Michael First Draft Book

Ocean Inhabitation in the Face of Sea Level Rise:
An Architectural Response to Rising Sea Levels in Wellington, New Zealand
Michael Barrington Hatch
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for Master of Architecture (Professional) Degree Under the supervision of Jacqueline McIntosh
Victoria University of Wellington School of Architecture and Design
Feburary 2014
Abstract
Climate change is widely regarded as the key global issue facing the 21st century. There is now a general international agreement, supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence, that the global climate is changing at an accelerated rate and that human-driven emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is the main factor driving this trend. Arguably the most devastating impact of climate change on the human civilisation will be a rapidly increasing rise in global sea levels. In the case of New Zealands capital city, Wellington, over 30,000 residents currently live less than two metres above the current sea level, sea level rise could therefore see the inundation of countless homes and buildings as well as vital pieces of the citys infrastructure resulting in the destruction of a number of the capitals most well established and iconic harbour communities. Scholars studying sustainable living and the implications of climate change have identified three main strategies to mitigate the effects of sea level rise on coastal cities; Retreat, Defend or Accommodate. To retreat is to step back from the problem, to uproot well established communities and relocate them out of harms way whilst allowing previous investments in structures and infrastructure to be inundated. This option is extremely expensive and would cause for an entirely new city to be constructed whilst leaving the existing city and its history to waste away under the force of the sea. To defend, is to ensure the sea water does not enter the current built environment through the use of permanent structural engineering works such as sea walls and revetments. Not only are these structures ecologically and economically unsustainable, they also deny the community access to the water. After an extensive analysis of the communities most at risk of sea inundation in Wellington City the final option, to accommodate sea level rise has been deemed the most appropriate for New Zealands capital city. As the Dutch Housing Minister recently stated, You cannot fight water. You have to learn to live with it. In order to accommodate sea level rise, a much more resilient form of coastal architecture must be introduced to change with varying climate conditions and urban demands. This design research therefore asks the question, can a resilient residential dwelling be designed for the coastal city littoral zone, in response to the encroaching pressures of climate change? My final design research allows for social sustainability through the creation of an amphibious residential dwelling community able to adapt and float with the changing ocean environment when Wellington City and its wider suburbs are inundated. Unlike previous examples of amphibious or floating communities which commonly occupy sheltered deltaic environments, my resolved design provides for sea level rise to be accommodated in an unpredictable and extreme coastal environment through the re-appropriation of marine technology into an architectural solution which focuses on durability, stability, adaptability to meet the needs of multiple users and the relationship between the resident and their new and ever-changing littoral environment.
Copyright Statement All material within this publication is copyright protected and cannot be re-printed or used without the authors prior permission.
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Acknowledgements
There are a number of people I would like to thank for various reasons. My family, Mark, Ann, Jamie, and Emma, thank you for your unwavering support throughout both of my architectural degrees and all the opportunities you have given me. Throughout the duration of this thesis I was fortunate enough to have the wonderful Jacqueline McIntosh as my supervisor. Her wisdom, dedication, positive encouragement and outstanding guidance allowed me to realise the potential of my research aims. A special mention must also be made to my former supervisor Diane Brand for guiding me towards this piece of research and assisting in key design decisions at the beginning of this research project. I would also like my flat mates, Chris, Hamish, Jamie, Matt and Stephan for putting up with me as I hid in my room and went slowly crazy. Finally I would like to thank my partner, Mecaela, for her love and support throughout my university studies.
Contents
Abstract
.......................................................................................................................................................................... ii ....................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements
1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Chapter 1: Introduction to Research

.......................................................................................... 1 Design Problem ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Thesis Question & Aims ..................................................................................................................... 2 Research Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 3 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................................................... 4 ............................................................................................................... 7 Coastal Cities .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Sea Level Rise ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Preparing for Inundation ..................................................................................................................... 9 Accommodation - Living With Sea Level Rise ..................................................................... 10
Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
2.5 Summary & Reflection ...................................................................................................................... 12 .................................................................................................... 15 European House Boats ................................................................................................................... 16 Floating Dwellings .............................................................................................................................. 18 Tidal Dwellings ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Marinas & Moorings ........................................................................................................................ 24
Chapter 3: Case Study Analysis

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
3.5 Summary & Reflection ...................................................................................................................... 26 ............................................................................................................. 29 Wellington City .................................................................................................................................... 30 Mapping Studies .............................................................................................................................. 30 Introduction to Kilbirnie .................................................................................................................. 32 Kilbirnie Sea Level Rise - Urban Scale .................................................................................. 38 Kilbirnie Sea Level Rise - Street Scale ................................................................................... 40 Summary & Reflection ...................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 4: Site Introduction

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
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Chapter 5: Design Phase One
........................................................................................................ 45 5.1 Ocean Inhabitation Introduction .............................................................................................. 11 5.2 Comparing Ocean Inhabitation Solutions ............................................................................. 11 5.3 Form Development .......................................................................................................................... 13 5.4 Floating Community Simulations .............................................................................................. 11 5.5 Process of Inhabitation ................................................................................................................... 13 5.6 Interchangeable Dwelling Arrangemants ........................................................................... 11 5.7 Construction Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 13 5.8 Developing an Aesthetic ................................................................................................................ 13 5.9 Iterative Modelling ......................................................................................................................... 11 5.10 Floating Community Concept .................................................................................................. 11 5.11 Design Critique ................................................................................................................................ 11 5.12 Summary & Reflection ...................................................................................................................... 26 ........................................................................................................ 10 6.1 Amphibious Community Introduction ............................................................... 11 6.2 Comparing Amphibious Dwelling Solutions ........................................................................ 11 6.3 Process of Inhabitation ................................................................................................................... 13 6.4 Intertidal Amphibious Community Simulation ................................................................... 13 6.5 Arrangements and Connections ................................................................................................ 11 6.6 Aerodynamic Testing of Different Geometries ................................................................... 11 6.7 Visualising the Intertidal Amphibious Community ......................................................... 11 6.8 Design Critique .................................................................................................................................... 13 6.9 Experts in Marine Design ................................................................................................................... 11 6.10 Summary & Reflection ...................................................................................................................... 26 .................................................................................................... 10 Ampibious Community Development Introduction ........................................................ 11 Reappropriating Marine Technology ....................................................................................... 11 Design Iteration One ....................................................................................................................... 11 Design Iteration Two ....................................................................................................................... 11 From a Monohull to a Catermaran ............................................................................................ 11 New Form Development ............................................................................................................... 13 New Design Concept ..................................................................................................................... Design Iteration Three ..................................................................................................................... 13 Testing Scale at 1:1 ........................................................................................................................... 11
7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20
Resilient Community Simulation ............................................................................................. 13 Final Developed Design ............................................................................................................... 11 Plans and Sections ............................................................................................................... 11 Dwelling Construction ................................................................................................................... 13 User Customisation ........................................................................... 11 Reappropriated Marine Technology ...................................................................................... 11 Developing a Brand ....................................................................................................................... 11 A Resilient Community .................................................................................................................. 11 Dwelling Interiors ............................................................................................................................. 13 Design Critique ................................................................................................................................. 11 Summary & Reflection .................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 8: Design Phase Four

Chapter 6: Design Phase Two
....................................................................................................... 10 7.1 Resolved Resilent Community Introduction ....................................................................... 11
Chapter 9: Conclusion List of Figures References Appendix
............................................................................................................................. 10
........................................................................................................................................................ 10
................................................................................................................................................................. 10
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Chapter 7: Design Phase Three

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9
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1. Introduction to Research
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1.1
DESIGN PROBLEM
1.2
THESIS QUESTION & AIMS
As a result of climate change, there is a risk that sea levels in Wellington could rise by as much as two metres by 2100
- Assessing the Implications of Sea Level Rise : Wellington City Council, 2009
Thesis Question: How can a resilient residential dwelling be designed for the coastal city littoral zone, in response to the encroaching pressures of climate change? Aims: - To provide a permanent and resilient residential accommodation solution to climate change driven sea level rise for the residents of Wellington City, with the knowledge that a resolved design could likely be adapted to suit the needs of other coastal communities at risk of inundation. - To ensure social sustainability, through providing an existing community the capacity to endure, or to continue to exist in the face of sea level rise. A solution must therefore be able to be implemented in preparation now, with the ability to adapt when inundated. - To allow for a customisable dwelling solution in order to meet the needs a diverse population and accommodate wide variety of programs and uses. To guarantee the safety of all residents in an unpredictable and constantly changing littoral environment. - This will be especially important once the dwelling in inundated, as Wellington is internationally renowned for its high winds and choppy seas. - To actively engage with the dynamic littoral environment within which the dwelling solution will occupy once inundated. - The design solution to sea level rise must also be affordable to those at risk of inundation. The resilient accommodation solution must therefore cost less than or equal to the sale price of a typical Wellington house and land package.
Such an event could see the destruction of over 5,000 homes in the Wellington Region alone. Unfortunately this is not an isolated event. Climate change is now widely regarded as the key global issue of the 21st century. Long gone is the perception that global warming is a myth. There is now a general international agreement, supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence, that the global climate is changing at an accelerated rate and that human-driven emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is the main factor driving this trend. Global warming is causing land ice to melt at significant rate, major regional temperature changes as well as increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Arguably the most devastating impact of climate change on the human civilisation will be a rapidly increasing rise in global sea levels.
1.3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.4
THESIS STRUCTURE
Introduction
Research Problem Research Aims Research Methodology
A research through design strategy has been employed in the creation of this thesis. Through undertaking an extensive literature review and case study analysis a specific set of design criteria have been developed. A highly iterative design process has then been employed in order to produce a successful solution to both the research question and the established design criteria. Constant testing, simulations, analysis and critiques have been undertaken to identify and reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of each design evolution. Once an appropriate solution was identified an extended development period was then undertaken before a resolved design strategy which could successfully mitigate the impact of climate change driven sea level rise on the coastal city and its residents was presented. The scope of this design research is the architectural design of a residential dwelling solution to sea level rise. It does not include the urban ramifications of such a solution, nor does it attempt to identify the psychological effects the disaster or the solution on the resident.
Literature Review
Coastal Cities Climate Change Driven Sea Level Rise Preparing for Inundation Retreat Defend Attack Accommodate
Case Study Analysis

House Boats
Research Research Research
Site Introduction
Marinas
Tidal Dwellings
Floating Dwellings
Wellington City Mapping Studies Kilbirnie Petone Seatoun
Design Phase One

Design Phase Two

Design Phase Three

Research Research Research Research
Design Phase Four

Disscussion
Figure 1: Thesis Structure Diagram
2. Literature Review
This literature review covers a range of topics from a variety of disciplines related to the design of a resilient dwelling for the coastal city littoral zone in response to the encroaching pressures of climate change. This review will firstly present the coastal city and its littoral zone, before introducing the key issue of climate change driven sea level rise. This review will then go on to analyse and critique the possible preparation options against the criteria established by the University of Technology Malaysia and finally identify the practicalities of constructing amphibious communities to mitigate the effects of sea level rise.
2.1
For the first time in history more than half the worlds population live coastal cities located on the ocean periphery or in deltaic areas.1 The meeting of the city and the littoral zone, the body of ocean extending from the high tide shoreline out 200m to sea,3 is identified as one of the most important environmental juxtapositions of the 21st century.4 In the case of New Zealand, Our long-term association with lowland coastal regions dates back to early Maori settlements which were almost exclusively established in coastal areas because of access to kaimoana, seafood, and the ease of coastal travel on waka. European immigrants also found harbours ideal places to settle because they afforded sheltered ports for sea transportation networks. As a result a vast majority of New Zealands population lives in coastally located cities and towns.6 It has been said that, the sea is a harsh mistress, for where it once provided our ancestors with the ideal location for living, global warming is now causing sea levels to rise at an unprecedented rate, placing these same coastal cities at serious risk of inundation.
COASTAL CITIES
2.3
There are a vast number of options that a coastal city may undertake to prepare itself for sea level rise. David Robinson of Building Futures groups these strategies into three broad strategic options: Retreat - To reduce the risk of the event by shifting and limiting its potential effects; Defend - To reduce the risk of the event by decreasing the probability of its occurrence; and to Attack - To utilise the risk as a chance to for new urban development. Dr Mohammad Nekooie of the University of Technology Malaysia suggests that the successfulness of each preparation option should be measured under the following criteria: affordability, time and construction difficulty, resilience and adaptability to different inundation levels, safety and customisability to meet communities needs, whilst maintaining the important city to sea relationship.13 To retreat is to step back from the problem, to move critical infrastructure and housing to safer ground and allow for the previous city location to be inundated. In retreating, investment in current structures and infrastructure is lost as the area is claimed or reclaimed by the sea. New investment must also be made in relocating communities out of harms way. As a result there are few current examples of retreat with the exception of the Irish township of East Anglia who were forced to move their entire city due to unprecedented coastal erosion, see Figure 2.15 This option is not considered resilient, its extremely expensive and it also breaks the well established link between city and sea. To defend is to ensure the sea water does not enter the current built environment through the use of permanent structural engineering works such as sea walls, revetments, groynes and breakwaters. Many of these hard engineered defences of the 20th century have been heavily criticised for reducing access to the water, damaging to coastal habitats as well as being an extremely costly endeavour to construct and maintain.16,17 Current urban scale examples of a defend option are the Thames Estuary Barrier in London and the Maeslant Barrier in Holland, see Figure 3 and 4 respectively. As sea level rise will be incremental, this option becomes problematic in terms of implementation, given that these structures are also not easily adaptable to dramatic changes in water level.18 To attack is to view sea level rise as a positive occurrence, a chance to step seaward of the existing coastline and explore the development potential for extending coastal cities currently short on buildable developable land out onto the water. An attack strategy could consist of land reclamation, floating structures or stilted structures which create a new urban scale building platform for urban expansion.19 This strategy can be highly expensive due to the size of construction, inflexible to continuing sea level increases, it also leaves the greater portion of the current city exposed to inundation.20 Most examples of an attack strategy for a solution to combat climate change are purely theoretical such as Floating New Orleans by TSI Engineering, see Figure 5. It appears that one of the most appropriate options for a coastal region has been left out of the Building Futures literature. The ability to accommodate sea level rise in the coastal city, to increase societys ability to cope with the effects of the event should not be overlooked. According to Robert Barker, founding partner of BACA Architects one of the leading firms on climate change and architecture, modern flood management whether it be from sea level rise or flash flooding, is about living with rising water, not blocking it out.21 An accommodation strategy allows for new architectural interventions to be introduced into the coastal city so that it can adapt varying climate conditions, whilst maintaining the existing social fabric of the city and the strong relationship between city and sea.
Figure 5: Floation New Orleans, TSI Engineering Figure 2: Coastal Erosion in East Anglia, Northern Ireland
PREPARING FOR INUNDATION
2.2
In 2007 the Fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identified in their report, Projections of Global Average Sea Level Change for the 21st Century, that sea levels could rise by as much as 600 millimetres by the end of this century. In the six years since this report, significant advances have been made in the understanding of how climate change is contributing to sea level rise, allowing for greater accuracy in future sea level rise (SLR) predictions. The most recent international conference on sea level rise, the Association of Pacific Rim Universitiess (APRU) International Workshop on Coastal Cities Climate Change and Sea Level Rise found that the global sea level is projected to rise upwards of 1.4 metres by 2100. This projection supports the earlier studies of Rahmstorf, 2007: Horton, et al., 2008 and Pfeffer, et al., 2008 each similarly finding that global sea level increases of 1.6 to 2.0m by 2100 cannot be ruled out.7 In addition to inundating low-lying coastal areas, increasing ocean temperatures and rising sea levels will also dramatically increase the vulnerability of coastal regions. Potential risks include flooding caused by storm surges, tsunamis, extreme astronomic tides as well as an increase in the frequency and intensities of tropical cyclones and hurricanes.9,10 In The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries (2007) Dasgupta identifies that even a single 1m rise in global sea levels would cause the destruction of trillions of dollars worth of infrastructure and assets and result in the displacement of hundreds of millions of people.8 It is therefore abundantly clear that strategies must be implemented now in order to reduce mass resident displacement and minimise the overall impact of climate change driven sea level rise on coastal areas.
SEA LEVEL RISE
Figure 3: Thames Estuary Barrier, London, UK
Figure 4: Maeslant Barrier, Hoel van Holland, Netherlands
An accommodation strategy could consist of floating or amphibious dwellings, kinetic architecture or soft infrastructure. There are a number of current examples of sea level rise accommodating architecture such as the amphibious houseboat communities throughout Europe, Cua Van Village in Vietnam and Koh Panyee Village in Thailand. An accommodation solution could be introduced into the coastal city incrementally at an affordable rate when compared to kilometres of towering sea walls or a complete city relocation. Therefore when considering Nekooies criteria, an accommodation strategy should prove the most successful for a great majority of coastal regions. In the case of Wellington, a recent council lead study identified that of all the strategies Wellington residents were heavily in favour of an accommodation strategy for the coastal city of Wellington.22
2.5
2.4
A great majority of the literature and research on living with water has been conducted at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands or by European firms such BACA Architects or Waterstudios.NL. Throughout this literature, five subcategories of ocean dwellings have been established; amphibious house boats; floating homes; tidal dwellings; ocean dwellings and conventional marinas.24 In order for coastal city residents to accept these ocean-going residences as viable homes for the future, Koen Olthuis founder of WaterStudios.NL, advises that floating homes need to become equivalent to traditional homes in every respect: in comfort, in quality and in price. Only then will residents want to live permanently in low-lying coastal areas free from the fear losing their homes, possessions and even lives to sea inundation. Through removing the permanent connection between dwelling and site, a resilient dwelling solution becomes a product that can be occupied by different owners for a range of uses throughout its lifetime. According to Deleuze and Guattari, an accommodative community can therefore be a considered a nomadic form of living, for it would dissolve the established conditions that we associate with the permanence of shelter and occupation.29 Nomadic life however, does not mitigate our social norms; it is instead a life that offers great potential to create them.30 Psychology throughout history has compared living on the water with the aspiration of living in a symbiotic relationship with nature, much closer than would ever be possible on dry land. Many cultures also identify water as both the creator and destroyer of life.26 The obvious example of course is the biblical story of Noahs ark. Forming a water community creates a variety of different challenges to creating a community on dry land. The most obvious of which is that unlike land, the sea is in a constant state of change making circulation and stability significant challenges. Another issue is the occupation of the inter-tidal area, between high and low tides. Both of these issues will need to be explored and resolved through the development of this design research. A vast majority of the literature and examples of sea level rise accommodation are in sheltered ocean environments. Alarmingly 75% percent of coastal cities at risk of sea level rise are fully exposed to the unpredictable ocean, including Wellington the study area of this thesis.25 Sea-ready architecture appears to have been largely ignored, with the exception of major industrial and marine projects. There is a significant gap in the literature which would benefit from redress in order to allow for these exposed regions to begin their preparations for sea accommodation.
ACCOMMODATION - LIVING WITH SEA LEVEL RISE
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SUMMARY & REFLECTION
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Brand, D. Bluespace: A Typological Matrix for Port Cities. Urban Design International, 2007: pg 69 Timmerman, P. Coastal Cities in the Context of Global Environmental Change. Global Environmental Change, Volume 7, Number 3, 1997: pg 207 Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of Littoral Zone in English. 2013. http:// oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/littoral_zone. par 1 Olthuis, K. & D Keuning. Float: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Frame, 2012. pg 40 FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-Level Rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 605 Dawe, I. Sea Level Rise A New Zealand Context. Greater Wellington Regional Council, 2009: pg 1 Evans, L. et al. Perceptions of Sea Level Rise in Wellington City and Kapiti Coast Districts. Victoria University of Wellington (2012): pg 3 Dasgupta, S. et al. The Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no 4136, 2007. pg 44 FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-Level Rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 607 UNFCCC. Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaption in Developing Countries. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2007): 1-68. Retrieved March 2013 from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts. pdf. pg 8 RIBA. Designing for Flood Risk. Royal Institute of British Architects, Climate Change Toolkit (2011): 1-36. pg 5 IPPC. Is Sea Level Rising? IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change (2007): Retrieved from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-5-1. htm. pg 2 Nekooie, M. et al. Evaluating the Performance of Amphibious Urbanization as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy by Pest Analysis. University Teknologi Malaysia, 2011: pg 6 IPPC. Is Sea Level Rising? IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change (2007): Retrieved from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-5-1. htm. pg 8 Carson, K. et al. Adaptive Urbanism: Sea Level Rise & Urban Development. Auckland: Stephenson & Turner, 2012. Retrieved from http://stephensonturner.com/ uploads/misc/AdaptiveUrbanismBooklet_web.pdf. pg 22 Robinson, D. et al. Facing Up to Rising Sea Levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack? : The Future of our Coastal and Estuarine Cities. Building Futures, Institution of Civil Engineers (2009): pg 6 Nekooie, M. et al. Evaluating the Performance of Amphibious Urbanization as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy by Pest Analysis. University Teknologi Malaysia, 2011: pg 8 Woodruff, D. & Falk, J. International Workshop on Coastal Cities, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise. University of California San Diego. San Diegio: Association of Pacific Rim Universities, 2012. Retrieved March 2013 from http://apru.org/news/ item/359-the-apru-international-workshop-on-coastal-cities-and-sea-level-rise. pg 6 Robinson, D. et al. Facing Up to Rising Sea Levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack? : The Future of our Coastal and Estuarine Cities. Building Futures, Institution of Civil Engineers (2009): pg 6 Woodruff, D. & Falk, J. International Workshop on Coastal Cities, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise. University of California San Diego. San Diegio: Association of Pacific Rim Universities, 2012. Retrieved March 2013 from http://apru.org pg 6
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Baker, R. Modern Flood Management is About Living with Rising Water , Not Blocking it Out. The Architects Journal (2008): pg19 Evans, L. et al. Perceptions of Sea Level Rise in Wellington City and Kapiti Coast Districts. Victoria University of Wellington(2012): pg 15 Sussman, P. Bouyant Market: Are Floating Homes the Future of Housing. 2007. CNN.com/technology. <http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/08/20/floating. houses/>. par 6 Baker, R. Modern Flood Management is About Living with Rising Water , Not Blocking it Out. The Architects Journal (2008): pg 19. Hanson, S, R Nicholls, and N Ranger. A Global Ranking of Port Cities with High Exposure to Climate Extremes. Climate Change (2011): pg 100 Pasternack, R. Aquatecture: Water-based Architecture in the Netherlands. Delft University of Technology (2009): Masters Architecture Thesis. pg 5 Desfor, G., Laidley, J., Stevens, Q., & Schubert, D. Transforming Urban Waterfronts: Fixity and Flow. New York: Routledge, 2011. pg 16 Rotmans, J. The Floating City into an Ocean of Opportunities. Urgenda (2008): pg 8 Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. Nomadology: the war machine. New York: Semiotext, 1986. pg 2 Bowman, P. Ocean As Place For Urban Life: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion & Climate Change. Victoria University of Wellington (2011): Architecture Masters Thesis.
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3. Case Study Analysis

This chapter contains a comparative analysis of a selection of relevant design case studies ranging from house boats to tidal dwellings and marinas. The range of projects analysed provides an insight into the differing approaches to living on and near the water. Each case study is analysed in accordance with the key design attributes identified in the literature: - Adaptability: potential to be fit for land and sea, meet changing environment - Stability: be safe and stable to ensure resident comfort and well being - Customizability: ability to be changed to meet needs of diverse users - Affordability: potential for a resident to purchase a floating dwelling - Littoral relationship: connection between user and sea - Architectural Distinction: appeal a solution to an at risk community. This analysis will allow for the identification of the key strengths and weaknesses of each case study which can then be used to inform the design process of this thesis.
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3.1
EUROPEAN HOUSE BOATS :

Steigereiland Ijburg _ Amsterdam, Netherlands
Commonly regarded as the most appropriate solution to accommodating sea level rise in the coastal city, house boats and amphibious houses line the shores of many major European and North American cities including London, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Vancouver and Seattle.1 2 3 Developed in 2003, Steigereiland Ijburg in the Netherlands possesses the largest community of these floating and amphibious homes with over seventy five residences.4 Similar to a marina berth, each of these dwellings are rigidly connected to a network of floating walkways surrounded by a number of breakwaters. The house boats can then rise and fall with the changing tides without excessive rocking due to the tamed littoral environment. Unfortunately there is no company currently mass producing these floating homes, therefore each house boat has been completely custom designed making the dwellings unaffordable for most people, given the advanced technical solutions for buoyancy and water-tightness concerns.7 In order to restrict excessive ownership of Amsterdam waterways, the local government has placed strict maximum measurements on these floating homes; 7 x 10m floor plan with a 1.5m draught beneath the waterline.5 Because of the size restrictions most of these floating homes have been constructed three stories high so as to ensure a similar floor area to those of traditional Dutch homes. Unfortunately in doing so the centre of mass in many of these designs is much higher than that required to ensure balance and stability. As a result, when a boat passes by or when multiple occupants stand in one corner of the dwelling its not uncommon for the floating home to lean over uncomfortably.8 What can be gleaned from this precedent is that the height of a floating dwelling should be proportional to its width and the centre of mass should be as low as possible in order to ensure stability and user comfort not only in calm waters but also in choppy seas. Prefabricating these dwellings would also increase the affordability and appeal of this form of solution to resident displacement as a result of inundation.
Resilience
Affordability
Stability
Customizablity
Littoral Relationship
Architectural Distinction
Figure 5 : Ijburgs Achievement of Key Criteria
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Figure 6, 7, 8 ,9: Ijburg House Boats, Aesthetic Derived from Land Based Architecture Linear Arrangement of Ijburg Floating Community Circulation Away from Waters Edge House Boat Diagram
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3.2
FLOATING DWELLINGS :
Cua Van Village _ Halong Bay, Vietnam
Located in Halong Bay in Vietnam, the World Heritage site of Cua Van Village is considered one of the worlds most iconic floating communities.1 Cua Van consists of almost 200 independent floating homes and boats with a total of roughly 800 residents.2 The village also has its own floating school and community centre. The village was formed sixty years ago when due to rising sea levels and the steepness of terrain in the area residents were forced to leave their land based homes and develop a unique floating community.3 Located dozens of kilometres from the mainland city of Bai Chay, the residents of Cua Van Village have no land ownership and their main livelihood is fishing, aquaculture and more recently tourism. Circulation through the community occurs by boat or raft. Unlike house boat communities and most marinas, the floating village is without power or infrastructure. Waste is therefore dumped directly into the same body of water that the community rely on to gather their food supply.4
Stability
Resilience
Affordability
The key strength of the Cua Van Village as a case study for this thesis is its dynamic relationship between the resident and the ocean in which they occupy. As the floating homes are not connected and have only one anchor point beneath the oceans surface, changes in the littoral environment, such as waves, wind and currents can greatly inform the spatial relationships between the floating dwellings throughout the village, see Figure 14. Similar to coastal communities across the globe the life of the Cua Van fishing village is under serious threat as a result of climate change. Violent storms are increasing in frequency and severity, killing fish, damaging homes and equipment and in rare cases sinking a few of the communities floating homes.5 Unfortunately due to the design and poor construction of a number of the homes, the floating dwellings of Cua Van village are not resilient to the changing environment, placing growing numbers of residents and their families at risk. Cua Van clearly indicates that a community can actually exist without a strict connection to the land. The villages heritage listing and the staggering numbers of tourists annually also illustrates an vast interest in the possibility of living in a symbiotic relationship to the ocean. This case study primarily reiterates the importance of ensuring adaptability to changing conditions when designing an ocean dwelling community.
Customizablity
Figure 10 : Cua Vans Achievement of Key Criteria
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Figure 11, 12, 13, 14: Cua Van Village in Halong Bay Many Dwellings are Poorly Constructed from Cheap Materials The Village is a Major Tourist Attraction in Vietnam Floating Dwelling Diagram
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3.3
TIDAL DWELLINGS :
Koh Panyee Village _ Phung Nga Bay, Phuket, Thailand
The settlement of Koh Panyee was established by nomadic Malay fishermen and their families at the end of the 18th century. During this time, land ownership in Thailand was strictly limited to only those of Thai national origins. The immigrants were able to circumvent this law by constructing a delta community consisting of stilt houses, floating platforms and floating dwellings on the bay in the shelter of Panyee island.1 The settlement has now grown to over 1500 residents with almost 200 residential dwellings as well as a mosque, primary school, restaurant, market, recycling station and a floating football field.2
Resilience
Affordability
Stability
It is the adaptability of this community to suit the changing littoral environment which determines its relevance as a case study. Koh Panyee is subject to a two metre tidal range with very strong incoming and outgoing currents due to its location at the intersection of two major rivers to the North and Phung Nga Bay to the South. Half the community is constructed on stilts three metres above ground level. The remainder of the community floats and moves with the currents at high tide before dropping to rest in the mud at low tide, see Figures 16 and 18.2 Unfortunately the village has been unable to sustain itself on fishing alone in recent decades. The communities need to house its growing population as well as the fact that power is four times the price of the mainland due to the complexities of retrofitting reliable services across the bay has caused Koh Panyee to turn to tourism in order to survive.4 During the dry season a constant stream of tourists now jet boat to the village from nearby Phuket. I was fortunate enough to travel to Koh Panyee with my partner in July of this year and observe the dynamic tidal community for myself. In doing so I learned that it is possible to live in an amphibious community capable of occupying both land and sea. This factor is especially important given that sea level rise is a gradual occurrence, therefore a resilient community can be constructed on land now, with the knowledge that it will be able to successfully occupy the same location when it is inundated.
Customizablity
Figure 15 : Koh Panyees Achievement of Key Criteria
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Figure 16, 17, 18, 19: Koh Panyee Village Consists of Both Fixed and Amphibious Platforms and Buildings The Village in the Shelter of Panyee Island During Low Tide Access Through the Community is Restricted in a Number of Areas Tidal Dwelling Diagram
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3.4
MARINAS & MOORINGS :

Evans Bay Marina _ Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand
Marinas are a popular occurrence in waterfronts throughout most major coastal cities. They provide an on water location for the storage of keel boats, fishing boats and large multihulls. Similar to the purchasing of property, marina berths and moorings are able to be purchased for the exclusive use of an individual or a collective group.1 Its common in most marinas for a number of berth owners to permanently live onboard their boat. Evans Bay Marina the only facility in Wellington Harbour and the lower North Island of New Zealand with both sheltered berths and private swing moorings. Storing a boat in a berth provides the occupant with easy pedestrian circulation to shore through a system of jetties and gangways. Similar to most marinas, Evans Bay Marina has a number berths with metered power and water services for those who are living permanently in the marina. These berths are more expensive due to their desirability. In contrast swing moorings are very affordable to purchase but they are only accessible by dingy, have no services and are completely exposed to the dynamic littoral environment. Specifically designed to withstand the harsh marine environment, yachts and boats are available in a wide range of different shapes and sizes to suit the needs any nomadically inclined individual. A significant portion of boats have also been designed purely for speed rather than comfort, causing for their internal spaces to often be cramped and dark, increasing discomfort levels for those susceptible to seasickness.3 Large seawalls have been constructed to shelter most marinas in order to reduce discomfort caused from the rocking motion of boats as a result of sea movement. Unfortunately this often causes the water to become stagnant allowing trash and waste to gather. Although specifically designed for the ocean, boats generally make for uncomfortable permanent residences. Despite this there are a number of aspects of yacht and marina design, such as form, materials and marine technology could easily be adapted into a successful permanent dwelling solution. Services, pedestrian access and generous internal spaces would need to be provided for all residences in order to improve the attractiveness of an ocean dwelling to the typical Wellington resident.
Resilience
Affordability
Stability
Customizablity
Figure 20 : EB Marinas Achievement of Key Criteria
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Figure 21, 22, 23, 24: Evans Bay Marina, North of Kilbirnie Yacht Rocking in Short Chop Yachts Swinging on Moorings in Storm Marina Dwelling Diagram
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3.5
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Baker, R. Modern Flood Management is About Living with Rising Water , Not Blocking it Out. The Architects Journal (2008): 10,19. Rotmans, J. The Floating City into an Ocean of Opportunities. Urgenda (2008): 1-16. Sussman, P. Bouyant Market: Are Floating Homes the Future of Housing. 2007. CNN.com/technology. <http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/08/20/floating. houses/>. par 3 Rohmer, M. Floating Homes IJburg. 2011. Retrieved from http://www.rohmer.nl/ floating_homes_IJburg. par 1 Olthuis, K. & D Keuning. Float: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Frame, 2012. pg 46 Pasternack, R. Aquatecture: Water-based Architecture in the Netherlands. Delft University of Technology (2009): 1-42. Masters Architecture Thesis. Olthuis, K. & D Keuning. Float: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Frame, 2012. pg 49 Olthuis, K. & D Keuning. Float: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Frame, 2012. pg 45 Nguyen, L. An Overview of Ha Long Bays Fishing Villages. World Monuments Fund (2012): 3. Retrieved from www. wmf.org/journal/overview-ha-longbay%E2%80%99s-fishing-villages. par 1 Travel to Halong. Villages : Cua Van Village. 2011. Retrieved from http://www. traveltohalong.com/villages. par 2 Nguyen, L. An Overview of Ha Long Bays Fishing Villages. World Monuments Fund (2012): 3. Retrieved from www.wmf.org/journal/overview-ha-longbay%E2%80%99s-fishing-villages. par 3 Bowman, P. Ocean As Place For Urban Life: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion & Climate Change. Victoria University of Wellington (2011): Architecture Masters Thesis. pg 30 Nguyen, L. An Overview of Ha Long Bays Fishing Villages. World Monuments Fund (2012): 3. Retrieved from www.wmf.org/journal/overview-ha-longbay%E2%80%99s-fishing-villages. par 5 Whikeed, S. Koh Panyee. 2012. Retrieved from http://phuket.thailandabout.com/ islands-around-Phuket/koh-panyee.html. par 1 Calder, S. Thailand: Ko Panyees Room with a Sea View. 2001. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/travel asia/thailand-ko-panyis-rooms-with-a-seaview-664189.html. par 4 Whikeed, S. Koh Panyee. 2012. Retrieved from http://phuket.thailandabout.com/ islands-around-Phuket/koh-panyee.html. par 2 Whikeed, S. Koh Panyee. 2012. Retrieved from http://phuket.thailandabout.com/ islands-around-Phuket/koh-panyee.html. par 1
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4. Site Introduction
This chapter introduces the focus area of this piece of design research Wellington City. A compressive mapping study of the three areas most at risk of inundation then follows, before the site of Kilbirnie is selected as the core focus for the remainder of this research. The destruction of a two metre rise in sea level is then clearly illustrated at a community and street level.
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4.1
Located at the south-western tip of the North Island of New Zealand between the Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range with a latitude of 41 17 South, Wellington is the southernmost capital city in the world.54 Wellington is the political centre of New Zealand and is internationally recognised for its creative arts and culture, as well as its frequent susceptibility to gale force winds.55 With over 400,000 residents, Wellington is one of the most densely populated cities in New Zealand due to the restricted amount of land available between the Wellington Harbour and the surrounding ranges. The city is composed of one core central business district with a number of smaller suburban townships scattered throughout the banked hillsides or low lying coastal areas to the North, South and East.57 The region is prone to high seismic activity, with a major fault line running directly through the centre of the city. Residents typically experience several earthquakes every year.58 Despite this the 2010 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked the Wellington 12th best city in the world to live in. Due to the low lying nature of a significant portion of Wellington city, a third of Wellingtonians live less than five metres above current sea level, and a highly alarming 40,000 residents live less than two metres above current sea level.59 The areas most at risk of inundation as a result of climate change driven sea level rise in Wellington City are the suburbs of Petone, Kilbirnie and Seatoun, see Fig 30 - 33.
WELLINGTON CITY
Wellington Harbour
Figure 25 : Petone
4.2
A comprehensive mapping study of these three sites at risk of inundation was undertaken to determine if a unique dwelling solution would be required to mitigate the impact of sea level rise on each site, or if a single universal solution could be designed to cater for all three sites, see all maps in Appendix A. Although the risk of inundation varies, the mapping analysis illustrates that a number of common factors are shared across these three sites. All three areas: are predominantly domestic settlements, have core vehicular arteries along the shoreline, have very exposed littoral environments with a similar ocean depth, and all three sites have very poor geology comprised mainly of marine sediment which will likely result in large scale liquefaction once inundated. It has therefore been determined that as the sites share similar issues, a single design strategy to sea level rise in Wellington Harbour could be employed across all three sites. The median suburb of Kilbirnie, between the expansive Petone and the small suburb of Seatoun, has been selected as the core focus site for the remainder of this design research, with the understanding that the resolved solution could likely be adapted to suit the needs of other communities at risk of inundation.
MAPPING STUDIES
Figure 28 : References of Sites Within Wellington Harbour
Figure 26 : Kilbirnie
Figure 27 : Seatoun
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4.3
The Wellington suburb of Kilbirnie lies three kilometres South-East of the city centre on the isthmus between Evans Bay to the North and the infamously windy Cook Strait to the South. Wind often funnels between the two large ranges that flank the suburb resulting in the frequent grounding of planes at Wellington International Airport and large breaking swells within Evans Bay, see Figure 34. The low lying land mass on which the suburb of Kilbirnie now sits was initially formed in 1855 when a 8.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Wellington region causing for the flat strip of land to be raised from the harbour to connect the Miramar Peninsula, previously Miramar Island with Mt Victoria the rest of Wellington City, see Figure 35. As a result most of the Kilbirnie community is constructed on porous land less than two metres above current sea level.60 Kilbirnie is a largely domestic suburb with a permanent population of 6,400 residents.61 In comparison to the remainder of Wellington, Kilbirnie is a diverse and multi-cultural community, see Figure 37. The community has a much lower socioeconomic status than the regional and national norm, with a significant number of residents living off government support. Most of the community lives in rented single story timber villas constructed prior to the Second World War, see Figure 38. The average house price in Kilbirnie is $350,000, considerably lower than the Wellington average of $410,000, but nevertheless unaffordable for most Kilbirnie residents.62 A large collection of Kilbirnie community statistics can be found in Appendix B. From undertaking further urban analysis of Kilbirnie, the suburb can be divided into three clear sections; the historic linear grid established by the New Zealand Company in the 1840s, the grid informed by the sites surrounding topography and the land reclaimed, in 1900 and 1940, to the north of Kilbirnie as the community steadily grew, see Figure 39. The Kilbirnie community now possesses a number of anchoring features including the character shopping area of Bay Road, a number of primary and secondary schools, a community recreation centre and sports field as well as a number of facilities which cater for the wider region including, Wellington International Airport, Wellington Regional Aquatic Centre, the ASB Sports Centre and the Metlink Bus Depot , see Figure 40. The community also has a very rich maritime history in the neighbouring Evans Bay, see Figures 42-46. Its interesting to note that the pre-1900 Kilbirnie shoreline is very similar to that which would be observed in the event of a two metre sea level rise in Wellington Harbour by 2100. Such an event would see the inundation of over 400 homes, 3 schools, 6 community buildings and over 60 retail and commercial buildings, destroying residents livelihoods throughout Kilbirnie , see Figures 47-54. In order to ensure social sustainability, the Wellington City Council recommends in Assessing the Implications of Sea Level Rise: Kilbirnie Town Centre (2009) that priority is placed on ensuring the protection of important community and buildings and infrastructure over individual residences which could be removed incrementally as sea levels rise, see Figure 41. After these old homes have been removed the resilient dwelling strategy designed through this research could then be introduced to provide for permanent dwelling in a community with a previously uncertain future.
INTRODUCTION TO KILBIRNIE
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Figure 29, 30, 31, 32, 33: Evans Bay in a Strong Northerly Wellington Shoreline Pre 1855 Earthquake Kilbirnie Panorama from Maupuia Park Kilbirnie Festival, Bay Road Typical Kilbirnie Dwellings
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Kilbirnie Urban Analysis
Evans Bay Marine History
ST CATHERINES COLLAGE WELLINGTON AQUATIC CENTRE KILBIRNIE LIBRARY
BAY
ST PATRICKS SCHOOL
ROA D
KILBINRIE PARK
ST PATRICKS COLLAGE
EVANS BAY INTERMEDIATE EVANS BAY MARINA
EVANS BAY YACHT CLUB
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ASB CONVENTION CENTRE
WELLINGTON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
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Figure 37, 38, 39, 40, 41: Evans Bay Slip, 1922 - 1972 Miramar and Burnham wharves, 1920 - 1929 Evans Bay Yacht Club, 1921 Shelly Bay Naval Base, 1939 - 1945 Figure 34: Kilbirnie Urban Grid & Land Reclamation Figure 35: Kilbirnie Community Anchor Points Figure 36: Proposed Plan for Inundated Buildings Len Southwards 100mph Redhead Jet Boat, 1953
Key: 1900 Reclamation 1940 Reclamtion 2013 Current Shoreline Historic Linear Grid Grid Informed By Shoreline Grid Informed By Topography
Key: Recreational / Community Retail / Commercial Cultural / Religious Institutional Airport Residential Commercial Sea Level
Key: Buildings Which Must Be Protected Buildings Which Should Be Protected Buildings To Be Removed Sea Level
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4.4
KILBIRNIE SEA LEVEL RISE - URBAN SCALE
Figure 42: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise
Figure 43: Kilbirnie : 2050 - 0.7m Sea Level Rise Evans Bay Marina and Evans Bay Yacht Club are Inundated
Figure 44: Kilbirnie : 2075 - 1.2m Sea Level Rise Sea levels rise above State Highway One flows down Tacy ST and inundates a significant portion of North Kilbirnie
Figure 45: Kilbirnie : 2100 - 2m Sea Level Rise The greater portion of Kilbirnie is inundated
needs description, where data came from
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4.5
KILBIRNIE SEA LEVEL RISE - STREET SCALE
Figure 47: Kilbirnie : 2050 - 0.7m Sea Level Rise Small amounts of sea water pool near Evans Bay, buildings at risk of inundation begin to be removed
Figure 48: Kilbirnie : 2075 - 1.2m Sea Level Rise The street is completely inundated with as much as 800mm of water in some areas
Figure 49: Kilbirnie : 2100 - 2m Sea Level Rise The street is inundated in 1.6m of sea water, large swells begin to form when water is disturbed between surviving buildings
ocean simulation testiong in max.
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4.6

54 55 Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records 2014. London: Guinness World Records Ltd, 2013. pg 277 Watford, Garston. Wind Around Tall Buildings. BRE Digest Jan. 1994: 1-12. Print. pg 1 New Zealand History online. 1939 First European Settlers Arrive in Wellington. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/wellington-anniversary-day. par 2 Dawe, I. Sea Level Rise A New Zealand Context. Greater Wellington Regional Council, 2009: pg 1 Greater Wellington Regional Council. Earthquakes. 2013. Retrieved from http:// www.gw.govt.nz/earthquakes. par 1 Statistics New Zealand. Are New Zealanders Living Closer to the Coast? 2006. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/ migration/ internal-migration/are-nzs-living-closer-to-coast.aspx. par 21 New Zealand History online. 1855 Massive Earthquake hits Wellington Region. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/massive-earthquake-hits-wellington. par 1 Statistics New Zealand. Kilbirnie, Wellington. 2006. Retrieved from http://profile.idnz. co.nz/Default.aspx?id=366&pg=8114&gid=240. pg 1-22 Global Property Guide. New Zealands Property Market Strong. Sep 2013. Retrieved from http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/New-Zealand/Price-History. par 2 J, Court. Wellington, New Zealand - The Windiest City in the World. 2008. Retrieved from http://roaringfourties-nzl727.blogspot.co.nz/2008/06/wellington-new-zealandwindiest-city-in.html. pg 1-5
50 word summary, what is the most important stuff that will impact design. Focus site of kilbirnie, similar enough Kilbirnie is a very diverse community, variety of different household types, low socio economic At risk of mass displacement as a result of inundation, 400 homes Unpredictable, rough littoral environment, famously windy City council recommends removing homes if need be and atteming to save larger important buildings.
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5. Design Phase One

This chapter introduces the first phase of design development, ocean inhabitation in the face of sea level rise. The early design ideas have been analysed against the research aims by means of a number of a number of comparative analysis, tests, simulations in order to identify and reflect upon the strengths and weaknesses of each design component. The final conceptual design has been formally critiqued by a number of highly educated reviewers. There feedback as well as my own design reflection has been carried into the second phase of design development.
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5.1
In order to accommodate inundation from climate change driven sea level rise, the design position for the first phase of design development in reaction to the research question, how can a resilient residential dwelling be designed for the coastal city littoral zone, in response to the encroaching pressures of climate change?, was to ensure community resilience through the creation of a network of interconnected floating dwellings which Kilbirnie residents could begin to occupy within the decade in order to adapt to the practicalities of living with and on the water prior to the inevitable inundation of the low lying Wellington suburb. This position is shared by the Dutch Housing Minister Sybilla Dekker, who recently stated, You cannot fight water. You have to learn to live with it. Through inhabiting the ocean, once sea levels rise to inundate the former community of Kilbirnie, the floating community would simply rise with the changing environment, see Figure ##. These floating dwellings would first occupy in existing marine areas such as the Evans Bay Marina and Burnham Wharf due to the ease of access and serviceability, before gradually growing backwards and eventually connecting with the existing city as sea levels incrementally rise, see Figure ##.
OCEAN INHABITATION INTRODUCTION
site over time with solution applied.
ve your making? Very clear diagram of system at sea, to minimise impact of climate change
sea to minimise dis-
m her and city on
Figure 50: Kcdsdcsdc
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COMPARING OCEAN INHABITIATION SOLUTIONS
5.3
FORM DEVELOPMENT
Standard Home
Pile Dwelling
House Boat
Floating Dwelling
Monohull Yacht
Multihull Yacht
De-constructed Dwelling
1. Standard Home
2. Lower Centre of Mass to Increase Stability
3. Increase Righting Arm to Increase Stability
Resilience
Resilience
Resilience
Resilience
Resilience
Resilience
Resilience
Affordability
Stability
Affordability
Stability
Affordability
Stability
Affordability
Stability
Affordability
Stability
Affordability
Stability
Affordability
Stability
Customizablity
Customizablity
Customizablity
Customizablity
Customizablity
Customizablity
Customizablity
4. Increase Suscepitnility to Environment
5. Taper Sides to Minimize Disturbance

Figure 63: Thredcsdcscds
6. Attach Small Modules for Added Space and Stability
Key: Stability Based Change Wind Based Change Sea Based Change
Figures 55, 56 - 62: Zefira - Designed and Constructed Zefira - Designed and Constructed
Through employing the same criteria and radial diagram previously used in the case studies analysis, the possible solutions to permanent ocean inhabitation can easily be compared and against the research aims. It can therefore be determined that a deconstructed dwelling system will be the most appropriate method of providing resilient dwelling for the Kilbirnie community in the face of inundation. A deconstructed dwelling, created from separating the programme of a multihull into individual prefabricated components for simple user customisation, would be able to easily adapt and remain stable despite the constantly changing environment through progressive articulation.
The design of the deconstructed dwelling occurs in six steps. Starting with a standard floating cube the design in lowered into the water and widened to increase stability for the residents within. The design is then stretched and tapered to allow the dwelling to move with the changing littoral environment whilst minimizing wind and water disturbance. The final step is to attach the private modules which are able to articulate with the changing conditions to increase stability and resident comfort.
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FLOATING COMMUNITY SIMULATIONS
Figures 64 - 69: Two Anchor Point Floating Community Simula-
Figures 70 - 75: Three Anchor Point Floating Community with Inundated Buildings
Key: Wave Direction Wind Direction
A series of simulations were undertaken to explore how the spatial relationships throughout the floating community might change as the littoral environment within which the occupy changes. These video stills represent the possible arrangements which could occur over a twelve hour period in Evans Bay. Dwellings were connected end-to-end with two anchoring points in the first simulation. In the second simulation the floating dwellings were rafted together in some locations and end-to-end in others with three anchoring points. The later appeared to move far more gradually with the same environmental conditions and could therefore be considered more comfortable for the potential occupants, especially those prone to sea sickness.
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B3
5.5
1 2 2 PROCESS OF INHABITATION
5.7
W C E R B3
B3 E R W C C E R B3 W
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS
Construction Material Analysis
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Purchase of Required Modules
Desired Programme Components Added
Ocean Inhabitation
Timber
Cost: Average Strength Load: Average Strength Collision: Poor Weight: Average Maintenance: Average Life Expectancy: Average Environmental: Average Thermal Properties: Average Construction Method: Fabrication
Fibreglass
Cost: Average Strength Load: Average Strength Collision: Poor Weight: Average Maintenance: Average Life Expectancy: Average Environmental: Average Thermal Properties: Average Construction Method: Moulding
Carbon Fibre
Cost: Poor Strength Load: Great Strength Collision: Average Weight: Great Maintenance: Average Life Expectancy: Average Environmental: Average Thermal Properties: Average Construction Method: Moulding
Plastic
Cost: Strength Load: Strength Collision: Weight: Maintenance: Life Expectancy: Environmental: Thermal Properties: Construction Method: Average Average Great Average Great Average Great Average Rot Moulding
Alluminum
Cost: Average Strength Load: Average Strength Collision: Great Weight: Average Maintenance: Average Life Expectancy: Average Environmental: Poor Thermal Properties: Poor Construction Method: Fabrication
Concrete
Cost: Average Strength Load: Great Strength Collision: Great Weight: Poor Maintenance: Average Life Expectancy: Great Environmental: Poor Thermal Properties: Average Construction Method: Casting
Figure 76: Three Anchor Point Floating Community with Inundated Buildings
5.6
INTERCHANGEABLE DWELLING ARRANGEMENTS
Key: Cooking Eating Relaxing Sleeping Cleaning
Construction Method Analysis
Sole Occupant
Small Family
Medium Family
Large Family
Multiple Family
Figure 77: Zefira - Designed and Constructed Figures 78 - 82, 83 - 86: (Opposite) Zefira - Designed and Constructed Zefira - Designed and Constructed
Kilbirnie is a very diverse community, it is therefore highly important that any residential solution must be easily adaptable and customised to meet the needs of a variety of different users. When a household feels they are likely at risk of inundation from climate change driven sea level rise they will be able purchase a selection of prefabricated modules and have them fitted with the desired number and type of programme components in order to form their own user specific and space efficient floating dwelling. Figure ## illustrates a variety of different dwelling arrangements to meet the needs of a number diverse resident groups.
Fabrication
Replication: Automation: Design Restrictions: Complex Forms: Start Up Cost: Cost Per Unit: Time Per Unit: Health Risks: Poor Poor Average Average Great Average Poor Average
Moulding
Replication: Automation: Design Restrictions: Complex Forms: Start Up Cost: Cost Per Unit: Time Per Unit: Health Risks: Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Poor
Rotational Moulding
Replication: Automation: Design Restrictions: Complex Forms: Start Up Cost: Cost Per Unit: Time Per Unit: Health Risks: Great Great Average Average Poor Great Great Average
Casting
Replication: Automation: Design Restrictions: Complex Forms: Start Up Cost: Cost Per Unit: Time Per Unit: Health Risks: Average Average Average Average Poor Average Poor Average
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Rotational Moulding Plastic
Design and Fill
Heat and Rotate
Cool and Open
Figures 89, 90: Mobile Cabin - Ionel Schein (1956)
Figures 91, 92: Plastic House - Jean Maneval (1965)
Figures 93 - 95: Anthenea - Jean Michael Ducanelle (1992)
How Rotation Moulding Works
Kilbirnie is a very diverse community, it is therefore highly important that any residential solution must be easily adaptable and customised to meet the needs of a variety of different users. When a household feels they are likely at risk of inundation from climate change driven sea level rise they will be able purchase a selection of prefabricated modules and have them fitted with the desired number and type of programme components in order to form their own user specific and space efficient floating dwelling. Figure ## illustrates a variety of different dwelling arrangements to meet the needs of a number diverse resident groups.
Figures 87, 88: The Rotational Moulding Process
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5.8
DEVELOPING AN AESTHETIC
Figure 98: xccxcxxcxcxc
Figures 99, 100: xccxcxxcxcxc
Figure 97: xccxcxxcxcxc
In order to develop a design aesthetic I looked towards organisms which were already successfully surviving in the littoral environment. After multiple site visits to Evans Bay, the bivalve shell was selected due to the number of similarities which could be drawn between a shell and a home such as shelter, safety and protection. The shell was abstracted over twelve progressive iterations into a sleek futuristic form. The most appealing design was then selected and transformed into an easily tessellatable shape which could potentially form a floating dwelling.
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5.9
ITERATIVE MODELLING
Figures 101 - 120: Early Iterative Concept Modelling
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FLOATING COMMUNITY CONCEPT
1800 800 600
Resilience
Affordability
Stability
Figure 122 : Longitudinal Section
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SEATING
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SINK
Living Module : Private Module : Exterior Space : Total :
25sqm 10sqm x 2 45sqm 80sqm
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UTILITY BENCH SHELTERED OCEAN
DECK
Figure 121 : Koh Panyees Achievement of Key Cri-
STOVE TABLE WASH ROOM OR BEDROOM SEATING
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Scale:
Figure 123 : Living Module Ground Floor Plan
Figure 124 : Private Module Ground Floor Plan
Figures 125, 126, 127, 128: (Opposite) Zefira - Designed and Zefira - Designed and Zefira - Designed and Zefira - Designed and
After an extensive iterative modelling process an acceptable form was created that could be developed into the first floating community concept. The larger living module, inspired by the bow of a yacht and a stern of a catamaran, allows for waves to be calmly dispersed around the form whilst ensuring a sheltered body of water is created between the arms of the deck. The private modules on either side of the living module are able to articulate both vertically and horizontally, similar to shock absorbers on a car, ensuring that the deconstructed dwelling is always stable despite the constantly changing littoral environment. A large number of these dwellings would be connected together through a system of gangways to allow simple access from the existing community out to the new resilient floating community.
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3 Month Design Review - 9th May 2013
DESIGN CRITIQUE
After three months of design research my first attempt at a resilient solution for sea level rise in the coastal city was formally critiqued by, Professor Susanne Ware - Landscape Architect and Professor at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Manfredo Manfredini - Architect and Senior Lecturer Auckland University and Professor Diane Brand Urban Designer specialising in waterfront or Blue Space design, Dean of Creative Arts at Auckland University and former head of school at Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design. Positives: - An interesting concept for an effect of climate change which does not seem to be getting a lot of media attention - The articulation system is very unique when compared to previous water dwelling examples - Providing the user with a variety of possible arrangement options through interchanable components should assist in the difficult transition from land to sea dwelling Negatives: - It is unlikely that Kilbirnie residents will be willing to live at sea unless they absolutely have to, could an amphibious solution be more appropriate? - The scale of the deconstructed dwelling may also be too small, efficiency and affordability is important but so too is comfort Moving Forward: - Infrastructure and services should also be incorporated into the gangway system between the floating units - Could the roof tops of the floating dwellings be publicly inhabited with private spaces below? - Materials other than plastic should also be introduced to provide a warmer dwelling space
Figure 129: (Opposite) A 1:2000 scale model of Kilbirnie illustrating the devestation of a 2 metre rise in local sea level
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Brand, D. Bluespace: A Typological Matrix for Port Cities. Urban Design International, 2007: pg 69 Timmerman, P. Coastal Cities in the Context of Global Environmental Change. Global Environmental Change, Volume 7, Number 3, 1997: pg 207 Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of Littoral Zone in English. 2013. http:// oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/littoral_zone. par 1 Olthuis, K. & D Keuning. Float: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Frame, 2012. pg 40 FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-Level Rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 605 Dawe, I. Sea Level Rise A New Zealand Context. Greater Wellington Regional Council, 2009: pg 1 Evans, L. et al. Perceptions of Sea Level Rise in Wellington City and Kapiti Coast Districts. Victoria University of Wellington (2012): pg 3 Dasgupta, S. et al. The Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no 4136, 2007. pg 44 FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-Level Rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 607 UNFCCC. Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaption in Developing Countries. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2007): 1-68. Retrieved March 2013 from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts. pdf. pg 8
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6. Design Phase Two

This chapter introduces the second phase of design development, resilience and adaption in the face of sea level rise. Improving upon the fundamental issues in approach, this phase aims to provide a more realistic solution to mitigating resident displacement as a result of climate change. A series of comparative analysis, tests and simulations have been undertaken in order to identify a successful resilient dwelling strategy. The design concept has been formally critiqued by rewound architects before being discussed with experts in the marine industry. Their advice as well as my own reflection has been carried into phase three, the development stage of the design process.
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After the apparent failings in the approach of the first design phase, I was fortunate enough to be able travel to the village of Koh Panyee in Thailand, one of my previously selected case studies, in order to reconsider how a resilient dwelling could be designed to mitigate resident displacement in the coastal city as a result of climate change driven sea level rise. Whilst visiting the tidal community of Koh Panyee; it became clear that an amphibious dwelling, which had the potential to adapt and float when inundated would be much more appropriate solution to sea level rise than the previous design approach which simply jumped to ocean inhabitation. Sea level rise is incremental, therefore it is clear that any solution which aims to mitigate its impact must also be able to be implemented incrementally. An amphibious dwelling solution could be introduced when coastal city residents believe they will soon be at risk of inundation. The conventional home could be removed from the residents property and a new resilient dwelling solution could be occupied. When the sea inevitably does inundate the community the amphibious dwelling would simply rise and float with the ocean environment, see Figure ## and Figures ## -##.
AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY INTRODUCTION
site over time with solution applied.
Very clear diagram of system land to sea, to minimise impact of climate change
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COMPARING AMPHIBIOUS DWELLING SOLUTIONS
Dwelling on Land
Dwelling at Sea
Standard Home
Pile Dwelling
House Boat
Floating Dwelling
Monohull Yacht
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Standard Home
Pile Dwelling
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Multihull Yacht
Resilience
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Affordability Adaptability to Land Affordability Adaptability to Land Affordability Adaptability to Land Affordability Adaptability to Land Affordability Adaptability to Land Affordability Adaptability to Land Affordability Adaptability to Land Affordability Stability Affordability Stability Affordability Stability Affordability Stability Affordability Stability Affordability Stability Affordability Stability
Customizablity
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With this new design approach it was necessary to re-evaluate weather the deconstructed dwelling solution was still an appropriate form of dwelling. To be amphibious, a dwelling must be capable of successfully operating on land and on water.(#) Therefore each of the possible dwelling solutions have been compared against the design criteria relating to both land and sea, see Figures 140 - 147 and Figures 148 - 155 respectively. From analysing these images its clear that a number of the water based options would struggle to be successful dwellings on land and vies versa. Of the seven dwelling options, a deconstructed dwelling is still the appropriate choice to minimise the impact of sea level rise on the coastal city as it meets the design requirements of land and sea dwelling the most successfully.
Figures 135, 136 - 142: (Opposite) Yolla A Platform in Australias Yolla A Platform in Australias Figures 143, 144 - 150: Yolla A Platform in Australias Yolla A Platform in Australias
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PROCESS OF INHABITATION
6.4
INTERTIDAL AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY SIMULATION
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Figure 151: Intertidal Amphibious Community Simulation
Resilent Dwelling
Ocean Inhabitation
Figures 152 - 157: Intertidal Amphibious Community Simulation
When the coastal city of Kilbirnie is first inundated it would only be for a very brief period of time during high tide. As sea levels continue to rise the community so too will the duration of inundation until the depth of inundation at mid tide increases above half the tidal range of Wellington Harbour, 0.8m(REF), and the coastal community is permanently inundated. The above simulation illustrates how an amphibious dwelling community would alter with the changing tides prior to complete inundation over a twelve hour period. As the tide rises the community would become inundated and the amphibious community would begin to float with the rising water levels. Once the community is floating the spatial relationships between the dwellings will constantly alter with the changing ocean environment. When the tide lowers the amphibious community would rest again frozen in their new arrangement, like seaweed caught on a rock until the next rising tide.
Key: Tide Direction Wave Direction Wind Direction
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ARRANGEMENTS AND CONNECTIONS

Connection Strategies
6.6
AERODYNAMIC TESTING OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES
Arrangements of Possible Geometries
Rectangular Arrangement
Octagonal Arrangement
Figures 163 - 165: Tethering Connection
Figures 172 - 174: Rectangular Form
Figures 181 - 183: Hexagonal Form
Hexagonal Arrangement
Oval Arrangement
Figures 166 - 168: Sliding Connection
Figures 175 - 177: Octagonal Form
Figures 184 - 186: Extended Octagonal Form
Ext Octagonal Arrangement
Figures 169 - 171: Rotating Connection
Figures 178 - 180: Oval Form Key: Very High Wind Disturbance High Wind Disturbance Medium Wind Disturbance Low Wind Disturbance
Figures 187 - 189: Tapered Octagonal Form
Figures 158 - 162: Yolla A Platform in Australias Bass Strait
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In order minimise unnecessary urban sprawl, both on land and on sea, it is important that the form of resilient dwellings allows for efficient arrangement. Figures 158 - 162 illustrate how efficiently multiple geometry tessellations could be arranged if they had the same number of units and the same total floor area. From reviewing the scale diagrams it can be identified that the rectangular arrangement uses space the most efficiently, followed by the octagonal and extended octagonal arrangements. The next set of analysis analysed the possible connection strategies which could connect the multiple units of a single dwelling as well as connection methods from household to household. In order for the connections to be considered successful they must allow for articulation with the changing environment whilst also ensuring safe circulation and serviceability throughout the community. Sliding connections have been selected to connect individual dwelling units because of the solutions ease of circulation whilst also ensuring efficiency when articulating. Rotating connections have been selected to connect entire dwelling households due to their ability to maximise the influence of the changing littoral environment on the arrangement of the community through full articulation.
Wind disturbance around fixed and floating units can greatly impact the ferocity of the ocean environment. In order to mitigate this avoidable disturbance a series of wind tunnel tests were undertaken on a variety of different geometries in order to find the most aerodynamic form. From analysing the longitudinal and latitudinal results of the five basic geometries it can be concluded that the extended octagonal form is the most aerodynamic, due to its comparably small disturbance pattern. It was the identified that this disturbance could be minimised further through tapering the edges of this extended octagonal form.
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VISUALISING THE INTERTIDAL AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY
Figure 190: Low Tide - Community Sits on Land
Figure 191: Mid Tide - Community is Inundated but does not Float
Figure 192: High Tide - Sea Levels and High Enough for Community to Float
Figure 193: Change in Littoral Environment - Community Arrangement Alters to Conditions
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After determining to most appropriate connection methods and dwelling form for an amphibious community in the previous research experiments a conceptual design for the coastal city at risk of sea level rise has been created. The focus for this concept was to design a working community network rather than a finalising the form and aesthetic of the resilient dwelling, see Figures 198 - 201. Figures 191 - 193 illustrate how this community alter during low and high tide. The design is significantly larger than the previous solution proposed in phase one in order to provide a similar total floor area internally and externally to that of a typical Kilbirnie villa, 200sqm against 250sqm, in order to increase the appeal of this
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DESIGN CRITIQUE
5 Month Professional Review - 24th July 2013
After five months of design research my second attempt at a resilient solution for sea level rise in the coastal city was formally critiqued by, Simon Twose - Architect, former Boat Builder, Lecturer and Director of Postgraduate Programmes at Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design and Phil Mark - Architect at Athfeild Architects. Positives: - Both reviews agreed that an amphibious dwelling solution would be far more appropriate for a coastal city at risk of inundation than that of the first design phase - Similarities between exposure to others and exposure to the elements, public space which is completely open down to semi-private and semi-sheltered space and down further to an enclosable and private dwelling space Negatives: - The current forms are very simplistic and pod like, its currently an engineering solution rather than architectural one. How can the form interact with the changing littoral environment as opposed to purely attempting to sure user safety and comfort?
Moving Forward: - Can marine technology be introduced to improve areas of the design, is it worth approaching experts in the marine industry for their opinions? - Begin considering the interiors of these dwellings. How will the user perceive the different conditions, floating vs. grounded, high tide vs. low, calm vs. storm, Northerly vs. Southerly? - The user should also be able to control the amount of articulation that the dwelling incurs in order to adjust the dwelling connection set up for different conditions.
Figure 202: (Opposite) Zefira - Designed and Constructed at Fitzroy Yachts New Plymouth, New Zealand (2010)
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EXPERTS IN MARINE DESIGN
Design Disscusion with Experts in the Feild of Marine Design- 31st July 2013
Following the advice from the design critique, I arranged to discuss my second design concept with two experts in their respective fields of the marine industry. The first meeting was conducted with Phillip Furr, Marine Engineer at Transfield Worley and most recently the chief designer of the Yolla A oil rig accommodation platform for the Bass Strait, one of the roughest patches of ocean in Australasia, see Figure 206. The second meeting was undertaken at Fitzroy Yachts, one of New Zealands premier super yacht manufactures, with their head Naval Architect Michael Stuart, see Figures 207 - 209. The feedback from both experts has been combined below. Positives: - Fixing anything permanently to the sea bed is very expensive, therefore by creating a floating system with minimal anchor points will be a cost effective solution - Wellington Harbour experiences 8 million waves a year. If the system was rigid it would fatigue very quickly and break apart in less than a year regardless of construction. By allowing the design to articulate with the littoral environment the forces applied to the structure and its joints will be dramatically reduced and therefore significantly increasing the life span of the solution Negatives: - The toilets need to me in the same module as the bedrooms. Residents would not be safe going to loo in the middle of the night otherwise. Guest bathrooms and laundries could be provided for in a wider community module similar to that of a camp site - The units will be constantly bumping into one and other. Should incorporate an rubber bumper system similar to that of an inflatable dingy Moving Forward: - Could yacht technologies be re-appropriated to assist in the design and construction of the amphibious dwelling? - When floating at sea there is a huge potential to utilise the dynamic ocean environment as a source of power generation. - Services can successfully incorporated through designed system with a series of umbilical cables containing power, water and waste connecting each household unit to a main services
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Brand, D. Bluespace: A Typological Matrix for Port Cities. Urban Design International, 2007: pg 69 Timmerman, P. Coastal Cities in the Context of Global Environmental Change. Global Environmental Change, Volume 7, Number 3, 1997: pg 207 Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of Littoral Zone in English. 2013. http:// oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/littoral_zone. par 1 Olthuis, K. & D Keuning. Float: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Frame, 2012. pg 40 FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-Level Rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 605 Dawe, I. Sea Level Rise A New Zealand Context. Greater Wellington Regional Council, 2009: pg 1 Evans, L. et al. Perceptions of Sea Level Rise in Wellington City and Kapiti Coast Districts. Victoria University of Wellington (2012): pg 3 Dasgupta, S. et al. The Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no 4136, 2007. pg 44 FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-Level Rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 607 UNFCCC. Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaption in Developing Countries. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2007): 1-68. Retrieved March 2013 from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts. pdf. pg 8 RIBA. Designing for Flood Risk. Royal Institute of British Architects, Climate Change Toolkit (2011): 1-36. pg 5 IPPC. Is Sea Level Rising? IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change (2007): Retrieved from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-5-1. htm. pg 2 Nekooie, M. et al. Evaluating the Performance of Amphibious Urbanization as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy by Pest Analysis. University Teknologi Malaysia, 2011: pg 6 IPPC. Is Sea Level Rising? IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change (2007): Retrieved from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-5-1. htm. pg 8 Carson, K. et al. Adaptive Urbanism: Sea Level Rise & Urban Development. Auckland: Stephenson & Turner, 2012. Retrieved from http://stephensonturner.com/ uploads/misc/AdaptiveUrbanismBooklet_web.pdf. pg 22 Robinson, D. et al. Facing Up to Rising Sea Levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack? : The Future of our Coastal and Estuarine Cities. Building Futures, Institution of Civil Engineers (2009): pg 6 Nekooie, M. et al. Evaluating the Performance of Amphibious Urbanization as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy by Pest Analysis. University Teknologi Malaysia, 2011: pg 8 Woodruff, D. & Falk, J. International Workshop on Coastal Cities, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise. University of California San Diego. San Diegio: Association of Pacific Rim Universities, 2012. Retrieved March 2013 from http://apru.org/news/ item/359-the-apru-international-workshop-on-coastal-cities-and-sea-level-rise. pg 6 Robinson, D. et al. Facing Up to Rising Sea Levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack? : The Future of our Coastal and Estuarine Cities. Building Futures, Institution of Civil Engineers (2009): pg 6 Woodruff, D. & Falk, J. International Workshop on Coastal Cities, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise. University of California San Diego. San Diegio: Association of Pacific Rim Universities, 2012. Retrieved March 2013 from http://apru.org pg 6
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Baker, R. Modern Flood Management is About Living with Rising Water , Not Blocking it Out. The Architects Journal (2008): pg19 Evans, L. et al. Perceptions of Sea Level Rise in Wellington City and Kapiti Coast Districts. Victoria University of Wellington(2012): pg 15 Sussman, P. Bouyant Market: Are Floating Homes the Future of Housing. 2007. CNN.com/technology. <http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/08/20/floating. houses/>. par 6 Baker, R. Modern Flood Management is About Living with Rising Water , Not Blocking it Out. The Architects Journal (2008): pg 19. Hanson, S, R Nicholls, and N Ranger. A Global Ranking of Port Cities with High Exposure to Climate Extremes. Climate Change (2011): pg 100 Pasternack, R. Aquatecture: Water-based Architecture in the Netherlands. Delft University of Technology (2009): Masters Architecture Thesis. pg 5 Desfor, G., Laidley, J., Stevens, Q., & Schubert, D. Transforming Urban Waterfronts: Fixity and Flow. New York: Routledge, 2011. pg 16 Rotmans, J. The Floating City into an Ocean of Opportunities. Urgenda (2008): pg 8 Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. Nomadology: the war machine. New York: Semiotext, 1986. pg 2 Bowman, P. Ocean As Place For Urban Life: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion & Climate Change. Victoria University of Wellington (2011): Architecture Masters Thesis.
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7. Design Phase Three

This literature review covers a range of topics from a variety of disciplines related to the design of a residential dwelling for the coastal city littoral zone in response to combat the encroaching pressures of climate change. Therefore this review will examine firstly what a coastal city and its littoral zone is, before introducing the key issue of climate driven sea level rise. This review will then go on to analyse and critique the possible preparation options for the coastal city and identify the practicalities of building on the sea to combat sea level rise.
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Following the success of the previous conceptual dwelling strategy, an articulating network of amphibious units, this third phase in the design process will focus on developing this concept alongside the advice of the architectural reviewers and marine experts. Although the strategy has been worked out, the architecture itself leaves much to be desired. Emphasis will therefore be placed on iteratively developing of forms, layouts and ideas and critiquing them against the established design aims. After analysing the feedback from the design critics and marine experts its believed that the most effective method of developing the amphibious dwelling concept would be to incorporate aspects of marine technology into my own design, see Figure ##. With over fifteen years of competitive sailing under my belt I have developed a clear understanding of the marine industry especially yacht design and construction. In comparison to land technology, which is largely about fixing and fastening, marine technology is about catering for flux and constant movement, allowing a sail to be trimmed through pulling a rope though a system of pulleys and cleats in order to go faster or lowering a venturi to drain water from the hull after a large wave. The work of Tom Kundig has been considered a key precedent when incorporating flux into a architectural design. What sets Kundigs work apart from other kinetic architects is his desire to express how the movement occurs to the user through an intricate system of pulleys, wheels, chains and leavers, see Figures ## and ##.
AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION
7.2
REAPPROPRIATING MARINE TECHNOLOGY
Hull
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Hull Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Keel Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Rudder Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Centre Board Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Trampoline Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Mast Diagram
Furler Diagram
Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Figure 207: Chicken Pot Cabin - Tom Kundig (2003)
Focus on articulation, marine technology, construction and dynamic littoral relationship

Pulley
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Pulley Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Rope Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Deck Organiser Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Winch Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Cleat Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Traveller Car Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Figure 208: False Bay Writers Cabin - Tom Kundig (2009)
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Modelling Possible Reappropriations
Dacron Sails
Moulded Hulls & Foils
Teak Decks
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Spreader Figure 265 - 267: Rope, Pulleys and Track Utilised to move Internal Components Figure 271 - 273: Rope, Mast and Gudgeons Utilised to Create Expanding Shade Canopy
Sail Areodynamic Diagram
Moulding Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Deck Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Extrusion Diagram
Fender Diagram
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Figure 268 - 270: Gudgeons, Rope and Cleats Utilised to Create Unfolding Recreation Space
Figure 274 - 276: Keel Mechanism Rotated To Provide Stability at Sea and Flush on Land
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Gudgeon Diagram Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Venturi Diagram
Architectural Reappropriation - Make design Architectural Reappropriation - Make design Architectural Reappropriation - Make design Architectural Reappropriation - Make design
Following the advice of design and marine experts, an extensive selection of marine technology utilised primarily in boat and yacht design has been analysed and broken down into its most basic function, see Figures ## -##. For each piece of marine technology a number of possible architectural re-appropriations have been listed. Figures ## - ## demonstrate how this technology could be employed into the design of the resilient dwelling through a number of basic kinetic models.
Figures 210 - 236: (Previous) Yolla A Platform in Australias Bass Strait Figures 237 - 264: (Opposite) Yolla A Platform in Australias Bass Strait
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DESIGN ITERATION ONE
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In this first developed design iteration focus was placed on incorporating selected technologies into a developed version of the previous architectural concept. Gudgeons, ropes, pulleys, travellers and cleats have all been employed in the design of the larger living module. This technology allows the user to control their level of exposure to the elements, but more importantly it also allows for them to control the susceptibility of the dwelling to the dynamic littoral environment. By opening the form the user increases the surface area exposed to the environment, similar to a spinnaker on a racing yacht, this allows for the littoral environment to apply a greater force to the dwelling, causing it to articulate more in the same environmental conditions. This therefore allows for the power of articulation to be placed in the occupants hands. They can adjust their dwelling through altering the re-appropriated technology to suit the conditions.
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DESIGN ITERATION TWO
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After resolving how marine technology could be utilised to improve the articulation aspect of the resilient dwelling design, this second iteration focussed on developing a more appealing overall design aesthetic. When reviewing the previous dwelling designs, its clear that the sleek and futuristic shell atheistic which was illustrated in Chapter 5 has not yet been realised. This design iteration aimed to return to these themes whilst ensuring that occupant could manage their level of exposure through the design of an enclosable deck, lovers and sliding door panels. The previous octagonal design has been heavily manipulated to remove the notion of an escape pod and provide a design which can be occupied on a variety of different levels and a variety of different levels of exposure. Unfortunately attempting to produce an attractive design solution has come at the cost of stability and safety. The design is highly unbalanced and has a strong potential to capsize in rough weather.
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FROM A MONOHULL TO A CATERMARAN
Development of Design of Design Development of Design Development of Design 7.6 Development NEW FORM DEVELOPMENT Development Development Development Development of of of Design of Design Design Design
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2. Lower Into Water 2.2. Lower Into Water 2. Lower Into Water Lower Water Realised Examples ofInto Dwelling on Water
3. Increase Width Realised Examples of Dwelling on Water Realised Examples of Dwelling Water Realised Examples ofExamples Dwelling on Water onon Realised of Dwelling Water
Realised Realised Realised Examples Examples Realised Examples of Examples of Dwelling Dwelling of Dwelling of on Dwelling on Water Water on on Water Water
3. Increase Width 3. Increase Width 3. Increase Width
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Figures 291 - 293: River Boat for River Loire, France - Thomas Heatherwick (2012)
1. 1. Standard Standard 1.1. Standard Standard Cube Cube Cube Cube 1. Standard Home
2. 2. Lower Lower 2.2. Lower Into Lower Into Water Into Water Into Water Water 2. Lower Centre of Mass to Increase Stability
3. 3. Increase Increase 3. Increase Increase Width Width Width Width 3. 3. Increase Righting Arm to Increase Stability
4. 4. Offset Offset 4. 4. Offset Form Offset Form Form Form 4. Offset Form to Make Suspectable to Environment
After designing an amphibious dwelling that had clear aesthetic appeal but was far too unstable for the unpredictable environment of Wellington Harbour, it was time to once again return to the drawing board. In designing a deconstructed dwelling, what I have essentially created is a flat based monohull yacht with a number of outriggers attached to each side. Anyone who has ever sat in a dingy can testify that small monohulls are unstable and uncomfortable especially in a short ocean chop. Star Architect Thomas Heatherwick recently encountered similar issues when designing a river boat for a very wealthy client in Nantes, France. His solution to instability was simple, make it a catamaran. In comparison to a monohull, a catamaran, a boat consisting of two hulls, is very stable as the righting arm or the distance between points of buoyancy is much larger. They are also predominantly a lot lighter allowing them to float with a smaller body of beneath the hulls. When designing his architectural solution for the River Loire, Heatherwick asked the question, can a whole boat be made of its hull? This question along with Figures ## - ## convinced me that change was needed.
5. Increase Length 5.5. Increase Length 5. Increase Increase Suscepitnility to Environment 5. Length Increase Length Realised Examples of Dwelling on Water 5. 5. Increase Increase 5.5. Increase Increase Length Length Length Length
Stability Based Change Wind Based Change Sea Based Change
Key: Realised Realised Realised Examples Examples Realised Examples of Examples of Dwelling Dwelling of Dwelling of on Dwelling on Water Water on on Water Water
6. Taper Form 6. Taper Form 6. Taper Taper Sides to Minimize Disturbance 6. Form 6. Taper Form Realised Examples of Dwelling on Water 6. 6. Taper Taper 6.6. Taper Form Taper Form Form Form
Realised Examples of Dwelling on Water Realised Examples of Dwelling Water Realised Examples ofExamples Dwelling on Water onon Realised of Dwelling Water
Figure 294 : dcscdsd
7. Multihull 7.7. Create 7.Create Engage with Multihull Littoral Environment 7. Create Multihull Create Multihull 7. 7. Create Create 7.7. Create Multihull Create Multihull Multihull Multihull
Realised Examples of Dwelling on Water Realised Examples of Dwelling Water Realised Examples ofExamples Dwelling on Water onon Realised of Dwelling Water
8. Attach Stability Modules 8. Attach Stability Modules 8.8. Attach Small Modules for Added Space and Stability 8. Attach Stability Modules Attach Stability Modules 8. 8. Attach Attach 8.8. Attach Stability Attach Stability Stability Stability Modules Modules Modules Modules
The design of the new deconstructed dwelling occurs in eight steps. Starting with a standard floating cube the design in lowered into the water and widened to increase stability for the residents within. The design is then split in half and offset and lengthened to increase its susceptibility to the changing environment and improve the relationship between the resident and the littoral environment. The form is then tapered to improve its aerodynamics before a removing its centre to form a stable catamaran. The final step is to attach the private modules to increase stability and residential dwelling space.
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NEW DESIGN CONCEPT
Figure 295: Initial Development Sketch of Final Design
Figure 296: Early Sketch of Rear of Living Module
Figure 297: Sketch Development of Western / Port Elevation
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DESIGN ITERATION THREE
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This third design iteration focused on providing a realised version of the new development process and the previous design sketches. Consisting of two off kilter hulls the dwelling solution finds a middle ground between the appeal of symbiotic relationship with the littoral environment and ensuring safety and comfort through stability. When three private units are attached to a base living module the dwelling strategy is 16m long by 18m wide, with a total internal floor area of 110sqm and a further 120sqm of external area. The floor area of a typical Kilbirnie home is 130sqm with a 250sqm section(REF). Therefore the dwelling solution allows for a similar sized dwelling and recreation space in a total area almost half the total size of an average land package. reducing any notion of unnecessary urban sprawl. When developed further this third developed design iteration will successfully answer the research question and meet the design criteria established.
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98
7.9
TESTING SCALE AT 1 : 1
Figure 307 - 315: Living Module Ground Floor Scale Testing
Figure 316 - 324: Private Module Ground Floor Scale Testing
After creating a design which will successfully meet the established design criteria once developed, the basic floor plans of both the living module and smaller private module were drawn in chalk at 1:1 on a large asphalt surface. (When designing a small space its always helpful to test at 1:1 quote) Over the course of a few hours i tested every dimension and made a few minor changes where necessary, predominantly in the private module.
100
101
7.10
DEVELOPED AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY SIMULATION
Figures 325 - 330: nnhg Simulation
Figures 331 - 336: Tvfssdvf
Scale models of the final design iteration have been utilised in a series of simulations to explore possible connection arrangements and how they might impact on the amphibious communities relationship with the changing littoral environment. These video stills represent the possible arrangements which could occur over a twelve hour period in Evans Bay. Dwellings were connected side to side with two anchor points in the first simulation. In the second simulation one dwelling had three connection points with two units attached off the dwelling without an anchor point allowing for a variation in the effects of the environment on each unit in the community. The later simulation allowed a greater influence of the littoral environment on the arrangement of the community, have three possible connection points also allows for less linear community configurations to be formed.
102
103
7.11
After an extensive iterative design process a resilient amphibious dwelling has been developed which successfully meets criteria. Igentemporem que apitatur, eles maio maximil molore soluptatest dem. Cus sae volupta doleste por auditas dem velias cus pe quatqui sum lab invenit hil magnat faccumqui to totatus etus a volliquo di nos mosam ipsam, teturibus et volorit ature, torum, corporp oritiasim esti de volent aut ut venim quate molorum dis mo idus doluptatis re, quiam, aliquis volles expera doluptata andes simi, que quia ide cuptiis rendit fugit quis renditio. Et ad quat etur, que sinciam ad etus, explaccuptae nis poreperspis aboress erspeli quatem re mi, sin rem fugia sit, con consequisi idus eos moluptatur? Vit, volorios audaes eum num, conet, suntumque pliqui ut faccus nimustr uptatem quundan ihilibus. Rio et undaesto temperum illabor essuntem verrovi denimuscidit et dolupit qui nestibus nonet odita vendicimus es et fugia voluptae corepro tem facimusam saperup taspedicid que rectemo luptatem volorernati tem. Aspiciunt mi, quid que essent, quidem quam est, que simetur mincil ipsam exceper enistionem re excepud aereici isquias endit ipsum esenis explani ut aut lit, nimporiamus millabore, sae doluptae pa ipsum rem exces comnit volecep tasimpo restiae vendae coreria andes cus quati beribustium es elicto bea vero blam, ommolupid ullati te veliquae. Itatem nus doluptatur? Il et dolenihic te quam in conseni sitiis ipsunt, nonsedipicid ulpa nime saeress equide latiandis dolligenda nimil magnit
FINAL DEVELOPED DESIGN
104
105
7.12
PLANS AND SECTIONS

21500 6500 18000
RENDERED SECTION
17500
6800
Figure 339: Kicdssccs
106
3400
107
7.13
DWELLING CONSTRUCTION
diagram construction process
88
Removable Canopy
Components Pedestrian Bridge
Images taken over what would be every three hours of so, Re mossimi llabori tatium, tendae consectium fugias eliti aci dolupti onsenda ne officipient alit volorepero eum a paruptia sum am re molo molorem doluptam abori omniam et quisqui aepudaero omnihic iatur? Ad maiosan diction cores pore volupie ndelecu lluptusam nobis ium eseque et ea illacim dolupti onsecaborum volent arumquam eligenima etur, officie ndantur, samusam idunt parum con cum, occulla cone mos comniscil experum quatur mi, tetum volupta sitaturem hicaborUllaut pro minum voluptat. Ihicillore et earia venit laborupta aliquiam custibus doluptas doluptas am re pore voluptatem velia eatecte mporibus
Aluminium Structure
Living Module
Private Module
Figure 341: nddf
108
109
7.14
USER CUSTOMISATION
Possible Dwelling Arrangements
Sole Occupant
Small Family
Medium Family
Large Family
axxx
axxx
Living Module Configuration Options
Living Module One
Living Module Two
Living Module Three
axxx
axxx
Private Module Configuration Options
Key: Cooking Eating Relaxing Sleeping Cleaning
We now live in the age of the Iphone, the desire to show how unique we are has placed mass customisation at the forefront of the technological, fashion, automotive and now architectural industry (Reference). As a community, Kilbirnie is extremely diverse. Incomes, ages, cultures and household sizes vary dramatically throughout the suburb. Adaptability and user customisation has therefore been placed as a key aim in the design of this resilient dwelling solution. A household is able to select any number of modules with a variety of different component configurations to choose from to suit their dwelling needs, see Figures ##-##. The solution is also available in any number of different colour and material options, both externally and internally, to suit the tastes of the residents and allow them to represent themselves in their new home, see Figure ##.
Private Module One
Private Module Two
Private Module Three
axxx
axxx
Figures # - #: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise
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7.15
REAPPROPRIATED MARINE TECHNOLOGY
Rope
Sail
Wheel Deck
Traveller
Mast
Hull
Alloy Extrusions Moulding
Gooseneck
Tramp
Furler
Bumpers
diagarms sectiosn showing how design changes, tides vs land, in cam seas, in rough seas, show the shock absorber action.
Figures # - #: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise Figure #: Zefira - Designed and Constructed at Fitzroy Yachts New Plymouth, New Zealand (2010)
Re mossimi llabori tatium, tendae consectium fugias eliti aci dolupti onsenda ne officipient alit volorepero eum a paruptia sum am re molo molorem doluptam abori omniam et quisqui aepudaero omnihic iatur? Ad maiosan diction cores pore volupie ndelecu lluptusam nobis ium eseque et ea illacim dolupti onsecaborum volent arumquam eligenima etur, officie ndantur, samusam idunt parum con cum, occulla cone mos comniscil experum quatur mi, tetum volupta sitaturem hicaborUllaut pro minum voluptat.
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7.16
DEVELOPING A BRAND
Sea
Figures # - #: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise
When developing the resilient dwelling solution as a brand it seemed only appropriate to look to the marine environment for name and logo inspiration. Nautilus, greek for sailor, is a pelagic marine mollusk which has survived on our planet since the Triassic era. Similarly to my design the animal is able to enclose completely into its shell to protect itself or stretch out to move faster through ocean currents. This ability and given that the mollusk have survived on the planet for millions of years despite enormous changes in the global climate may Nautilus a perfect name for this dwelling solution. A logo has been developed from the basic shape of a Nautilus into a circle divided into three sections, land, tide and representing the three areas in which the dwelling solution has been designed to occupy, see Figures ## - ###.
Tide
7.2
REAPPROPRIATING MARINE TECHNOLOGY
Logo Development
Land
Nautilus
Figure #: Logo Explanation
Figures # - #: Key Stages in Logo Development
Na Nu at uit lus liu s

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7.17
RESILENT DWELLING
Figure ##: Dinning with a View - Calm Environment
21
Figure #: Zefira - Designed and Constructed at Fitzroy Yachts New Plymouth, New Zealand (2010)
Re mossimi llabori tatium, tendae consectium fugias eliti aci dolupti onsenda ne officipient alit volorepero eum a paruptia sum am re molo molorem doluptam abori omniam et quisqui aepudaero omnihic iatur? Ad maiosan diction cores pore volupie ndelecu lluptusam nobis ium eseque et ea illacim dolupti onsecaborum volent arumquam eligenima etur, officie ndantur, samusam idunt parum con cum, occulla cone mos comniscil experum quatur mi, tetum volupta sitaturem hicaborUllaut pro minum voluptat.
21
21 115
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7.18
DYNAMIC SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Figure ##: Dinning with a View - Storm Environment
Figure ##: Dinning with a View - Dusk Environment
Figure ##: Dinning with a View - Night Environment
process - low wide then streched to allow for greater wind vain with wind- attach to sides. Still symetrical at this stage, no environemnt, all on stability. Re mossimi llabori tatium, tendae consectium fugias eliti aci dolupti onsenda ne officipient alit volorepero eum a paruptia sum am re molo molorem doluptam abori omniam et quisqui aepudaero omnihic iatur? Ad maiosan diction cores pore volupie ndelecu lluptusam nobis ium eseque et ea illacim dolupti onsecaborum volent arumquam eligenima etur, officie ndantur, samusam idunt parum con cum, occulla cone mos comniscil experum quatur mi, tetum volupta sitaturem hicaborUllaut pro minum voluptat.
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7.19
8 Month Design Review - 10th Oct 2013
DESIGN CRITIQUE
After eight months of design research my developed resilient solution for sea level rise in the coastal city was formally critiqued by, Tom Daniell - Architect and Head of Architecture and Design at the University of Saint Joseph in Macau China, and Professor Diane Brand - Urban Designer specialising in waterfront or Blue Space design, Dean of Creative Arts at Auckland University and former head of school at Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design. Positives: - kskssk - sjsjsjs - ssss Negitives: - kskssk - sjsjsjs - ssss Moving Forward: sssssxsxxssxsxssxxssxxs
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7.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
120
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8. Design Phase Four

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4.7
SOMETHIN
inundated kilbinrnie with dwelling solution community. Actually photo from up high
kick ass section across two pages
36
37
interior large unit + changes
interior small unit + changes
36
37
energy saving options
constrcution details
36
37
Services
Final Presentation Images
36
37
5.14
SUMMARY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
36
37
9. Discussion
Topics to Discuss, - May not be best solution for all areas, but a solution certainly needs to be found to mitigate impact of climate change driven sea level rise. - Focused on the design and technical solution for the residential community, rather than stretching to include wider urban issue - How could research be extended, where would the research go if you had more time. Towards the urban issue, how could an entire community be protected, not just the dwellings. How would life style change, what would the psychological effects be? - what issues were discovered, how did you work through them. Working with a exposed littoral environment, adapting to different users, actually designing a solution which was as comfortable on sea as on land - what gaps in the research are there? Very little on accommodation, even less on designing for exposed sea climate and looking to marine industry for solutions. In general there is a lot of information on sea level rise and the solutions, but very few places have actually began implementing any serious changes. 1000 words max..
36
37
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction to Research
Cover
Authors own photo (2013)
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Cover
Authors own photo (2013)
Figure 1: Coastal Erosion in East Anglia, Northern Ireland

Retrieved from http://www.literarynorfolk.co.uk/norfolk_coast.htm
Figure 2: Thames Estuary Barrier, London, UK
Retrieved from http://charltonchampion.co.uk/2011/08/11/is-the-thames-barriers-visitorcentre-good-enough/
Figure 3: Maeslant Barrier, Hoel van Holland, Netherlands

Retrieved from http://www.seacityresearchnet.com/archives/1104
Figure 4: Floation New Orleans, TSI Engineering
Retrieved from http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/37403-mega-engineeringbuilding-a-floating-city-video.htm
Chapter 3: Case Study

Cover
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Figure 2: Describing text Figure 3: Describing text Figure 4: Describing text
References
Citation Citation Citation Citation Citation Citation
Appendix A. Wellington Inundation Mapping Studies
OCEAN FLOOR ANALYSIS
BUILDING ZONE & VEHICILAR ROUTE ANALYSIS
WORSER BAY
EVANS BAY
WELLINGTON HARBOUR
Figure # : Kilbirnie Ocean Floor
Figure # : Petone Ocean Floor
Figure # : Seatoun Ocean Floor
Figure # : Kilbirnie Urban Environment
Figure # : Petone Urban Environment
Figure # : Seatoun Urban Environment
Key: < 20m 15 - 20m 10 - 15m 7 - 10m 4 - 7m 1 - 4m >1m
Key: Residential Commercial Institutional Wellington Int Airport Motorway Main Road Secondary Road Ferry
32
33
LITTORAL ENVIRONMENT - NORTHERLY
LITTORAL ENVIRONMENT - SOUTHERLY
Figure # : Kilbirnie Northerly
Figure # : Petone Northerly
Figure # : Seatoun Northerly
Figure # : Kilbirnie Southerly
Figure # : Petone Southerly
Figure # : Seatoun Southerly
Key: Very Exposed Exposed Strong Medium Partially Sheltered Sheltered Direction of Wind
Key: Very Exposed Exposed Strong Medium Partially Sheltered Sheltered Direction of Wind
34
35
GEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
LIQUEFACTION RISK
Figure # : Kilbirnie Geology
Figure # : Petone Geology
Figure # : Seatoun Geology
Figure # : Kilbirnie Liquefaction Risk
Figure # : Petone Liquefaction Risk
Figure # : Seatoun Liquefaction Risk
Key: Greywackie Holocene Alluvium Pleistocene Sediments Marginal Marine Sediments Sandstone Reclamation Landfill
Key: High Risk Medium Risk
36
37
KILBIRNIE SEA LEVEL RISE
PETONE SEA LEVEL RISE
Figure # : 0.75m Sea Level Rise - 2050
Key: Residential Commercial Institutional Sea Level
38
39
SEATOUN SEA LEVEL RISE
40
40
Appendix B. Kilbirnie Community Statistics
KILBIRNIE COMMUNITY STATISTICS COMPARED AGAINST WELLINGTON AND NEW ZEALAND AVERAGES
Resident Age
30 25
Percentage Percentage
Income
30 25
Percentage
Transport to Work
50 40
Percentage
Building Age
35 30
Percentage
No. Stories (Residential)

80 80
Housing Tenure
30 20 10 0
15 10 5 0
0-4 0-11 12-17 18-24 25-34 35-49 50-59 60-69 70-84 85+
15 10 5 0
20 15 10 5
40
Percentage
One Two Three Four +
20
20
25
60
60
40
20
20
$5,000 or Less
$5,000-$10,000
$10,000-$20,000
$20,000-$30,000
$30,000-$50,000
$50,000 or More
Private Vehicle Company Vehicle
Public Bus
Train
Walked or Biked
Worked from Home
Did Not go to Work
Before 1900
1900-1920
1920-1940
1940-1960
1960-1990
After 1990
Owned
Not Owned
Family Trust
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Graph # : Resident Age
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
Location of Birth
90 75
Cultural Diversity
80
20 16
Percentage
Religion
250 200
Cost pp / pw ($)
Average Rent
420,000 400,000
Price ($)
Average House Price
60 45 30 15 0
60
12 8 4 0
150 100 50 0
380,000 360,000 340,000 320,000

Kilbinrie Wellington New Zealand
40
20
New Zealand Born
Overseas Born
European
Maori
Pacific
Asian
M-Est, Latin, African
Other
Catholic
Anglican
Hindu
Presbyterian Christian
Islam
Buddhist
Methodist Pentecoastal Ratana
Appartment
Flat
House
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
Type of Household
80
Residents per Household

40 50 40
Percentage
Bedrooms per Household
60
30
30 20 10 0
40
20
20
10
One Family Household
Multi Family Household
Group Household
Sole Resident Household
One Resident
Two Residents
Three Residents
FourResidents
FIve Residents
Six + Residents
One Bedroom
Two Bedrooms
Three Bedrooms
Four Bedrooms
Five + Bedrooms
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Kilbinrie
Wellington
New Zealand
Graph # : Income
Graph # : Income
40
40

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Ocean Inhabitation in the Face of Sea Level Rise:

An Architectural Response to Rising Sea Levels in Wellington, New Zealand

Michael Barrington Hatch

Victoria University of Wellington School of Architecture and Design

Chapter 1: Introduction to Research

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 3: Case Study Analysis

Chapter 4: Site Introduction

Chapter 5: Design Phase One

Chapter 8: Design Phase Four

Chapter 6: Design Phase Two

....................................................................................................... 10 7.1 Resolved Resilent Community Introduction ....................................................................... 11

Chapter 9: Conclusion List of Figures References Appendix

Chapter 7: Design Phase Three

THESIS QUESTION & AIMS

Case Study Analysis

Wellington City Mapping Studies Kilbirnie Petone Seatoun

Design Phase One

Design Phase Two

Design Phase Three

Design Phase Four

Figure 1: Thesis Structure Diagram

PREPARING FOR INUNDATION

SEA LEVEL RISE

Figure 3: Thames Estuary Barrier, London, UK

Figure 4: Maeslant Barrier, Hoel van Holland, Netherlands

ACCOMMODATION - LIVING WITH SEA LEVEL RISE

SUMMARY & REFLECTION

3. Case Study Analysis

EUROPEAN HOUSE BOATS :

Figure 5 : Ijburgs Achievement of Key Criteria

Cua Van Village _ Halong Bay, Vietnam

Figure 10 : Cua Vans Achievement of Key Criteria

Figure 15 : Koh Panyees Achievement of Key Criteria

MARINAS & MOORINGS :

Figure 20 : EB Marinas Achievement of Key Criteria

SUMMARY & REFLECTION

Figure 28 : References of Sites Within Wellington Harbour

Kilbirnie Urban Analysis

Evans Bay Marine History

ST CATHERINES COLLAGE WELLINGTON AQUATIC CENTRE KILBIRNIE LIBRARY

EVANS BAY INTERMEDIATE EVANS BAY MARINA

EVANS BAY YACHT CLUB

ASB CONVENTION CENTRE

WELLINGTON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

KILBIRNIE SEA LEVEL RISE - URBAN SCALE

Figure 42: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

needs description, where data came from

KILBIRNIE SEA LEVEL RISE - STREET SCALE

Figure 46: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

ocean simulation testiong in max.

SUMMARY & REFLECTION

5. Design Phase One

OCEAN INHABITATION INTRODUCTION

site over time with solution applied.

Figure 51: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

Figure 52: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

sea to minimise dis-

m her and city on

Figure 50: Kcdsdcsdc

Figure 53: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

Figure 54: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

COMPARING OCEAN INHABITIATION SOLUTIONS

2. Lower Centre of Mass to Increase Stability