EFFECT OF SALVADOR AS CLEANING AGENT ON ORAL CAVITY;

By MIRZA AHMED KAMAL JAMSHED

Introduction:
Hygiene is practices of preventing of disease and rules which followed for preserving health of human being and human society. It includes methods which help in prevention of diseases like malaria, gingivitis, gastric irritation and various other diseases. Nearly 50% of all disease are infections which is due bacteria and other micro organisms which including fungi, algae, helminthus_are preventable by following hygienic rule and by implementing of oral hygienic techniques.(1).The hygienic techniques are different in different region varies from eastern Africa to western Europe, Pakistan to Japan(2) , it is also vary with gender ,and ethnic groups(2)The different techniques vary with region is explicit in this fact peoples of sindh use a neem water to clean and sanitize a floor ;while, in areas of Baluchistan ,specially in coast areas peoples used oil to sanitize a house(3)In gender wise , female needs more clean body to prevent infection like candidacies ,women uses a wipes and disposable pads to clean body free from fungus and bacteria etc .Ethnically Muslims use misvaak as tooth brushing agent as sunna of Prophet(pbuh) while Indian use a herb called as neem to clean a teeth . There are various types of hygiene including mental hygiene, hand hygiene, oral hygiene, environmental hygiene , sterilization, good sanitation etc.Mental hygiene is rules and rules which followed by peoples or society to prevent mental disease like dementia , mental retarders ,depression etc etc.Hand hygiene is one of most important type of hygiene ,hand is expose part of body which is vulnerable to pathogenic micro organism and infection causing micro organism ,total cleaning of hand is important in preventing of infections diseases. Various types of hand sanitizers are use in society to produce hygienic hand Oral hygiene is practice of preventing of mouth diseases and follows methods of cleaning of mouth for better life. Sterilization is method to kill a micro organism from animated things and this method is employed in industry to make industry more hygienic. Good sanitation is rules followed by society to prevent disease causing factors. There are various benefits by following hygienic rules .The environment is free from diseasing factors like killing of germs by help of DDT and other chemicals entity. Good hygienic condition produce a very good effect on person behavior ,when a person is clean and neat his or her personality dashing , it gives good impression to other and there is low level of anxiety in peoples of good hygienic environment. Various governments of various countries want to increase a hygienic environment to produce positive image and promote working capacity of peoples of country by promoting hygiene.

Oral hygiene is practice of cleaning of mouth to prevent a disease to preserve health of mouth. Mouth is important site of body ,its cavity is called as oral cavity it consist of two jaws .bearing a teeth of different kinds like incisor ,canine ,molars and premolars. Tongue is also present, parotid gland salivary gland are present .It is directly link with gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. any disease which affect on oral cavity produce a immense effect on gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract and sublingual route is also important site of attack of micro organism to cause a infection and it also cause a systematic infection because sublingual the skin beneath a tongue is so soft and anything which has minute size easily cross the and enter into systematic circulation and causing infection. Habit of eating largely effect on oral hygiene ,food particles remain in mouth help in colonization of bacterias which causing a dental caries and gingivitis .So it must be cleaning of food particles from mouth to make it hygienic. Habit of brushing and flossing helps in prevention of collection of food particles. food particles collected with each other to form a plaque ,plaque is first easily removed by brushing and flossing between the teeth but when not doing brushing for three to four the plaques became calcified and it could not remove easily, need a dentist visit for removal of plaque. Another problem arise from plaque is contamination of bacteria in mouth cavity .three class of bacteria are more prevalent _staphylococcus, streptococcus, lactobacillus _which contaminate on plaque and produces acids and casing tooth decay. Problem arise when bacterias on teeth in plaques produce a acid and toxic material and causing damage to teeth by first damaging of enamel _outer layer of teeth which is made up polysaccharides and starch _then whole teeth .These bacterias are moved from oral cavity to other part of body it produces a harmful effect .There are two routes through which bacterias are enter in systematic circulation first is sublingual _absorption or entrances into body by lower floor of oral cavity that is below tongue and through pharynx, the route is further divided into gastro intestinal route and respiratory route ,during meal eating bacterias along with food particles enter into digestive system, but it produces little effect on body because meal is goes down into stomach ,stomach has a acid hydrochloric acid which helps in killing a bacterias and helps in sterilization of food and digestion of food. Problem arise when bacteria causing infection inside stomach _on mucous of stomach and it is not easily removed from stomach and duration of therapy up to seven weeks _ and causing person to feel uncomfortable due to diarrhea and dysentery .When concentration of bacteria is increased inside gastrointestinal tract it causing a diarrhea which helps in get rid of bacterias .Through pharynx ,there is another route that is respiratory route , respiratory system includes lungs and lungs has alveoli .Alveoli has numerous air sacs .Air sacs has very thin layer layer of cell which helps in absorption of oxygen and helps in cleaning of blood by removing unwanted gases like carbon di oxide . If a bacterias are present on teeth and struck in pharynx and after sometimes it enter inside and got absorb and there is huge chance of get infected through various types of bacterial infection like pneumonia , typhoid fever, if a health of mouth is maintained then prevention of these messy infectious is possible. Mucous membrane of oral are vulnerable to dryness, dryness of mouth helps in infection of bacterias and so one of most important aim of oral hygiene is prevent dryness of mouth for healthier person. Cells of mucous membrane(outmost most layer)

are replaced continuous and rapidly within narrow time and hence it need a proper supply of important nutrient and antioxidant (chemical agents helps in prevention of oxidation example are likely vitamin A,C )and prevention of entrance of germs inside a cell machinery.bacterias produces various toxic substances and these toxic substance are enter into dividing cell and incorporate with Ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid and causing a mutation in cell ,often it causes a cancer cells inside oral cavity. Ulcer of mouth is often caused by unhygienic oral cavity .It is a site of bacterial growth and it produces sore and sores produces an ulceration of mouth. Aim of oral hygiene is very vast from comfortable of person to comfortable environment to produce a healthier society. With a help of oral hygiene people feel comfortable after cleaning of his or her mouth with various carrier like brushing, flossing and other techniques. If a person has comfortable feeling, he or she produces good behavior to others and environment and society become very comfortable and becomes adorable. It produces good effect on digestive system and appetite. It helps in prevention of oral sore, bacterial infection, prevention of bad breath and prevention of gathering of food particle and hence prevents a bacterial contamination inside mouth cavity. Another important concept about oral is that ill person has higher vulnerability for disease because of weak immune system, so the patient must maintain oral hygiene. The history of oral hygiene is so long from ancient time ,from period of Eva adam.The human has artistic nature ,human want to looking handsome, beautiful and gorgeous that is nature of human being from America to Europe ,from Australia to Africa ,in everywhere . Oral hygiene is very old concept of centuries to centurys people of various region uses stick of various things like azadiracta indica (neem) ,Salvador persica(masvaak,arak) and other different things . First time in history Babylonian use a stick to clean a mouth nearly 3500BC.Other civilization, ancient Greek and Romans using tooth stick to clean teeth .Hippocrates, a father of ,medicine prescribed his patient a round bulb stick with honey to clean a teeth .Roman use a stick of mastic tree. Arab use ark stick to clean a mouth which is known as misvaak .Japanese use it as Koyoji.Jews use a stick of QESUM a type of stick which is used to clean mouth ,it is mention in Talmud which is a holy book of Jews .Tooth brush first time used in 1498 in china. In period of seventh century in Europe a very number of peoples use brushes.(15) Different multinational companies launch tooth paste of naturally occurring herbs like masvaak,neem and increase her sale day by day.These tooth pastes are equal effective but herb is first choice of cleaning teeth.(15) Herbal products are economical, effective and available in cheap rates and easily available. Rate of herbal product use is increase day by day.due to that reason peoples use mouth wah=shs of herbal extract(18)

The scientific name of Misvaak is Salvador persicaanother names of misvaak is depending upon different dialects of Arabic and languages of different regions (12,13). It is also known as siwak,siwaki,natural tooth brush , chewing stick .it is use as antifungal ,antibacterial(4,5,6) Furthermore, extract of Salvador is effective against various types of pathogen(7,8,9,10,11) Salvador tree is small tree of height and has a multiple stems and it is basically a shrub .It has crooked trunk. Roots of these herbs are used as misvaak(1) .Root of miswaak is spongy in nature and easily crush between teeths .color of leaves is yellow (fig 1.1).Roots are cut down into small piece of size 15 cm.Roots are easily soaked a water.salvadora tree is belong to kingdom planatea, Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Brassicales, Family: Salvadoraceae, Genus: Salvadora.This is a classification of Salvador.(1)

Fig 1.1(1)

The main constituents of Salvador is methylamine,salvadrin,chloride,fluoride,silica,sulphur,mustard,vit c,saponin and tannin(14 ) .these constituents provide a wide range activity to Salvador like antibacterial ,antifever ,anti fungal other activities.(7,8,9,10,11)It is as effective as tooth paste .Value of masvak is also due to presence of fluoride and sulphur. Salvador also produce emollient effect on oral cavity beacase it has sulphur as a important constituents and sulphur is emollient.Along with chemical agents ,mechanical cleaning is also produce ahuge effet of Salvador activity it is also used as anti oxidant because Salvador has vit c,which is one of the most important antioxidant.(16) How to use Salvador ,the method of making Salvador brush is an art .Dry root of Salvador plant is taken and make upper one inches clean from impurity and make it clear the spongy part of Salvador .chew the spongy part of Salvador with help of teeth and make it as brushs.and do the brush. If Salvador is odorless and tasteless other root of Salvador is recommended. If roots provide unpleasant feeling then cut it down and produce new brushes. To check a Salvador activity, need of extract, extract can easily obtain by following process. Roots of Salvador is taken and dry it under sunlight and make powder of roots with help of mortar and pestle and by help of machinery.Poweder is sieved and get mixed with deionizer water and allow to soak for twenty four hours . Mixture is obtained make centrifuging and to remove the impurities and filter it and use filter extract for experimental technique.(18) Due to awareness about health life is become so easy and healthier. But cases of dental caries and gingivitis is increase due to food taken by peoples are low in fluoride and calcium and abundant of sugar .Salvador has very beneficial effect in this criteria ,it has fluoride which help to maintain health of mouth ,and rich of calcium .vita c also perform an important role in it . Bacteria are micro organism which is very small in size .There are various types of bacterias according to shape of bacteria .The most common type of bacteria present in mouth is staphylococcus ,streptococcus, and lactibacilous.Salvador react with bacterial glycol tic enzyme and with acid produce by bacteria to make fluoride and prevent oral disease which is caused by bacterias. Benzyl isothio cyanate (BIT) is another important constituent of Salvador .It helps in inhibiting cell wall synthesize of bacteria and helpful in prevention of bacterial infection by killing and retarding growth of bacterias.(19) Masvaak is better than brush: there is no advantage to make toothpaste on masvaak and doing brushing.the disadvantage of masvaakis that it can not do brushing in lingual side.

References:
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17. Fouad Hussein Al-Bayaty.Aiman Hamad AI-Koubaisi,Nidhal Abdul Wahid Ali and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla:Effect of mouth wash extracted from Salvadora persica(Miswak) on dental plaque formation: A clinical trail. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(14), pp. 1446-1454, 18 July, 2010 18. ISMAIL A. DAROUT, ALFRED A. CHRISTY, NILS SKAUG,PER K. EGEBERG: IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF SOME POTENTIALLYANTIMICROBIAL ANIONIC COMPONENTS IN MISWAK EXTRACT Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 32: 11-14 19. Sukumar Dutta*. Aatif Shaikh. : The Active Chemical Constituent And Biological Activity of Salvadora persica (Miswak )International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research, 3(1), ISSN: 0976-822X