PROJECT REPORT "LOGIC GATES"

INTRODUCTION
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate. The Logic Gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage) into another (output voltage) according to some logical statement relating them. A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of combinations. Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and output possibilities for the logic gate. George oole in !"#$ invented a different %ind of algebra based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called &&'(A) A'G( *A. A logical statement can have only two values, such as +IG+,'&-, &),&.., /'&0(1,&2(), 3(0,)&, T*4(,.A'0(, /&)14/TI)G,)&)5/&)14/TI)G etc. The two values of logic statements one denoted by the binary number ! and $. The binary number ! is used to denote the +IG+ value. The logical statements that logic gates follow are called oolean expressions.

TYPE O! G"TE
There are three t#$es o% basic logic gates &hich %ollo&s 'oolean e($ression. i) OR gate ii) AND gate iii) NOT gate

THE OR GATE
The OR gate is a two inputs and one output logic gate. It compare the input A and with the output 3 following the 'oolean e($ression. 36A7 The 'oolean algebra, the addition symbol (7) is called &* (i.e. &* operation &* operator). The various possible combinations of the in$ut and out$ut o% the OR gate can be easily understand with the help of the electrical circuit. In this electric circuit, a parallel combination of two switches A and is connected to a battery and a lump '.

The following interference can be easily drawn from the wor%ing of electrical circuit is 8

a) b) c)

If switch A 9

are open lamp do not glow (A6$, 6$) closed then (A6$, 6!) 'amp glow. open then (A6!, 6$) 'amp glow.

If 0witch A open If switch A closed

d)

If switch A 9

are closed then (A6!, 6!) 'amp glow.

As we see truth table we found same as it is observation.

T)E *"ND G"TE+

The "ND gate is also a two inputs and one output logic gate. It combines the input A and with the output 3 following the 'oolean e($ression. 36A. The A)1. 36A. have 3 is e:ual to A A)1 . oolean algebra, the multiplication symbol (. dot or x Gross) is ta%en to mean

The various possible combination of the input and outputs of the A)1 gate can be easily found with the help of the electrical circuit. +ere a series combination of the switch A and is connected to a battery and a lamp '.

The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the wor%ing of electrical circuit 8 a) b) c) d) If both switches A9 are open (A6$, 6$) then lamp will not glow. (y6$) If 0witch A closed 9 If switch A open 9 If switch A 9 open (A6!, 6$) then 'amp will not glow. (y6$) closed (A6$, 6!) then 'amp will not glow. (y6$)

both closed (A6!, 6!) then 'amp will glow. (y6!)

As we see truth table we found same as it is observed experimentally.

T)E *NOT G"TE+

The NOT gate is a one inputs and one output logic gate. It combines the input A with the output following the 'oolean e($ression. 36A

i.e. 3 not e:ual A. The way, the )&T gate gives the output it is also called inverter. It is represented by the symbol. The 'oolean algebra, the negative sign (5) is called )&T. 36 A called oolean expression. The e:uation

The possible input and output co,bination o% a NOT gate can be easily discussed with the help of electrical circuit. +ere, the switch is connected in parallel to the lump of the battery. The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the wor%ing of the electrical circuit. a) b) If switch A is open (i.e. A6$), the lump will glow (i.e. 36!) If 0witch A is closed (i.e. A6!), the lump will not glow (36$).

It follows that in the given electrical circuit, the lump glows (or output is obtained), when the switch A is not closed. .ar this reason, the electrical circuit is called not gate. The two possible input5output combinations can be written in the form of the table. It is called truth table of )&T gate.