POWER REFERENCE MANUAL - TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. MATHEMATICS
I.1 System of Units
I.1.1 I.1.2 I.1.3 I.1.4 I.1.5 I.1.6 I.1.7 I.1.8 I.1.9 I.1.10 I.1.11 I.1.12 I.1.13 I.1.14 I.1.15 I.1.16 I.1.17 I.1.18 Introduction Common Units of Mass Mass and Weight Acceleration of Gravity Consistent System of Units The English Engineering System Other Formulas Affected by Inconsistency Weight and Weight Density The English Gravitational System The Absolute English System Metric System of Units The cgs System SI Units (The mks System) Rules for Using SI Units Primary Dimensions Dimensionless Groups Lineal and Board Foot Measurements Dimensional Analysis

I.2

Energy, Work, and Power

I.2.1 I.2.2 I.2.3 I.2.4 I.2.5 I.2.6 I.2.7 I.2.8 I.2.9 I.2.10 I.2.11 I.2.12 Energy of a Mass Law of Conservation of Energy Work Potential Energy of a Mass Kinetic Energy of a Mass Spring Energy Pressure Energy of a Mass Internal Energy of a Mass Work Energy Principle Conversion Between Energy Forms Power Efficiency

I.3

Engineering Drawing Practice

I.3.1 I.3.2 I.3.3 I.3.4 I.3.5 I.3.6 I.3.7 I.3.8 I.3.9 I.3.10 I.3.11 I.3.12 I.3.13 Introduction Normal Views of Lines and Planes Intersecting and Perpendicular Lines Types of Views Principal (Orthographic) Views Auxiliary (Orthographic) Views Oblique (Orthographic) Views Axonometric (Orthographic Oblique) Views Prospective Views Sections Tolerances Surface Finish Electrical Schematics

I.4

Algebra
I.4.1 I.4.2 I.4.3 Introduction Symbols Used in This Book Greek Alphabet

I.4.4 I.4.5 I.4.6 I.4.7 I.4.8 I.4.9 I.4.10 I.4.11 I.4.12 I.4.13 I.4.14 I.4.15 I.4.16 I.4.17 I.4.18 I.4.19 I.4.20 I.4.21 I.4.22 I.4.23 I.4.24 I.4.25

Types of Numbers Significant Digits Equations Fundamental Algebraic Laws Polynomials Roots of Quadratic Equations Roots of General Polynomials Extraneous Roots Descartes Rules of Signs Rules of Exponents and Radicals Logarithms Logarithm Identities Partial Fractions Simultaneous Linear Equations Complex Numbers Operations on Complex Numbers Limits Sequences and Progessions Standard Sequences Series Tests for Series Convergence Series of Alternating Signs

I.5

Linear Algebra
I.5.1 I.5.2 I.5.3 I.5.4 I.5.5 I.5.6 I.5.7 I.5.8 I.5.9 I.5.10 I.5.11 I.5.12 I.5.13 I.5.14 I.5.15 Matrices Special Types of Matrices Row Equivalent Matrices Minor and Cofactors Determinants Matrix Algebra Matrix addition and Subtraction Matrix Multiplication Transpose Singularity and Rank Classical Adjoint Inverse Writing Simultaneous Linear Equations in Matrix Form Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

I.6

Vectors
I.6.1 I.6.2 I.6.3 I.6.4 I.6.5 I.6.6 I.6.7 I.6.8 I.6.9 I.6.10 I.6.11 I.6.12 Introduction Vectors in n-Space Unit Vectors Vector Representation Conversion Between Systems Vector Addition Multiplication by a Scalar Vector Dot Product Vector Cross Product Mixed Triple Product Vector Triple Product Vector Functions

I.7

Trigonometry
I.7.1 I.7.2 I.7.3 Degrees and Radians Plane angles Triangles

I.7.4 I.7.5 I.7.6 I.7.7 I.7.8 I.7.9 I.7.10 I.7.11 I.7.12 I.7.13 I.7.14 I.7.15 I.7.16

Right Triangles Circular Transcendental Functions Small Angle Approximations Graphs of the Functions Signs of Functions Functions of Related Angles Trigonometric Identities Inverse Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Transcendental Functions Hyperbolic Identities General Triangles Spherical Trigonometry Solid Angles

I.8

Analytic Geometry
I.8.1 I.8.2 I.8.3 I.8.4 I.8.5 I.8.6 I.8.7 I.8.8 I.8.9 I.8.10 I.8.11 I.8.12 I.8.13 I.8.14 I.8.15 I.8.16 I.8.17 I.8.18 I.8.19 I.8.20 I.8.21 I.8.22 Mensuration of Regular Shapes Area with Irregular Boundaries Geometric Definitions Concave curves Convex Regions Congruency Coordinate Systems Curves Symmetry of Curves Straight Lines Direction Numbers, Angles, and Cosines Intersection of Two Lines Planes Distances Between Geometric Figures Angles Between Geometric Figures Conic Sections Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola Sphere Helix

I.9

Differential Calculus
I.9.1 I.9.2 I.9.3 I.9.4 I.9.5 I.9.6 I.9.7 I.9.8 I.9.9 I.9.10 I.9.11 I.9.12 I.9.13 I.9.14 Derivative of a Function Elementary Derivative Operations Critical Points Derivatives of Parametric Equations Partial Differentiation Implicit Differentiation Tangent Plane Function Gradient Vector Directional Derivative Normal Line Vector Divergence of a Vector Field Curl of a Vector Field Taylors Formula Maxclaurin Power Approximations

I.10 Integral Calculus

I.10.1 I.10.2 I.10.3 Integration Elementary Operations Integration by Parts

I.10.4 I.10.5 I.10.6 I.10.7 I.10.8 I.10.9 I.10.10 I.10.11 I.10.12 I.10.13 I.10.14 I.10.15 I.10.16 I.10.17

Separation of Terms Double and Higher-Order Intergrals Initial Values Definite Integrals Average Value Area Arc Length Pappus Theorems Surface of Revolution Volume of Revolution Moments of a Function Fourier Series Fast Fourier Transforms Integral Functions

I.11 Differential Equations

I.11.1 I.11.2 I.11.3 I.11.4 I.11.5 I.11.6 I.11.7 I.11.8 I.11.9 I.11.10 I.11.11 I.11.12 I.11.13 I.11.14 I.11.15 I.11.16 I.11.17 I.11.18 I.11.19 I.11.20 Types of Differential Equations Homogeneous, First-Order Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients First-Order Linear Differential Equations First-Order Separable Differential Equations First-Order Exact Differential Equations Homogeneous, Second-Order Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations Named Differential Equations Laplace Transforms Step and Impulse Functions Algebra of Laplace Transforms Convolution Integral Using Laplace Transforms Third- and Higher-Order Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients Applications: Engineering Systems Applications: Mixing Applications: Exponential Growth and Decay Applications: Epidemics Application: Surface Temperature Application: Evaporation

I.12 Probability and statistical Analysis of Data

I.12.1 I.12.2 I.12.3 I.12.4 I.12.5 I.12.6 I.12.7 I.12.8 I.12.9 I.12.10 I.12.11 I.12.12 I.12.13 I.12.14 I.12.15 I.12.16 I.12.17 I.12.18 I.12.19 I.12.20 I.12.21 Set Theory Combinations of Elements Permutations Probability Theory Joint Probability Complementary Probabilities Conditional Probability Probability Density Functions Binomial Distribution Hypergeometric Distribution Multiple Hypergeometric Distribution Poisson Distribution Continuous Distribution Functions Exponential Distribution Normal Distribution Application: Reliability Analysis of Experimental Data Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion Central Limit Theorem Confidence Level

I.12.22 I.12.23 I.12.24 I.12.25 I.12.26

Application: Confidence Limits Application: Basic Hypothesis Testing Application: Statistical Process Control Measures of Experimental Adequacy Linear Regression

I.13 Computer Mathematics

I.13.1 I.13.2 I.13.3 I.13.4 I.13.5 I.13.6 I.13.7 I.13.8 I.13.9 I.13.10 I.13.11 I.13.12 I.13.13 Positional Numbering Systems Converting Base-b Numbers to Base-10 Converting Base-10 Numbers to Base-b Binary Number System Octal Number System Hexadecimal Number System Conversions Among Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers Complement of a Number Application of Complements to Computer Arithmetic Computer Representation of Negative Numbers Boolean Algebra Fundamental Postulates Boolean Algebra Laws Boolean Algebra Theorems

I.14 Numerical Analysis

I.14.1 I.14.2 I.14.3 I.14.4 I.14.5 Numerical Methods Finding Roots: Bisection Method Finding Roots: Newtons Method Nonlinear Interpolation: Lagrangian Interpolating Polynomial Nonlinear Interpolation: Newtons Interpolating Polynomial

I.15 Advanced Engineering Mathematics

I.15.1 I.15.2 I.15.3 I.15.4 I.15.5 I.15.6 I.15.7 I.15.8 I.15.9 I.15.10 I.15.11 I.15.12 I.15.13 I.15.14 I.15.15 I.15.16 I.15.17 I.15.18 I.15.19 I.15.20 I.15.21 Overview Power Series Method: Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations Extended Power Series Method: Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations General Method for Solving Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations Orthogonality of Functions Laplace Transform: Initial and Final Value Theorems Half-Range Expansions Partial Differential Equations: Separation of Variables Special Functions Continuous- Time Systems: Fourier Series and Transforms Continuous- Time Systems: Fourier Series Representation of a Periodic Signal Continuous- Time Systems: Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal Convolution Laplace Transforms Discrete- Time Systems: Fourier Series and Transforms Discrete- Time Systems: Fourier Series Representation of a Periodic Signal Discrete- Time Systems: Fourier Series Transform of an Aperiodic Signal z- Transforms Transformation of Integrals Line Integrals Complex Numbers

II Basic Theory
II.16 Electromagnetic Theory
Part 1: Funadmentals Part 2: Electric and Magnetic Phenomena

II.16.1 II.16.2 II.16.3 II.16.4 II.16.5 II.16.6 II.16.7 II.16.8 II.16.9 II.16.10 II.16.11 II.16.12 II.16.13 II.16.14 II.16.15 II.16.16 II.16.17 II.16.18 II.16.19 II.16.20 II.16.21 II.16.22 II.16.23 II.16.24 II.16.25 II.16.26 II.16.27 II.16.28 II.16.29 II.16.30 II.16.31 II.16.32 II.16.33 II.16.34 II.16.35 II.16.36

Electromagnetic Effects Conduction Effects Dielectric Phenomena Magnetic Phenomena Thermoelectric Phenomena Electric Charges Coulombs Law Electric Fields Permittivity and Susceptibility Electric Flux Electric Flux Density Gauss Law for Electrostatics Capacitance and Elastance Capacitors Energy Density in an Electric Field Speed and Mobility of Charge Carriers Current Convection Current Displacement Current Conduction Current Magnetic Poles Biot-Savart Law Magnetic Fields Permeability and Susceptibility Magnetic Flux Magnetic Field Strength Gausss Law for Magnetic Flux Inductance and Reciprocal Inductance Inductors Energy Density in a Magnetic Field Speed and Direction of Charge Carriers Voltage and the Magnetic Circuit Magnetic Field-Induced Voltage Eddy Currents Displacement Current Magnetic Effect Magnetic Hysteresis

Part 3: Electgrostatics

Part 4: Electrokinetics

Part 5: Magnetostatics

Part 6: Magnetokinetics

II.17 Electronic Theory

II.17.1 II.17.2 II.17.3 II.17.4 Fundamentals Charges in a Vacuum Charges in Liquids and Gases Charges in Semiconductors

II.18 Communication Theory

II.18.1 II.18.2 II.18.3 II.18.4 II.18.5 Fundamentals Channels and Bands Coding Noise Modulation

II.19 Acoustic and Transducer Theory

II.19.1 II.19.2 Introduction Sound Wave Propagation Velocity

II.19.3 II.19.4 II.19.5

Energy and Intensity of Sound Waves Transduction Principles Equivalent Circuit Elements

III Field Theory

III.20 Electrostatics
Part 1: Electrostatic Fields
III.20.1 III.20.2 III.20.3 III.20.4 III.20.5 Point Charge Dipole Charge Coulombs Law Line Charge Plane Charge

Part 2: Divergence Part 3: Potential Part 4: Work and Energy

III.21 Electrostatic Fields

III.21.1 III.21.2 III.21.3 III.21.4 Polarization Polarized Fields Electric Displacement Polarization in Dielectric versus Conductors

III.22 Magnetostatics
Part 1: The Magnetic Field
III.22.1 III.22.2 III.22.3 III.22.4 Biot-Savart Law Force on a Moving Charged Particle Force on Current Elements Force on Distributed Current Elements

Part 2: Lorentz Force Law Part 3: Traditional Magnetism

III.22.5 III.22.6 III.22.7 III.22.8 III.22.9 Magnetic Pole Magnetic Dipole Coulombs Law Equivalent: Force Between Magnetic Poles Magnetic Potential Magnetic Potential Energy

Part 4: Part 5: Part 6: Part 7:

Curl Magnetic Potential Magnetic Vector Potential Work and Energy

III.23 Magnetostatic Fields

III.23.1 III.23.2 III.23.3 III.23.4 Magnetization Magnetic Fields Auxiliary Field H Magnetization in Nonmagnetic and Magnetic Materials

III.24 Electrodynamics
III.24.1 III.24.2 III.24.3 III.24.4 III.24.5 Electromotive Force Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction Faradays Law of Electrolysis Potential Energy and Momentum: Poyntings Vector

III.24.6

Electromagnetic Waves

III.25 Maxwells Equation

III.25.1 III.25.2 III.25.3 Maxwells Equations Electromagnetic Field Vectors Comparison of Electric and Magnetic Equations

IV Circuit Theory
IV.26 DC Circuit Fundamentals
IV.26.1 IV.26.2 IV.26.3 IV.26.4 IV.26.5 IV.26.6 IV.26.7 IV.26.8 IV.26.9 IV.26.10 IV.26.11 IV.26.12 IV.26.13 IV.26.14 IV.26.15 IV.26.16 IV.26.17 IV.26.18 IV.26.19 IV.26.20 IV.26.21 IV.26.22 IV.26.23 IV.26.24 IV.26.25 IV.26.26 IV.26.27 IV.26.28 IV.26.29 Voltage Current Resistance Conductance Ohms Law Power Decibels Energy Sources Voltage Sources in Series and Parallel Current Sources in Series and Parallel Source Transformations Maximum Energy Transfer Voltage and Current Dividers Kirchhoffs Laws Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Kirchhoffs Current Law Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Analysis of Complicated Resistive Networks Delta-Wye Transformations Substitution Theorem Reciprocity Theorem Superposition Theorem Thevenins Theorem Thevenins Theorem Nortons Theorem Loop-Current Method Node-Voltage Method Determination of Method Practical Application: Batteries

IV.27 AC Circuit Fundamentals

IV.27.1 IV.27.2 IV.27.3 IV.27.4 IV.27.5 IV.27.6 IV.27.7 IV.27.8 IV.27.9 IV.27.10 IV.27.11 IV.27.12 IV.27.13 IV.27.14 IV.27.15 Fundamentals Voltage Current Impedance Admittance Voltage Sources Average Value Root-Mean-Square Value Phase Angles Sinusoid Phasors Complex Representation Resistors Capacitors Inductors

IV.27.16 IV.27.17 IV.27.18 IV.27.19 IV.27.20 IV.27.21 IV.27.22 IV.27.23 IV.27.24

Combining Impedances Ohms Law Power Real Power and the Power Factor Reactive Power Apparent Power Complex Power and the Power Triangle Maximum Power Transfer AC Circuit Analysis

IV.28 Transformers
IV.28.1 IV.28.2 IV.28.3 IV.28.4 IV.28.5 IV.28.6 IV.28.7 IV.28.8 Fundamentals Magnetic Coupling Ideal Transformers Impedance Matching Real Transformers Magnetic Hysteresis: BH Curves Eddy Currents Core Losses

IV.29 Linear Circuit Analysis

IV.29.1 IV.29.2 IV.29.3 IV.29.4 IV.29.5 IV.29.6 IV.29.7 IV.29.8 IV.29.9 IV.29.10 IV.29.11 IV.29.12 IV.29.13 IV.29.14 IV.29.15 IV.29.16 IV.29.17 IV.29.18 IV.29.19 IV.29.20 IV.29.21 IV.29.22 IV.29.23 IV.29.24 IV.29.25 IV.29.26 IV.29.27 IV.29.28 IV.29.29 IV.29.30 IV.29.31 Fundamentals Ideal Independent Voltage Sources Ideal Independent Current Sources Ideal Resistors Dependent Sources Dependent Voltage Sources Dependent Current Sources Linear Circuit Elements Resistance Capacitance Inductance Mutual Inductance Linear Source Models Sources Transformations Series and Parallel Source Combination Rules Redudant Impedances Delta-Wye Transformations Thevenins Theorem Nortons Theorem Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Superposition Theorem Millers Theorem Kirchhoffs Laws Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Kirchhoffs Current Law Loop Analysis Node Analysis Determination of Method Voltage and Current Dividers Steady-State and Transient Impedance Analysis Two-Port Networks

IV.30 Transient Analysis

IV.30.1 IV.30.2 IV.30.3 IV.30.4 Fundamentals Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Natural Response Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Forced Response Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Natural Response

IV.30.5 IV.30.6 IV.30.7 IV.30.8 IV.30.9 IV.30.10 IV.30.11 IV.30.12

Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Forced Response RC and RL Circuits: Solution Method Rise Time Damped Oscillations: Ringing Sustained Oscillations: Resonance Resonant Circuits Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

IV.31 Time Response

IV.31.1 IV.31.2 IV.31.3 IV.31.4 IV.31.5 IV.31.6 IV.31.7 IV.31.8 IV.31.9 IV.31.10 IV.31.11 IV.31.12 IV.31.13 IV.31.14 IV.31.15 Fundamentals First-Order Analysis First-Order Analysis: Switching Transients First-Order Analysis: Pulse Transients Second-Order Analysis Second-Order Analysis: Overdamped Second-Order Analysis: Critically Damped Second-Order Analysis: Underdamped Second-Order Analysis: Pulse Transients Higher-Order Circuits Complex Frequency Laplace Transform Analysis Capacitance in the s Domain Inductance in the s Domain Laplace Transform Analysis: First- and Second-Order Systems

IV.32 Frequency Response

IV.32.1 IV.32.2 IV.32.3 IV.32.4 IV.32.5 IV.32.6 IV.32.7 IV.32.8 Fundamentals Transfer Function Steady-State Response Transient Response Magnitude and Phase Plots Bode Plot Principles: Magnitude Plot Bode Plot Principles: Phase Plot Bode Plot Methods

V Generation
V.33 Generation Systems
V.33.1 V.33.2 V.33.3 V.33.4 V.33.5 V.33.6 V.33.7 V.33.8 V.33.9 V.33.10 Fossil Fuel Plants Nuclear Power Plants Hydroelectric Power Cogeneration Plants Prime Movers Alternating Current Generators Parallel Operation Direct Current Generators Energy Management Power Quality

V.34 Three-Phase Electricity and Power

V.34.1 V.34.2 V.34.3 V.34.4 V.34.5 Benefits of Three-Phase Power Standard Notation Conventions Single-Subscript Notation Double-Subscript Notation Generation of Three-Phase Potential

V.34.6 V.34.7 V.34.8 V.34.9 V.34.10 V.34.11 V.34.12 V.34.13 V.34.14 V.34.15

Distribution Systems Balanced Loads Delta-Connected Loads Wye-Connected Loads Delta-Wye Conversions Per-Unit Calculations Unbalanced Loads Three-Phase Transformers Two-Wattmeter Method Faults and Fault Current

V.35 Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Power Supplies

V.35.1 V.35.2 V.35.3 V.35.4 V.35.5 Battery Fundamentals Battery Theory Battery Types and Capacity Fuel Cells Power Supplies

VI Distribution
VI.36 Power Distribution
VI.36.1 VI.36.2 VI.36.3 VI.36.4 VI.36.5 VI.36.6 VI.36.7 VI.36.8 VI.36.9 Fundamentals Classification of Distribution Systems Common-Neutral System Overcurrent Protection Pole Lines Underground Distribution Fault Analysis: Symmetrical Fault Analysis: Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis: MVA Method

VI.37 Power Transformers

VI.37.1 VI.37.2 VI.37.3 VI.37.4 VI.37.5 VI.37.6 VI.37.7 VI.37.8 VI.37.9 Theory Transformer Rating Voltage Regulation Connections Transformer Testing Open-Circuit Test Short-Circuit Test ABCD Parameters Transformer Types

VI.38 Power Transmission Lines

VI.38.1 VI.38.2 VI.38.3 VI.38.4 VI.38.5 VI.38.6 VI.38.7 VI.38.8 VI.38.9 VI.38.10 VI.38.11 VI.38.12 VI.38.13 Fundamentals DC Resistance Skin Effect AC Resistance Internal Inductance External Inductance Single-Phase Inductance Single-Phase Capacitance Three-Phase Transmission Power Transmission Lines Transmission Line Representation Short Transmission Line Medium-Length Transmission Lines

VI.38.14 Long Transmission Lines VI.38.15 Reflection Coefficient

VII System Analysis

VII.39 Power System Analysis
VII.39.1 VII.39.2 VII.39.3 VII.39.4 VII.39.5 VII.39.6 VII.39.7 VII.39.8 VII.39.9 Introduction Power Flow Three-Phase Connections Operator: 120 Balanced Three-Phase Circuit Per-Unit System Sequence Components Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Wye and Delta Circuits

VIII Protection and Safety

VIII.40 Protection and Safety
VIII.40.1 Power System Structure VIII.40.2 Power System Grounding VIII.40.3 Power System Configurations VIII.40.4 Relays VIII.40.5 Relay Reliability VIII.40.6 Zones of Protection VIII.40.7 Relay Speed VIII.40.8 Protection System Elements VIII.40.9 Transformers VIII.40.10 Relay Types VIII.40.11 Universal Relay Equation VIII.40.12 Solid-State Relays VIII.40.13 Protective Devices

IX Machinery and Devices

IX.41 Rotating DC Machinery
IX.41.1 IX.41.2 IX.41.3 IX.41.4 IX.41.5 IX.41.6 IX.41.7 IX.41.8 IX.41.9 IX.41.10 IX.41.11 IX.41.12 IX.41.13 IX.41.14 IX.41.15 IX.41.16 IX.41.17 Introduction Notation Methods Faradays Law Revolving Field Rotating Machine Stationary Field Rotating Machine DC Waveshape Improvement Armature Reaction Commutating Poles Compensating Windings Generator and Motor Action Rotating Machines: Overview Torque and Power Service Factor Motor Classifications Power Losses Regulation No-Load Conditions Types of DC Machines

IX.41.18 IX.41.19 IX.41.20 IX.41.21 IX.41.22 IX.41.23 IX.41.24 IX.41.25 IX.41.26

Series-Wired DC Machines Shunt-Wired DC Machines Compound DC Machines Voltage-Current Characteristics for DC Generators Torque Characteristics For DC Motors Starting DC Motors Speed Control for DC Motors Direction of Rotation for DC Motors

IX.42 Rotating AC Machinery

IX.42.1 IX.42.2 IX.42.3 IX.42.4 IX.42.5 IX.42.6 IX.42.7 IX.42.8 IX.42.9 IX.42.10 IX.42.11 IX.42.12 IX.42.13 IX.42.14 IX.42.15 IX.42.16 IX.42.17 IX.42.18 IX.42.19 IX.42.20 IX.42.21 IX.42.22 IX.42.23 IX.42.24 IX.42.25 IX.42.26 IX.42.27 IX.42.28 IX.42.29 IX.42.30 Rotating Machines Torque and Power Service Factor Motor Classifications Power Losses Regulation No-Load Conditions Production of AC Potential Armature Windings Practical Alternators Rotating Magnetic Field Synchronous Motors Synchronous Machine Equivalent Circuit Synchronous Motor/Reactive Generator Induction Motors Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit Operating Characteristics of Induction Motors Testing Induction Motors Starting Inudction Motors Speed Control for Induction Motors Power Transfer in Induction Motors Single-Phase Motors Split-Phase Motors Capacitor-Start Motors Single-Phase Motor Vibrations Capacitor-Run Motors Shaded-Pole Motors Universal Motors Hysteresis Motors Reluctance Motors

X 1313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313 1313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313 1313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313 1313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313131313 131313131313131313131313131313131313131313Electronics

X.43 Electronics Fundamentals
X.43.1 X.43.2 X.43.3 X.43.4 X.43.5 X.43.6 Overview Semiconductor Materials Device Performance Characteristics Bias Amplifiers Amplifier Classification

X.43.7 X.43.8 X.43.9 X.43.10 X.43.11 X.43.12 X.43.13 X.43.14 X.43.15 X.43.16 X.43.17

Load Line and Quiescent Point Concept pn Junctions Diode Performance Characteristics Diode Load Line Diode Piecewise Linear Model Diode Applications and Circuits Schottky Diodes Zener Diodes Tunnel Diodes Photodiodes and Light-Emitting Diodes Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers

X.44 Junction Transistors

X.44.1 X.44.2 X.44.3 X.44.4 X.44.5 X.44.6 X.44.7 X.44.8 X.44.9 X.44.10 X.44.11 X.44.12 X.44.13 X.44.14 X.44.15 Transistor Fundamentals BJT Transistor Performance Characteristics BJT Transistor Parameters BJT Transistor Configurations BJT Biasing Circuits BJT Load Line Amplifier Gain and Power Cascaded Amplifiers Equivalent Circuit Representation and Models Approximate Transistor Models Hybrid- Model Transistor Circuit Linear Analysis Transistor Circuit High-Frequency Analysis Unijunction Transistor Darlington Transistors

X.45 Field Effect Transistors

X.45.1 X.45.2 X.45.3 X.45.4 X.45.5 X.45.6 FET Fundamentals JFET Characteristics JFET Biasing FET Models MOSFET Characteristics MOSFET Biasing

X.46 Electrical and Electronic Devices

Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Amplifiers
X.46.1 X.46.2 X.46.3 X.46.4 X.46.5 X.46.6 X.46.7 X.46.8 X.46.9 X.46.10 X.46.11 X.46.12 X.46.13 X.46.14 X.46.15 X.46.16 X.46.17 Fundamentals Ideal Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifier Limits Amplifier Noise Pulse Circuit Fundamentals Clamping Circuits Zener Voltage Regulator Circuit: Ideal Zener Voltage Regulator Circuit: Practical Operational Amplifier Regulator Circuit Transistor Switch Fundamentals JFET Switches CMOS Switches Active Waveform Shaping Logic Families Logic Gates Simplification of Binary Variables Logic Circuit Fan-Out

Part 3: Pulse Circuits: Waveform Shaping and Logic

X.46.18 X.46.19 X.46.20 X.46.21 X.46.22 X.46.23 X.46.24 X.46.25 X.46.26

Logic Circuit Delays Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL or T2L) Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) MOS Logic CMOS Logic Multivibrators Circuit: Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

Part 4: Devices and Circuits

X.47 Digital Logic

X.47.1 X.47.2 X.47.3 X.47.4 X.47.5 X.47.6 X.47.7 X.47.8 X.47.9 Digital Information Representation Complex Number Systems Electronic Logic Device Levels and Limits Fundamental Logic Operations Switching Algebra Minterms and Maxterms Canonical Representation of Logic Functions Canonical Realization of Logic Functions: SOP Canonical Realization of Logic Functions: POS

XI Special Applications
XI.48 Lightning Protection and Grounding
XI.48.1 XI.48.2 XI.48.3 XI.48.4 XI.48.5 Fundamentals Concepts and Definitions Methods of Analysis Grounding Models Protective Devices

XI.49 Illumination
XI.49.1 XI.49.2 XI.49.3 XI.49.4 XI.49.5 XI.49.6 XI.49.7 XI.49.8 XI.49.9 XI.49.10 XI.49.11 XI.49.12 XI.49.13 XI.49.14 XI.49.15 XI.49.16 XI.49.17 XI.49.18 XI.49.19 XI.49.20 XI.49.21 XI.49.22 XI.49.23 XI.49.24 History and Overview Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum: Ultraviolet Electromagnetic Spectrum: Visible Light Electromagnetic Spectrum: Infrared Blackbody Radiation Planck Radiation Law Wien Displacement Law Stefan-Boltzmann Law Graybody and Selective Radiators Color Temperature Atomic Structure: Electromagnetic Radiation The Candela and Lumen Luminous Intensity Illuminance Illuminance: Inverse Square Law Illuminance: Lamberts Law Illuminance: Cosine-Cubed Law Luminance Interaction of Light with Matter Reflection Refraction Index of Refraction Diffraction

XI.49.25 XI.49.26 XI.49.27 XI.49.28 XI.49.29 XI.49.30 XI.49.31 XI.49.32 XI.49.33 XI.49.34 XI.49.35

Interference Interference from Slits Interference from Thin Films Lighting Design Methods Daylight Daylight Calculation Methods Daylight Lumen Method Daylight Factor Method Electric Lighting Principles Lumen Method Cavity Ratios

XI.50 Power System Management

XI.50.1 XI.50.2 XI.50.3 XI.50.4 XI.50.5 Energy and Power Units Energy Growth Rate Electric Power Economics Energy Management System Information Management Subsystem

XII Measurement and Instrumentation

XII.51 Measurement and Instrumentation
XII.51.1 XII.51.2 XII.51.3 XII.51.4 XII.51.5 XII.51.6 XII.51.7 XII.51.8 XII.51.9 XII.51.10 XII.51.11 XII.51.12 Fundamentals Signal Representation Measurement Circuit Types Permanent Magnet Moving-Coil Instruments DC Voltmeters DC Ammeters Moving-Iron Instruments Electrodynamometer Instruments Power Measurements Power Factor Measurements Electronic Instrumentation Insulation and Ground Testing

XIII Electrical Materials

XIII.52 Electrical Materials
XIII.52.1 XIII.52.2 XIII.52.3 XIII.52.4 XIII.52.5 XIII.52.6 Overview Types of Materials Conducting Materials Insulating and Dielectric Materials Magnetic Materials Radiation-Emitting Materials

XIV Codes and Standards

XIV.53 Biomedical Electrical Engineering
XIV.53.1 XIV.53.2 XIV.53.3 XIV.53.4 Overview Sensors Implantable Stimulators Monitors

XIV.53.5 Applications XIV.53.6 Shock and Burns XIV.53.7 Shock Protection

XIV.54 National Electrical Code

XIV.54.1 XIV.54.2 XIV.54.3 XIV.54.4 XIV.54.5 XIV.54.6 XIV.54.7 XIV.54.8 XIV.54.9 XIV.54.10 XIV.54.11 XIV.54.12 History and Overview Introduction General Wiring and Protection Wiring and Protection: Grounded Conductors Wiring and Protection: Branch Circuits Wiring and Protection: Feeders Wiring and Protection: Branch Circuit, Feeder, and Service Calculations Wiring and Protection: Overcurrent Protection Wiring and Protection: Grounding Wiring Methods and Materials Equipment for General Use

XIV.55 National Electrical Safety Code

XIV.55.1 XIV.55.2 XIV.55.3 XIV.55.4 XIV.55.5 XIV.55.6 XIV.55.7 XIV.55.8 XIV.55.9 Overview Introduction Special Terms References Grounding NESC Part 1 NESC Part 2 NESC Part 3 NESC Part 4

XV Professional
XV.56 Engineering Economic Analysis
XV.56.1 XV.56.2 XV.56.3 XV.56.4 XV.56.5 XV.56.6 XV.56.7 XV.56.8 XV.56.9 XV.56.10 XV.56.11 XV.56.12 XV.56.13 XV.56.14 XV.56.15 XV.56.16 XV.56.17 XV.56.18 XV.56.19 XV.56.20 XV.56.21 XV.56.22 XV.56.23 XV.56.24 Irrelevant Characteristics Multiplicity of Solution Methods Precision and Significant Digits Nonquantifiable Factors Year-End and Other Conventions Cash Flow Diagrams Types of Cash Flows Typical Problem Types Implicit Assumptions Equivalence Single-Payment Equivalence Standard Cash Flow Factors and Symbols Calculating Uniform Series Equivalence Finding Past Values Times to Double and Triple an Investment Varied and nonstandard Cash Flows The Meaning of Present Worth and i Simple and Compound Interest Extracting the Interest Rate: Rate of Return Rate of Return versus Return on Investment Minimum Attractive Rate of Return Typical Alternative-Comparison Problem Formats Durations of Investments Choice of Alternatives: Comparing One Alternative with Another Alternative

XV.56.25 XV.56.26 XV.56.27 XV.56.28 XV.56.29 XV.56.30 XV.56.31 XV.56.32 XV.56.33 XV.56.34 XV.56.35 XV.56.36 XV.56.37 XV.56.38 XV.56.39 XV.56.40 XV.56.41 XV.56.42 XV.56.43 XV.56.44 XV.56.45 XV.56.46 XV.56.47 XV.56.48 XV.56.49 XV.56.50 XV.56.51 XV.56.52 XV.56.53 XV.56.54 XV.56.55 XV.56.56 XV.56.57 XV.56.58 XV.56.59 XV.56.60 XV.56.61 XV.56.62

Choice of Alternatives: Comparing an Alternative with a Standard Ranking Mutually Exclusive Multiple Projects Alternatives with Different Lives Opportunity Costs Replacement Studies Treatment of Salvage Value in Replacement Studies Economic Life: Retirement at Minimum Cost Life-Cycle Cost Capitalized Assets versus Expenses Purpose of Depreciation Depreciation Basis of an Asset Depreciation Methods Accelerated Depreciation Methods Book Value Amortization Depletion Basic Income Tax Considerations Taxation at the Times of Asset Purchase and Sale Depreciation Recovery Other Interest Rates Rate and Period Changes Bonds Probabilistic Problems Fixed and Variable Costs Accounting Costs and Expense Terms Accounting Principles Cost Accounting Cost of Goods Sold Break-Even Analysis Pay-Back Period Management Goals Inflation Consumer Loans Forecasting Learning Curves Economic Order Quantity Sensitivity Analysis Value Engineering

XV.57 Engineering Law

XV.57.1 XV.57.2 XV.57.3 XV.57.4 XV.57.5 XV.57.6 XV.57.7 XV.57.8 XV.57.9 XV.57.10 XV.57.11 XV.57.12 XV.57.13 XV.57.14 XV.57.15 XV.57.16 XV.57.17 XV.57.18 XV.57.19 Forms of Company Ownership Sole Proprietorships Partnerships Corporations Limited Liability Entities Piercing the Corporate Veil Agency General Contracts Standard Boilerplate Clauses Subcontracts Parties to a Construction Contract Standard Contracts for Design Professionals Consulting Fee Structure Mechanics Liens Discharge of a Contract Torts Breach of Contract, Negligence, Misrepresentation, and Fraud Strict Liability in Tort Manufacturing and Design Liability

XV.57.20 Damages XV.57.21 Insurance

XV.58 Engineering Ethics

XV.58.1 XV.58.2 XV.58.3 XV.58.4 XV.58.5 XV.58.6 XV.58.7 XV.58.8 Creeds, Codes, Canons, Statutes, and Rules Purpose of a Code of Ethics Ethical Priorities Dealing with Clients and Employers Dealing with Suppliers Dealing with Other Engineers Dealing with (and Affecting) the Public Competitive Bidding

XV.59 Electrical Engineering Frontiers

XV.59.1 XV.59.2 XV.59.3 XV.59.4 XV.59.5 XV.59.6 XV.59.7 XV.59.8 Artificial Intelligence CAD/CAM Communication Integrated Circuits Engineering Management Superconductivity Quantum Electrodynamics Education

XV.60 Engineering Licensing in the United States

XV.60.1 XV.60.2 XV.60.3 XV.60.4 XV.60.5 XV.60.6 XV.60.7 XV.60.8 XV.60.9 About Licensing The U.S. Licensing Procedure National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying Uniform Examinations Reciprocity Among States Applying for the Examination Examination Dates FE Examination Format PE Examination Format