20

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CHAPTER REVIEW
Steroid hormones enter the nucleus and combine with a receptor molecule, and the complex attaches to and activates DNA. Transcription and translation lead to protein synthesis. The peptide hormones are usually received by a receptor located in the plasma membrane. Most often their reception leads to the activation of an enzyme that changes ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP then activates another enzyme, which activates another, and so forth. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, which are stored in axon endings in the posterior pituitary until they are released. The hypothalamus produces hypothalamicreleasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones, which pass to the anterior pituitary by way of a portal system. The anterior pituitary produces at least six types of hormones, and some of these stimulate other hormonal glands to secrete hormones. Therefore, the anterior pituitary is sometimes called the master gland. The thyroid gland produces thyroxin and triiodothyronine, hormones that play a role in the growth and development of immature forms; in mature individuals they increase the metabolic rate. The thyroid gland also produces calcitonin, which helps lower the blood calcium level. The parathyroid glands raise the blood calcium and decrease the blood phosphate level. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which bring about responses we associate with the emergency situations. The adrenal cortex primarily produces the glucocorticoids (cortisol) and the mineralocorticoids ( aldosterone). Cortisol stimulates the hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids which are converted to glucose; in this way, it raises the blood glucose level. Aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium ions (Na+) and excrete potassium ions (K+). The islets of the pancreas secrete insulin, which lowers the blood glucose level, and glucagon, which has the opposite effect. The most common illness due to hormonal imbalance is diabetes mellitus, which is due to the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin or the cells to take it up. The gonads produce the sex hormones; the thymus secretes thymosins, which stimulate T lymphocyte production and maturation; the pineal gland produces melatonin, whose function in humans is uncertainit may be involved in circadian rhythms and the development of the reproductive organs. There are three categories of environmental signals: those that act at a distance between individuals ( pheromones ); those that act at a distance within the individual (traditional endocrine hormones and secretions of neurosecretory cells); and local messengers (such as prostaglandins, growth factors, and neurotransmitters). Since there is great overlap between these categories, perhaps the definition of a hormone should be expanded to include all of them.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

20.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS (P . 396)

Three types of environmental signals are identified; hormones are one of those types.. Hormones influence the metabolism of their target cells.

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1. Give an example of an environmental signal that acts at a distance between individuals. a. ________________ Give an example of an environmental signal that acts at a distance between body parts. b. ________________ Give an example of an environmental signal that acts locally between adjacent cells.
c.

2. Which is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone? a. cortisone b. norepinephrine c. ACTH d. thyroxine 3. Write either peptide hormone or steroid hormone on the line above each diagram. Using the alphabetized list of terms, place an appropriate word or phrase on the lines within each diagram. active cyclic AMP hormone receptor hormone receptor complex protein synthesis
a. ______________________ blood capillary e. ______________________ blood capillary

plasma membrane hormone (first messenger) plasma membrane

hormone

b. ____________ ATP c. ___________ (second messenger) nuclear envelope DNA

f. _________

nucleus inactive enzyme

mRNA

d. __________ enzyme

ribosomes on mRNA

biochemical (enzymatic) effects

g. _______________

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Endocrine Glands (p. 399) 4. Identify the endocrine glands in the following diagram and give at least one hormone produced from each.

a. b. c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

5. Control of hormone release. Often the release of a hormone is dependent upon the blood level of the substance it is controlling. When the level of a substance increases, generally this causes the hormone secretion to
a. c.

_________________________. This is an example of b._________________________ feedback. In other instances, _________________________ hormones oppose each others actions, thus regulating the target substance in the body.

20.2 HYPOTHALAMUS

AND

PITUITARY GLAND (P . 400)

The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, controls the function of the pituitary gland, which consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces several hormones, some of which control other endocrine glands. Growth hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, affects the height of the individual. Giants are due to overproduction of growth hormone during childhood, and pituitary dwarfs are due to underproduction of growth hormone.

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6. Add dotted lines to this line diagram wherever feedback control is usually exerted. HypothalamusReleasing HormoneAnterior Pituitary HormoneGlandHormone (1) (2) (3) 7. If the gland in the diagram in question 6 is the thyroid, then the first hormone is
a. ________________________________,

the second is

b. ____________________,

and the third

is

c. ____________________.

If the gland in the diagram in question 6 is the adrenal cortex, then the first the second is
e. ____________________,

hormone is

d. ____________________,

and the third

is 8. Write AP beside the statements that apply to the anterior pituitary and PP beside the statements that apply to the posterior pituitary. a._____ connected to hypothalamus by nerve fibers b._____ connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels c._____ secretes hormones produced by hypothalamus d._____ controlled by releasing hormones produced by hypothalamus 9. To show why the anterior pituitary is sometimes called the master gland, complete this table.
Anterior Pituitary Produces TSH ACTH Gonadotropic hormones Female Male e. g. f. h. a. c. Gland Controlled b. d. Hormone Produced by Gland

f. ____________________.

10. What causes the hypothalamus to stop producing releasing hormones and the anterior pituitary to stop producing its hormones? 11. The anterior pituitary produces three other hormones. The hormone a. ________________ causes the mammary glands to develop and produce milk. b. ________________ hormone causes skin color changes in lower vertebrates. Growth hormone (GH) promotes cell division, protein synthesis, and c. ________________ growth. If too little GH is produced during childhood, the individual becomes a pituitary d. ________________. If too much is produced, the individual is a pituitary e. ________________. If there is overproduction of GH in the adult, f. ________________ results, and the face, hands and feet g. ________________.

20.3 THYROID

AND

PARATHYROID GLANDS (P . 403)

The thyroid and the parathyroid glands are entirely separate in structure and function. The thyroid produces two hormones that speed metabolism and another hormone that lowers the blood calcium level. The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that raises blood calcium level.

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12. Match the conditions in the key with the phrases that follow. Key cretinism exophthalmic goiter simple goiter myxedema hypothyroidism (choose more than one) a._____________________________ hyperthyroidism b._____________________________ hypothyroidism since birth c._____________________________ hypothyroidism in the adult d._____________________________ lack of iodine e._____________________________ 13. Match the items in the key with the phrases that follow. Key Ca2+ in bones Ca2+ in blood a._______________ calcitonin present b._______________ mistaken removal of parathyroids during a thyroid operation c._______________ PTH present d._______________ postmenopausal women who no longer produce estrogen e._______________ osteoporosis f._______________ child with tetany

20.4 ADRENAL GLANDS (P . 405)

The adrenal glands produce hormones that help us respond to stress. Malfunctioning of the adrenal cortex leads to the symptoms of Addison disease and Cushing disease. 14. What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla, and what effect do they have on the body?
a.

What triggers the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla? b.__________________________________________ 15. Distinguish between cortisol and aldosterone by writing yes or no on each line. Cortisol Aldosterone controlled by ACTH glucocorticoids mineralocorticoid relieves stress Na+/K+ balance amino acids glucose controlled by angiotensin II a._______________ b._______________ c._______________ d._______________ e._______________ f._______________ g._______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

16. Indicate whether these symptoms are indicative of Addison disease or Cushing syndrome by writing AD or CS beside each description. a._______ cannot handle bodily stress b._______ cannot maintain blood glucose level c._______ tendency toward diabetes mellitus d._______ low blood pressure because of a low blood sodium level e._______ high blood pressure because of a high blood sodium level f._______ edema because of too much sodium in system g._______ bronzing of skin h._______ thin arms and legs; enlarged trunk

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20.5 PANCREAS (P . 408)

The pancreas secretes hormones that help regulate the blood glucose level. Diabetes mellitus occurs when cells are unable to take up glucose and it spills over into the urine. 17. Write the word insulin or glucagon on the appropriate arrow. glycogen a. glucose molecules storage in liver b. in the blood 18. Complete each of the following statements with the term increases or decreases: Glucagon pancreas insulin
a. ____________________ b. ____________________.

blood sugar concentration. In type I diabetes, insulin production from the In type II diabetes, the response of body cells to the influence of

c. ____________________.

20.6 OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS (P . 411)

The gonads produce the sex hormones that control secondary sex characteristics. Many other tissues, although not traditionally considered endocrine glands, secrete hormones. 19. The pineal gland produces the hormone a.______________________ that helps regulate b._______________________. The ovaries produce c._______________________ and d._______________________ that function in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. The testes produce e._______________________ that influences production of _______________________ and secondary sexual characteristics. 20 Match the items in the key to the phrases that follow. Key acromegaly osteoporosis diabetes insipidus Cushing disease exophthalmic goiter
f.

diabetes mellitus

Addison disease

enlarged thyroid and bulging eyes a.________________________________________________ bronzing of skin b.________________________________________________ weak bones c.________________________________________________ enlarged bones d.________________________________________________ sugar in the urine e.________________________________________________ thyroid f.________________________________________________ adrenal cortex g._______________________________________ and _______________________________________ pancreas h.___________________________________________________________ posterior pituitary i.________________________________________________

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Hormone Hockey
For every 5 correct answers in sequence, you have scored one goal. First goal: Match the hormone to the glands (ai). Glands: a. anterior pituitary b. thyroid c. parathyroids d. adrenal cortex e. adrenal medulla f. pancreas g. gonads h. pineal gland i. posterior pituitary Hormones: 1. insulin 2. oxytocin 3. melatonin 4. cortisol 5. thyroxine Second goal: Match the condition to the glands (ai). Conditions: 6. diabetes mellitus 7. creatinism 8. Addison disease 9. hypertension 10. giant Third goal: Match the function to the hormones. a. melatonin b. estrogens c. androgens d. insulin e. glucagon f. epinephrine g. aldosterone h. cortisol i. parathyroid hormone j. thyroxine k. calcitonin (lowers) l. antidiuretic hormone Functions 11. raises blood calcium level 12. reduces stress 13. maintain secondary female sex characteristics 14. involved in circadian rhythms 15. stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys Fourth goal: Match the glands to the hormones (al). Some glands require two answers. Glands 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. testes adrenal cortex pancreas thyroid adrenal medulla

Fifth goal: Select five hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary by answering yes or no to each of these. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. thyroid-stimulating hormone androgens gonadotropic hormones glucagon oxytocin growth hormone prolactin antidiuretic hormone estrogens adrenocorticotropic hormone

How many goals did you make? __________

CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. ____ 1. All hormones are believed to a. have hormone receptor proteins. b. affect cellular metabolism. c. increase the amount of cAMP. d. increase the amount of protein synthesis. ____ 2. The adrenal glands are a. at the base of the brain. b. on the trachea. c. on the kidney. d. beneath the stomach. ____ 3. Which statement is not true about hormones? a. Hormones search throughout the bloodstream for their receptors. b. They act as chemical messengers. c. They are released by endocrine glands. d. They can affect our appearance, our metabolism, or our behavior. ____ 4. Hormonal secretions are often controlled by a. negative feedback mechanisms. b. positive feedback mechanisms. c. the hormone insulin. d. the cerebrum of the brain.

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____ 5. Steroid hormones a. combine with hormone receptor proteins in the plasma membrane. b. pass through the membrane. c. activate genes leading to protein synthesis. d. Both b and c are correct. ____ 6. Which gland produces the greatest number of hormones? a. posterior pituitary b. anterior pituitary c. thymus d. pineal gland ____ 7. The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via a. nervous stimulation. b. the midbrain. c. vasopressin. d. releasing hormones. ____ 8. ADH and oxytocin are a. produced by the hypothalamus. b. secreted by the posterior pituitary. c. secreted by the thyroid gland. d. secreted by the parathyroids. ____ 9. Which hormone is involved with milk production and nursing? a. prolactin b. oxytocin c. ADH d. GH ____10. The anterior pituitary stimulates the a. thyroid. b. adrenal cortex. c. adrenal medulla. d. pancreas. e. Both a and b are correct. ____11. Too much urine matches too a. little ADH. b. much ADH. c. little ACTH. d. much ACTH. ____12. Thyroxin a. increases metabolism. b. stimulates the thyroid gland. c. lowers oxygen uptake. d. All of these are correct. ____13. The adrenal cortex produces hormones affecting a. glucose metabolism. b. amino acid metabolism. c. sodium balance. d. All of these are correct. ____14. Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels? a. calcitonin b. parathyroid hormone c. cortisol d. Both a and b are correct.

____15. Which gland produces sex hormones? a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. adrenal cortex d. Both a and b are correct. ____16. Tetany occurs when there is too a. little calcium in the blood. b. much calcium in the blood. c. little sodium in the blood. d. much sodium in the blood. ____17. Cushing syndrome is due to a malfunctioning a. thyroid. b. adrenal cortex. c. adrenal medulla. d. pancreas. ____18. A simple goiter is caused by a. too much salt in the diet. b. too little iodine in the diet. c. too many sweets in the diet. d. a bland diet. ____19. Acromegaly might be due to a tumor of the a. pancreas. b. anterior pituitary. c. thyroid. d. adrenal cortex. ____20. If a person is suffering from insulin shock, he or she should a. be given some sugar. b. sit with the head down. c. be given insulin. d. not eat fatty foods. ____21. Diabetes insipidus is a disease of the a. pancreas. b. adrenal cortex. c. posterior pituitary. d. Both a and b are correct. ____22. In which case is insulin not produced? a. type I diabetes b. type II diabetes c. type III diabetes d. diabetes insipidus ____23. One of the chief differences between pheromones and local hormones is a. one is a chemical messenger and the other is not. b. the distance over which they act. c. one is made by invertebrates and the other produced by vertebrates. d. All of these are correct.

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____24. The endocrine system produces epinephrine, which increases blood pressure. The system most directly affected by the secretion of epinephrine for blood pressure adjustments is the a. respiratory system. b. circulatory system. c. urinary system. d. reproductive system.

____25. The gonads that produce sex hormones technically belong to which system? a. lymphatic system b. nervous system c. reproductive system d. urinary system

THOUGHT QUESTIONS
Answer in complete sentences. 26. Explain the occurrence of a goiter when an individual does not receive enough iodine in the diet.

27. Why does the release of renin by the kidneys cause the blood pressure to rise?

Test Results: _______ number correct 27 = _________ 100 = _______%

ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. pheromones b. insulin (any endocrine gland hormone) c. neurotransmitter 2. b 3. a. peptide hormone b. hormone receptor complex c. cyclic AMP d. active e. steroid hormone f. hormone receptor complex g. protein synthesis 4. a. hypothalamus, hypothalamic-releasing hormone, ADH b. pituitary gland, growth hormone, ATCH c. pineal gland, melatonin d. thyroid gland, thyroxin, calcitonin e. parathyroid hormone f. thymus, thymosin g. adrenal gland, cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine h. pancreas, insulin, glucagon i. ovary, estrogen, progesterone j. testis, testosterone 5. a. decrease b. negative c. contrary 6. Dotted line should be drawn between positions (1) and (2) and between (2) and (3) to indicate negative feedback. 7. a. TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone) b. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone c. thyroxine d. ACRH (adrenocorticoid-releasing hormone) e. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) f. cortisol 8. a. PP b. AP c. PP d. AP 9. a. thyroid b. thyroxin c. adrenal cortex d. cortisol e. ovaries f. estrogen, progesterone g. testes h. testosterone 10. negative feedback control 11. a. prolactin b. Melanocyte stimulating c. skeletal d. dwarf e. giant f. acromegaly g. enlarge 12. a. cretinism, simple goiter, myxedema b. exophthalmic goiter c. cretinism d. myxedema e. simple goiter 13. a. Ca2+ in bones b. Ca2+ in bones c. Ca2+ in blood d. Ca2+ in blood e. Ca2+ in blood f. Ca2+ in bones 14. a. norepinephrine and epinephrine prepare the body for emergencies b. nervous impulse 15. a. yes, no b. yes, no c. no, yes d. yes, no e. no, yes f. yes, no g. no, yes 16. a. AD b. AD c. CS d. AD e. CS f. CS g. AD h. CS 17. a. insulin 170 b. glucagon 18. a. increases b. decreases c. decreases 19. a. melatonin b. sleep c. estrogen d. progesterone e. testosterone f. sperm 20. a. exophthalmic goiter b. Addison disease c. osteoporosis d. acromegaly e. diabetes mellitus f. exophthalmic goiter g. Cushing disease and Addison disease h. diabetes mellitus i. diabetes insipidus

HORMONE HOCKEY
First goal: 1. f 2. i 3. h 4. d 5. b. Second goal: 6. f 7. b 8. d 9. d 10. a. Third goal: 11. i 12. h 13. b 14. a 15. l. Fourth goal: 16. c 17. g and h 18. d and e 19. j 20. f. Fifth goal: 21. yes 22. no 23. yes 24. no 25. no 26. yes 27. yes 28. no 29. no 30. yes

CHAPTER TEST
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. d 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. e 11. a 12. a 13. d 14. d 15. c 16. a 17. b 18. b 19. b 20. a 21. c 22. a 23. b 24. b 25. c 26. When an individual does not receive enough iodine in the diet, the thyroid is unable to produce thyroxin. The lack of thyroxin in the blood causes the anterior pituitary to produce more TSH, and this hormone promotes increase in the size of the thyroid. 27. Renin leads to the formation of angiotensin II, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone. Aldosterone causes sodium to be reabsorbed by the kidneys, and this leads to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure.