Hypoplasticity Powerpoint

Practical Applications of Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical FEM for Industry
David Man
Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague
Seminary at National University of Singapore 14. 1. 2011
David Man (Charles University in Prague)
Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications
Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011
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Outline
Introduction Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models Hypoplasticity in nite element analysis Examples of applications Class A predictions of a NATM tunnel in stiff clay Embankment on lumpy clay landll Deep excavation in soft clay Heathrow express trial tunnel comparison of different models
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Introduction
Introduction
The nal presentation of a PhD course "Hypoplasticity for practical applications", delivered at the NUS, Singapore, 11 - 13. 1. 2011 Throughout the course, we introduced an alternative and powerfull approach to constitutive modelling of geomaterials hypoplasticity Course outline: summary of soil behaviour, formulation of hypoplastic models, determination of material parameters, hypoplasticity in nite element predictions (Abaqus, PLAXIS). This lecture is focused on examples of applications of hypoplasticity in geotechnical practice. Before moving there, however, short introduction of hypoplasticity for those who did not attend the course
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Introduction
Introduction
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Introduction
Introduction
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Introduction
Introduction
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Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

The basic mathematical structure of Hypoplastic models is different from the elasto-plastic models. Two differences that are apparent at the rst insight: Strain rate tensor is not decomposed into elastic and plastic part. Plastic strain rate p is not dened. There is no switch function to distinguish between elasto-plastic loading and elastic unloading. Still, hypoplastic models predict the experimentally observed features of soil behaviour, such as difference in stiffness upon loading and unloading, the inuence of overconsolidation ratio on stiffness and peak strength, critical state, state boundary surface. . .
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As we do not have a time to look at the mathematical structure of hypoplasticity in more detail, let me show you a 1D version of hypoplasticity: = L N | | with "moduli" L and N We see that stiffness in loading ( > 0) is L N , whereas stiffness in unloading is L + N In elasto-plasticity, irreversible soil deformation is achieved by decomposition of strain into elastic and plastic. In hypoplasticity, this is done by non-linearity of the equation with respect to
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Obviously, the hypoplastic equation for soils is dened in 3D space: =L: +N Basic models (granular materials) developed at the University in Karlsruhe 90s (Kolymbas, Gudehus, Wu, Bauer, Niemunis, Herle). Model for clays and other "less-common" materials (structured soils, lumpy soils, unsaturated soils) developed since then. Currently, we use two basic versions of hypoplastic models: model for sands and model for clays.
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Hypoplasticity for granular materials (sand, gravel)

The model for sand (von Wolffersdorff, 1996) uses the following 8 parameters: c is the critical state friction angle The other parameters control the limiting void ratio curves: ei 0 controls maximum void ratio (isotropic normal compression) ec 0 controls critical state void ratio (CSL) ed 0 controls minimal void ratio at the state of maximum density Parameters hs and n control the shape (slope, curvature) of these curves
David Man (Charles University in Prague) Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011 7 / 78

The model for sand (von Wolffersdorff, 1996) uses the following 8 parameters: c is the critical state friction angle The other parameters control the limiting void ratio curves: ei 0 controls maximum void ratio (isotropic normal compression) ec 0 controls critical state void ratio (CSL) ed 0 controls minimal void ratio at the state of maximum density Parameters hs and n control the shape (slope, curvature) of these curves

Parameter controls the shear stiffness:
400 350 300 q [kPa] 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 s [-] =0.5 =1.0 =1.5 =2.0 0.1 0.12 0.14
Parameter controls the peak friction angle:
All the parameters can be found using basic laboratory experiments (oedometric tests, drained triaxial shear tests)
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400 350 300 q [kPa] 250 q [kPa] 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 s [-] =0.5 =1.0 =1.5 =2.0 0.1 0.12 0.14

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 s [-] 0.25 0.3 0.35 =0.05 =0.10 =0.13 =0.15 =0.20
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400 350 300 q [kPa] 250 q [kPa] 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 s [-] =0.5 =1.0 =1.5 =2.0 0.1 0.12 0.14

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 s [-] 0.25 0.3 0.35 =0.05 =0.10 =0.13 =0.15 =0.20
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Hypoplasticity for clays

The model for clays (Man, 2005) needs only 5 parameters. They are equivalent to the parameters of the Modied Cam clay model: c is the critical state friction angle
N and dene the position and slope of the isotropic normal compression line controls the slope of the isotropic unloading line
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ln(1+e) N Isotr. normal compression line
* Isotr. unloading line
*
1
ln p=0
ln p
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ln(1+e) N Isotr. normal compression line
* Isotr. unloading line
*
1
ln p=0
ln p
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The last parameter r controls the shear stiffness
140 120 100 q [kPa] 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 test r25oc r=0.33, hypo., basic r=0.5, hypo., basic r=0.75, hypo., basic 0.04 0.05 s [-] 0.06 0.07 0.08
Again, all the parameters can be found using basic laboratory experiments (isotropic or oedometric tests, undrained triaxial shear tests)

The last parameter r controls the shear stiffness
140 120 100 q [kPa] 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 test r25oc r=0.33, hypo., basic r=0.5, hypo., basic r=0.75, hypo., basic 0.04 0.05 s [-] 0.06 0.07 0.08
Again, all the parameters can be found using basic laboratory experiments (isotropic or oedometric tests, undrained triaxial shear tests)
Hypoplasticity for clays Examples of predictions

Hypoplasticity is capable of predicting the non-linear, state dependent soil behaviour (experiment by Hattab and Hicher, 2004)
0.6 q/p* e 0.4 0.2 experiment q/pe * 0.6 0.4 0.2 HC
0.6 q/p* e 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 p/p* e
CC q/pe *
0.6 0.4 0.2 0
3SKH
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6 p/p* e
0.8
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Hypoplasticity is capable of predicting the non-linear, state dependent soil behaviour (experiment by Hattab and Hicher, 2004)
1200 1000 q [kPa] 800 600 400 200 experiment q [kPa] 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 HC
1000 q [kPa] 800 600 400 200 0 0
CC q [kPa]
1000 800 600 400 200 0
3SKH
0.04
0.08 s [-]
0.12
0.04
0.08 s [-]
0.12
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Hypoplasticity also predicts high stiffness in the very small strain range and its non-linear decrease with strain level.
140 120 100 G [MPa] 80 60 40 20 0 1e-06 1e-05 1e-04 s [-] 0.001 0.01 experiment hypo., istr.
Data on London clay from Gasparre 2005

Hypoplasticity in nite element analysis

Hypoplasticity nowadays available in a number of nite element codes (Abaqus, PLAXIS) Can be obtained freely through the website www.solimodels.info, or downloaded from the PLAXIS website
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Hypoplasticity nowadays available in a number of nite element codes (Abaqus, PLAXIS) Can be obtained freely through the website www.solimodels.info, or downloaded from the PLAXIS website
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The use in PLAXIS is straightforward:
1
Download usermod.dll and put it into the PLAXIS installation directory (c:\Program Files\Plaxis\Plaxis 2D) Select "user-dened model" from the Material model combo box in the General tab sheet.
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The use in PLAXIS is straightforward:
1
Download usermod.dll and put it into the PLAXIS installation directory (c:\Program Files\Plaxis\Plaxis 2D) Select "user-dened model" from the Material model combo box in the General tab sheet.
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3
In the "Models in DLL" combo box, model with ID 1 stands for sand hypoplasticity, model with ID 2 for clay hypoplasticity.
Then we input parameters and run the PLAXIS simulation as usual

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3
In the "Models in DLL" combo box, model with ID 1 stands for sand hypoplasticity, model with ID 2 for clay hypoplasticity.
Then we input parameters and run the PLAXIS simulation as usual

Examples of applications
Class A predictions of a NATM tunnel in stiff clay

As the rst application of hypoplasticity, we show its use in modelling tunneling problem in stiff clays Dobrovskho case study (Svoboda, Man and Boh c, 2010) Dobrovskho tunnels in Brno, Czech Republic. Excavated as a part of the ring road project.
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As the rst application of hypoplasticity, we show its use in modelling tunneling problem in stiff clays Dobrovskho case study (Svoboda, Man and Boh c, 2010) Dobrovskho tunnels in Brno, Czech Republic. Excavated as a part of the ring road project.
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Tunnels with low overburden (6-21 m) in a developed urban environment. The displacement eld was thus an important issue the designers had to cope with.
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The gelogical sequence consists of
1 2 3 4
Anthropogenic material Quaternary loess loam and clayey loam (3-10 m) Discontinuous layer of sandy gravel Tertiary calcareous silty clay
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The tunnels consist of two oval tunnel tubes with lengths 1.2 km, height of about 12 m and a section width of about 14 m. Both the tunnels were excavated by the New austrian tunnelling method with vertical face sequence subdivided into 6 segments.
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The tunnels consist of two oval tunnel tubes with lengths 1.2 km, height of about 12 m and a section width of about 14 m. Both the tunnels were excavated by the New austrian tunnelling method with vertical face sequence subdivided into 6 segments.
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For exploration purposes, three adits had been excavated in advance of the tunnels. Triangular in cross sections with side length of 5 m. The adits were situated in the tunnel top headings.
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Procedure of the analyses: Perform quality laboratory experiments (including small-strain-stiffness measurements), use them for calibration of constitutive models Simulate the exploratory adit Optimise the parameters based on the monitoring data from the exploratory adit (to account for the size effects, sampling disturbance, limitations of experimets) Use this parameter set for Class A predictions of the whole tunnel performed in advance of the tunnel excavation After the tunnel excavation, compare monitoring with predictions
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Calibration of hypoplastic constitutive model
Hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strain used. The basic model calibrated using oedometric and undrained triaxial tests on reconstituted and undisturbed Brno clay
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Hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strain used. The basic model calibrated using oedometric and undrained triaxial tests on reconstituted and undisturbed Brno clay
0.65 0.6 0.55 ln (1+e) [-] 0.5 q [kPa] 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 5.5 6 experiment hypoplasticity normal compression line 6.5 7 7.5 8 ln a/pr [-] 8.5 9 9.5 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 p [kPa] experiment hypoplasticity
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The intergranular strain parameters were calibrated using shear tests on undisturbed soil with local LVDT measurements and bender element measurements of G0
70 140 60 120 50 G [MPa] 100 G [MPa] 80 60 40 10 20 0 0 100 200 300 hypoplasticity experiment 400 500 p [kPa] 600 700 800 0 1e-06 1e-05 0.0001 a [-] 0.001 0.01 40 30 20 experiment hypoplasticity
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Simulations of exploratory adit
Optimisation of parameters using software UCODE (Poeter and Hill, 1998). Shear stiffness parameter r optimised only Simulations close to monitoring even with original parameter set. Optimisation improved further the predictions.
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Optimisation of parameters using software UCODE (Poeter and Hill, 1998). Shear stiffness parameter r optimised only Simulations close to monitoring even with original parameter set. Optimisation improved further the predictions.
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Optimisation of parameters using software UCODE (Poeter and Hill, 1998).

0
surf. settlement [mm]
Shear stiffness parameter r optimised only Simulations close to monitoring even with original parameter set. Optimisation improved further the predictions.
-2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -80 hypoplasticity
monitoring orig. p., K0=1.25 orig. p., K0=0.66 opt. r, K0=1.25 opt. r, K0=0.66 -20 0 20 40 dist. from adit axis [m] 60 80 100
-60
-40
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Simulations of the tunnel
Finite element mesh for simulation of the tunnel. Consists of 18352 8-noded brick elements.
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3D simulations of the complicated excavation sequence, performed in 2008 before the actual excavation (Svoboda and Man, 2008). excavation sequence Photo from the excavation November 2009
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In November 2009, the predictions could be compared with the monitoring data:
0 -10 surf. settlement [mm] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -80 -60 K0=1,25 K0=0,66 0,740km 0,825km 0,880km 0,920km 1,010km -40 -20 0 20 40 dist. from tunnel axis [m] 60 80
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Embankment on lumpy clay landll
Embankment on lumpy clay landll: Najser, Man and Boh c (2010) OUTLINE: Introduction to the problem Constitutive modelling of lumpy material Modelling of centrifuge experiments Numerical modelling of eld trial embankments Backanalysis of weathering destructuration Summary
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In North-Western Bohemia (Czech Republic), large areas are inuenced by open cast coal mining.
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Mine pits, up to 200 m deep, are backlled with excavated soil after exploitation. The backll material is composed of lumpy stiff clay, individual lumps up to 1 m size, back-lled without any compaction.
Fresh ll
After 20 years of weathering


Mine pits, up to 200 m deep, are backlled with excavated soil after exploitation. The backll material is composed of lumpy stiff clay, individual lumps up to 1 m size, back-lled without any compaction.
Fresh ll
After 20 years of weathering

In 1998, a new motorway between Prague (Czech Republic) and Dresden (Germany) was planned. 6 km section of the motorway was about to cross 20 to 30 years old landll. A research project on the clayll behaviour that included:
1 2
Laboratory experiments on the clayll material Simulations of the landll and trial ebmankments in the geotechnical centrifuge at ETH, Zurich Full scale trial embankments on the clayll Mathematical modelling of the landll behaviour
3 4
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1 2
3 4
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1 2
3 4
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1 2
3 4
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1 2
3 4
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Trial embankments
Two trial embankments were built on the site, one in 1998, the second in 2001. Their behaviour was monitored over 3 years.
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The behaviour of lumpy material

Double-porous system: intragranular porosity (inside lump) and intergranular porosity (between lumps). The lumpy soil has higher total void ratio than the reference soil of the single clay lump, thanks to the intergranular porosity.
Oedometer tests on lumpy material and clay lump material

The behaviour of lumpy material

Double-porous system: intragranular porosity (inside lump) and intergranular porosity (between lumps). The lumpy soil has higher total void ratio than the reference soil of the single clay lump, thanks to the intergranular porosity.
Oedometer tests on lumpy material and clay lump material

Conceptual framework
Experimental data
0.95 0.9 0.85
ln (1+e) compr. line double porosity material
Conceptual model
0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65

Intragranular porosity Intergranular porosity
NCL clay lump
0.6
compr. line clay lump
0.55 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 ln p/pr 6.5 7 7.5
The lumpy soil has larger state boundary surface and lower OCR than the soil of a single clay lump (Koliji et al., 2008; Man et al., 2005).
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Conceptual framework
Experimental data
0.95 0.9 0.85
ln (1+e) compr. line double porosity material
Conceptual model
0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65

Intragranular porosity Intergranular porosity
NCL clay lump
0.6
compr. line clay lump
0.55 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 ln p/pr 6.5 7 7.5
The lumpy soil has larger state boundary surface and lower OCR than the soil of a single clay lump (Koliji et al., 2008; Man et al., 2005).
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Constitutive modelling
The behaviour of the lumpy soil may thus be modelled using existing models for soils with cementation structure. The structure is in these models included by increasing the size of the state boundary surface (state variable sensitivity). New interpretation of state variables (structure is now caused by double-porosity, rather than by cementation). The reference material is the material of clay lump, rather than the reconstitutied soil.
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In the present work, lumpy soil has been modelled using hypoplastic model for clays with meta-stable structure. The basic model (Parameters N , , , N and r ) calibrated using oedometer and triaxial tests on the clay lumps:
Triaxial tests:
vs. q
p vs. q
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In the present work, lumpy soil has been modelled using hypoplastic model for clays with meta-stable structure. The basic model (Parameters N , , , N and r ) calibrated using oedometer and triaxial tests on the clay lumps:
Triaxial tests:
vs. q
p vs. q
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Parameters quantifying the effects of structure (k , A and sf ) calibrated using oedometric tests on material with scaled-down granulometry:
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Centrifuge models of the embankments

Landll was modelled in ETH geotechnical drum centrifuge (Najser et al., 2009). Subsoil - lumpy soil with scaled-down granulometry, the same as used for the calibration of model parameters. g level of 150. An effective radius of 0.91 m. Measurement of the distribution of vertical displacements with depth:
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Finite element simulation of centrifuge test

Simulation in two steps: (1) self-weight consolidation of the landll, (2) settlement due to the embankment surcharge Self-weight consolidation Settlements due to embankment
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Simulation of trial embankments

Simulation of the self-weight consolidation of the landll, followed by the simulation of embankment surcharge. No data on self-weight consolidation of the landll over the 20 years only the displacements due to the embankment can be compared with the monitoring data.
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Simulation of the self-weight consolidation of the landll, followed by the simulation of embankment surcharge. No data on self-weight consolidation of the landll over the 20 years only the displacements due to the embankment can be compared with the monitoring data.
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Settlement in the top 15-20 metres signicantly overestimated.
Possible reason weathering degradation of the lumpy structure over 20 years after embankment construction degradation of the intergranular porosity. See .

Settlement in the top 15-20 metres signicantly overestimated.
Possible reason weathering degradation of the lumpy structure over 20 years after embankment construction degradation of the intergranular porosity. See .
Mini-centrifuge experiments
The next step: variation of weathering destructuration with depth, so that the simulated results match the monitoring data. normal compression lines for different degrees of structure degradation:
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Mini-centrifuge experiments
The next step: variation of weathering destructuration with depth, so that the simulated results match the monitoring data. normal compression lines for different degrees of structure degradation:
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Backanalysis of weathering destructuration

Optimisation problem: weathering destructuration included into the model by reduction of e and appropriate modication of s.
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Backanalysis of weathering destructuration

After optimisation, the dependence of weathering destructuration Ds on depth could be calculated:
Knowing the prole of Ds , future structures on the landll material can be simulated and the landll behaviour is now better understood.
Deep excavation in soft clay

The next case study described is a deep excavation in soft clay Koper harbour in Slovenia
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The next case study described is a deep excavation in soft clay Koper harbour in Slovenia
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Koper harbour has been built on reclaimed land
Logar (2009)

Geological sequence of Koper harbour consists of
1 2
Bedrock formed by ysh marls. 20 to 60 m deep. SSW part of the harbour is formed by burried valley of the Riana river lled with sand and sandy gravel The main part of the sequence are Quartenary deposits of soft silty clay. The top part composed by relled material, also silty clay.
Logar (2009)

The excavation is 56 m long, 54 m wide and 13 m deep. Used for four-levels underground garages.
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Supported by diaphragm walls 80 cm wide, at least 22 m deep (depending on the position) to extend into the bedrock marl Lateral bracing provided by ve levels of permanent oor slabs. Top-down construction method: excavation proceed top-down by excavating to the bottom of the second level oor slab, casting that slab integrally to the slurry wall, and repeating the process until the nal excavation depth was reached.
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Soil properties
The excavation in the soft silty clay deposit. About 40 % of clay particles, 10 % of ne sand particles
fine sand
clay
silt
passing percentage
0.002
grain dimensions [mm]
0.063
0.25
1
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Soil properties
The excavation in the soft silty clay deposit. About 40 % of clay particles, 10 % of ne sand particles
fine sand
clay
silt
passing percentage
0.002
grain dimensions [mm]
0.063
0.25
1
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Soil properties
The whole strata of silty clay deposit is remarkably homogeneous
Soil parameters obtained on specimen from a depth of 4 m used for characterisation of the whole deposit.

Soil properties
The whole strata of silty clay deposit is remarkably homogeneous
Soil parameters obtained on specimen from a depth of 4 m used for characterisation of the whole deposit.

Soil properties
Calibration of hypoplastic and Mohr-Coulomb models based on oedometric and undrained triaxial tests on undisturbed soil and oedometric tests on reconstituted soil (to quantify the effects of structure). Initial void ratios of oedometric tests scattered, but undisturbed and reconstituted soil the same no indication of meta-stable structure Undisturbed soil practically in normally consolidated state

Soil properties
0.9 0.8 0.7 ln (1+e) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 10 100 1000 a [kPa] 10000 undisturbed reconst. hypoplasticity
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Soil properties
0.9 0.8 0.7 ln (1+e) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 10 100 1000 a [kPa] 10000 undisturbed reconst. hypoplasticity
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Soil properties
Stress paths of undrained triaxial tests on undisturbed material predicted correctly by hypoplasticity. Mohr-Coulomb unable to reproduce the behaviour of soft clay hypoplasticity
250 200 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 p [kPa] 200 250 experiment hypoplasticity 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 p [kPa] 200 250
Mohr-Coulomb
experiment Mohr-Coulomb
q [kPa]
q [kPa]
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Soil properties
Consequently, Mohr-Coulomb predicts incorrectly also the stress-strain curves hypoplasticity

250 200 150 q [kPa] q [kPa] 100 50 0 -50 0 0.05 0.1 experiment hypoplasticity 0.15 s [-] 0.2 0.25 0.3 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0 0.05 0.1 experiment Mohr-Coulomb 0.15 s [-] 0.2 0.25 0.3
Mohr-Coulomb
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Soil properties
Very-small-strain stiffness as measured by bender element tests on undisturbed samples and predictions by hypoplasticity with intergranular strain
400 350 300 G0 [MPa] 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 p [kPa] experiment hypoplasticity
Local measurements of vertical deformation served for calibration of the remaining intergranular strain parameters
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Soil properties
Very-small-strain stiffness as measured by bender element tests on undisturbed samples and predictions by hypoplasticity with intergranular strain
400 350 300 G0 [MPa] 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 p [kPa] experiment hypoplasticity
40 35 30 G [kPa] 25 20 15 10 5
experiment hypoplasticity
0 1e-07 1e-06 1e-05 0.0001 0.001 s [-]
0.01
0.1
Local measurements of vertical deformation served for calibration of the remaining intergranular strain parameters
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Finite element simulations
2D nite element simulations using software PLAXIS.
Undrained analyses. Ground water level 1.8 m below the surface K0 calculated using Jky formula K0 = 1 sin c (relevant for NC soil). Marl modelled using Mohr-Coulomb model. Silty clay using both hypoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb. Props as xed-end anchors





Excavation by the top-down construction method from one side of the excavation to the other 3D effects could not be neglected (neither wished-in-place bracing nor bracing installation after the excavation are relevant) 3D effects taken into account by the load-reduction method, often used for 2D simulations of NATM tunnels
Simulations repeated for different -factors




p init p init


p init p init p init p init


p init p init p init p init p init p init


p init p init p init p init p init p init 0 p init p init


p init p init p init p init p init p init 0 p init p init


Comparison of inclinometer measurements in one of the diaphragm walls with the simulation results hypoplasticity Mohr-Coulomb
Irrespective of the -factor, results by hypoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb are qualitatively different

Comparison of inclinometer measurements in one of the diaphragm walls with the simulation results hypoplasticity
0 -5 depth [m] -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0 0.05 monitoring hypoplasticity, =0.3 hypoplasticity, =0.4 hypoplasticity, =0.5 0.1 ux [m] 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0 monitoring Mohr-Coulomb, =0.4 Mohr-Coulomb, =0.6 Mohr-Coulomb, =0.8 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 ux [m] 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Mohr-Coulomb
depth [m]
Irrespective of the -factor, results by hypoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb are qualitatively different

Mohr-Coulomb model is unable to reproduce correctly the displacement pattern observed by monitoring
Hypoplasticity
Mohr-Coulomb
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mob (state variable 11 of hypoplasticity) may be used in place of "plastic points" option of Mohr-Coulomb to indicate areas prone to failure
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Length of the intergranular strain tensor indicates areas out of the very small-strain range:
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Heathrow express trial tunnel comparison of different models
Heathrow express trial tunnel comparison of different constitutive models
As the nal example of practical applicability of hypoplastic models, predictions by clay hypoplastic model will be compared with other advanced constitutive models in simulating another problem of tunnelling in stiff ne-grained soils (Man, 2009). A well-documented case study of Heathrow express trial tunnel (Deane and Basset, 1997) Models calibrated solely using high-quality experimental data.
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Heathrow express trial tunnel

Description of the problem
The Heathrow express rail link provides a high-speed connection between Heathrow Airoport and Central London. First application of the modication of the New austrian tunnelling method (shotcrete lining method) in London clay trial tunnel. The tunnel construction was thoroughly monitored. It was 100 m long with 5.6 m in diameter.
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Three types of tunnel face division have been tested.
"Type 2" excavation sequence (vertical division, two sections) studied in this work.

Three types of tunnel face division have been tested.
"Type 2" excavation sequence (vertical division, two sections) studied in this work.

Photographs from the excavation, vertical division of tunnel face
Application of primary lining
Left drift excavation
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Photographs from the excavation
Excavation of the middle lining
Final trial tunnel
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Geological conditions
The tunnel axis is 19 m below the ground level. Geological sequence consists of:
1 2 3
Made ground, approximately 2m thick. Thames gravels. Thickness 2 - 4 m. London clay strata, at least 45 m thick.
Groundwater table is 5 m below the ground level.
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1 2 3
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1 2 3
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Geometry and nite element mesh
The problem has been simulated in 3D using FE software Tochnog Professional. The mesh consisted of 7396 8-noded brick elements.
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Modelling the tunnel excavation sequence
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K0 conditions
K0 [-] 1 0 1.5 2 2.5 3
tunnel position
London Clay is characterised by high K0 conditions. Its variation with depth measured by Hight et al. (2008) was considered in the analyses. K0 higher than 1.5!
depth below top of London clay [m]
10
15
20
25
30
35
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Constitutive models
The main aim of the research was to demonstrate how the selection of constitutive model inuences the predictions. Models of different complexities were used Modied Cam clay model (CC) Elasto-plastic model with kinematic hardening (3SKH) A hypoplastic model for clays in the basic version (hypo., basic) A hypoplastic model for clays enhanced by the intergranular strain concept (hypo., istrain) The models have been calibrated using high-quality experimental data on London clay by Gasparre (2005).
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Constitutive models
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Constitutive models
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Constitutive models
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Constitutive models
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Constitutive models
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Constitutive models
Modied Cam clay model is well known and hypoplastic models were introduced earlier. The basic features of the 3-SKH model (Stallebrass and Taylor, 1997) ar as follows A representative example of advanced elasto-plastic models. Two kinematic surfaces (yield and history surface) moving within the outer bounding surface. Predicts very-small-strain behaviour and recent stress history effects.

Constitutive models
David Man (Charles University in Prague) Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications
Ta
sa
sb
yield surface
history surface
TSa a
bounding surface
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Constitutive models
David Man (Charles University in Prague) Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications
Ta
sa
sb
yield surface
history surface
TSa a
bounding surface
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Calibration of constitutive models large strain behaviour
All the models calibrated using the same experimental data: Parameters N , and the same in all three models: Shear stiffness parameter r of hypoplasticity (equivalent calibration of G of Cam clay):
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All the models calibrated using the same experimental data: Parameters N , and the same in all three models:
0.95 0.9 0.85 ln (1+e) [-] 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ln p/pr [-] 5.5 6 6.5 experiment model
Shear stiffness parameter r of hypoplasticity (equivalent calibration of G of Cam clay):
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0.95 0.9 0.85 ln (1+e) [-] 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ln p/pr [-] 5.5 6 6.5 experiment model
c calibrated using shear tests on reconstituted soils


0.95 0.9 0.85 ln (1+e) [-] 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ln p/pr [-] 5.5 6 6.5 20 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 q [kPa] experiment model

140 120 100 80 60 40 test r25oc r=0.33, hypo., basic r=0.5, hypo., basic r=0.75, hypo., basic 0.04 0.05 s [-] 0.06 0.07 0.08
c calibrated using shear tests on reconstituted soils

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Calibration of constitutive models small strain behaviour
The very-small-strain stiffness parameters calibrated using bender element tests and triaxial shear tests with local deformation measurement on undisturbed soil
140 120 100 G [MPa] G [MPa] 80 60 40 20 0 1e-06 1e-05 1e-04 s [-] 0.001 0.01 experiment hypo., istr. 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1e-06 1e-05 1e-04 s [-] 0.001 0.01 experiment 3-SKH
hypoplasticity with intergranular strain

3-SKH model
Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011 75 / 78

Results of simulations
Qualitative comparison of results: vertical deformations.
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Quantitative comparison of predictions and monitoring Surface settlement trough

0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 dist. from centreline [m] 60 monit. hypo., istr. hypo., basic 3-SKH MCC
Horizontal displacements
surf. settlement [m]
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Quantitative comparison of predictions and monitoring Surface settlement trough

0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 dist. from centreline [m] 60 monit. hypo., istr. hypo., basic 3-SKH MCC depth [m]
Horizontal displacements
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 monit. hypo., istr. hypo., basic -35 3-SKH MCC -40 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 hor. displ. [m] -30
surf. settlement [m]
0.01
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Concluding remarks
In the presentation, we introduced hypoplasticity - a novel approach to modelling of geomaterials. Two basic models model for sands and for clays. Both the models have well-dened calibration procedures, and standard laboratory experiments are sufcient for parameter calibration Finite element implementation of the hypoplastic models is freely available and is easy to use All these aspects make the models suitable for applications in practice. In the talk we demonstrated that hypoplasticity enables us to perform more accurate predictions of boundary value problems.
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Concluding remarks
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Concluding remarks
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Concluding remarks
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Practical Applications of Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical FEM for Industry

Seminary at National University of Singapore 14. 1. 2011

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)

Hypoplasticity in Geotechnical Applications

Seminary at NUS, 14. 1. 2011

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

Basic properties of hypoplastic constitutive models

David Man (Charles University in Prague)