2013 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Computing, Communication and Nanotechnology (ICECCN 2013)

303

Performance Analysis of -law Companding & SQRT Techniques for M-QAM OFDM systems
Deepa.T1
1

Kumar R 2
2

Department of Telecommunication Engineering SRM University. Chennai,India deepa.t@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in

Department of Eectronics and Communication Engineering SRM University Chennai,India kumar.r@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in

Abstract Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient transmission technique for high data rate communication systems. The major problem of OFDM system is Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which reduces the efficiency of the system and increases the system complexity. In this paper, logarithmic based companding (i.e, mu law) and Square rooting companding (SQRT) have been suggested as simple and effective PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM. This paper analyzes mu law and SQRT companding OFDM signal on M ary QAM modulation technique. Simulation results show that the SQRT OFDM system is an effective technique in reducing PAPR and improved BER performance than OFDM system with mu-law companding transform. Comparison among mu law and SQRT companding techniques is made for the best suited companding technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM system. The Simulation result also shows that by modulating a signal at a fixed subcarriers for different modulation technique, the error in the transmitted data increases rapidly whereas in case of fixed modulation techniques , increasing the number of subcarriers the PAPR increases at the transmit, the bit error rate (BER) in the transmitted data is constant and varies by a small fraction. Index Terms Companding, OFDM, PAPR, SQRT.

Injection(TI)[4] and so on. However, most of them are not able to achieve PAPR reduction with low average power, low computational complexity, low bit error rate (BER) performance degradation. In this paper, an efficient PAPR reduction technique will be suggested to reduce the PAPR by using mu law and square rooting companding (SQRT) technique. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes OFDM system model with companding transforms.This section also introduces the definition of PAPR. Section 3 describes briefly analyze mu law companding and square rooting companding schemes, respectively. Section 4 describes the evaluation of complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) and the effect of BER performance on companding transforms are simulated using M ary QAM modulation techniques. Conclusions are given in Section 5. II. OFDM SYSTEM MODEL

I.

INTRODUCTION

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient modulation technique, because of its high data rate, high spectral efficiency and mitigating wireless impairments. OFDM technology provides flexibilities in physical layer, data link layer and other link layers that make it an ideal candidate for Fourth Generation (4G) wireless communication system [1].The primary advantage of OFDM is no Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) because of many subcarriers enables much longer symbol duration which makes the signal more robust to multipath dispersion. PAPR is one of the most important problems in OFDM when the independent phase of the subcarrier will often combine constructively. High PAPR reduces the system efficiency and increases the system complexity. To solve this serious problem, many PAPR reduction methods have been proposed such as clipping, precoding, SLM [2], PTS[3],Tone Reservation(TR) and Tone

In OFDM, a block of N information symbols is transmitted in parallel on N subcarriers, An OFDM modulator can be implemented as an IFFT on a block of N information symbols followed by cycle prefix (CP).The block diagram of OFDM system as shown in Fig.1. The complex representation of OFDM signal can be expressed as,

x(k ) =

1 N

X ne
n=0

N 1

j 2 nk N

, k = 0,1,.....N 1

(1)

Where, Xn is the mapped information data N is the number of subcarriers x(k) is the IFFT output signal The receiver performs the inverse of the transmitter. First, the OFDM data are divided from a serial data stream into parallel data sets using serial to parallel convertor. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) converts the time domain samples back into a frequency domain representation. The magnitudes of the

978-1-4673-5036-5/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

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Input data

Modulator M-QAM

Serial to Parallel Convertor

Npoint IFFT & Add CP

Parallel to Serial Convertor

Companding/ SQRT

AWGN CHANNEL Parallel to Serial Convertor CP removal &Npoint FFT Serial to Parallel Convertor

Output data

Demodulator M-QAM

Decompanding/ Inverse SQRT

Fig.1.Block diagram of OFDM system frequency components correspond to the original data. Finally, the parallel to serial convertor block converts this parallel data into a serial stream to recover the original input data. A. Peak To Average Power Ratio(PAPR) The PAPR for the discrete time OFDM signal x(n) is defined as the ratio of maximum signal power to average power of signal[5]. number of subcarriers in the OFDM signal. Moreover , the average power of OFDM signal can be kept unchanged after companding process by taking suitable companding factors. In OFDM system compression is applied at the transmitter end after the IFFT transform and expansion at the receiver end prior to FFT transform. The mu- law compression at the transmitter can be written as,

y=

v log(1 + x / v) log(1 + )

sgn( x)

(4)

PAPR = 10 log

max x(n) Avg x(n)

2 2

(2)

The PAPR reduction capability is measured by the CCDF which indicates the probability that the PAPR exceeds a certain threshold. The CCDF of PAPR can be applied to determine the bounds for the minimum number of redundancy bits required to identify the PAPR sequences and evaluate the performance of any PAPR reduction schemes. The complementary cumulative distribution function can be expressed as,
CCDF = Probability (PAPR > PAPR0)

Where, mu- is companding factor x is IFFT output of OFDM signal V is peak a magnitude of x sgn is signum function y is the compressed OFDM signal. -law expansion at the receiver can be expressed as,

z=

v y log(1 + ) e 1 sgn( y ) v

(5)

(3)

Where PAPR0 is the threshold level III. PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

A. Mu law Companding Transform In this section,we simply review the companding techniques for PAPR reduction of OFDM signal [6],[7] . Companding is a simple technique for reduction of PAPR in OFDM signals due to its low complexity regardless of the

Where, z is the expanded OFDM signal. This technique enlarges the amplitudes of small signals while the peaks remain unchanged. Hence, the average power is increased and the PAPR is reduced. However ,a serious drawback of mu law companding technique is that it reduces PAPR at the cost of increased BER[8].The inherent tradeoff between the PAPR reduction capability and the BER performance in companding systems is mainly due to the following factors. 1. First , Compressor distorts the modulating data symbols at the transmitter from their original constellation

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2. Second, the channel noise is expanded at the receiver by the decompanding process.Therefore the number of errors are increased in the recovered data symbols subcarriers for multiplexing. For the error rate Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is added with SNR 12dB. CCDF curves of 64 ary QAM is shown in Fig. 2.It can be noticed that the PAPR obtained by the SQRT OFDM system at CCDF 10-2 is reduced to about 5 dB reduction in PAPR obtained from the Original OFDM system. Fig.3 shows the power spectrum for conventional OFDM system and OFDM system with PAPR reduction methods. Compared with mu law companding , the SQRT companding scheme has little spectral regrowth, which can increase the immunity of M-QAM OFDM signals from out of band noise. PAPR is also measured for different number of N (up to 1024 subcarriers) using randomly generated data bits with 64 ary QAM OFDM, the result is shown in fig.4.It is observed that as the number of subcarrier increased, PAPR value is increased. If more data were transmitted, the PAPR is increased. Therefore, the PAPR is depending upon the number of data considered in OFDM system. Fig.5 shows the BER performance of OFDM system with companding transform at different companding factor . The performance of BER is degraded with the value of is increased.By keeping a fixed number of subcarriers(N=1024) and increasing the mu- law companding factor (=6,8,10 are taken for example). From fig.5 it can be seen that the BER increases rapidly by increasing factor . i.e BER at factor =10 is higher than the BER at factor=8.
10
0

B. Square Rooting Technique(SQRT) The SQRT OFDM signals XSQRT is processed by

X SQRT =
Where,

x(n) exp( jn),0 n N 1

(6)

x(n) is the nth OFDM output signal. XSQRT is the nth SQRT OFDM output signal. n is the phase of x(n) In SQRT process, the real and imaginary part of Xn is denoted by Re{XSQRT} & Im{XSQRT}, are independent & identically distributed Gaussian random variables with zero mean & a common variance. According to central limit theorem , so the amplitude (or) modulus of OFDM signal Xn is given by the large number of input samples , the imaginary and real parts of IFFT outputs will follow Gaussian distributions[9].

X SQRT = Re 2 {X n } + Im 2 {X n }
2

(7)

The power of OFDM signal can be expressed as,

X SQRT

1 = N

CCDF =Pr(PAPR>PAPR0)

j 2 (m k )n x (m) x (k ) exp N m = 0 k =0
N 1 N 1

Original mu law Companding Scheme (mu=2) Square Rooting Companding Scheme

(8) Where, |XSQRT|2 denotes the power value of SQRT-OFDM Output symbol. By applying (7) & (8), the relationship between the two random variables is reciprocal, hence we could easily convert between the two by applying square operation of their samples (or) square rooting for opposite conversion .In SQRT-OFDM system, the phases of the OFDM output signals are kept unchanged while only the amplitudes of the OFDM signals are considered and changed[10]. The impact of this SQRT operation on the average power is higher than that on the peak power value, which is always leads to reduction in the PAPR value. IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

10

-1

10

-2

8 9 PAPRO (dB)

10

11

12

Fig.2. CCDF Performance of mu- law and SQRT comapanding on 64 ary QAM-OFDM system

To show the PAPR reduction capacity, BER performance of the mu- law and SQRT technique OFDM system is considered using 1024 subcarriers and different modulation techniques such as QPSK and M ary QAM (for example , M=64,128,256 M is the modulation order) ,simulated by randomly generated data. Using QPSK,M ary QAM modulation, discrete signal is converted into IQ form, IFFT is chosen and divided into 1024

Fig.3. Power spectrum of OFDM signals

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10

10 SQRT-OFDM ,N=1024 Conventional OFDM,N=1024 SQRT-OFDM ,N=256 Conventional OFDM,N=256 SQRT-OFDM ,N=64 Conventional OFDM,N=64

10

-1

With mu factor=6 With mu factor=8 With mu factor=10 Original OFDM system

CCDF =Pr(PAPR>PAPR0)

10

-1

BER 4 5 6 7 8 PAPRO (dB) 9 10 11 12

10

-2

10

-3

10

-2

10

-4

6 EbNo(dB)

10

12

Fig.4. CCDF performance of OFDM system for different subcarriers

10
0

Fig.5. BER versus SNR for different .factors

10 with 128 ary QAM with 64 ary QAM with 16 ary QAM

with 1024 subcarriers with 512 subcarriers with 128 subcarriers

10

-1

BER 10
-2

BER

10

-1

10

-3

10 0 2 4 6 EbNo(dB) 8 10 12

-2

6 EbNo(dB)

10

12

Fig .6. BER performance of SQRT OFDM system

Fig .7. Comparisons of BER in SQRT-OFDM system with different subcarriers

The error relation curve is shown in Fig. 6 which shows that the BER increases rapidly by increasing SNR. From Fig. 6, it is clear that the BER is smaller using 16 ary QAM modulation technique rather than 64 and 128 ary QAM ,by increasing the number of bits. In Fig. 7, it can be seen that by keeping a fixed 64 ary QAM modulation(M=26 i.e 6 bits are taken for example) and increasing subcarrier the BER is not increasing rapidly as shown in Fig. 7. The error at each subcarrier changes in small fractions while keeping the number of bits constant. IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, OFDM system performance based on mu- law companding and square rooting companding techniques are analysed with CCDF characteristics and BER Performances. As the simulation results show that the SQRT OFDM System is an effective technique in reducing PAPR and improved BER performance than OFDM system with mu-law companding transform. Simulation results also prove that by modulating a signal at a fixed subcarriers for different

modulation technique, the error in the transmitted data increases rapidly whereas in case of fixed modulation techniques, increasing the number of subcarriers the PAPR increases at the transmitter whereas the BER in the transmitted data is constant and varies by a small fraction. Therefore the number of bits in modulation technique should be kept constant sacrificing the higher data rate. REFERENCES
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