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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process

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IMPROVING PERFORMANCE IN FURNACE MELT TREATMENT PROCESS


ANALYZING THE MELT TREATMENT PROCESS
Quality is generally defined as conformance to mutually agreed upon customer specifications. This definition matches well with any discussion around aluminium melt quality and the related molten metal treatment process. The melt treatment processes addressed in this article include alloying and furnace melt refining. In-line degassing and filtration, which are important components in achieving final melt quality, will be addressed separately in the next article in this series titled, Improving Performance Degassing and Filtration Processes. The five main melt quality culprits for the casthouse are the following: Trace elements, causing off specification or inconsistent casts. Alkali metals, causing cracking and missed specifications. Hydrogen, causing porosity and density complaints. Inclusions, causing downstream processing complications. Product inconsistency due to either chemical or thermal variations during casting. The process of melt treatment starts with the requirements of the finished products enduser. These requirements vary widely and need to be understood, agreed upon and documented so that melt quality processes can be managed to deliver this specification with zero defects at the lowest possible cost. While it starts with consistently meeting customer specifications, it does not end there. Other critical factors in managing melt quality processes include operational costs/cycle times, operational health and safety, and environmental impact/ compliance. To maximize casthouse performance in all these critical areas, it is important that the
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Jonathan Prebble, Pyroteks Manager of Aluminium Process Technology

production team clearly understands the marketing and operational objectives involved. These defined objectives measure the effectiveness of the melt quality processes and practices upon the final cast product. Typical challenges include, but are not limited to, how to achieve the same level of product quality consistency time in and time out, combined with how to achieve optimum performance in a practical manner while, at the same time, minimizing costs and maximizing productivity. These challenges and issues vary greatly depending upon whether processing primary or secondary metals. It is important to understand the melt quality and source of impurities at the beginning of the casting process in order to establish successful operational processes that will deliver consistent metal quality to the casting station. Pyroteks mission is to work with casthouse managers to develop a coordinated, holistic approach to a sustainable operations plan for melt treatment. We bring all these operational elements together in a synergistic way that maximizes the performance of each step of the melt treatment process. Pyroteks approach includes a process audit and situation analysis with the customer to jointly understand and document the customers operational objectives, historical operating performance, casting pit capabilities, end user requirements, environmental objectives and safety. Once these are understood and agreed upon, a prioritized list of performance improvement projects (PIPs) are identified. A Pyrotek technical team is then organized to work with the customer to execute, track and evaluate each projects results against preestablished targets and world-class operational norms for similar operations, targeting similar melt quality specifications.

Pyrotek has the expertise, technology, experience and the global resources to maximize the performance of your aluminium melt treatment systems.

In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process


PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY What are the different impurities?
Primary smelting can introduce the following impurities: From the refined alumina we obtain elements such as Si, Fe, and traces of Ti, Ca, V, B, etc. From the coke blend used to make the anodes we pick up further traces of Ti, V, Ca, Si, Fe, etc. From the carbon plant operations, we attract traces of Si, P, Fe, Mn mainly from the anode but also from the cast iron thimbles and the steel stubs on the anode rod assemblies. hydrocarbons, paints, lacquers, surface treatments, oils and lubricants. Fumes, dioxins and furans can be produced in large amounts depending on the quality and quantity of recycled material that is melted. Customer returns and in-house scrap can add Li and Zn in 7000 series, Cu in 2000 series, Mn in 3000 series, Si in 4000 series, Mg in 5000 series and Fe in 8000 series. Alloying elements such as silicon can introduce dusts, as well as high levels of iron and calcium. These can be slowly absorbed into the solution. Magnesium additions can contribute magnesium oxide, Fe and Ca. Boron waffle, when added to the furnace for EC grades, fades in as little as 90 minutes developing into TiB 2 , which settles and turns the furnace bottom into a sticky sludge. Tibor rod, when added to the trough outside the furnace in route to the casting table, can have a tendency not to mix well in the trough, developing into coarse TiB2 particles, which can affect degassing efficiency and/or clog the downstream filtration systems in use.

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SECONDARY SOURCES OF IMPURITIES

Recycled Scrap

Purchased Scrap

Recycled Secondary Ingot (RSI)

Uncoated Metal Tools

Dissolution of these impurities takes place in the cell/pot at ~ 960C. The chemical bath also contributes alkali metals from the salts used K, Na, Ca and Li. Some cells operate a high Li bath chemistry for added current efficiency. Carbides and oxides are also generated by the turbulent electro-magnetic and chemical activity in the cells and the reactions with the cell lining materials. The bath is frequently tapped along with the metal in the crucible delivered to the cast house. Turbulence during the transfer leads to oxide and dross inclusions in the metal. Refractory wear in transfer ladles also leads to a risk of increased inclusions. Feed stock from secondary melting can introduce an even wider range of impurities depending on the material combination used to charge the furnace. Recycled Secondary Ingot (RSI) cast from metal recovered from dross, saw chips, saw fines and thermal fill scrap, can contribute alkali metals as well as TiB 2 and aluminium oxides. Recycled scrap from internal or external sources is an additional source of

Processing practices are a constant source of contaminates. Inefficient or Poorly Adjusted Poor handling and metal flow Burners arrangements generate metal turbulence, which in turn, generates dross and oxides. Iron pick up can come from uncoated metal tools. Poor housekeeping allows dirt, inclusions and dusts to become entrained in the metal flow as inclusions to the next cast. Waste burner gases and poor burner efficiency allow hydrogen to be absorbed. Open doors and/ or improper burner adjustments can contribute to hydrogen pickup and to melt loss due to direct flame impingement. In-line degassing can be an unintentional source of contaminates from rotor speed too slow (large bubbles), rotor speed too fast (vortexing), rotor particulate, oxide build up and broken baffle plates.

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process


ALLOYING - A Critical First Step In Improving Melt Treatment Performance
Alloying is the modification of melt chemistry to meet casting specifications. It is typically done in the melting furnace and adjusted in the holding furnaces or during transfer. Alloying elements include, but are not limited to: silicon, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper and chromium. Stirring and melt homogenization are key components of the alloying process. Alloying cycle times must allow for adequate dissolution time as well as for the time required to complete proper furnace skimming, refining and settling. For certain applications, there is a need to select highgrade alloys (for example, low Fe and Ca silicon metal for wheel/rim alloys). To maximize efficiency, operating practices must measure alloying recoveries, adjust furnace temperatures and processing techniques to optimise alloy additions. If operating in conjunction with a primary smelter, it is often possible to utilise the hot metal superheat a potential source of free furnace energy. Use powders, flakes and tablets rather than ingot or waffle to reduce energy costs and to accelerate dissolution rates when they can be efficiently stirred into the metal. The use of effective techniques to facilitate forced circulation of the melt during the melting and alloying phases of the process demonstrates improvements in cycle times and more efficient use of expensive alloying materials. The EMP and Metaullics division both offer the LOTUSS vortex system which is a highly effective method of submergence for both scrap and alloying materials. Traditional methods for alloying in the cast house utilized pre-prepared master alloys. These are charged directly into the melting or holding furnace and stirred in with the assistance of the dross rake. The problem associated with this technique is that it tends to take longer for the alloy addition to become fully mixed into the melt as the mixing is reliant upon the drossing tool to

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fully mix the bath and master alloys. In an attempt to overcome this problem of effective mixing, the master alloys are usually made with a special flux that accelerates the mixing of the alloy addition into the melt. The EMP and Metaullics pumping systems for light gauge scrap additions have the advantage of the unique vortex well as a medium for the addition of alloys into the furnace. The furnace door is kept closed during the entire process, with the following three operating benefits: Maintaining the heat transfer efficiency of the furnace, Minimising energy losses, and Minimising environmental emissions to the casthouse and operators. The LOTUSS vortex system eliminates the need to alloy directly through the furnace doors or by using specially made alloy tablets. The pure elemental additions Mn flake, Fe splatter, Cu cuttings/swarf and Mg bars can now be used in an effective way by charging directly through the EMP Vortex.

Alan Peel, Managing Director EMP Division

Purchasing pure alloy elements in a form that can be charged directly into the vortex of an EMP System also can give some financial benefits.

Fig. 1 Magnesium Ingots Charged Directly Into the EMP Vortex

Economic Benefits to Alloying Through The Vortex With the appropriate feeding equipment, alloys from lump silicon to magnesium have been effectively charged into a furnace with significant reductions in alloy losses and an improved dissolution time of the alloy into the melt. The following graph demonstrates the fast dissolution of magnesium ingots through a vortex.

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process


Fig. 2 Chemical Homogeneity

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alloy oil, moisture levels etc.) than when charging through the main furnace door. The use of pure elements offers additional savings in the reduced cost of master alloys and tablets. Additional Benefits of EMP Systems EMP now offers complete solutions to melting furnace problems. EMPs use of a LOTUSS charge well offers casthouse operations the following opportunities: Reduced alloying costs Ability to transfer from furnace to furnace or to casting lines Option to raise metal levels for transfer Add flux additions directly into the melt Reduced emissions when fluxing Improved flux efficiency for Na and Ca removal Capability to incorporate gas injection for hydrogen removal.

Yield Improvement This reduction in alloy losses results from the fact that the alloy addition is immediately submerged sub-surface, minimising any exposure to the air and to the burners in the furnace. Typical yields on pure alloy additions charged in this manner are shown below:
Alloy Addition Lump Silicon Magnesium 10 Kg Ingot Manganese Flake Iron Splatter Yield By Charging Through EMP 97% 98% 98% 98% Yield When Charged Directly To Furnace 94% 90%

Dave Plant, Project Engineer EMP Division

LOTUSS (Low Turbulence Scrap Submergence System)


The LOTUSS (Low Turbulence Scrap Submergence System) in conjunction with a Metaullics mechanical pump or EMP electromagnetic pump, has proven especially effective for submerging and blending silicon alloy additions and light gauge scrap such as machining chips, turnings, borings or swarf exhibiting a high surface-area-to-weight ratio. Typically, these types of materials include oxides, lubricants and debris created during the production process. The propensity for aluminium to oxidise increases the metal surface tension, causing light gauge charge materials to remain on the surface of the molten metal. This causes further oxidation and subsequent melt loss. The use of a forced submergence technology, like the LOTUSS system, greatly reduces this effect, permitting high metal yield rates and increased productivity.

94% 90% (Powder/Tablet) Copper 99% Only Tablets Yield Improvement by Charging Pure Alloys Directly Into EMP Vortex

Reduced Mixing Time By charging the alloy additions in this manner, they are immediately mixed in the sub-surface aluminium movement within the vortex. They quickly dissolve and are easily mixed into the full aluminium bath by the rapid sub-surface flow from the electromagnetic pump. Alloy Purchase Costs Purchasing pure alloy elements in a form that can be charged directly into the vortex of an EMP System also can give some financial benefits. Normally it is not possible to use pure additions when charging directly into the furnace due to their ability to go into solution. The yield can also be a concern as they tend to be small in size and oxidise easily. By using the LOTUSS vortex well, it becomes practical to charge these pure elemental additions directly through the vortex. The result is a yield that is much higher (depending upon the quality of the

Pyroteks EMP, Metaullics and SNIF divisions offer a complete line of circulation equipment.

Metaullics Tensor Circulation Pump in Combination With a LOTUSS Charging System

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process


DEMAGGING WITH CHLORINE
In order to produce foundry alloys, secondary smelters often use chlorine gas to demag, degas, or both. Foundry alloys for sand, permanent mold, and die casting require low magnesium levels. Wrought alloys such as building materials, extrusions, beverage containers, and a wide variety of other commonly recycled consumer products contain substantially high levels of magnesium. To the extent possible, scrap is often blended based on pricing, availability, and composition to meet or approach the magnesium specification for the material being produced. In many cases, however, the specification cannot be met by blending alone and smelters have found that gas injection pumps are an effective tool to achieve the required result. Demagging efficiencies are dependent on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Under favorable conditions, magnesium can be removed from molten aluminium alloys by adding halogen compounds such as chlorine. The reaction between magnesium and chlorine occurs because there is a preferred chemical affinity at normal molten aluminium operating temperatures. In accordance with the following reactions, when gaseous chlorine is introduced into molten aluminium, aluminium chloride is produced as a gaseous product (see equation below). When magnesium is present, the aluminium chloride reactively decomposes to form magnesium chloride which rises to the surface where it can be removed by skimming. Favorable thermodynamics alone do not guarantee efficient magnesium removal. Kinetic factors such as rate of mixing, contact area, and concentrations will all have dramatic effects. 2AlCl3 (1) 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 + 3Mg 3MgCl2 + 2Al (2) The following graph represents typical demagging results in the production of foundry ingot in a 75 ton furnace with a 38 ton heel from the previous heat. Scrap containing high percentages of magnesium was charged into the furnace while the pump was operating. The gas injection pump was able to remove the magnesium at essentially the same rate that it was added to the furnace, maintaining the alloy
LL

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within the specification limit for the alloy being produced. It has always been necessary for chlorination technology in aluminium recycling to meet rigorous environmental standards. Current MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) standards in the U.S. have taken this requirement to an even higher

Paul Campbell Marketing Manager Metaullics Systems Division

The Metaullics gas injection pump is the product of choice where demagging is required.

level. Compared to other chlorination technologies, gas injection pumps provide the safest and most efficient technology for accomplishing this aspect of melting and refining. When demagging is required, the Metaullics gas injection pump is the product of choice due to its proven operating efficiency, low maintenance, rugged construction and reliability.

METAULLICS GAS INJECTION PUMPS


Advanced technology, with the revolutionary 6-barrel impeller design, achieves longer life, higher efficiencies, and reduced maintenance requirements.

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process


IN-FURNACE REFINING - The Correct Methods Can Benefit Your Melt Quality
North America

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Furnace Mounted HD2000 in the Treatment Position Utilizing a Spinning Rotor

Pyroteks early involvement in research programs and technical partnerships with the major aluminium companies aimed at eliminating chlorine usage has improved the efficiency of fused refining agents in in-furnace treatments. We have gained the knowledge, products and practical expertise to resolve most metallurgical problems related to the presence of hydrogen, non-metallic inclusions and alkali metals in aluminium cast products. Pyrotek has proven over recent years that the use of environmentally friendly refining agent injection technology is a truly viable alternative to both chlorine fluxing and fluoride based fluxes. Fluxes and refining agents can improve the quality of aluminium alloys if they are treated while still molten in the furnace. Originally, this type of treatment was restricted to dross reduction and furnace cleaning. However, it usually contributed to magnesium loss in certain alloys (due to chemical and thermal reduction) as well as an increase in alkali Fused Refining Agents metals (from the salts used in the products supplied in previous years). Magnesium is an expensive addition to make to any alloy, thus any treatments by salts or chlorine gas, both of which remove magnesium, are therefore expensive in terms of hidden costs. Alkali metals (Na, Ca, Li) are also undesirable in certain foundry alloys (for example, A356.2) due to the problems they can cause in subsequent processing of the cast products, as well as the undesirable effects that they can have upon their grain structure (such as, modification). A range of fused refining agents has been developed by Pyrotek to counter act these undesirable side effects. They are a blend of fused, anhydrous MgCl2 and KCl which allow them to be injected or immerged, either through a lance, rotor or a vortex, below the surface of the melt, where they melt before coming into intimate contact with the molten aluminium in finely-dispersed liquid droplet form. Refining agents are particularly effective when introduced below the melt surface because the refining agent materials melt below 480C (880F). The refining agent quickly becomes a liquid phase in molten aluminium, facilitating the reaction which
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Robert Bridi Pyroteks Global Product Manager, Fluxes, Refining Agents & Lubricants

PHD-50

STAR FIM5

Refining agents are particularly effective when introduced below the melt surface.

EMP Charge Well With Gas Injection

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process


Proper furnace refining with Pyroteks refining systems can deliver measurable, repeatable improvements in metal quality by: Reducing Alkali Metals Reducing Hydrogen Levels enabling the downstream degasser to achieve a better exit result Reducing Inclusion Levels better filtration efficiencies and product quality downstream removes the alkali metals. Reactions and impurities removal take place in the liquidliquid contact areas (Collision Theory). The density of the liquid phase of the refining agent is 2.17 and that of the liquid aluminium is 2.35. Being relatively similar in density, the droplets of refining agent can remain within the liquid metal for some time before floating out. During their period of suspension, the droplets of the refining agent react with Na, Li and Ca, while also absorbing some of the inclusions and hydrogen present in the melt. This process also has valuable secondary benefits. During and after the alkali metal reaction stage, a fall in both hydrogen and inclusion levels has been measured. This indicates that during refining, degassing and cleansing of the melt is also taking place. These refining agents also assist in keeping the furnace walls clean (thereby retaining furnace capacity often without the need for additional cleaning fluxes), improving the recovery of alloying additions. The physical mixing process also promotes chemical homogeneity and reduced

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thermal stratification within the body of the melt. The reaction efficiency of impurity removal is enhanced by improving the metal circulation within the furnace during injection rather than adding the refining agent flux in excess and/or on the melt surface. Pyrotek offers a wide range of flux injection and circulation equipment to maximize the efficiency of the flux refining agents. This minimizes consumable costs, cycle times, and environmental issues associated with proper melt treatment. The product mix of a particular casthouse and its related quality specifications drive the correct choice and combination of melt treatment technology. The good news is that this type of flux injection equipment, combined with the proper refining agent and operating practices, almost always has a rapid pay back (typically 6 18 months) and adds significantly to melt quality consistency, operator safety and environmental objectives with the use of PLC controlled operating procedures.

NA REDUCTION IN A PRIMARY SMELTER CASTING HIGH MG ALLOYS


Using the correct injection method to refine the melt Optimises flux consumption Speeds up scrap and hardener melting Minimises variations in chemistry and temperature through the melt Reduces or eliminates the use of chlorine gas or degasser tablets. The table below depicts a primary smelter that replaced 100-150 Kg MgCl2/KCl powder blended flux with 30-50 Kg Pyrotek Promag RI fused refining agent addition in the furnace. The objective was to bring the Na below 1ppm in casting, to reduce the treatment cost, to reduce fume emissions associated with the excess of powder flux and to eliminate edgecracks due to Na during hot rolling of high Mg alloys. Promag RI is the refining agent used in all casthouses of this aluminium company. In a large number of primary plants the Promag RI is being injected via a spinning nozzle system in the furnace. In 2006, tests of Promag addition in the vortex of the EMP system will be performed at a primary smelter.
Product Powder Blend Powder Blend Promag RI Promag RI Promag RI Promag RI Promag RI Promag RI Promag RI Promag RI Promag RI Quantity 150kg 100kg 50kg 50kg 50kg 50kg 50kg 30kg 30kg 30kg 30kg Na Before Furnace Treatment, ppm 6.6 15.8 9.6 16.4 14.5 14.0 22.9 16.7 5.5 24.6 38.1 Na After Furnace Treatment, ppm 2.3 2.2 1.6 3.2 5.0 2.4 3.1 3.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 Final Na In The Casting Table, ppm 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.4

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process


REDUCTION OF HYDROGEN, CALCIUM AND INCLUSIONS IN SECONDARY PROCESSING
In 2004, Pyrotek presented a technical paper at TMS on the effective removal of calcium and hydrogen in a secondary remelt casting billet for internal consumption. The case study was based on sustained sampling and testing. It clearly demonstrated that the combination of Pyroteks HD-2000 with Pyroteks FIF-50 can be used for injecting solid fluxes and refining agents along with the standard process gas. This process produced significant reductions in hydrogen, calcium, and inclusion levels within the furnace. It also demonstrated that these levels could be maintained into the cast metal if proper furnace controls were maintained. The Pyrotek system was simple and reliable performing with a minimum of dross formation and furnace disruption while operating within current environmental standards. The system had the effect of consistently improving metal quality in the billet with the unquantified benefits of increased extrusion speeds, extended die life, reduced breaks and defects. Calcium & Inclusion Data Versus Time for Holder and Casting Line During and After HD 2000 Treatment
9 Mix 8 Flux Mix Idle Cast 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 140 1.8

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Calcium Content (ppm)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Total Inclusions (mm2/kg)

Relative Time (minutes)


Calcium Inclusions

Dr. Robert Frank Pyroteks Manager of Technology for SNIF Systems

Calcium Removal Results


100 90 80 70

Removal (%)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1a 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a 13a 15a 17a 19 23 27 31 35 39 43

Test #
OK Minimum Detection Limit Reached

Pete Flisakowski Pyroteks Aluminium Metallurgical Engineer

Total Inclusion Removal


100 80 60 40 20 0 1a -20 -40 -137 -60 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a 13a 15a 17a 19 23 27 31 35 39 43

Test #

Hydrogen Removal Results


45 40 35

Removal (%)

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1a 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a 13a 15a 17a 19 23 27 31 35 39 43

PYROTEKS MISSION Providing innovative solutions to customer needs utilizing our global resources.

Removal (%)

Test #
AlSCAN 1 AlSCAN 2

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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process

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ELIMINATION OF CHLORINE IN THE FURNACE MELT TREATMENT


In 2002, a major producer in South America, recognized Pyrotek as Supplier of the Year largely for its contribution to the elimination of chlorine in their melt treatment processes. Pyroteks service after the sale, timely deliveries and fast, innovative solutions to their technical needs, were also factors in Pyrotek receiving this distinguished award. In North America, numerous primary and secondary processors have also been able to improve their melt quality while significantly reducing or eliminating chlorine treatments, including the ability to meet the MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) standards. The use of Pyroteks various refining agent injection techniques has allowed many facilities in the U.S. to continue using dirty and painted scrap and to comply with the new MACT standards for new and existing group 1 furnaces (dirty scrap or reactive agent in the furnace). The following table shows the stack emissions achieved by a billet caster in the U.S. that successfully switched from chlorine lance fluxing to the use of a refining agent with a Pyrotek FIF-50 flux injection system (lance). Actual test results below demonstrate that when the furnace treatment is performed with Pyroteks refining agent injection system, the levels of HCl particulates and dioxin/furans fall well below the new MACT standards despite the dirty and painted scrap added to the charge.
Run # Run #1 Run time (sample time) 507 minutes Molten metal, tons/hr 2.73 Particulate PM Concentration, gr/DSCF 0.00607 Emission rate, lb/hr 0.819 Emission rate, 0.300 lb/ton of molten metal Hydrogen Chloride Concentration, ppm 8.14 Emission rate, lb/hr 0.727 Emission rate, 0.266 lb/ton of molten metal TEQ Three run average Total CDD/CDF lb/ton Total CDD/CDF g/ton Run #2 Run #3 Three run avg. 473 minutes 442 minutes 474 minutes 2.97 3.01 2.90 MACT Limit 0.4 lb/ton of feed 0.00754 0.00622 0.00661 1.13 1.07 1.01 0.380 0.355 0.345

Dr. Neil Keegan Pyroteks Metallurgical Services Group Manager

Dr. Dave Neff Metaullics Molten Metal Treatment Manager

MACT Limit 0.4 lb/ton of feed 8.15 8.21 0.811 0.934 0.273 0.310

8.17 0.824 0.283

MACT Limit 15.0 g/ton of feed 1.56E-08 7.07

Pyrotek CONCLUSION is the aluminium From its early involvement in research programs and technical partnerships with major aluminium companies to eliminate chlorine usage and to improve the efficiency of fused industrys refining agents in in-furnace treatments, Pyrotek has gained the knowledge to resolve most metallurgical problems related to the presence of hydrogen, non-metallic inclusions and comprehensive alkali and alkaline earth metals in aluminium castings. Pyrotek has proven in recent years that the environmentally friendly refining agent injection technology is a viable alternative resource to chlorine fluxing and to fluoride based fluxes. for improving As a partner to the industry, Pyrotek has worked with aluminium companies world-wide to review and improve their melt treatment performance. From melting to casting and everything in-furnace in between, Pyrotek has experienced personnel to help increase productivity while meeting melt treatment customer driven quality goals. performance. Pyrotek is the aluminium industrys most comprehensive resource for improving in-furnace
melt treatment performance. Pyrotek is unique in its ability to provide the integration of innovative technologies, process expertise and a global perspective, all dedicated to assisting customers in the optimization of their casthouse processes and practices.
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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process PYROTEKS MAJOR LOCATIONS


ASIA
CHINA, Shenzhen Phone: (86) 755-26632324 e-mail: shenzhen@pyrotek.info INDIA, Pune Phone: (91) 21-375-6800 e-mail: pune@pyrotek.info INDONESIA, Jakarta Phone: (62) 21-563-8507 e-mail: jakarta@pyrotek.info JAPAN, Kobe Phone: (81) (0)78-265-5590 e-mail: kobe@pyrotek.info KOREA, Daegu Phone: 82 (0)53-523-5202 e-mail: korea@pyrotek.info MALAYSIA, Kuala-Lumpur Phone: (603) 5631-3096 e-mail: kualalumpur@pyrotek.info TAIWAN, Kaohsiung City Phone: (886) 7-224-8222 e-mail: taiwan@pyrotek.info THAILAND, Bangkok Phone: (66) (0) 2 361-4870 e-mail: bangkok@pyrotek.info

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EUROPE
CZECH REPUBLIC, Blansko Phone: (420) (0) 516-527-111 e-mail: blansko@pyrotek.info GERMANY, Grevenbroich Phone: (49) (0)2182-8-10-20 e-mail: grevenbroich@pyrotek.info SWEDEN, Ed Phone: (46) (0) 534-62000 e-mail: ed@pyrotek.info SWITZERLAND, Sierre Phone: (41) (0)27-455-82-64 e-mail: sierre@pyrotek.info UNITED KINGDOM, Milton Keynes Phone: (44) (0)1 908-561155 e-mail: miltonkeynes@pyrotek.info

SOUTH AMERICA
BRASIL, So Paulo Phone: (55) (0)11-4786-5233 e-mail: saopaulo@pyrotek.info VENEZUELA, Puerto Ordaz Phone: (58) 286-994 1894 e-mail: puertoordaz@pyrotek.info

U.S.A.
CALIFORNIA, Cerritos Phone: (562) 623-0085 e-mail: cerritos@pyrotek.info INDIANA, Columbia City Phone: (260) 248-4141 e-mail: columbiacity@pyrotek.info INDIANA, Evansville Phone: (812) 867-6343 e-mail: evansville@pyrotek.info NEW YORK, Canastota Phone: (315) 697-8410 e-mail: canastota@pyrotek.info NEW YORK, Elmsford Phone: (914) 345-4740 e-mail: elmsford@pyrotek.info

Pyrotek is unique in its ability to provide the integration of innovative technologies, process expertise and a global perspective.

CORPORATE OFFICE
9503 E. Montgomery Avenue Spokane Valley, WA 99206 Phone: (509) 926-6212 Fax: (509) 927-2408 e-mail: info@pyrotek.info

MEXICO
MEXICO, Santa Catarina Phone: (52) 81-8336-9117 e-mail: mexico@pyrotek.info

Visit Pyrotek at www.pyrotek.info

MIDDLE EAST

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, Dubai NORTH CAROLINA, Salisbury Phone: (971) (0)4-883-77-00 Phone: (704) 642-1993 e-mail: dubai@pyrotek.info e-mail: salisbury@pyrotek.info OHIO, Solon Phone: (440) 349-8800 e-mail: solon@pyrotek.info PENNSYLVANIA, Carlisle Phone: (717) 249-2075 e-mail: carlisle@pyrotek.info WASHINGTON, Spokane Valley Phone: (509) 926-6211 e-mail: spokane@pyrotek.info WISCONSIN, Waukesha Phone: (262) 524-9095 e-mail: waukesha@pyrotek.info

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA (ANZ HEADQUARTERS) NEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALAND, Auckland Phone: (61) (0)2 9631-1333 Phone: (64) (0)9 272-2056 e-mail: sydney@pyrotek.info e-mail: auckland@pyrotek.info

CANADA
QUEBEC, Drummondville Phone: (819) 477-0734 e-mail: drummondville@pyrotek.info

RUSSIA/CIS
RUSSIA/CIS, Moscow Phone: (7) 095-230-71-63 e-mail: moscow@pyrotek.info

SOUTH AFRICA
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, Richards Bay Phone: (27) (0)35 7974039 e-mail: richardsbay@pyrotek.info

This supplement can also be viewed at www.pyrotek.info/melt_treatment See the previous supplement at www.pyrotek.info/furnace_operations
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In-Furnace Melt Treatment Process

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