondingnotionsofhis predecessors,especiallyinthecaseofAristarchusandhiscontemporary,Dionysius
Thrax.
3.selectivemarkingofaccents.
ItisevidentfromtheBacchylidespapyrithateachcolon,asmarkedbythe colometricdescriptionsattributedtoAristophanesofByzantium,hasamelodic contour,whichisgenerallymarkedbyoneortwoaccentsignsthatindicatethe peakorpeaksofthismelodic{14|15}contour(oneaccentonlyatlines60,61,62, 63,66,69,70,73,74,76,77,81,82,83,85,87,88,89,90intheAppendix[seethe pdfofpp.2627ofQUCC64(2000)]twoaccentsonlyatlines64,67,80no accentatlines59,65,68,71,72,75,78,79,84,86,91threeormoreaccentsatno line).[19 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.19)]() ThisfeatureofselectiveaccentuationinthevisualformattingoftheBacchylides papyriislinkedtothetwootherfeaturesthatwehavealreadyconsidered,scriptio continuaandthecolometryitself.Apioneerintheanalysisofselective accentuationisBernhardLaum(1928). Laumsworkhasnotreceivedtheattentionitdeserves.Referencesbylaterscholars tendtofocusondetailsthatneedtobecorrected.[20 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.20)] ()Notenoughhasbeenwritten,however,onthe
actualdataandargumentsthatLaumcontributed. OneofthesecontributionswasLaumshighlightingofatextthattellshowthe AlexandriancriticAristophanesofByzantiumsupposedlyinventedthe traditionalnotationsystemforancientGreekaccents(p.62).Inhisbook(pp. 100102),Laumprintstherelevanttextofchapter20ofPseudoArcadiusepitome ofHerodiansKatholikprosidiafromtheParismanuscriptsPar.gr.2603and Par.gr.2102,andhetracesthetestimonyofthistext,howeverflawed,to TheodosiusofAlexandria,whosefloruithedatesataround400CE.[21 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.21)] (){15|16}Pfeifferis justifiedinobjectingtothenotionthatAristophanesactuallyinventedthe markingofaccents,sincetherearetracesofaccentualnotationgoingbacktothe eraofAristotle.[22 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.22)]() Still,thetestimonyassembledbyLaumdemonstratesthatAristophaneshadarole inthesystematizationofaccentualnotationsintheeraofAlexandrianscholarship, andthatthepatternsofselectiveaccentuationthatwefindinthepapyriare relatedtohissystem.[23 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.23)] ()
reflectaselectivenotationofaccentualpatterns.Theseaccentuations,asLaum argued,arederivedfromasystemofnotationsthatisindependentoftheactual letteringofthetextofBacchylides.Soalsowiththeaccentualtraditionsthat surviveintheHomerpapyri:themarkingofaccentsispatternedonprinciplesthat areanalogoustotheselectiveaccentuationoftheBacchylidespapyri. ForAristarchusandhisimmediatepredecessorsattheLibraryofAlexandria, questionsofHomericaccentwereaddressednotinthediorthsisinthesenseof editionbutinthehupomnmataorcommentariesthataccompaniedthe editionasaseparatetext.[24 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.24)] ()Laumsuccessfullychallengedtheassumption
thatonlyintheByzantineeditionsoftheninthandtenthcenturiesdiditbecomea regularpracticetomarktheaccentoneachwordinagiventext.Significantly,this newerpracticecoincideswiththediscontinuationofscriptiocontinua. Theolderpractice,asweseeitclearlyattestedintheHomerandBacchylides papyri,wastheselectiveplacementofaccentsigns(andotherdiacritics,suchas breathings).Thispracticeservedapracticalpurpose:thereadersofthesepapyri wereconcernednotwiththeaccentsofindividualwordsperse,whichhadbeen theprimaryresearchinterestofAristarchusandlaterAristarcheans,especially Herodian,butwiththecorrectpronunciationofthecolon,whichistheequivalent oftheentireverseinthecaseoflyricpoetslikeBacchylidesandofpartofthe verseinthecaseofHomer. Tociteanexample:intheHomerpapyri,thereisatendencytosignalanacute accentbelongingtoonlyonewordwithinagivenstringofwords,insteadof signalingalltheacutesbelongingtoallthewords.[27 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.27)] ()Considerthephrase
{17|18}LaumarguesthattheByzantineconventionsofmarkingaccentsgobackto Theodosius,whoseorthographicsystemrevealssomesurprisingdivergencesfrom theearlieraccentualpatternsattestedbyHerodianandhisAristarchean predecessors.Itisnottheaccentsofindividualwordsthatturnouttobedifferent intheearliersources:rather,itistheaccentuationsofwordcombinations.Modern editorsofancientGreektextsanachronisticallyobeytheByzantineaccentual orthographicsystem,tobetracedbackonlyasfarasTheodosius.Thustheybypass thetraditionrepresentedbytheearlierHerodian,nottomentiontheearlier testimonyofpapyrifeaturingmarkedaccents.Tociteoneexample: Thoughmoderneditorsprintapolysyllabicoxytonewordconsistentlywithagrave accentwhenthatwordisfollowedbyanotherwordwithoutanobviousintervening syntacticalbreak,theevidenceofthepapyriandoftheHomericscholiaindicates thattheaccentinthiscontextcouldinfactbeacute,notgrave:seeLaum1928.152, 159,161....Isaycould,notshould,becauseMooreBlunt1978hasfound severalinstancesofpapyridatedearlierthan400CEwherewedoseethespelling ofgraveaswellasacuteinthissamecontext.Laumtreatstheearlierpatternof acutespellingsasaconstant,whereasinfactitisagraduallydisappearing tendency.ThepointremainsandLaumsaysthisjustaseffectivelyasMoore BluntthatearlierpatternsofancientGreekaccentuationareconditionedbythe melodiccontour,asitwere,oftheoverallsyntax.[30 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.30)] ()
DionysiusThraxputitthisway(12.3f,ed.A.Hilgard1901): {18|19}
Inmypreviouswork,Ihavefocusedontheinheritedmelodiccontoursofthe Homerichexameter,themelodyofwhichwasreducedincomparisontothelyric meters,withtheirovertmelodies: InNagy1990a.2028,thereisanextendeddiscussionofthephenomenonthatI callreducedmelodyorrecitativeinhexametertraditionsasperformedby rhapsodes.Formoreonthemelodiccontoursofthehexameter,seeWest1986.45, whoarguesthattheepicsingeroftheeighthcenturyfollowedthecontoursgiven bythewordaccentsalso,thatthistraditionwasperpetuatedbytherhapsodes, butinagraduallydecayingform,andthattherhapsodespreservedmany archaicaccentualfeaturesofHomericGreekintotheHellenisticagecf.alsoWest 1981.114and1992.208209.Iagreewithmostoftheseformulations,thoughI resisttheideaofadecayingform.Ontheconceptofrecitative,seevanderWerf 1967.InthetraditionsoftheOldFrenchchansons,asheargues,therearecasesof distinctlyrecitativemelodiesanddistinctlyariosoonesbutthereareother compositionswherewecannolongerdiscernwhethertheoriginalofagivenline wasarecitativeondoranariosomelodywithdasatonalcenter(vanderWerf 1967.234).Inotherwords,thereareinstanceswherewecannotconcludefromthe preservedmusicwhetheramanuscriptgivesusasimplifiedvariantofanarioso originaloranornamentedvariantofastrictrecitative(ibid.).Itisclearthata trouvrerecitativecouldeasilybetransformedintoatrouvrearioso,oranarioso transformedintoarecitative(ibid.).Thoughitisimpossibleattimestodetermine inwhichdirectiontheshiftisheaded,whetheritisfromariosotorecitativeorvice versa,itisclearthatthesetwostyleswerenottworigorouslyseparatedstylesfor thejongleurs,notators,andscribesattheendofthethirteenthcentury(ibid.).We maycomparetheancientGreektraditionsassociatedwith{19|20}thelyric StesichorusandtheepicHomer,asdiscussedinNagy1990a.4951.[33 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.33)] () Thesereducedmelodiccontours,asIhavearguedextensively,aidedinpreserving archaismsinthepitchaccentuationarchaismsthatwereotherwiseleveledoutin everydayGreek.[34 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.34)]() ThephenomenonofmelodiccontouringisrelevanttoaruleintraditionalGreek music,totheeffectthatunaccentedsyllablesshouldnothavehigherpitchthanthe acuteaccentedsyllable.[35 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.35)] ()Withinthemelodicframeworkofsucharule,
HereIdisagreewiththeopinionofWest1992.198199concerningchoralpoetry (includingthatofBacchylides):Butinstrophiccompositions,...correspondence ofaccentsandmelodycouldonlyhavebeenachievedifeachstrophesungtoa givenmelodyhadbeensocomposedastohavethesamepatternofwordaccents. Sofaraswecansee,thiswasneverattempted.Westsconceptofresponsionis overrestrictive,asifagivenmelodyhadnoflexibility.[38 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.38)] () Ifindeedtheselectiveaccentuationofthecolon,asweseeit{20|21}markedinthe Bacchylidespapyri,reflectsthetraditionalpatternsofmelodiccontouring,thenthe moderneditorialpracticeofassigningaccentstoeverywordinastringofpoetry amountstostrippingthemelodiccontour.Accentingeachwordislikeseparating eachwordfromthenextone:inonecase,youstripthemelody,whileintheother, youstriptherhythm.[39 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.39)] ()
4.selectivemarkingofbrevis.
IntheBacchylidespapyri,thebrevismarkisfoundoversomeshortvowelsthat bearanacuteaccent(asatlines61and70intheAppendix[seethepdfofpp.26 27ofQUCC64(2000)]).[41 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?
tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.41)] ()
omega)showthatvowellengthoppositionshadalreadydisappeared,achange thatisdirectlycorrelatedwiththeshiftfromtheclassicalpitchaccenttoanaccent characterizedprimarilybygreaterloudness(Horrocksibid.). {21|22}Theimplicationsarefarreaching:evenforaknowledgeablescholarlike Aristarchus,itseemsthatreadingthemeternolongercomesnaturally.TheGreek languagenolongerlendsitselftoquantitativemeter.[42 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.42)] () Inthislight,thebrevis+acutemarkingsoftheBacchylidespapyriprovidea remarkableconfirmationoftheaccuracyofanotationsystemthatdescribesa phaseoftheGreeklanguagethatisnolongercurrentatthetimethattheactual notationsareentered. IfindeedtheGreeklanguagewasnolongercompatiblewithquantitativemeter alreadybythetimeofAristarchus,itiseasiertounderstandthelimitationsofthe punctuationsystemofthescholarswhopostdateAristarchus,mostnotably Nicanor(floruitintheeraofHadrian),whofreelyprescribespausesin performativetermsthatcontradicttheinnerrulesofquantitativemeter.[43 (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#n.43)] ()Itseemstomefair tosay,then,thatyoucannotreadHomerintermsofquantitativemeterifyou followthepunctuationsystemofNicanor,whichrequirestherenderingofdiastol intermsofperformativepauses. Moreimportant,itisalsofairtosaythatyouwillfinditfareasiertoreadHomer andBacchylidesoutloudifyoufollowthevisualformatinheritedfromancient Classicalscholarship.{2627}Appendix[pdfofpp.2627ofQUCC64(2000)] {26}OnthispageIreprintapapyrusversionofapartofBacchylidesOde5,lines 5991asprintedinthefirstTeubnereditionofBlass(1898pp.46and48).{27}On thispageIreprintamodernreformattedversionofthesamelines5991asprinted inthemostrecenteditionofSnell/Maehler(pp.1718).{2728}Whatfollowsisa commentaryonthepapyrusversion(viaBlass1898)ofthesamepartof BacchylidesOde5,lines5991. Line60:Theapostropheestablishesworddivision Line61:Onthebrevis+acuteovertheiofada,seethelastpartofmyessay. Lines6063:Forthreelinesinarow,weseejustoneacuteineachline. Line64:Notethetwoacutes,typicalofalongerline.Sometimesthereare otherreasonsfortwoacutes,asatOde3line2. {28}Line65:notethebreathingforhoa Line65:Theapostrophemakesitclearthattheaofphullanemosgoeswith anemosandnotphullacognitively,theapostrophegivesnewinformation,after thebrainhasalreadyprocessedphulla,reassigningthelastvoweltothenext word.Soweseehereaprospectivemechanism(thisvowelbelongstothenext word),notaretrospectiveone(thelastvowelofthewordthatyouhavejust
readhasbeenelided).Seealsoline60,wheretheelisionmarkisevenmore vital,sincethenextwordaftertheelisionisenjambedintothenextline. Line70:Onthebrevis+acuteovertheiofporthanida,seethelastpartofmy essay. Line71:Thediaeresisovertheiotaindicatesanewword.Seealsoline75. Line74:Thereisaclosedsyllableokinkhalkeokranon,asindicatedwitha specialmarkunderok. Lines7475:Notethetmesisofexeiletobetweentheendoftheantistropheand thebeginningoftheepode. Lines7576:Thecolometryisoff,bywayofthedivisionofanaptuxasinstead oftheexpectedanaptuxas,ifweweretodemandabsoluteresponsion. Line76:Notethesyntacticalbreak,markedbytheraiseddot. Lines80,88,90,91,92:Notethemacraoveralpha:thereisgreatconcern,it seems,aboutkeepingthelengthofunaccentedvowels.Notethemacronover unaccentedomegaat5.52.
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Footnotes
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.1)]1.
FlemingandKopff1992.759.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.4)]4.For
importantadjustmentstotheformulationofBoeckh,withreferencetobothhiatus andbrevisinlongo,seeGentili1992.771772.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.5)]5.I
Farnell1932.xxii.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.9)]9.In
anexampleinvolvingAristophanesofByzantiumhimself,seeabove.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.11)]11.For
criticismoftheformulationdevelopedbyMaas,seeGentili1988.12.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.12)]12.For
moreonthepositiontakenbyWilamowitz,seeGentili1992.773.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.13)]13.
Nagy1998,especiallyp.499n10.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.16)]16.For
areassessmentofthedactylichexameteritselfintermsofaperiodcontainingcola (frombothsynchronicanddiachronicperspectives),seeNagy1996cand1998.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.17)]17.But
seeSaenger1997.86.Cf.alsoBeecroft,ascitedabove.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.18)]18.On
convergencesbetweenthediastolsystemofNicanorandthepunctuationofthe HawaraPapyrusofHomer,seee.g.Salomons1984.Cf.Nagy1998.499n10.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.19)]19.
ThissamepatternholdsthroughouttheBacchylidespapyri:(1)frequentlyno accentoroneaccentforeachcolon,(2)lessfrequentlytwoaccents,and(3)almost neveranycaseofmorethantwoaccents.Thethirdofthesethreefeaturesis particularlyremarkable.TheonlyexceptionsIcanfindare5.15(onecircumflex andtwoacutes),11.51(threeacutes),15.48(twoacutesandonecircumflex),17.25 (threeacutes),17.89(circumflexandtwoacutes),18.24(circumflexandtwo acutes),19.11(threeacutes).(Iamnotcountinginstancesofconsecutivegraves+ furtheraccentuation,asat1.44,9.15,9.29,10.19,11.14,11.44,13.230,16.20,17.91, sincethemarkingofsyllableswiththegraveaccentindicatessimplythe postponementofacuteaccentratherthananyaccentperse).
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.20)]20.See
thebibliographyinTurner1987.159.Cf.Erbse1960.371406.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.21)]21.The
reliabilityofthetextasprintedbyLaumiscalledintoquestionbyPfeiffer1968.179 onthegroundsthatthetextofParisinus2102stemsfromadisreputableforgerof thesixteenthcentury,JacobusDiassorinus.Pfeifferatp.179n1citesashis authorityCohn1888,whoprovedthatPar.gr.2102washandwrittenby Diassorinus.WhatPfeifferdoesnotmention,however,isthatLaumhimselfatp. 99actuallycitesCohn1888andthatheacknowledgesCohnsarguments concerningfalseinterpolationsbyDiassorinus.ButthenLaumgoesonto counterarguethattheactualwordingofthepassage,evenifitwasfalsely interpolatedbyDiassorinus,stillgoesbacktotheauthorshipofTheodosiusthe samepassage,asLaumemphasizes,isfoundinPar.gr.2603(minusthe introductoryformulaconcerningAristophanesinventionoftheaccentual system).Pfeiffer(p.179n1)doesnotaddressLaumscounterargumentwhenhe
dismissesLaumsprintedtextsimplyonthegroundsthatLaumunfortunately mixedupthetextofPar.gr.2603withtheforgeryofDiassorinusin2102.By mixedupheevidentlymeansmerged.EvenCohn(p.142n1),Ishouldstress, acknowledgesthatPar.gr.2603isindependentofPar.gr.2102.Also,itisessential toreassessPfeiffersnotionofforgery.AsCohnhimselfadmitsaboutsuch manuscriptsasPar.gr.2102(p.142),Flschungenwarensienurinsofern,alssie mitfalschenantikenAutornamenausgestattetwurdenimbrigensindsiefrjene ZeitanerkennenswertegelehrteLeistungen,diekaumweithinterdenArbeiten einesMoschopulosoderThomasMagisterzurckstehen.Thehistoryofthelife andtimesofDiassorinusisofconsiderableinterestinandofitself(cf.Cohn,pp. 137143especiallyp.139ontheexecutionofDiassorinusin1563onchargesof plottingtoousttheVenetiansfromtheislandofCyprus,wherehehadfoundeda school).
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.22)]22.
Pfeiffer1968.179180cf.Nagy1996a.125132.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.23)]23.
Pfeiffer1968concedesthismuch,atp.180.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.24)]24.
Nagy1996a.125.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.25)]25.
Nagy1996a.125,withreferencetoLaum1928.60.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.26)]26.
Nagy1996a.126,withreferencetoLaum1928.327.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.27)]27.
Nagy1996a.132.Cf.Laum1928.164.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.28)]28.For
Nagy1996a.133n113.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.30)]30.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.31)]31.
Laum1928.63.Onmelodiccontour,seealsoNagy1996a.132n113.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.32)]32.Cf.
Laum1928.53.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.33)]33.
Nagy1996a.131n108.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.34)]34.
Scheller1951.9n3.SeealsoGentili1988.13,withreferencetoWahlstrm1970.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.36)]36.
thisconnection,wemustkeepinmindthatAristarchuswasnotinterestedin questionsofperformanceinthefirstplace:seeNagy1996a.130,150.
()[back (http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903#noteref_n.43)]43.Cf.
Nagy1998.499n10.
OriginalURL: http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=4903