Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
75-4\5 /71,-
FlII 6.0 8L'8 IL The soltware described in this guide is lurnished under a
license agreement and may be used only in accordance
with the terms ol that agreement.
nlormation in this document is subject to change without
notice. Simulation Sciences nc. assumes no liability lor
any damage to any hardware or soltware comonent or any
loss ol data that may occur as a result ol the use ol the
inlormation contained in this manual.
6opyrIghI hoIIra Coyright 1OO7 Simulation Sciences nc. All Rights
Reserved. ho art ol this ublication may be coied and/or
distributed without the exress written ermission ol
Simulation Sciences nc., GO1 S. valencia Avenue, 8rea, CA
O2828, uSA.
Tradamarks FR0/ is a registered mark ol Simulation Sciences nc.
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Frinted in the united States ol America.
Table of Contents
6kaler 1 uslag F/ll
Starting PRO/II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Compatibility with Previous Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
PRO/II Main Window Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Manipulating the PRO/II Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Working with On-Screen Color Coding Cues . . . . . . . . 1-6
Using the Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Using the Floating Palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Using the Toolbar Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Using the PRO/II Main Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
6kaler 2 5lmulallaa 8aslcs
General Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Building the Flowsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Required Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Default Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Optional Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
6kaler 3 Maaaglag FF Flles
Opening a New Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Opening an Existing Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Saving the Current Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Closing a Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Deleting a Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Copying a Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Importing a PRO/II Keyword Input File . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Exporting Simulation Data to a PRO/II Keyword File . . . 3-10
Using the Spreadsheet Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Exporting the Flowsheet Drawing to the Clipboard . . . . 3-12
Exporting Stream Property Table Data . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Copying Stream Property Table Data to the Clipboard. . . 3-13
Exporting the PFD to an AutoCAD or PostScript File . . . 3-13
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc Ta||c cf 0citcits
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6kaler 4 8ullJlag a Flawskeel
Setting Simulation Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Placing a Unit on the Flowsheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Drawing Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Searching for a Unit or Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Changing the Flowsheet Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Drawing Freehand Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
6kaler 5 Maalulallag hjecls
Selecting Objects or Groups of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Resizing an Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Rearranging Objects or Groups of Objects. . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Editing Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
6kaler 5 vlewlag Flawskeel 6aaleals
Scrolling the PFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Zooming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Opening Multiple Viewport Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Redraw the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Panning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
6kaler 7 ala alry WlaJaws
Defining the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Data Entry Windows for Unit Operations . . . . . . . . . . 7-9
6kaler 8 5ecllylag 6amaaeal, TkermaJyaamlc aaJ 5lream ala
Component Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
Assay Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Thermodynamic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Stream Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Refinery Inspection and User-defined Properties. . . . . . 8-34
BVLE (Validating Equilibrium Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-43
6kaler 9 uall erallaas aaJ ullllly MaJules
CALCULATOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
FORTRAN Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Sample Calculator Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
COLUMN, BATCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18
COLUMN, DISTILLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19
COLUMN, LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION . . . . . . 9-34
Ta||c cf 0citcits FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
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COLUMN, SIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39
COMPRESSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-42
CONTROLLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-46
CRYSTALLIZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-48
CYCLONE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-51
DEPRESSURING UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-57
DISSOLVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-62
EXPANDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-63
FLASH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-65
FLASH WITH SOLIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-69
FLOWSHEET OPTIMIZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-70
HEAT EXCHANGER, LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-75
HEAT EXCHANGER, RIGOROUS . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-77
HEAT EXCHANGER, SIMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-85
HEATING/COOLING CURVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-89
MIXER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-93
MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLLER . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-94
PHASE ENVELOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-97
PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-99
POLYMER REACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-104
PROCEDURE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-105
PUMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-113
REACTION DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-114
REACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-118
REACTOR, BATCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-128
SOLID SEPARATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-129
SPLITTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-130
STREAM CALCULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-132
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-135
USER-ADDED UNIT OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 9-151
ELECTROLYTE MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-157
SIMSCI ADD-ON MODULES. . . . . . . . . . . . 9-160
VALVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-163
WIPED FILM EVAPORATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-164
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc Ta||c cf 0citcits
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6kaler 10 uaalag aaJ vlewlag a Flawskeel
Using the Run Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Checking the Simulation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Understanding the Unit Color Coding Cues . . . . . . . . 10-4
Running the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Viewing Calculation History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Viewing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Viewing Results in Stream Property Tables. . . . . . . . . 10-8
Running a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Viewing Case Study Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Running Files in Batch Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
6kaler 11 Frlallag aaJ Flalllag
Defining Output Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Generating a Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Viewing a Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Printing a Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
Plotting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
The Plot Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10
Setting Up the Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11
Printing a Flowsheet Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11
6kaler 12 6uslamlzlag lke FF Warklace
Changing Unit Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
Changing Stream Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Modifying Drawing Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Specifying a Default Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Changing the Default Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
laJex
Ta||c cf 0citcits FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
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6kaler 1
uslag F/ll
This chapter describes how to start and exit PRO/II. In addition, it reviews
some basic Windows features as they appear in PRO/II and briefly
describes how to use them.
5larllag F/ll
If you have not yet installed PRO/II on your system, see the PRO/II
PC/LAN Installation Guide.
If you do not see a PRO/II icon in a SIMSCI group window or in your
Program/SIMSCI Start menu, see the troubleshooting section in the
PRO/II PC/LAN Installation Guide.
To start PRO/II:
Double-click on the PRO/II icon or launch from the Start menu.
The PRO/II welcome window appears. This window contains infor-
mation on opening files and on the color codes used in the program.
Figure 1-1: The PRO/II Welcome Window
Click OK to exit the window. The PRO/II main window will
appear.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II
1-1
Figure 1-2: The PRO/II Main Window
You can now open a new simulation file (select File/New), open an
existing file (select File/Open), or import a keyword file (select
File/Import). See Chapter 3, Managing PFD Files, for additional
details.
6amallhlllly wllk Frevlaus verslaas
PRO/II v4.1/4.13/4.15/4.17 simulation files are not compatible with
this release of PRO/II. You must use the Simulation File Converter
program to convert these files. If you attempt to open one of these
simulation files before you have used the Simulation File Converter,
you will receive a message indicating that the file was created using the
wrong version of PRO/II and asking you to convert the files.
hale: Before using the file converter, make a copy of the database files
to be converted. Work only on the copies. In this way you will eliminate
any possibility of corrupting your original files.
To convert a PRO/II v4.1/4.13/4.15/4.17 simulation file:
Run the Simulation File Converter program (FILCVT.EXE) by
double-clicking on its icon in the SIMSCI program group (NT3.51)
or select Programs/Simsci/Simulation File Converter from the Start
menu (Win95/NT4.0).
0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
1-?
The original databases files have the extensions .PR0, PR1, .PR2, .PR3,
and .SFD. Some of these files may not exist for every problem
database. The file converter converts these files to the new database
structure used by the current release of PRO/II and replaces the old
.PR* files with new ones. These newly converted files are not
compatible with earlier versions of PRO/II.
As a safety measure, the Simulation File Converter also copies the
original database files and saves them with the extensions .SV0, .SV1,
.SV2, .SV3, and .SVS. These files are compatible with the earlier
version of PRO/II. However, before they can be used, their old exten-
sions must be restored to .PR0, PR1, .PR2, .PR3, and .SFD,
respectively.
hale: Some keyword input files that were created manually may include
features that are not supported by the PRO/II graphical user interface.
PRO/II issues a warning when this occurs. For flowsheet execution, all
features will be preserved if you choose either Read Only mode or Run
Batch mode . In all cases, if you subsequently export the problem, all
supported features will be lost. The exported file will not include any of
the unsupported features. Later import of the exported file will reveal
that the unsupported features are missing. It is always prudent to make
copies of your original files and to work only on copies of the original
files.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II
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F/ll Mala WlaJaw 6amaaeals
6omponanI asrrIpIIon
Controlmenu 8ox Bislays a menu with commands lor si/ing, moving and
closing the active window.
Title 8ar dentilies the alication and the name ol the oen lile, can be
used to move the entire window.
Minimi/e 8utton Reduces the alication window to an icon.
Maximi/e/Restore
8utton
Enlarges a window to lullscreen or restores it to its delault
si/e.
Menu 8ar dentilies the menus available in FR0/. |i|c, dit, Iip0t,
U0tp0t, Tcc|s, Lraw, Vicw, Upticis, Wiidcw and |c|p.
Toolbar Frovides ushbutton access to various dit, Iip0t, Tcc|s, Vicw,
Wiidcw, and |c|p otions
FFB Main window Frovides a worksace lor lacing units, making stream
connections, drawing objects, and adding text.
hori/ontal Scroll 8ar Functions as a sliding scale lor moving the llowsheet right or
lelt in the FR0/ main window.
vertical Scroll 8ar Functions as a sliding scale lor moving the llowsheet u or
down in the FR0/ main window.
Status 8ar Bislays hel, inlormation and error messages lor the active
leature or object.
8order handles Changes window height, width, or si/e when the corresond
ing border handle is dragged to a new osition.
0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
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Maalulallag lke F/ll WlaJaw
The PRO/II window offers many features that enable you to customize
its appearance relative to the full screen and other applications.
Detailed instructions on the use of the Windows graphical user
interface may be found in numerous reference manuals available at any
larger bookstore.
6hangIng WIndoW8Ita
The Windows interface provides tools for resizing each window. Some
tools automatically change a window to a particular size and orienta-
tion, others enable you to control the magnification.
sIng MInImItalMaxImIta 8uIIons
The minimize and maximize buttons automatically adjust the size of a
window.
sIng 8ordar handIas
You can use the window border to change the size of the main window. The
border works like a handle that you can grab with the cursor and drag to a
new position.
sIng Iha 6onIroI Manu
You can also use the Control menu to Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, or
Maximize a window. Open the Control menu by clicking on the PRO/II
icon at the far left of the title bar or by pressing the <Alt+Space>.
6hangIng WIndoWFosIIIon
You can change the position of the main window (or any pop-up
window) by dragging the title bar.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II
1-5
Warklag wllk a-5creea 6alar 6aJlag 6ues
PRO/II provides the standard visual cue (grayed out text and icons) for
menu items and toolbar buttons that are currently unavailable. In
addition, PRO/II uses colored borders liberally to indicate the current
status of the simulation. You may customize the color coding by
accessing the Set Colors window by selecting Options/Colors from
the menu bar.
FlII n8rraan 6oIor 6odas
6oIor 8IgnIIIranra
Red Required data. Actions or data required ol the user.
0reen 0tional, or delault data.
8lue Bata sulied by user.
Yellow 0uestionable data. A warning that the value sulied
by user is outside the normal range.
0ray Bata lield not available to user.
8lack Bata entry not required.
uslag lke Meaus
The names of the PRO/II main menus appear on the menu bar. Use
these menus to access most PRO/II operations.
0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
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FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II
1-7
|i0rc 1-4: dit Mci0 |i0rc 1-3: |i|c Mci0
|i0rc 1-5: Iip0t Mci0
|i0rc 1-7: Tcc|s Mci0
|i0rc 1-6: U0tp0t Mci0
0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
1-8
|i0rc 1-8: Lraw Mci0 |i0rc 1-9: Vicw Mci0
|i0rc 1-11: Wiidcw Mci0
|i0rc 1-1?: |c|p Mci0
|i0rc 1-10: Upticis Mci0
uslag lke Flaallag Falelles
There are two floating palettes. The first contains the unit operations
and streams needed to construct a flowsheet. The second contains
controls used to run the simulation. These palettes may be displayed or
hidden by selecting View/Palettes from the menu bar.
Menu tem Bescrition
view/Falettes/FFB Checking this otion dislays the FFB alette
containing unit oerations and streams (also
known as the Streams/unit alette).
view/Falettes/Run Allows running the simulation and viewing
results.
uslag lke Taalhar 8ullaas
The main toolbar can be displayed in standard (full) or compact format.
When displayed in standard format (View/Toolbar/Standard from the
menu bar), seven groups of buttons are visible. Toolbar buttons
duplicate options available from the menus on the menu bar.
G Multiple View and PFD Palette buttons
G Data Entry Window buttons
G Go To buttons
G VLE Tool buttons
G Run/Results buttons
G Delete and View buttons
G Help button
sIng Iha MuIIIpIa VIaWand FF FaIaIIa 8uIIons
These buttons enable you to open multiple views of a single flowsheet
and hide or display the floating PFD palette.
8utton Menu tem Bescrition
view/hew view 0ens another viewort window ol a
single simulation roblem.
view/Falette/FFB Bislays or hides the lloating FFB alette.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II
1-9
sIng Iha aIa LnIry WIndoW8uIIons
Each Data Entry Window button provides quick access to the main data
entry window for the selected section of input.
8uIIon Manu IIam asrrIpIIon
nut/Froblem Bescrition Bescribes the current simulation and
relates it to a secilic roject.
nut/units ol Measure Sets units ol measure secilic to this
simulation. Each new simulation
extracts delaults lrom the delault unit
ol Measure Set.
nut/Comonent
Selection
Secilies the comonents and
seudocomonents lor the current
simulation.
nut/Comonent
Froerties
Sulies comonent roerties.
nut/Thermodynamic
Bata
Selects thermodynamic methods lor
the current simulation.
nut/Assay
Characteri/ation
Modilies T8F cutoints and charac
teri/ation otions lor generating seu
docomonents lrom Assay streams.
nut/Reaction Bata Belines reactions and rovides heat ol
reaction, equilibrium, or kinetic data
lor reaction sets.
nut/Frocedure Bata use this window to create or delete
Frocedure blocks in order to calculate
kinetic reaction rates.
nut/Casestudy Bata Allows user to erlorm studies on a
base case solution by altering arame
ters and rerunning.
nut/Calculation
Sequence
Secilies a userdelined calculation
sequence.
nut/Recycle
Convergence
Secilies userdelined recycle conver
gence and acceleration otions.
0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
1-10
sIng o To 8uIIons
The Go To buttons enable you to jump to a selected unit or stream. PRO/II
repositions the flowsheet to place the selected unit or stream at the center
of the main window. The Stream List and Unit List (Go To) windows
also allow direct data entry and review of output results for the selected
stream or unit.
8uIIon Manu IIam asrrIpIIon
view/Fan view Allows quick anning through the entire
llowsheet.
view/unit List Bislays a list ol units in the current
llowsheet. 8y selecting a name, you
can jum directly to that unit.
view/Stream List Bislays a list ol streams in the current
llowsheet. 8y selecting a name, you can
jum directly to that stream.
sIng VLL TooIs 8uIIons
The VLE Tools buttons enable you to perform simulation functions,
e.g., flash a stream highlighted on the PFD using the Flash Hot-key.
8uIIon Manu IIam asrrIpIIon
Tools/Flash Stream Flashes the stream highlighted on the
FFB. (Also called the ||as| |ct-kcy.)
Tools/8inary vLE 0enerates lots and tables ol Kvalues
and lugacity coellicients lor binary airs
ol comonents.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II
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sIng unlasuIIs 8uIIons
The Run/Results buttons duplicate functions on the Run Simulation
floating palette. They allow you to run or stop a simulation, or permit
viewing of results and generating of output reports. The Generate
Output button duplicates an Output menu item.
8uIIon Manu IIam asrrIpIIon
-- Runs the simulation
-- Stos the simulation.
-- Allows results lor the selected
stream or unit to be viewed.
0utut/0enerate
Reort
0enerates an outut reort lor the
simulation roblem.
sIng aIaIa and VIaW8uIIons
PRO/II provides a Delete button and a set of View buttons on the
toolbar that facilitate editing and viewing of the flowsheet. These
buttons duplicate items available on the Edit and View menus.
8uIIon Manu IIam asrrIpIIon
Edit/Belete cr
Belete>
Beletes the currently selected
object(s) lrom the llowsheet.
view/Zoom/
Zoom n, Zoom 0ut
Zooms in or out ol the llowsheet.
view/Zoom/
Zoom Full cr home>
Bislays the entire llowsheet in the
FFB window.
view/ Zoom/
Zoom Area
Bislays the selection rectangle used
to select a set ol units, streams or
objects on the llowsheet. The selected
area lills the FFB.
view/Zoom/
Redraw cr Shilt+home>
Clears the FFB ol any extraneous
object by redrawing the llowsheet.
0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
1-1?
sIng Iha haIp 8uIIon
The What Is? Help Button displays context-sensitive help.
8uIIon Manu IIam asrrIpIIon
what s? Bislays hel lor the object you oint
to.
uslag lke F/ll Mala WlaJaw
The PRO/II main window (PFD) is the main drawing board. On the PFD you
may place the following objects:
G Unit operations from the PFD palette
G Stream connections
G Text
G Drawings
G Stream property tables
Use the PRO/II main window to see the contents of your simulation.
You can choose to view the entire flowsheet or only a portion of it. You
control the view using scroll bars, pan options, the zoom bar, or arrow
keys.
hale: See Chapter 5, Manipulating Objects, for information about
placing, selecting and changing the size of objects in the PFD.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II
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0|aptcr 1 Lsii FFU/II FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
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6kaler 2
5lmulallaa 8aslcs
In the previous chapter, you learned some of the basic window features of
PRO/II. In this chapter you will learn simulation basics; that is, how to set up
simulation problems, solve them, and analyze the results.
eaeral Araack
This chapter provides a quick overview of the use of PRO/II for solving
engineering problems. A suggested basic approach is given, as well as
helpful explanations of the information flow in PRO/II. Sample data
entry windows are given to illustrate data entry for PRO/II. Step-by-
step examples are available in the PRO/II Tutorial Guide. Online help is
also available.
You have already learned that PRO/II gives you great flexibility and
many options when supplying simulation data. For many items of data,
default values are supplied. A color code informs you when data are
required, supplied by default, out of normal ranges, or missing.
hale: You must supply data for all red-bordered fields or red linked text
(including data required) before running your simulation.
Problem data may be supplied in almost any order: PRO/II warns you
when required data are missing. However, it is still best to follow a
logical path when supplying simulation data. For example, some
options such as stream compositions are dependent upon the compo-
nents selected. Some unit operations, such as the flash drum, have
features that are dependent on the thermodynamic data. For some other
unit operations, performance specifications based on the components in
the system are the preferred way to define the operation.
For these reasons, the following approach is recommended when
building a simulation flowsheet:
raWIha FIoWshaaI
Select the unit operations needed for the flowsheet calculations and
position them on the PRO/II PFD main window.
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6onnarI Iha nII paraIIons WIIh 8Iraams
The streams are the connectors for the process calculations, with infor-
mation passed from one unit operation to another via the process
streams.
aIIna Iha 6omponanIs In Your 8ysIam
It is best to order the components in volatility order, starting with the
lightest component. This makes it easy to analyze the separations
which occur in unit operations such as distillation. While not a
necessity, for hydrocarbon/water systems, defining water as the first
component is also a good idea. This makes it easy to see the break
between the aqueous and non-aqueous phases. User-defined petroleum
pseudocomponents and/or polymer components for which you supply
data should be entered next. Petroleum pseudocomponents generated
by PRO/II from petroleum stream assay data will appear last in the
component lists of the output reports.
8aIarI Iha TharmodynamIr and TransporI FroparIy MaIhods
For many problems, a system may be selected from the Most Commonly
Used thermodynamic methods. Guidelines for thermodynamic methods
are provided in the PRO/II online help, and in the PRO/II Reference
Manual (both in online help and in hardcopy forms). Further assistance
is available through SIMSCI Technical Support. Selecting a proper
thermodynamic method is a critically important step in the solution of a
simulation problem.
8uppIy aIa Ior Iha Faad 8Iraams and aryrIa 8Iraams
You must supply thermal conditions, flowrates, and compositions for
all external feed streams to the flowsheet. It is usually desirable,
although not necessary, to provide estimated data for recycle streams to
speed convergence of recycle calculations.
8uppIy paraIIng 6ondIIIons Ior Iha nII paraIIons
Double-click the icon for each unit operation to access the data entry
windows. The color codes tell you what data you must supply and what
data have default values. You may also use the online help to learn more
about the calculation options, data entry items, etc., for each unit operation.
A quick review is also a good idea at this point. Do the thermodynamic
methods support the unit operation calculations? Are transport proper-
ties required for any of the unit operations?
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un Iha Frorass 8ImuIaIIon
PRO/II lets you know by color code when sufficient information has
been supplied to perform the calculations. When all of the borders on
the toolbar icons have changed from red (indicating missing data) to
green or blue, you are ready to run your simulation. At this point, you
may click the Run (right arrow) icon on the toolbar or the Run button
on the floating Run palette to begin the flowsheet calculations.
knaIyta Iha 8ImuIaIIon asuIIs
Use the many convenient report and plotting features of PRO/II to
analyze the simulation results. At this point, your training as an
engineer should take charge. Are the results reasonable? How do the
results compare with the plant data? Can differences be reconciled?
Are better data for the feedstocks needed? Are the models adequate for
the intended purposes?
Now that we have presented an overall plan for simulating a flowsheet,
lets look at some of the individual steps in more detail.
8ullJlag lke Flawskeel
nII paraIIons
Use the floating PFD palette to begin building the flowsheet. The icons
and names for the unit operations appear as buttons on the PFD palette.
To add a unit operation to the flowsheet, click the unit icon on the PFD
palette and click-drop it at the desired location on the flowsheet.
8Iraams
Click the Streams button on the top of the floating PFD palette. The
PFD is now in stream mode and a small S is attached to the cursor.
You will notice that all possible exit ports for each unit operation are
now marked. Required outlet ports are colored in red; green is used to
mark optional ports. PRO/II adds each stream to the flowsheet in an
orthogonal manner, following a rectangular grid pattern.
As soon as a valid flowsheet has been built, i.e., all required inlet, outlet,
and connector streams have been added for all the process units, the red
border around the Streams button on the PFD palette changes to blue.
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equlreJ ala
Now that the flowsheet has been built, its time to supply the required
data for the calculations: the components and thermodynamic methods
must be defined, inlet feed streams and, optionally, recycle streams
must be supplied, and the operating conditions for the unit operations
must be specified.
6omponanIs
To define the components, select Input/Component Selection from the
menu bar or click on the benzene ring toolbar icon to open the
Component Selection main window. Note that this icon has a red
border, indicating that components have not yet been defined.
Library components for which the library access names are known may
be directly typed into this window, where they are transferred to the
List of Selected Components for the problem. A convenient search
procedure is also provided which may be used by clicking the Select
from Lists... button. Petroleum (PETRO) components are defined in the
Petroleum Components window which is reached by clicking the
Petroleum... button. Non-library components can be defined in the
User-defined window which is reached by clicking the User-defined...
button.
Note that petroleum pseudocomponents defined by PRO/II from
petroleum stream assay data do not appear in the Component Selection
main window.
TharmodynamIr MaIhods
Thermodynamic methods are defined in the Thermodynamic Data main
window which is reached by selecting Input/Thermodynamic Data from
the menu bar or by clicking on the phase diagram icon. Note that this icon
is initially outlined in red, indicating that thermodynamic methods must be
defined for the problem.
For most problems, a predefined set of thermodynamic methods for
calculating K-values, enthalpies, entropies, and densities may be used.
PRO/II offers numerous Categories of method sets. After a category has
been selected, you may select a method set within that category as a
Defined System for the problem and modify it by clicking the Modify...
button to access the Thermodynamic System-Modification window. Note
that transport property calculations are not included in the predefined method
sets. If they are required for the problem, you must add them to the prede-
fined thermodynamic method set in this window.
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8IraamInIormaIIon
The identifiers for feed streams requiring input data are marked with
red borders indicating that information is missing. Stream information is
supplied in the Stream Data main data entry window which is reached by
double-clicking a stream identifier. The predefined stream identifier may
also be changed in this window.
Three types of information must be supplied in this window: the thermal
condition of the stream, the flowrate for the stream, and the composition of
the stream. For petroleum assay streams, the assay data are provided
instead of the composition data, and PRO/II defines the stream composition
for you in terms of petroleum pseudocomponents.
Although optional, it is good practice to provide reasonable estimates for
recycle tear streams in order to accelerate convergence of problem recycle
calculations.
nII paraIIons
Unit operation identifiers for which data entries are needed are marked
with red borders. To enter information for a unit operation, double-
click its icon to retrieve the Unit data entry window. Various input
options and numeric values are supplied via this parent window and its
child windows. Required information is always bordered in red; data
entry fields for items with supplied defaults are always bordered in
green. After you have supplied information in a data entry field, the
border color changes to blue. Information you have supplied which lies
outside the normal range for the field is marked with a yellow border.
You may also change the default unit identifier in this window and
furnish a longer, more descriptive name for the unit operation. Notice
that when you return to the flowsheet, the unit identifier on the PFD has
a black instead of red border, signifying that all data entry requirements
are satisfied. If the border is still red, you must return to the data entry
window for the unit operation and supply the missing data.
MIsraIIanaous aIa
All data entries in this category are optional. PRO/II provides default
entries. In some cases global values may be used to supply the
defaults, as explained in Chapter 4, Building a Flowsheet.
Miscellaneous data categories include problem descriptive information,
the calculation sequence, recycle convergence options, flowsheet toler-
ances, and the scaling of product streams.
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Problem descriptive information is optional; however, it can be benefi-
cial to document a simulation model for future users. This information
includes a project name, problem name, user name, date, site, and
problem description. This information is supplied in the Problem
Descriptive Information window, which is accessed by clicking the
toolbar icon with the printed page icon or by selecting Input/Problem
Description from the menu bar.
For most problems, the calculation order determined by PRO/II is satis-
factory. To supply your own sequence, click the toolbar icon with the
two connected flowsheet blocks or select the Input/Calculation
Sequence from the menu bar.
Definitions of recycle loops are automatic. To define your own loops, or
to use acceleration techniques, click the toolbar icon with the flowsheet
loop icon to enter the Problem Recycle Convergence and Acceleration
Options window or select the Input/Recycle Convergence from the
menu bar.
Flowsheet tolerances are used for convergence of unit operation specifi-
cations and may be changed in the Default Unit Specification Toler-
ances window, which is reached by choosing Input/Flowsheet
Tolerances from the menu bar.
All flowsheet results may be scaled so that a desired flow is obtained
for a product stream. To use the scaling feature, select the
Output/Report Format/Miscellaneous Data. Click the Product Stream
Scaling... button on the Miscellaneous Report Options window to
access the Scale Stream Flowrate window.
elaull ala
To simplify data input, PRO/II supplies default options and values
wherever practical. Default values supplied by PRO/II are printed in black
in a data entry field with a green border, or in the case of linked text, in
green. For example, the default number of iterations for a column unit
operation using the IO method is supplied as 15. Entries which you must
always supply are indicated with a color red because they have no
default values.
While you do not need to replace a default entry to satisfy the input
requirement for PRO/II, default data should be inspected carefully to
ascertain that they meet your requirements. When you replace a default
value, the border color for the data entry field changes to blue, indi-
cating that you have supplied this value. For linked-text strings, the
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color of the linked text is also changed to blue, indicating that you have
replaced the default value.
llaaal ala
Optional data, which are displayed in black, are data or options not
specifically necessary for the unit operations to proceed. For example,
the Description entry is optional for all unit operations. A reboiler is
optional for the Column unit operation, since the calculation require-
ments may also be satisfied by a vapor feed to the bottom tray of the
column.
Data options which do not apply to a particular combination of input
data appear in the color gray, and are not available for data entry. For
example, when the kettle reboiler option is selected for a column
reboiler, the data entry fields for a thermosiphon reboiler are colored
gray.
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Maaaglag FF Flles
This chapter describes how to open, save, close, delete and copy simulation
files. In addition, this chapter outlines how to import a PRO/II keyword
input file or export a flowsheet.
ealag a hew 5lmulallaa
When you start PRO/II, the program does not automatically bring up a
new, untitled simulation.
hale: If you want PRO/II always to open with a new simulation, select
Options/New File on Startup from the menu bar.
To open a new simulation:
Choose File/New. . . from the menu bar. PRO/II clears the main
window for a new simulation and opens the initial viewport
window, View 1.
Figure 3-1: PRO/II Main Window
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ealag aa xlsllag 5lmulallaa
You can open any previously saved simulation for modification, viewing or
printing. PRO/II opens the flowsheet file and its supporting PRO/II
database files.
To open an existing simulation:
Choose File/Open... from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Open
Simulation window.
Figure 3-2: Open Simulation Window
Type or select the name of the simulation file.
Choose OK or press <Enter>. PRO/II displays the simulation in
the PFD main window.
hale: PRO/II 5.x provides a file converter for import of PRO/II 4.x files
with the exception of Add-On Module files.
5avlag lke 6urreal 5lmulallaa
Before you close a simulation, you should save it. You may also want to
save the simulation periodically while creating it.
To save the current simulation:
Choose File/Save from the menu bar. If you have not previously
saved this simulation, PRO/II displays the Save As window.
hale: PRO/II 5.x automatically compresses the three PRO/II database
files (*.pr1, *.pr2, *.pr3) and the simulation flow diagram file (*.sfd)
into a single *.prz file. Beside reducing the size of stored files, PRO/II
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file compression assures that a complete set of files for each simulation
has been saved.
Figure 3-3: Save As Dialog
Type a name for this simulation.
Choose OK or press <Enter>.
hale: The PRO/II Autosave functionality automatically creates a backup
file at user-specified intervals from which recovery can be made. If you
close or exit the simulation without saving, this backup file is deleted.
Select Options/Simulation Defaults/Autosave from the menu bar to
access the Autosave Options window.
8avIng a 8ImuIaIIon Io knoIhar hama
You can save a simulation to another name. Changes you made to the
simulation since the last save are saved as part of the simulation under
its new name.
hale: If youve made changes to a simulation and dont want to alter
the original simulation, but do want to keep the changes, use Save As.
To save the current simulation to another file name:
Choose File/Save As... from the menu bar.
PRO/II prompts you for a new file name.
Type a name for the simulation.
Choose OK or press <Enter>.
PRO/II appends a .PRZ extension to the filename.
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6laslag a 5lmulallaa
You should save a simulation before closing it, although PRO/II will
prompt you to save changes for an existing simulation.
To close a simulation:
Choose File/Close from the menu bar.
If you close a simulation without first saving the simulation files, you
lose any changes you made to the simulation since the last save.
elellag a 5lmulallaa
You can delete any simulation except the current (active) simulation at
any time.
To delete a simulation file:
Choose File/Delete... from the menu bar. PRO/II displays a list of
existing PRO/II simulation files.
Figure 3-4: List of Files
Type or select the name of the file you want to delete. (You may
not delete the current simulation.)
Choose OK or press <Enter>. PRO/II deletes all files associated
with this simulation.
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6aylag a 5lmulallaa
You can copy all files associated with a simulation (one flowsheet and three
database files) to a target simulation you name. You can copy to new or
existing file. If you copy to an existing file, PRO/II verifies if you want to
overwrite the existing file.
To copy a simulation file:
Choose File/Copy... from the menu bar.
Figure 3-5: Copying Files
Select the name of the file you want to copy from the file selector.
(You may not copy the current simulation.)
Enter a name for the copy (target).
Chose OK or press <Enter>.
PRO/II copies all files associated with the simulation.
hale: There may be as many as 17 separate files associated with a
single simulation problem. These are described in Table 3-1.
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TabIa 81. FlII 8ImuIaIIon FIIas
FIIa LxIansIon asrrIpIIon
`.r1, `.r2, `.r8 FR0/ database liles
`.sld 0rahics lile
`.r/ Comressed liles containing `.r1, `.r2, `.r8 and
`.sld liles.
`.out Main outut lile
`.ot1 Comonent, calculation sequence, recycle
loos/streams outut data
`.ot8 Equiment/streams outut data
`.sr1 nut source listing
`.ix8 0utut index
`.hs2 Calculation history
`.in Keyword inut lile
`.lt Flots saved in the lot dislay window
`.txt Stream roerty table
or lot (saved in ASC lormat)
`.csv Stream roerty table
or lot (saved in tabular lormat)
`.cl 0rahics saved in Cliboard lormat
`.rc Temorary rocedure lile created and removed by
FR0/. 0nly remains il there is an abnormal termina
tion.
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lmarllag a F/ll keywarJ laul Flle
You can import an existing PRO/II keyword input file into the PRO/II
graphical user interface and then execute the simulation problem just as
if you had entered the problem using the PFD graphical main window.
PRO/II automatically converts the specified keyword input file into a
flowsheet and displays it in the PFD window.
To import a PRO/II keyword input file:
Choosing File/Import from the menu bar.
PRO/II displays a list of existing keyword input files.
Figure 3-6: List of Files
Type or select the name of the keyword file that you want to im-
port.
Choose OK or press <Enter>.
PRO/II converts the selected keyword input file into a flowsheet and
displays it in the PFD main window automatically.
kayWordFaaIuras WIIhouI FlII I supporI
The RESTART feature is not supported by the graphical user interface
in this version of PRO/II. You will not be allowed to import keyword
files that contain this feature.
If a RESTART keyword is detected upon import, you will be reminded
that only the Run Batch feature of PRO/II may be used with these
keyword input files. See Chapter 10, Running and Viewing a
Flowsheet, for information on running keyword files in Batch mode.
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kayWord FaaIuras IhaI ran ba ImporIad InIo FlII In "unnIy Moda
Certain keyword features are not fully supported by the graphical user
interface of PRO/II. However, if one of these unsupported features is
detected, you will be allowed to import the keyword file, however the
GUI interface will operate in the Run-Only mode. Such unsupported
keywords include:
G BVLE Data
G Stream Report Writer
G Hydrate Unit Operation
G HEXTRAN Property Data Generator.
If you attempt to import a keyword input file that contains PRO/II
program features not supported by the graphical user interface, the
unsupported features will be automatically listed in a status window.
You have the option to save or delete the unsupported features. If you
choose to save the unsupported features, PRO/II will run the file in
Run-Only Mode.
la "ua-aly maJe, yau caa:
G Review and modify the PFD graphic image. You may move
unit operation icons and streams around to improve the appear-
ance of your PFD.
G Add drawing elements to the PFD.
G Add stream property tables to the PFD.
G Have access to all the capabilities on the Run palette (perform
all interactive execution functions available on the Run palette
for both supported/unsupported units, review the calculated
results on the PFD for all streams and supported/unsupported
units, generate output reports for all features, generate plots for
supported features only).
G Export the flowsheet and stream property table information to
other Windows applications.
G Edit the keyword file, reimport, and rerun (without leaving
PRO/II).
G Use the stream flash icon.
la "ua-aly maJe, yau caaaal:
G View simulation data with the data entry windows. This
includes Component and Thermodynamic data. Double-
clicking on a unit operation or stream will cause a short
warning message to be displayed.
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G Perform any input mode functions, including changing the
calculation sequence. All buttons and menu options that access
simulation data will be disabled.
G Perform any of the following functions: adding/deleting units,
adding/deleting streams, and reconnecting streams.
G Export the PRO/II keyword input file.
If you attempt to import a keyword containing an unsupported feature,
the following message window will be displayed:
Figure 3-7: Unsupported Features Warning Window
If you click Yes , a message window similar to the following will be
displayed:
Figure 3-8: Flowsheet Status Window for Unsupported Features
Once you close the message window, the interface will be placed to the
Run-Only mode as illustrated in Figure 3-9.
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Figure 3-9: PRO/II in Run-only Mode
Click the Run button on the Run palette.
Once the flowsheet has been solved, you may double-click a unit or
stream to view the results.
xarllag 5lmulallaa ala la a F/ll keywarJ Flle
You can export an existing PRO/II simulation flowsheet to a keyword
input file as follows:
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window which lists the data export options.
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Figure 3-10: Available Data Export Options
Choose the Simulation Data to Keyword File option.
Click the OK button.
PRO/II converts the current simulation flowsheet data into a PRO/II
keyword input file in ASCII format. The name of the keyword file will
be YYY.INP, where YYY.PR1 is the name of the simulation flowsheet
PRO/II database file.
uslag lke 5reaJskeel Taals
The Tools/Spreadsheet menu item can be used to start a spreadsheet
tool. The list of currently installed tools will appear in a side menu.
Spreadsheet tools are Excel template files and macros that can read
information in the PRO/II simulation database to generate reports or
perform additional on-the-spot calculations. They can also update data
in the simulation database itself using data from an Excel spreadsheet.
hale: You must have Microsoft Excel installed on your system to use
these tools.
PRO/II comes preinstalled with some default spreadsheet tools. They
can be used to create tables of stream properties or component
flowrates or generate a distillation report.
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xarllag lke Flawskeel rawlag la lke 6llhaarJ
You can export part or all of the flowsheet drawing to the Clipboard.
You can then paste this drawing into other Windows applications.
To export the entire flowsheet drawing to the Clipboard:
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose the Flowsheet Drawing option.
Click the OK button.
To export one page of the flowsheet to the Clipboard:
Select the page to export by clicking on its edge on the PFD.
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose the Selected Page of Flowsheet Drawing option.
Click the OK button.
xarllag 5lream Fraerly Tahle ala
You can export the information in a stream property table to an ASCII
file for import into spreadsheet and word processing applications.
To export data from a stream property table:
Select the stream property table to export on the PFD.
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose the Stream Property Table option.
Click the OK button. The Export File Filter window will be
displayed (see Figure 3-11).
Enter a name for the Output File.
Select the desired file format (tab-delimited or comma-delimited)
from the Save File as Type drop-down list box.
Click the OK button.
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Figure 3-11: Export File Filter Window
PRO/II then generates the ASCII file. To import this file into your
spreadsheet or word processing program, follow the instructions
included with that application.
6aylag 5lream Fraerly Tahle ala la lke 6llhaarJ
You can copy the information in a stream property table to the
clipboard. This table can then be pasted into any other Windows
application.
To copy a stream property table to the Clipboard:
Select the stream property table on the PFD.
Choose Edit/Copy from the menu bar.
xarllag lke FF la aa Aula6A ar Fasl5crll Flle
You can export your flowsheet drawing as an AutoCAD .DXF or
Encapsulated PostScript (.EPS) file:
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose the Flowsheet to AutoCAD .DXF or Flowsheet to Post-
Script option.
Click the OK button. The Save As window appears.
Enter a name for the .DXF or .EPS file.
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8ullJlag a Flawskeel
This chapter describes how to construct a flowsheet. It begins by
describing the various defaults that may apply to your simulation on a
global, simulation, or unit level. This chapter also includes instructions
for placing unit operations, connecting units, and drawing objects that
enhance the presentation of your flowsheet without affecting
calculations.
5elllag 5lmulallaa Frelereaces
PRO/II enables you to set global defaults for problem descriptions
information, units of measure and thermodynamic systems. These
global defaults apply to all simulations unless you specifically override
them either for a particular simulation or unit operation.
On a simulation level, you can set problem-specific input and output
units of measure defaults. Simulation level settings override global
defaults. In addition, you can change units of measure settings for a
specific unit. This setting overrides both simulation and global defaults.
8aIIIng FrobIamasrrIpIIon IobaI aIauIIs
The Problem Description Information (Project Identifier, Problem Iden-
tifier, User Name, Date, Site) appears on each page of a results printout
as a heading and the Problem Description itself appears on the first
page. All simulations use the global problem descriptive information
unless you override the defaults for a particular simulation.
To set problem description global defaults:
Choose Options/Simulation Defaults from the menu bar.
Choose Problem Description. The Global Default for Problem
Descriptive Information window appears.
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Figure 4-1: Global Default for Problem Descriptive Information
Complete the window.
Click OK .
varrIdIng Iha IobaI aIauII FrobIamasrrIpIIon
Before laying down your flowsheet, you may want to update the
problem description for the current simulation. PRO/II uses the global
defaults for all simulations, unless you specifically override the data for
a particular simulation.
To override the global default problem definition:
Click on the Problem Description icon or choose Input/Problem
Description from the menu bar. The Problem Descriptive Informa-
tion window appears.
You can enter up to ten problem description lines (80 characters each),
that will appear on the first page of a results printout.
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8aIIIng nIIs oI Maasura IobaI aIauIIs
By default, PRO/II uses the English units of measure set for all input data
and for output reports. These defaults apply to all new simulations. You can
override the default set for either input data or output reports (or both) for
all new simulations. PRO/II maintains a library of units of measure sets
that you can select from and add to.
To set the unit of measure global defaults:
Choose Simulation Defaults from the Options menu.
Choose Units of Measure. The Default Sets of Units of Measure
window appears.
Figure 4-2: Global Units of Measure Sets
Select the desired default units of measure set for entering simula-
tion data. The default choice is ENGLISH-SET1, i.e., the data input
will be in English units.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the
first output report. The default choice is Same as Input, i.e., the first
output report will be printed in the default English units.
If any choice other than the default is selected, the second output report
will no longer be available, and the list-box for selecting the alternate
units of measure set for the second output report will be disabled.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the second
output report. The default choice is None, i.e., no second output report
in alternate units will be generated.
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8aIIIng nIIs oI Maasura 8ImuIaIIon aIauIIs
PRO/II sets English units as the default for units of measure. You can
override this default, setting the global units of measure for all new
simulations. In addition, you can override the default units of measure
for a particular simulation problem.
To set the units of measure for the current simulation:
Click on the Input Units of Measure icon or choose Input/Units of
Measure from the menu bar. The Default Units of Measure for
Problem Data Input window appears.
Figure 4-3: Default Units of Measure for Problem Data Input Window
Select different dimensional units for data input for each individual
category or choose Initialize from UOM Library... to automatically
fill in the defaults from another set.
Click on the Standard Vapor Conditions... button to enter the
Problem Standard Vapor Condition window. The default tempera-
ture and pressure bases are shown in data entry fields and may be
replaced or the standard vapor volume per mole may be replaced,
but not both. PRO/II default values are:
TamparaIura Frassura Vapor VoIuma
English
GOF 14.GOG sia 87O.48 lt
8
/lbmol
Metric
OC 1.O882 kg/cm
2
22.414 m
8
/kgmol
S
278.15 K 1O1.82 ka 22.414 m
8
/kgmol
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The current atmospheric pressure (Pressure Gauge Basis) is shown in a
data entry field and may be replaced with another value as desired. The
PRO/II default value is 14.696 psia or the metric equivalent.
Click on the TVP and RVP Conditions... button to select the Prob-
lem TVP and RVP Conditions window. The temperature for true va-
por pressure specifications may be replaced in this window. The
PRO/II default for TVP calculations is 100F. The calculation
method for Reid vapor pressure may be selected in a drop-down list
box on this window. Choices are:
I API Naphtha (the default)
I API Crude
I ASTM D323-73
I ASTM D323-82
I ASTM D4593-91
I ASTM D5191-91
Click OK .
nIIs oI Maasura LIbrary
A library of dimensional unit sets which may be used for data entry or
report writing is maintained with this feature. To add a new set to the
library or to edit an existing set:
Select Options/Units of Measure List from the menu bar.
The Units of Measure Library window appears and may be used to create,
copy, edit, rename, and delete dimensional unit sets. The Units of Measure
Set Name and Description list box contains the names of the dimensional
unit sets currently in the library. The program provides three initial dimen-
sional unit sets: English (the default), Metric, and SI.
To create a new set:
Click the Create... button on the Units of Measure Library
window to get the Create Units of Measure Set window.
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Figure 4-4: Units of Measure Library
Supply a name for the new set in the data entry field provided, and
select the basis for the set with the appropriate radio button:
English, Metric, or SI.
Figure 4-5: Create Units of Measure Set Window
Click on OK to continue.
The units for the standard dimensional unit sets in PRO/II are assigned
to the new set and the edit feature may now be used to customize the
set.
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hale: An alternate way to create a new set is to highlight an existing
set in the Units of Measure Set Name and Description list box and click
the Copy button on the Units of Measure Library window. The name
for the new set is then entered in the Copy Units of Measure Set win-
dow. The Edit feature may now be used to customize the set.
To delete, rename or edit a set:
Select the set in the Units of Measure Set Name and Description
list box.
Click the Delete , Rename , or Edit button on the Units of
Measure Library window.
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A dimensional unit set for output reports may be edited in two places in
PRO/II:
1. Library sets are edited with the Edit... feature in the Units of
Measure Library window.
2. The set being used for the current problem is edited in the Default
Units of Measure of the Problem Output Report which is accessible
from the PFD main window by:
I Selecting the Output menu on the menu bar.
I
Selecting the Report Format from the Output menu.
I
Selecting Units of Measure from the Report Format menu.
Editing of the dimensional items is identical for these two
windows.
The dimensional unit set for the output report is initialized from the
global set, as previously explained. However a different set may be
chosen from the units of measure library while in the Default Units of
Measure for Problem Output Report window. To use a different dimen-
sional unit set:
Click the Initialize from UOM Library... button. The Initialize Units
of Measure from UOM Library window appears.
Select the desired set from the drop-down list box.
Click the OK button to continue. This set now becomes the output
report set. The newly selected output report set may be edited in
this window as desired. The edited set is saved with the problem.
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The Print Option for output reports may also be selected using the
Output Report(s) to be Printed drop-down list box where options are:
One Output Report in Input Units (the default): When this option is
selected, an output report based on the units of measure used for the
problem data input will be generated. The currently specified input
units of measure will be displayed for informational purposes, but they
cannot be changed. With this option, the output units of measure can
only be changed by selecting the Units of Measure option from the
Input menu.
One Output Report in Output Units: When this option is selected, an
output report based on the output units of measure specified will be
generated. The currently specified output units of measure will be
displayed, and they can be changed if desired.
Two Output Reports, one in Input Units, one in Output Units:
When this option is selected, two output reports will be generated, one
each based on the input and specified output units of measure will be
generated. The currently specified output units of measure will be
displayed, and they can be changed if desired.
For the second and third cases discussed above, the displayed output
units of measure set can be copied from the specified input units, or
initialized from one of the units of measure sets stored in the units of
measure library.
To copy the input units of measure set to be used for the output
report, or to reset the explicitly specified output units to the
previously specified input units:
Click the Copy from Input UOM button on the Default Units of
Measure for Problem Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
To initialize the output units of measure set from a units of measure
set stored in the units of measure library:
Click the Initialize from UOM Library... button on the Default Units
of Measure for Problem Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
If the results of a previously executed simulation must be printed in a
different set of dimensional units, it is only necessary to select the
required units through this feature and generate a new report. The entire
simulation need not be executed from the start just to obtain the output
results in a different set of dimensional units.
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8aIIIng TharmodynamIr 8ysIamIobaI aIauIIs
To set the thermodynamic system global defaults:
Choose Simulation Defaults from the Options menu.
Choose Thermodynamic System. The Global Default
Thermodynamic System window appears.
Figure 4-6: Global Default Thermodynamic System Window
Complete the window.
Click OK .
hale: This global default will not become effective until the next time
File/New is selected.
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8aIIIng anaraI raWIng aIauIIs
PRO/II allows you to change the appearance of your workplace through
the General Drawing Defaults window. You can set the snap and move
tolerances, zoom and pan increments, the PFD palette icon, icon fill,
unit snapping, and delete confirmation. The defaults, shown below in
Figure 4-7, are appropriate for most scenarios and you may never need
to make changes in this window.
To make changes to the general drawing defaults:
Choose Options/Drawing Defaults/General... from the menu bar.
Figure 4-7: General Drawing Defaults Window
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By default, PRO/II prompts you to confirm each delete operation. You may
want to change this default setting.
To turn delete confirmation off:
Within the General Drawing Defaults window, uncheck Confirm
Deletes to turn the option off.
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You use this option to identify the acceptable margins of error and
criteria for satisfying certain numerical methods. Some flowsheet toler-
ances, such as the tolerance for flash calculations, are internal and are
not user-definable. The default flowsheet tolerances are satisfactory for
most problems.
To set the tolerance for this flowsheet:
Choose Input/Flowsheet Tolerances on the menu bar.
Figure 4-8: Default Unit Specification Tolerances
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The PRO/II main window is your drawing board. PRO/II supplies a
floating PFD palette and drawing objects that help you draw your
problem quickly.
The PFD palette shows icons for each unit operation that you can select
to place on the flowsheet. The PFD palette appears automatically when
you open a new or existing file, or when you import a keyword file.
To close or open the PFD palette:
Click on the Palette on/off icon, or select the View menu on the
main PRO/II window. Check the Palettes/PFD option on or off.
8aIarIIng a nII IromIha FF FaIaIIa
To select a unit icon for placement and place it on your flowsheet:
Choose the icon from the PFD palette (see Chapter 9 for unit
descriptions).
Position the cursor where you want the unit icon to appear and
click the left mouse button.
Figure 4-9: Placing a Unit
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8nappIng
When connecting two units with a stream PRO/II will adjust or snap
the unit icon positions to straighten the connecting stream. By default,
units you add to or move in the PFD main window snap to an invisible
grid. You can turn grid snapping off.
To turn grid snapping off:
Choose Drawing Defaults from the Options menu.
Select General.
Select Unit Snapping. The disappears from the Unit Snapping
check box.
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You can place a series of unit icons in succession.
To place more than one unit at a time:
Select the desired unit from the floating PFD palette.
Press <Shift>, and while holding down <Shift>, click on the PFD
main window to place the icon.
While still holding down <Shift> click on the PFD main window to
place the second icon.
Repeat for each additional placement of this icon.
6anraIIng nII FIaramanI
To cancel unit placement:
Click the right mouse button.
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To delete a unit already on the flowsheet:
Click on the unit icon you want to delete.
Click on the delete icon on the toolbar, or press <Delete>, or click
the right mouse button and select Delete.
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aIabaIIng a nII
PRO/II automatically labels each unit icon you place on the PFD main
window. You can change the label for a unit by modifying the label on
its data entry window. By default, the label consists of a character and
a one-digit auto incrementing number.
To relabel a specific unit:
Double-click on the unit you want to rename. The data entry
window for that unit appears.
Figure 4-10: Unit Data Entry Window
Type over the default name for Unit.
Choose OK .
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rawlag 5lreams
Streams mode is used to lay out the connections between units and feed
and product streams. The product ports for each unit automatically
appear when you depress the Streams button. Required product ports
are red, while optional product ports are green. For some unit opera-
tions, an entire side of the unit will be red or green denoting multiple
connections to that port.
To use Streams mode or display ports:
Select the Streams button on the PFD palette.
Figure 4-11: Streams Button Down
The cursor changes to an arrow with a small S to indicate Streams mode.
PRO/II displays the product ports for each unit in the layout. To
display feed ports, depress the left mouse button while the Streams
button is depressed.
raWIng Faad 8Iraams
To draw a feed stream:
Click on an unoccupied area of the PFD main window.
Click the mouse on the feed port you want the incoming stream
connected to.
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To draw a product stream:
Click the left mouse button on a product port.
Click the left mouse button again where you want the stream to
end.
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To connect units:
Click the left mouse button on a port to anchor or start a stream.
The ports and port colors for some unit operations change depending on
the port you selected.
Click the mouse again at the other unit you want to connect.
PRO/II draws an orthogonal line to connect the ports.
Figure 4-12: Feed, Product, and Connection Streams Layout
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To cancel a stream connection:
Click the right mouse button or press <Esc>.
6hangIng a 6onnarIIon
To change a connection:
Click the end (port) of the stream and hold down the mouse button.
Drag the end of the stream to a new port.
Release the mouse button.
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6onnarIIng 8Iraams Whan na nII Is hoI VIsIbIa
In order to complete a stream connection, the ending unit for the stream
segment must be visible in the PFD main window. You may open
another viewport window of the same simulation and move to the end
port you wish to view. Alternately, you can also use the scroll bars, the
Pan View window, Search for Unit, or Search for Stream tool to display
the end port.
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PRO/II automatically labels each stream you place on the PFD main
window. By default, the label consists of an S followed by an auto
incrementing number. You can change the label for a stream by
changing the label on its data entry window.
To relabel a stream:
Double-click on the stream you want to relabel. The Stream Data
window appears.
Type over the default name for Stream.
Choose OK.
This stream will now show the new label; other streams retain the
original labeling scheme.
MovIng 8Iraams
You can change the route of the stream between two connections
whenever you wish.
To move a stream:
Click on the end of the stream you want to move.
Drag the stream to the new location.
Release the mouse button to drop the stream in place.
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As you add new connections, PRO/II automatically performs a stream
route calculation. When you move a stream or a unit operation icon,
this calculation may no longer be valid. You can recalculate an unob-
structed, orthogonal path for selected streams.
To re-route a stream:
Select the stream(s) you want to reroute.
Choose Reroute from the Edit menu.
PRO/II calculates the best route for these streams and automatically
re-routes them.
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5earcklag lar a uall ar 5lream
PRO/II builds two lists that identify the units and the streams you have
placed on the flowsheet. The Unit List identifies each unit by name.
The Stream List identifies each stream by name.
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To search for a unit:
Click on the Go to Unit icon or select View/Unit List. The
Search for Unit dialog box appears, showing the names of all units
currently placed on the flowsheet diagram.
Select the unit you want to go to. The unit appears at the center of
the PRO/II main window.
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To search for a stream:
Click on the Go to Stream icon or select View/Stream List. The
Search for Stream dialog box appears, showing the names of all
streams currently placed on the flow diagram.
Select the stream you want to go to. The stream appears at the
center of the PFD.
hale: These search tools are only available on the toolbar if the
Standard Toolbar is active.
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PRO/II provides a variety of layout templates that change the look of
your process flow diagram. Each template uses a different algorithm for
calculating the position of unit operations and stream connections. You
do not have to re-execute a simulation in order to change its layout.
To change the layout of your diagram:
Choose Lay Out Flowsheet from the View menu. A cascading menu
appears to the right of the View menu.
Choose one of the following layouts:
I
Single Line
I
Multi-line Type 1
I
Multi-line Type 2
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Figure 4-13: Sample PFD
Single line format lays units in a single line from left to right.
Figure 4-14: Single Line
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PRO/II provides six objects that you can place on the flow diagram to
customize the look and increase understanding of the flow diagram
without interfering with simulation data. These objects are:
G Text
G Line
G Polygon
G Rectangle
G Ellipse
G Page
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You use the text option to include notes on your drawing. Once you
choose text mode, you remain in text mode as long as you continue to
choose the OK button on the Draw Text window; choosing Cancel
exits text mode.
To place text:
Choose Draw/Text from the menu bar. The Draw Text window ap-
pears.
Figure 4-15: Draw Text Window
Enter the text you want to appear on the diagram.
Optionally, choose a font size for the text. The default is 3.
Choose OK .
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You use the line option to add connected lines to the diagram without
interfering with simulation data. PRO/II provides an orthogonal
polyline feature.
To draw a line:
Choose Line from the Draw menu.
Click and hold the mouse button on the PFD main window to an-
chor the line.
Press <Space> to set each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
Release the mouse button to complete your line.
To draw orthogonal connected lines:
Choose Line from the Draw menu.
Click and hold the mouse button on the PFD main window to an-
chor the line.
Press <Ctrl>, and while holding down <Ctrl>, drag the cursor.
Press <Space> to set each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
Release the mouse button to complete.
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You can draw shapes to enclose figures on a diagram without
interfering with simulation data.
To draw a polygon:
Choose Polygon from the Draw menu.
Click and hold down the mouse button on the PFD main window.
Press <Space> to each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
Release the mouse button to complete your object.
To draw an orthogonal polygon:
Choose Polygon from the Draw menu.
Click and hold the mouse button on the PFD main window.
Press <Ctrl>, and while holding down <Ctrl>, drag the cursor.
Press <Space> to each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
Release the mouse button to complete your orthogonal polygon.
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To draw a rectangle or ellipse:
Choose Rectangle or Ellipse from the Draw menu.
Click and hold down the mouse button on the PFD main window.
Drag and release when you see the desired size rectangle.
To draw a square or circle:
Choose Rectangle or Ellipse from the Draw menu.
Click and hold down the mouse button on the PFD main window.
Press <Ctrl> then drag and release the mouse button to complete
your square.
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You can divide your PFD into pages and define separate page setup
options for each page. Pages can be individually printed or copied to
the clipboard (see Chapter 3, Managing PFD Files).
To add a page:
Choose Page from the Draw menu.
Click on the PFD.
Drag and release the mouse button to the desired size.
The page name is automatically given as PG followed by an auto
incrementing three-digit number.
Figure 4-16: Pages
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To change the page setup options:
Double-click anywhere along the page border. This brings up the
Page Setup window.
Select your page setup options.
Click on OK to continue.
After you have set up a page, you can resize it or make this page one
cell in a grid of pages.
To resize the page:
Click near the page outline to highlight the page.
Click and drag the sizing box.
To move the page:
Click and drag the page outline to a new location.
To make a grid of pages:
Select the page by clicking near the page outline.
Double-click the left mouse button to display the Page Setup
window.
Click on the radio button labeled Grid in the Change Page
Parameters group box.
In the Page/Grid group box, select the radio button for Multiple
Pages.
Change the number of rows and columns to make a grid of pages
on the PFD. The page you started with will be the upper left cell of
the grid.
The grid can be resized and moved on the PFD, in the same manner as
a single page.
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6kaler 5
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This chapter describes how to select unit icons, streams, and other
objects on the PFD main window and how to move, resize, rotate, or
flip them. In addition, this chapter describes how to edit and align text.
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You can select a single object, multiple (noncontiguous) objects, or a
group of objects. Objects or groups of objects include units, streams
and drawn objects. All manipulations (delete, rotate, move) are
performed on selected objects.
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You can select a set of noncontiguous objects.
To select a set of individual objects:
Click on the first object.
Press <Shift>.
While holding down <Shift>, click on each object you want to in-
clude as part of this set.
Figure 5-1: Multiple Unit Selection Handles
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 5 Maiip0|atii U|jccts
5-1
Handles appear for the set of objects. For example, although five
objects appear to be selected as part of this set (Figure 5-1), when you
move the selection the fourth and fifth objects (the valve and the
compressor) do not move with the set (Figure 5-2).
Figure 5-2: Move Multiple Objects
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You can gather a group of contiguous objects by dragging a selection
rectangle around them.
To select a contiguous group of objects:
Click on an unoccupied area of the PFD adjacent to one of the
items you want to select and begin dragging the cursor by moving
your mouse.
Drag the cursor until all desired objects are inside the selection rec-
tangle outline.
Release the mouse button to end the selection.
Handles appear for the selected group of objects.
8aIarIIng kII bjarIs
You can select all objects on the flowsheet with one command. Once
selected, you can then move or delete the entire selection.
To select all objects on the flowsheet:
Choose Select All from the Edit menu.
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If you change your mind after selecting objects, you can reverse any
selection.
To deselect or unselect all objects in the layout, do one of the following:
Choose Select None from the Edit menu.
Click on another item or on an unoccupied area of the PFD.
6anraIIng a 8aIarIIon paraIIon
For most operations, you can undo (reverse) the last action. The label
for the Undo command changes to indicate the type of operation you
can undo.
To undo any operation, do one of the following:
Choose Undo from the Edit menu.
Click the right mouse button on an unoccupied area of the PFD.
Press <Esc>.
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You can change the height, width, or overall size of any object or a
group of objects on your flowsheet.
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When changing the width of a group of objects, you change the
absolute distance between the objects and maintain the relative
distance.
To change the size of an object:
Click and drag the cursor until the object is the desired size.
Release the mouse button.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 5 Maiip0|atii U|jccts
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Figure 5-3: Resize Column
hale: Condensers and reboilers shown on distillation or side columns are
fixed in size. They do not resize when you change the size of the column.
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If you dont like how your resized icon looks (relative to other icons
and objects on your flowsheet) you can quickly return the icon to its
default size.
To restore an icon to its original size:
Choose Restore Icon Size from the Edit menu. You can also click
the right mouse button on a selected icon, and then choose Restore
Icon Size from the Icon pop-up menu.
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You can move objects to a different area of the flowsheet. You can also
rotate or flip a unit icon so it fits into the flow of your diagram.
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You can move an object to a new position on the flowsheet.
To move a selected object:
Click and drag the object or group of objects to a new position.
Release the mouse button.
8aIIIng Mova ToIaranra
Move Tolerance controls the incremental distance for any object you
move. The default is 5 pixels.
To change move tolerance:
Choose Drawing Defaults from the Options menu, then General.
The General Drawing Defaults window appears.
Type the desired value over the default Move Tolerance.
Choose OK .
oIaIIng 8aIarIad bjarIs
You can rotate a selected object(s) on its axis by 90, 180 or 270
degrees.
To rotate a selected object:
Choose Rotate from the Edit menu. The Rotate degrees cascade
menu appears to the right of the Edit menu.
Choose 90, 180, or 270.
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oIaIIng an Iron
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose
Rotate from the Pop-up Unit menu to display the rotation degrees.
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You can flip a selected object(s) horizontally or vertically to better
orient the object(s) relative to other objects of the diagram.
To flip a selected object:
Select an object(s).
Choose Flip from the Edit menu. The Flip options menu appears to
the right of the Edit menu.
Choose Horizontal or Vertical.
FIIppIng an Iron
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose
Flip from the Pop-up Unit menu to display the flip options.
Jlllag Texl
You can change the text, size and or rotation of any text object you
placed on the PFD main window.
To edit text:
Double-click on the text object you want to change. The Draw Text
window appears.
Select desired changes and choose OK.
kIIgnIng TaxI
You can align text in two or more text boxes to the left, right or center
of the box they are drawn in.
To align text:
Select the text you want to align (you must select at least two) by
clicking on the first text box, then click on the other box(es) while
holding down the <Shift> key.
Choose Align Text from the Edit menu. The align menu pop-up ap-
pears to the right of the Edit menu.
Choose Left, Center or Right.
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PRO/II offers a variety of tools that aid you in viewing your flowsheet
contents:
G Horizontal and vertical scroll bars are always available for
changing the visible portion of the process flow diagram in the
PFD main window.
G You may open additional viewport windows of your current
flowsheet to display different views of your simulation.
G The Pan View window is a special feature of PRO/II that
enables you to see a thumbnail of the entire flowsheet and use a
bounding box in the thumbnail to move the visible area.
This chapter describes how to use the PRO/II scroll, pan, and multiple
viewport features to display portions of your flowsheet diagram in the
PFD.
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You can scroll the PFD left, right, up, or down using the horizontal and
vertical Scroll Bars. Both bars enable you to scroll in small or large
increments or to scroll to a general location.
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You can change the actual value for the scroll increments by altering
the Pan Increment value on the General Drawing Defaults window.
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You can access the PRO/II zoom features from the View menu, using
the zoom buttons on the toolbar, or using the keyboard.
To zoom in or out, do one of the following:
Choose Zoom In or Zoom Out from the View menu.
Click on the Zoom icon on the toolbar.
Choose <PgUp> or <PgDn>.
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You can specify the exact area of the flowsheet that you want to zoom
in on.
To zoom in on a specific area of the flowsheet:
Click on the Zoom Area icon on the toolbar or choose Zoom Area
from the View menu.
Click and drag the mouse to encompass the desired area within the
selection rectangle outline.
Release to complete the zoom area operation. The selected area fills
the PFD.
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You can quickly display the entire flowsheet in the PFD.
To use zoom to show the full flowsheet, do one of the following:
Click on the Zoom Full icon on the toolbar.
Choose Zoom Full from the View menu.
Press <Home>.
8aIIIng Iha ZoomInrramanI
You can change the increment PRO/II uses to zoom in or zoom out
within the General Drawing Defaults window. The default small zoom
increment is 5 pixels and the default large zoom increment is 20 pixels.
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You can open multiple viewports of a single simulation problem to
display different views of the flowsheet.
To open an additional viewport of the current simulation problem,
do one of the following:
Click on the Multiple Viewports icon on the toolbar or choose New
View on the Window menu.
hale: If the multiple viewports button is not displayed on your toolbar,
check the Standard menu option from the View/Toolbar menu (i.e.,
select this option).
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Figure 6-1: Multiple Viewports
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You can use redraw to clear extraneous lines and dots from the PFD.
To redraw the diagram do one of the following:
Click on the Redraw icon on the toolbar.
Choose Redraw on the View menu.
Press <Shift+Home>.
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You can pan the contents of the PRO/II main window using the Pan
window or the Small Pan or Large Pan options on the View menu.
The Pan View window is a thumbprint of the entire flowsheet. A
bounding box identifies the area of the flowsheet currently visible in
the PFD main window. You move the bounding box or change its size
to change how much or what portion of the flowsheet you see in the
PFD.
From the View menu, you can pan in large or small increments: up,
down, left, or right. You can change the settings for the pan increment
in the General Drawing Defaults window.
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To display the Pan View window:
Click on the Pan View icon on the toolbar or choose Pan View
from the Window menu.
Figure 6-2: Pan View Window
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Use the bounding box to change the visible portion of the flowsheet in
the PFD window by moving, enlarging or reducing the bounding box in
the Pan View window. The flowsheet in the PFD view changes to
match the area encompassed by the bounding box.
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To move the bounding box:
Click the mouse inside the box.
Drag to a new location. The area enclosed fills the PFD.
hale: For a large flowsheet, use the Pan View window to quickly
switch from one area of the flowsheet to another.
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To change the size of the bounding box:
Click and drag the bounding box border handle to enlarge or reduce
the bounding box. The area enclosed fills the PFD.
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FannIng sIng Iha Manu pIIons
You can pan the image in the PFD up, down, left, or right using the
panning options on the Zoom menu.
To pan the image a large or small amount:
Choose Large Pan or Small Pan from the View menu. The pop-up
menu appears.
Choose Left, Right,Up, or Down.
8aIIIng FannIng 8ansIIIvIIy
You can change the increment PRO/II uses to pan. The default small
pan increment is 5 pixels and the default large pan increment is 20
pixels.
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PRO/II offers a wide variety of data entry windows for entering the data
associated with your PRO/II simulation. There are a number of libraries
from which you can extract sets of data. This chapter provides an intro-
duction to these data entry windows.
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You can use the data entry window buttons on the toolbar or the options
on the Input menu to define the scope of the current simulation. PRO/II
identifies which units are missing data by putting a red border around
the unit icon (on the toolbar). For units that are missing product
streams, the identification string for that unit appears in red (on the
PRO/II main window).
Defining the scope of the simulation involves:
G Defining the simulation problem
G Selecting the components for the simulation
G Setting the thermodynamic methods for the simulation
hale: Chapter 8, Specifying Component, Thermodynamic and Stream
Data and Chapter 9, Unit Operations and Utility Modules provide
explicit details on the use of the data entry windows introduced in this
chapter.
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A summary of the Data Entry Window buttons available on the PRO/II
toolbar is provided below.
8utton Menu tem Bescrition
FrobIam asrrIpIIon Enables you to describe the current
simulation and relate it to a secilic
roject.
nIIs oI Maasura Enables you to set units ol measure
secilic to this simulation. Each new
simulation extracts delaults lrom the
delault unit ol Measure Set.
6omponanI 8aIarIIon Enables you to secily the comonents
and seudocomonents you want to use
in the current simulation
6omponanI FroparIIas Enables you to suly comonent
roerties.
TharmodynamIr aIa Enables you to select thermodynamic
methods lor the current simulation.
kssay 6hararIarItaIIon Enables you to modily T8F Cutoints and
characteri/ation otions lor the generation
ol seudocomonents lrom Assay
streams.
Froradura aIa Enables you to suly F0RTRAh code lor
kinetic reaction rate calculations without
the need lor comilation and linking.
6asa 8Iudy 8parIIIraIIon Allows you to erlorm studies on a base
case solution by altering arameters
selectively and rerunning.
aarIIon aIa Enables you to deline reactions and
rovide heat ol reaction, equilibrium, or
kinetic data lor reaction sets.
6aIruIaIIon 8aquanra Enables you to secily a userdelined
calculation sequence.
aryrIa 6onvarganra Enables you to secily userdelined
recycle convergence and acceleration
otions.
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8aIarIIng 6omponanIs
You use this option to select the components and pseudocomponents
that you want to include in this simulation.
To select components for use in this simulation:
Click on the Component Selection icon on the toolbar or choose
Component Selection on the Input menu. The Component Selection
window appears.
Figure 7-1: Component Selection
Select a component from the available lists or type the name of the
component. Each component you select appears in the List of Se-
lected Components box on the right side of the window.
ModIIyIng 6omponanI FroparIIas
You can use this option to modify fixed component properties or use
the Fill from Structures feature to fill in missing component data for
library or user-defined components.
To modify component properties:
Click on the Component Properties icon on the toolbar or choose
Component Properties from the Input menu. The Component Prop-
erty Modification window appears.
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Figure 7-2: Component Property Modification
8aIarIIng TharmodynamIr MaIhods
You use the thermodynamic data option to choose the thermodynamic
method(s) for this simulation.
To set thermodynamic calculation methods for this simulation:
Click on the Thermodynamic Data icon on the toolbar or choose
Thermodynamic Data on the Input menu.
Figure 7-3: Thermodynamic Data
You can specify a predefined system of thermodynamic calculation
methods.
Select a category of predefined systems. PRO/II displays the prede-
fined systems for this category in the Primary Method list box.
Select a predefined system from the Primary Method list box.
Choose Add-> to define the calculation method.
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You use this option to modify the data obtained from the selected Assay
Set.
To select assay data for this simulation:
Click on the Assay Characterization icon on the toolbar or choose
Assay Characterization on the Input menu.
Figure 7-4: Assay Cutpoints and Characterization
PRO/II always supplies the Primary TBP Cutpoint set. You can modify
the primary set or define a new cutpoint set or set characterization
options.
8parIIyIng aarIIon aIa
You use this option to define reactions and enter heat of reaction, equi-
librium, or kinetic data for reaction data sets.
To specify reaction data sets for this simulation:
Click on the Reaction Data icon on the toolbar or choose
Reaction Data on the Input menu.
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Figure 7-5: Reaction Data
8parIIyIng Froradura aIa
You use this option to create procedure blocks to calculate kinetic
reaction rates. You are able to supply FORTRAN code for the reaction
rate calculations without the need for compilation and linking.
To select procedure data for this simulation:
Click on the Procedure Data icon on the toolbar or choose
Procedure Data on the Input menu.
Figure 7-6: Procedure Data
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You use this option to make changes to input data and then examine the
effect of those changes on the values of calculated data or functions of
calculated data.
To select case study data for this simulation:
Click on the Case Study icon on the toolbar or choose Casestudy
Data on the Input menu.
Check the Define Case Study box.
Figure 7-7: Case Study Specification
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PRO/II performs a simulation by solving one unit operation at a time,
following a certain calculation sequence to reach the problem solution.
You use this option to specify the method to determine this calculation
sequence for the current problem.
To select calculation sequence for this simulation:
Click on the Calculation Sequence icon on the toolbar or choose
Calculation Sequence on the Input menu.
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Figure 7-8: Problem Calculation Specification
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You use this option to override the recycle loop sequence determined by
PRO/II, and to specify acceleration methods and convergence
tolerances for individual loops.
hale: This window is not available if you select the SIMSCI method for
Calculation Sequencing, since the loops are determined automatically
by this method.
To select recycle convergence for this simulation:
Click on the Recycle Convergence icon on the toolbar or choose
Recycle Convergence on the Input menu.
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Figure 7-9: Recycle Convergence Options
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The data entry window for any unit operation can be accessed by high-
lighting the unit on the PFD and selecting the Input/Data Entry from
the menu bar. Numerous types of data entry devices are used to supply
numeric values and select calculation options in PRO/II, including:
Push Buttons, Radio Buttons, Check Boxes, Edit Fields, Spin Buttons,
Standard List Boxes, Drop-Down List Boxes, Grid and X-Y Grid,
Combo Boxes, Drop-Down Combo Boxes, and Linked Text.
Most main data entry windows provide Help, Overview, and Status buttons
that enable you to access different levels of help text. In addition, some
main data entry windows (and some subordinate windows) provide UOM,
Define and Range buttons. Grayed buttons indicate that the feature is not
currently available.
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8utton Bescrition
Bislays context sensitive hel lor the active data entry lield, or lor
the window itsell (il there is no active lield).
Bislays the main hel window lor the data entry window.
Bislays the results ol the data consistency checks erlormed lor
the main window alter you choose 0K.
Selects a units ol measure set lor the selected data entry lield.
Relerences one stream or unit arameter value to another stream
or unit arameter.
Bislays the valid range ol values lor the active data entry lield.
rIds and Iha XY rId
Grids are used to supply data in tabular form. There may be several
rows of related data entries. X-Y Grids are a special type of grid that
are used to supply data for relational curves. The two grid columns
contain an independent variable (x) and one related dependent variable
(y).
The Column Tray Hydraulics window shown below is an example of a
grid. Notice that it provides columns for the starting tray number, ending
tray number, calculation type, and entry of tray data. Each row has a
numbered click button which is used to select the row for toolbar actions.
For this example, several types of data entry devices are used in the grid.
The starting and ending tray numbers are integer edit fields, the calculation
type is a drop-down list box, and the entry of tray data is a click button,
which brings up the Column Tray Sizing window or Column Tray Rating
window, depending on the calculation type that was selected.
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Figure 7-10: Column Tray Hydraulics Window
Observe that five rows are provided in the initial grid corresponding to
five sections in the column. This may be expanded by clicking a row
number button and then clicking the Insert button far left. A row will
be added below the selected row. When the number of rows exceeds
five, a scroll bar appears at the right side of the grid to provide access to
the rows not displayed. To deselect a row, click the number button of
the previously selected row, or select a different row. To clear data
entries from a row, click the row number button and then click the
Reset button. To remove a row, click the row number button and the
Cut button.
As another example, the Compressor Outlet Pressure Performance
window shown below contains an X-Y grid for a user-supplied
compressor pressure curve.
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Figure 7-11: Compressor Outlet Pressure Performance Window
Notice that two columns are used for the pressure curve. The first
column is the volumetric feed rate and the second column is the corre-
sponding outlet pressure from the compressor. Four individual entries
or cells corresponding to two rows in the table are marked with a red
border as mandatory input. Optionally, more pairs of information may be
provided.
The initial grid displays four pairs of cells. Note that each row in the
grid has a numbered click button which may be used to select the row.
The initial table may be expanded with the Insert button on the
toolbar as described in the previous example. When the number of
rows in the X-Y grid exceeds four, a scroll bar appears to provide
access to rows not displayed.
A row may be deleted from the grid by clicking its number button and
then clicking the Cut button. To copy a row, first click its number
button and then click the Copy button. The row is copied into the
clipboard. Next, click the row number button for the row which will be
just below the copied row. Complete the copy by clicking the Paste
button to insert a copy of the row from the clipboard.
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LInkad IaxI
Linked text is used to input information in a sentence format. Numeric
values, mathematical operators, stream or unit names, or various
options may be supplied as linked text. Linked text may serve to access
another data entry device. The Feedback Controller data entry window
containing linked text is shown in Figure 7-12.
Figure 7-12: Feedback Controller Main Data Entry Window - Initial Display
Linked text is used on this window to define the Specification and
Variable. Note that the Parameter and value link texts are red, denoting
that you must click these strings and provide data entries. The text
string the default tolerance is green, denoting a default value.
Optionally, a different tolerance may be provided by clicking the afore-
mentioned text string to open the Specification Tolerance window
where the appropriate radio button may be clicked to select a new
tolerance type, i.e., relative tolerance. Click OK to return to the
Feedback Controller window. Notice that the relative tolerance text
string becomes blue indicating a user-supplied value.
When the value text string is clicked, a floating point entry field for the
specification value is displayed with a red border signifying mandatory
input. The value you supply is now displayed in blue numbers instead
of the value text string.
Clicking the Parameter text string retrieves the Parameter window in
which the unit or stream and its parameter are defined. The unit or
stream identifier and the parameter for the specification are now
displayed in blue, replacing the Parameter text string.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 0|aptcr 7 Lata itry Wiidcws
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Figure 7-13: Feedback Controller Data Entry Window - Final Display
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This chapter describes several types of optional component, thermody-
namic and stream information which may be supplied for PRO/II. In
many cases, the default values are satisfactory and it may not be necessary
for you to visit these sections.
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PRO/II provides considerable flexibility in the definition of component
data. No limit is set on the number of components which may be used
for any problem. Furthermore, component data may originate from a
variety of sources such as SIMSCI databanks, user-prepared databanks,
user-defined components, and components derived from petroleum
assay data for feed streams. Moreover, you may stipulate a preferential
search order when multiple databanks are used.
The SIMSCI databanks, SIMSCI and PROCESS contain more than
1700 components and are adequate for nearly all simulation models.
The AIChE DIPPR databank is also available as an add-on to PRO/II.
User databanks of thermophysical data can be created, using SIMSCI
LIBMGR and DATAPREP programs, and maintained through PRO/II
graphical user interface. SIMSCI REGRESS is also fully supported in
PRO/II, allowing you to carry out regression of experimental thermo-
physical data to model equations.
8aIarIIng LIbrary 6omponanIs
You may select library components, from both SIMSCI and user-
supplied databanks, through the Component Selection main data entry
window. To open this window from the PRO/II main window:
Click the Component Selection icon on the toolbar, or select the
menu bar item Input/Component Selection. The Component
Selection window appears.
If you know the library access name for a component, you may enter it
directly into the data entry field. Click Add-> or press <Enter> to
retrieve the component from the component databank and add it to the
List of Selected Components. If the component cannot be located by the
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name you have entered, a warning will recommend that you use the
Select from Lists feature to locate the component in the SIMSCI and
PROCESS databanks:
Click the Select from Lists button on the Component Selection
main data entry window to open the Component Selection -
List/Search window.
Select a Component Family from the like-named drop-down list
box. A large number of component families are provided to speed
the search. A brief description is given below:
MosI 6ommonIy sad. Approximately 100 components representing all of
the pure components commonly encountered in natural gas and
petroleum processing.
hydrorarbon LIghIands. Light gases commonly reported on analyses for oil
refinery streams.
kII 6omponanIs. Every component in the SIMSCI and PROCESS
databanks.
FamIIIas oI 8parIIIr 6hamIraI Typa. Twenty families in alphabetical order:
Acids Additional Electrolyte Components
Alcohols Aldehydes
Amides Amines
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Elements
Esters Ethers
Halogenated Derivatives Ketones
Miscellaneous Naphthenic Hydrocarbons
Other Nitrogen Derivatives Paraffinic Hydrocarbons
Salts and Minerals Silicon Derivatives
Sulfur Derivatives Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
For all families listed above, except for Hydrocarbon Lightends, you
may define specific search criteria by selecting radio buttons and
entering a search string. Use part or all of the component name, alias,
or chemical formula as the search string. As components are located,
transfer them to the Additions to Component List box. When you have
located all the components, click OK to return to the Component
Selection main window and to transfer the components to the List of
Selected Components.
The priority order for databanks may be defined by pushing the
Databank Hierarchy button on the Component Selection main window
to access the Component Selection Databank Search Order window.
This window initially displays the default search order and may be
modified to search the databanks in any order. Components are always
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selected from the first databank in the search order in which they
appear.
LnIarIng sardaIInad 6omponanIs
You may want to enter a component as a user-defined component when
you wish to use a component that is not in the PRO/II library.
Enter user-defined components by clicking User-defined on the
Component Selection main window to access the Component
Definition - User Defined window.
Type in the name of the user-defined component in the Component
Name entry field.
Click OK to commit the new component name.
hale: At this point, you have only entered the name of the user-defined
component in the database. Now you must supply the properties for the
component by the steps described below in Modifying Component Proper-
ties.
aIInIng FaIroIaum(FLT) 6omponanIs
Define PETRO components by pushing the Petroleum button on the
Component Selection main window to access the Component Selection
Petroleum Components window. You may define any number of
PETRO components in a single visit to this window by using the
tabular input provided.
You must supply at least two of the three correlating properties, normal
boiling point, standard liquid density, and molecular weight for each
component. Names may be optionally provided or will be supplied by
PRO/II as NBP XXX where XXX is the component normal boiling point.
PRO/II uses internal correlations to estimate the third parameter, when
missing.
All necessary physical and thermodynamic properties are computed
from the three correlating properties. Molecular weight is the most
difficult property to predict accurately from generalized correlations
and should be supplied when possible for the most accurate characteri-
zation for a PETRO component.
hale: It is not possible to enter data for assay pseudocomponents (which
are based on stream assay information) with this window. All properties
for components derived from assay data are automatically defined by
PRO/II. The components are also added to the component list by PRO/II.
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aIInIng 8oIId 6omponanIs
You can enter input solids characteristics directly into PRO/II. You may
specify stream properties, the particle size distribution, and the particle
properties. PRO/II also allows you to input experimental solids solu-
bility data.
To add a solid component to the flowsheet:
Click on the Component Selection icon or select Input/Component
Selection from the menu bar to open the Component Selection win-
dow.
Click the Component Phases button. Ensure that the compo-
nents that may be solid have the solid phase enabled. For example,
if you enter NaCl for use in a dissolver, make sure that its compo-
nent phase designation is liquid-solid.
If the flowsheet will include unit operations that require particle size
distributions (e.g., Cyclone, Dissolver, Crystallizer), Input/Component
Property Data from the menu bar. In the like-named window, click
Particle Size Distribution to open the Particle Size Distribution for
Solids window. Enter PSD cutpoints for all relevant solid components.
Particle size grades are bounded by the cutpoints that are entered here.
Grades will not be created on the open ends of the first and last
cutpoints (i.e., if the cutpoints are 10 and 20 microns, there will be one
grade of 10 to 20 microns, not three grades of less than 10, 10 to 20,
and greater than 20 microns).
To change the units of measure for the particle size distribution, click in
any of the Distribution Ranges entry fields to enable the UOM button
in the toolbar at the top of the window.
aIaIIng and anamIng 6omponanI FroparIIas
Currently, actions on components that appear in the List of Selected
Components in the Component Selection main windoware limited to deletion
or renaming of components.
To delete a component:
Highlight the name of component in the List of Selected
Components.
Click Delete .
To rename a component for printout purposes:
Highlight the component.
Click Rename to open the Rename a Component window.
Enter the new name in the data entry field.
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ModIIyIng 6omponanI FroparIIas
You can modify properties for any component entered through the
Component Selection main data entry window via the Component
Property window. To reach this window:
Select Input/Component Properties... from the menu bar or click on
the Component Properties icon on the main toolbar.
The Component Properties window is the master navigation point for
changing all component properties.
hale: Component properties cannot be defined before the component
names have been entered.
There are three methods available for component property
modification:
MaIhod 1. 8parIIyIng FIxad FroparIIas
Click Fixed to open the Components Properties-Fixed Properties
window. Here you can modify fixed component properties such as
molecular weight, critical temperature and NBP. With the exception of
assay components, all components can be modified via this window.
For those properties having UOMs, all data is displayed with the UOMs
of the current problem.
Starting from this window, use the appropriate button to modify other
properties:
Click Critical Properties to specify critical temperature, critical
pressure, critical volume and critical compressibility factor.
Click Molecular Constants to specify properties such as Dipole
Moment, Radius of Gyration, van der Waals Area parameter and
van der Waals Volume parameter.
Click Heats of Formation to specify Enthalpy of Formation and
Gibbs Energy of Formation. In this entry, reference phase designa-
tion is a required input. The reference phase can be vapor, liquid or
solid. Vapor phase is the default.
Click Miscellaneous Properties to specify Acentric Factor,
Solubility Parameter, Rackett Parameter, Liquid Molar Volume, Heat
of Vaporization, Heat of Fusion, Normal Melting Point, Triple Point
Temperature, Triple Point Pressure, Heat of Combustion, Gross Heat-
ing Value, Lower Heating Value, Carbon Number and Hydrogen Defi-
ciency Number.
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For PRO/II library components, the values in the database will appear
in the various property windows. In cases where there is no library
value to serve as the default, the default displayed will be the text
Missing. You may reassign values for any of these properties.
MaIhod Z. 8parIIyIng TamparaIuraapandanI FroparIIas
You may enter or override default data for properties that change with
temperature, such as density and viscosity, for the vapor, liquid or solid
phases of the pure components in your simulation. You may supply new
data in the form of tables or as correlation coefficients of one of 29
different equation types.
Click Temperature Dependent to open the Component Properties -
Temperature Dependent Properties window. All the library and user-
defined components from the current problem are displayed. To enter
or modify data for a property of a component, click on the
corresponding push button for that component. For properties that may
apply to more than one phase, you will first be required to select the
phase for which you are to supply data in the Component Properties -
Phase window,
Click VP to enter or modify liquid or solid vapor pressure data.
Click H to enter or modify vapor, liquid or solid enthalpy data.
Click Cp to enter or modify solid heat capacity data.
Click to enter or modify latent heat data.
Click to enter or modify liquid or solid density data.
Click enter or modify vapor or liquid viscosity data.
Click to enter or modify vapor, liquid or solid conductivity
data.
Click to enter or modify liquid surface tension data.
In the Component Properties - Data Source Selection window choose
the method of data entry. You may enter data either in tabular form or
as coefficients for one of as many as 29 equations.
If you choose the Correlation Coefficients option, you may display the
form of the equation by selecting the appropriate Correlation Number
in the like-named drop-down list.
Select one of the correlations and supply coefficients as required.
If the form of the equation is logarithmic, you may select the base
of the logarithm. You may change the units of the equation and
may impose maximum and minimum temperatures of applicability.
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hale: The full range of equations can be found in the online PRO/II
Reference Manual accessible via the Help system. If you choose an
equation that is not standard, a message to that effect appears, and the
border of the drop-down list box will be yellow.
If you choose the Tabular Data option, the Component Properties -
Tabular Data window appears.
Enter temperature and property data. You must enter at least one
data pair.
ATAFF
The most commonly used features of DATAPREP, particularly relating
to point properties and temperature-dependent correlations for pure
components, are now accessible in the graphical user interface of
PRO/II. PRO/II allows you to input data, view database correlation
information, override database information as desired, and plot parame-
ters over a temperature range.
MaIhod 8. 8parIIyIng FIII From8IrurIura
The Fill from Structure button opens the Components Properties - Fill
from Structure window. The Available Components list on the left hand
side contains library and user-defined components from the current
problem. You may add or remove components to be filled from
structure to the like-named list on the right. Click OK to have the
properties of the selected components filled from structure.
PRO/II predicts properties from structure using established correlations
and techniques. Joback (1985) significantly expanded the work of
Lyderson (1955) in this area providing a group contribution method for
the prediction of critical properties, boiling point, freezing point, ideal
gas capacity, enthalpy and Gibbs heat of formation. Joback used a
large database of components to statistically determine group parame-
ters for 42 different functional groups. SIMSCI has extended this work
to include several missing parameters.
To complete the Fill from Structure procedure, click the
UNIFAC Structures button on the Component Properties window to
display the like-named window. A UNIFAC Structure entry is
mandatory for all components for which Fill from Structure has been
requested. Click the UNIFAC Structures button adjacent to the
component of interest to open the Define UNIFAC Structure window
where you may choose from families of components or from the
UNIFAC group number directly.
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Assay ala
anaraI InIormaIIon
For many petroleum-based streams, the composition is not fully known
in terms of defined components. These stocks must be characterized by
pseudocomponents for which the necessary physical and thermody-
namic properties have been estimated. PRO/II has extensive procedures
for translation of petroleum stream laboratory assay data into
pseudocomponents.
Pseudocomponents are based on boiling point or cutpoint ranges on the
true boiling point (TBP) distillation for the stock. The normal boiling point
for a pseudocomponent is defined as the weighted average temperature of
its cutpoint range. The TBP distillation must often be derived from another
type of laboratory distillation, using a conversion procedure. PRO/II
accepts the following types of laboratory distillations: TBP, ASTM D1160,
ASTM D86, and ASTM D2887. While laboratory distillations are usually
reported on a 760 mm Hg basis, PRO/II has procedures to correct distilla-
tions for other laboratory pressures.
Estimated values for the standard liquid gravity and molecular weight
for each pseudocomponent are also needed for the characterization
process. The standard liquid gravity for each pseudocomponent is
derived from the gravity curve for the stream, in similar fashion to the
normal boiling point. The gravity curve for the stream is often not
available, and it must be estimated, based on the average stream gravity
and the distillation curve. The molecular weight curve is seldom
available, and the molecular weight for each pseudocomponent is
usually predicted from its normal boiling point and standard liquid
gravity. All other required physical and thermodynamic properties may
be estimated from the normal boiling point, standard liquid gravity, and
molecular weight.
The use of assay data in PRO/II is divided into two logical steps. The
first step involves the definition of the cutpoint ranges and selection of
the characterization options used in development of the pseudocompo-
nents. Characterization options include distillation curve fitting and
conversion methods, gravity curve generation procedure, methods for
prediction of molecular weight, and methods for estimation of critical
properties and ideal gas enthalpies. If the default cutpoint ranges and
methods furnished by PRO/II are acceptable, this step may be omitted.
The properties for all pseudocomponents derived from the same
cutpoint set are averaged, based on the stream flows, to develop a common
set of blend components. This technique provides reasonable results when
the streams have similar chemical natures. For example, all of the assay
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streams are products from the crude distillation unit. However, when
assay streams are dissimilar chemically, such as virgin materials and
cracked materials, there may be serious errors in the characterizations
for the streams when a single set of blend components is used.
For this reason, you are allowed to define additional cutpoint sets. For
example, an additional cutpoint set may be defined to represent the
products from an FCC reactor. Note that it is not necessary or desirable
to define a separate cutpoint set for each assay stream. Similar streams
may be grouped by using the same cutpoint set without a serious loss of
accuracy. This also minimizes the number of components in the simula-
tion, keeping calculation times smaller.
The second step is supplying the petroleum stream laboratory assay
data to PRO/II. This step is accomplished in the setup of initial feed
streams and is discussed in the Stream Data section of this chapter.
T8F 6uIpoInI 8aIs
TBP cutpoint sets are defined in the Assay Cutpoints and Characteriza-
tion main data entry window. This window may be reached from the
PFD main window in two ways:
Click the Assay Characterization icon with the distillation pseudo-
component curve on the toolbar, or select the menu bar item Input,
then select the menu item Assay Characterization.
A Primary Cutpoint Set is always provided as a default by PRO/II.
This set has the following cutpoint definitions:
6uIpoInI anga, ag F 6uIpoInI anga, ag 6 ho oI 6uIs
1OO 8OO 88 427 28
8OO 12OO 427 G4O 8
12OO 1GOO G4O 871 4
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The default cutpoint ranges are usually reasonable for crude oil
problems. They may be modified in the Assay Data Primary TBP
Cutpoints Definition window which is accessed by clicking the Modify...
button on the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization main data entry
window. A convenient tabular form is provided for editing of the primary
cutpoint set.
Additional or Secondary cutpoint sets may be added to the problem by
clicking the Define New Cutpoint Set... button on the Assay Cutpoints
and Characterization main data entry window to access the Assay Data
Secondary Set of TBP Cuts. A cutpoint set name is supplied on this
window and a tabular entry form is provided for definition of the
cutpoints. This window is also used to modify existing secondary
cutpoint sets and is presented when the Modify button on the Assay
Cutpoints and Characterization main data entry window is clicked and a
secondary cutpoint set has been highlighted in the Defined Secondary Sets
list box on the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization main data entry
window.
Highlighted secondary cutpoint sets in the Assay Cutpoints and Char-
acterization main data entry window may be deleted by clicking the
Delete... button. This action removes the secondary cutpoint set from
the problem.
The Default Cutpoint Set is used for all streams for which a cutpoint set
is not specified. Initially, it is defined as the Primary Cutpoint Set by
PRO/II. After one or more Secondary cutpoint sets have been defined,
the default cutpoint set may be changed via the drop-down list box on
the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization main data entry window. It
is convenient to define the cutpoint set which is used the most often as
the default cutpoint set.
kssay 6hararIarItaIIon pIIons
Assay characterization options are selected on the Assay Characteriza-
tion Options window which is reached by clicking the Characterization
Options button on the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization main data
entry window. Several groupings of options are shown in this window,
with all options selectable with radio buttons. The option groups are as
follows:
6rIIIraIs, IdaaIas LnIhaIpy. SIMSCI (Twu) method (the default), Cavett
method, or Lee-Kesler method.
MoIaruIar WaIghI. SIMSCI (Twu) method (the default), Old (1967) API
method, or Extended 1980 API method.
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ravIIy 6urva anaraIIon MaIhod. Constant Watson K from TBP Curve
(default), or Constant Watson K from D86 Curve.
B6lT8F 6onvarsIon MaIhod. API 1987 (the default), API 1963, API 1994,
or Edmister-Okamoto.
IsIIIIaIIon 6urva FIIIIng Froradura. Cubic Spline (default), Quadratic
Polynomials, or Probability Density Function (PDF).
IsIIIIIaIIon 8oundarIas. Initial Point and End Point percentages.
InrIuda In FF. Include initial boiling point in fit, and/or include end
point in fit.
6aIruIaIIon oI h8F Ior 6uIs. Liquid Volume Average (default) or Tempera-
ture Midpoint.
The characterization options are explained in greater detail in the
PRO/II help text and the online PRO/II Reference Manual accessed via
the Help menu.
TkermaJyaamlc ala
anaraI InIormaIIon
The selection of appropriate thermodynamic methods is an important
and necessary step in the solution of flowsheet problems. PRO/II
provides a wide range of methods to allow solution of the wide variety
of systems which occur in the chemical process industries.
Thermodynamic properties are an integral part of the flowsheet calcula-
tions. The equilibrium K-values (both VLE and LLE) are used to
determine the phase separations. The enthalpies for the streams are used
to determine the energy required to take a system of components from
one set of thermal conditions to another. Entropies are used in the
calculation of the isentropic operations and the Gibbs free energy mini-
mization reactor. Liquid and vapor densities are used in heat transfer,
pressure drop, and column tray sizing.
Transport properties are selected in conjunction with the thermody-
namic methods in PRO/II and are comprised of liquid and vapor
viscosities, liquid and vapor thermal conductivities, and liquid diffusivi-
ties. While not strictly a transport property, liquid surface tension is
also included. Transport properties find use in rigorous heat transfer
calculations, pressure drop determination, and column sieve tray and
packing calculations. Transport properties are also reported in the
stream properties reports and may be requested in Heating/Cooling
Curves reports.
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In PRO/II, the selection of thermodynamic methods has been simplified
by the concept of the method set. Method sets consist of predefined
thermodynamic methods for K-values (VLE and LLE), liquid and vapor
enthalpies, entropies, vapor fugacities, and densities. Numerous prede-
fined sets are provided. Multiple thermodynamic method sets may be
selected for each flowsheet. For example, a default set may be specified
for the overall flowsheet and other method sets used for individual
units.
A facility is also provided to modify the thermodynamic methods in the
predefined method sets. Certain parameters for some of the thermody-
namic methods may also be supplied.
8aIarIIng FradaIInad MaIhod 8aIs
Selection of thermodynamic method sets is accomplished via the Thermo-
dynamic Data window which may reached from the PFD main window
in two ways:
Click the Thermodynamic Data icon with the phase diagram on the
toolbar or select the menu bar item Input/Thermodynamic Data.
For convenience, several Categories of method sets can be selected in
the list box on the Thermodynamic Data window. The Primary
Method, i.e., the method used for calculation of equilibrium K-values,
for each method set in the selected Category appears in a drop-down
list box and may be selected to add the method set to the Defined
Systems for the problem.
The Defined Systems appear in a list box and each may be selected for
further action by highlighting the desired method and clicking the
buttons: Modify... , Delete... , and Rename... on the Thermody-
namic Data window. The method set for which action is to be taken is
selected (highlighted) in the Defined Systems list box. Delete removes
the selected method set from the problem. The Rename option is used
to change the name of the selected method set. This is useful when it is
desired to use a method set more than one time in a problem, perhaps
with different parameters. Modification of method sets is discussed
later in this section.
The following Categories of method sets are provided:
MosI 6ommonIy sad. These method sets may be used for a wide variety of
problems. Nearly all gas processing and oil refining calculations are
handled satisfactorily. Method sets in this category are: Soave-
Redlich-Kwong (SRK), Peng-Robinson (PR), Grayson-Streed (GS),
Braun K-10 (BK10), Ideal, NRTL, UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC.
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LquaIIons oI 8IaIa. Equations of state are applicable to wide ranges of
temperatures and pressures. They can be used to calculate all ther-
modynamic properties, using the ideal gas state as the reference
state. The cubic equations, in particular, are able to accurately pre-
dict critical and supercritical conditions. Equation of state method
sets are: Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), SRK-Kabadi-Danner
(SRKKD), SRK-Huron-Vidal (SRKH), SRK-Panagiotopoulos-Reid
(SRKP), SRK-Modified-Panagiotopoulos-Reid (SRKM), SRK-
SIMSCI (SRKS), SRK-Hexamer (HEXAMER), Peng-Robinson
(PR), PR-Huron-Vidal (PRH), PR-Panagiotopoulos-Reid (PRP),
PR-Modified-Panagiotopoulos-Reid (PRM), BWRS (BWRS),
Lee-Kesler-Plcker (LKP), and Uniwaals (UNIWAALS).
LIquId krIIvIIy. Liquid activity methods use liquid phase activity coeffi-
cient models to represent the liquid mixture in phase equilibrium
calculations. This approach is useful for modeling strongly non-
ideal liquid solution behavior. Methods available in PRO/II include:
NRTL, UNIQUAC, Wilson, van Laar, Margules, Regular Solution,
Flory-Huggins, UNIFAC, UNIFAC TDep-1, UNIFAC TDep-2,
UNIFAC TDep-3, UNIFAC Free Volume, and Ideal.
anaraIItad 6orraIaIIons. Generalized correlations predict K-values with
semi-rigorous equations. The Grayson-Streed and Chao-Seader
correlations use the Redlich Kwong equation for vapor fugacities
and empirical relationships for the liquid fugacities. Braun K-10 is
based on the convergence pressure concept. A variety of other cor-
relations are used to predict the other properties, i.e., enthalpies, en-
tropies, and densities. Generalized correlations are: Braun-K10
(BK10), Grayson-Streed (GS), Improved-Grayson-Streed (IGS),
Grayson-Streed-Erbar (GSE), Chao-Seader (CS), Chao-Seader-
Erbar (CSE), and Ideal (IDEAL).
8parIaI Farkagas. Special packages are designed to solve a particular
industrial application. Special packages in PRO/II are: Alcohol
(ALCOHOL), Glycol (GLYCOL), Sour Water (SOUR), GPA Sour
Water (GPSWATER), and Amine (AMINE).
kII FrImary MaIhods. This category includes all of the primary thermody-
namic sets that are listed above.
saraddad MaIhods. This category includes all of the 15 user-added
method sets that may be defined by the user.
The PRO/II online help texts provide application guidelines for the
various method sets, as well as a brief description for each method.
More detailed information may also be found in the PRO/II Reference
Manual (also available online). Table 8-1 at the end of this section
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gives a detailed list of the composite thermodynamic methods used for
each predefined method set.
ModIIyIng FradaIInad MaIhod 8aIs
Predefined method sets are modified via the Thermodynamic Data-
Modification window which is accessed by clicking the Modify...
button on the Thermodynamic Data window.
The preselected thermodynamic methods for the various thermody-
namic properties may then be changed in this window by following
these steps:
Click on the Current Method drop-down list box corresponding to
the Property type.
Select the replacement thermodynamic method.
Any or all of the thermodynamic methods may be changed for the
method set being modified, including: K-value (VLE), K-value (LLE),
liquid enthalpy, vapor enthalpy, liquid entropy, vapor entropy, liquid
density, vapor density, and vapor fugacity (where applicable).
Some property specific data may also be supplied and/or modified in this
window for the thermodynamic methods by clicking on the Enter Data...
button in the Property-specific Data field. Many of the methods use
specific parameters, such as binary interaction factors, modified acentric
factors, etc. A priority search order may be defined for selection of these
parameters from more than one thermodynamic databank. Note that ther-
modynamic databanks are supplied by SIMSCI and may also be
prepared by the user with the SIMSCI LIBMGR program.
Property specific data which apply only to the liquid activity methods
include: fill options for missing parameters, Henrys Law options, and
Poynting correction options. For the liquid activity methods, a vapor
fugacity method may also be selected.
Other property-specific data which may be modified include the dimen-
sionless residence time correction factor for amines DGA and MDEA
and the key (or dominant) components in each liquid phase for K-value
(LLE) methods. Key component selection is optional and PRO/II will
determine them when not supplied; however, convergence time may be
enhanced by preselection of the key components.
Flll-la Fraerly FreJlcllaa
PRO/II allows missing data to be filled in under several circumstances.
For example, when the composition of an azeotrope and activity coefficient
values at infinite dilution are known for some pair of species, you can use
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this option to predict missing activity coefficient values at intermediate
concentrations.
VLE and LLE K-value parameters for liquid activity coefficient
methods may be estimated by the UNIFAC, Temperature-Dependent
UNIFAC, Regular Solution, or Flory-Huggins methods, or they may be
obtained from an azeotrope bank. The choice of fill-in property predic-
tion is entered on the Binary Data Fill Options window, which is
reached by clicking the corresponding Enter Data... button on the
Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window.
Checking the box will fill in missing data from the azeotrope databank.
A method for filling in missing binary parameters (using the UNIFAC,
modified UNIFAC, Regular Solution, or Flory-Huggins methods) may
be selected by choosing the appropriate radio button.
quallaa al 5lale Alka ala
The form to be used for equation of state alphas may be specified on
the Alpha Selection window. This window is reached by clicking the
appropriate Enter Data... button on the Thermodynamic Property
Modification-Property Specific Data window. The source of the alphas
to be used in the equation of state may be designated by selecting the
appropriate radio button.
hearys Law
The Henrys Law window is used to specify whether or not Henrys
Law is to be used in conjunction with a liquid-activity K-value method.
This window is brought up by clicking on the appropriate Enter Data...
button on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific
Data window. Checking the box on the Henrys Law window causes
Henrys Law to be used to determine the solubility of certain compo-
nents. Designation of solute components may either be determined by
the program or selected explicitly, by choosing the appropriate radio
button. If the solute components are to be designated explicitly, the
desired solute components must be selected from the list box on the
Henrys Law window.
Fayallag 6arrecllaa
The Poynting Correction window is used to specify the use of the
Poynting correction factor for liquid-phase fugacities. The Poynting
Correction window is brought up by clicking the appropriate Enter
Data... button on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property
Specific Data window.
There are three options for the usage of the Poynting correction:
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1. Default: This choice specifies that the Poynting correction will
be used only if a vapor fugacity method is chosen.
2. Use Poynting Correction to Liquid Activities: Use the
Poynting correction factor for the liquid phase fugacity.
8. Do Not Use Poynting Correction: Do not use Poynting
correction factor.
If either of the first two options is selected, then the molar volume
calculation method may be selected from the following choices:
Standard (25C) Volumes, Rackett, Rackett One-Fluid, or Library
Density Correlations. The default method is Standard (25C) Volumes.
Amlae eslJeace Tlme 6arrecllaa Faclar
The Amine Residence Time Correction window is available only for the
Amine special data package thermodynamic method for K-values. It is
accessed by clicking the Enter Data... button on the Thermodynamic
Property Modification-Property Specific Data window, then on the LLE Key
Components... button on the LLE K-values window. A value for the
residence time correction factor for systems containing amines MDEA or
DGA may be entered in this window. The default value for this factor is
0.30.
LL key 6amaaeals
The LLE Key Components window can be accessed whenever an LLE
K-Value method is selected, by clicking the appropriate Enter Data...
button on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific
Data window, then on the LLE Key Components... button on the LLE
K-value window. Both the light liquid phase and the heavy liquid phase
can either be Determined During Calculations or User-Specified by
selecting the appropriate radio buttons. When the User-Specified radio
button is chosen, a component must be selected in the associated
drop-down list box. This drop-down list contains all available liquid-
phase components. One component may be selected for each key.
8laary laleracllaa Faramelers
A number of methods in PRO/II allow the entry of binary interaction
parameters. These include equations of state for many properties and
liquid-activity-coefficient models for K-values. These parameters are
entered on the Binary Interaction Parameters window, which is reached
by clicking the Enter Data... button next to Binary Interaction
Parameters on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property
Specific Data window. For each column of the grid, the two compo-
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nents for which the data is being entered must first be selected from the
drop-down list boxes in the first two rows of the grid.
Depending on the thermodynamic method set which has been selected,
one or more parameters characterize the interaction between the two
components. When the Binary Interaction Parameters window is
initially brought up, the box at the top of the window must be checked
in order to enable the grid where individual binary interaction parame-
ters are entered. For the NRTL and UNIQUAC methods, there are
several different forms of the binary interaction equations. For the
NRTL method, the 5-Parameter equation is the default form. For the
UNIQUAC method, the default is the 4-Parameter form of the equation.
For these two methods, a different equation form may be selected for
each component pair from the Equation Format drop-down list box, in
order to enter the data in the most convenient form. Depending on the
selection in the Equation Format list box, the appropriate rows in the
grid become active. For most equation formats, many active parameters
have default values of 0.0, except for the SRK-Modified-
Panagiotopoulos-Reid, PR-Modified Panagiotopoulos-Reid, Glycol,
Sour, GPA Sour Water, and Amine methods, where the default value for
parameters c
ij
and c
ji
is 1.0.
heal al Mlxlag ala
For the Ideal thermodynamic method, an excess enthalpy method may
be specified on the Heat of Mixing window. This window is accessed
by clicking the appropriate Enter Data... button beside liquid enthalpy
on the Thermodynamic Property-Modification Data window, checking
the check box and then clicking on the Enter Data button on the
Thermodynamic Property-Modification-Liquid Enthalpy window beside
the Heat of Mixing data item. Checking the box on the Heat of Mixing
window activates three radio buttons, and the excess enthalpy calcula-
tion method may be selected by choosing the desired radio button. If
either of the Redlich-Kister Excess Enthalpy methods are chosen, then
the Redlich-Kister binary parameters may be entered on the Binary
Redlich-Kister Parameters window, which is accessed by clicking the
Binary Data... button. When entering the Redlich-Kister binary
parameters for any component pair, the A
ij
field is required and the other
parameters have default values of 0.0.
user-aJJeJ TkermaJyaamlc ala
To select a user-added thermodynamic method, select one of the fifteen
user-added methods from the drop-down list box in the Primary
Method field on the Thermodynamic Data window. The User-added
Parameters window allows the input of parameters for user-added
thermodynamic subroutines. For each row of the grid, the parameter
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number (from 1 to 2600) is entered in the first column and the
parameter value is entered in the second column.
hale: The User-added Subroutines supplement (an add-on to the stan-
dard PRO/II package) is required for user-added thermodynamic meth-
ods. Contact your local SIMSCI office for more information.
aIInIng TransporI FroparIIas
Transport property methods are selected in the Thermodynamics -
Transport Properties window which is accessed by clicking the
Transport Properties... button on the Thermodynamic System -
Modification window. Transport properties, i.e., viscosities, thermal
conductivities, liquid surface tension, and liquid diffusivities may be
selected on a global basis via radio buttons as: specify individually,
pure-component averages, petroleum based correlations, the TRAPP
method, or user-added methods. Note that the TRAPP method does not
predict liquid surface tension and the petroleum method is used to
predict this property when TRAPP is selected.
Drop-down list boxes may be used to replace any of the global
methods, with these options for the properties:
Vapor vIsrosIIIas. None, pure-component average, petroleum correla-
tions, TRAPP method, user-added.
LIquId vIsrosIIIas. None, pure-component average, petroleum correla-
tions, TRAPP method, API method, SIMSCI method, Woeflin method
user-added.
Vapor and IIquId IharmaI rondurIIvIIIas. None, pure-component average,
petroleum correlations, TRAPP method, user-added.
LIquId surIara IansIon. None, pure-component average, petroleum corre-
lations, user-added.
hale: The None option for the methods above is available only if the
Specify Individually option is selected for the Transport System.
LIquId dIIIusIvIIy. None, Wilke-Chang.
hale: A user-added method is not allowed for liquid diffusivity
calculations.
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To select a user-added transport method, choose the User-added
Subroutine option on the Transport Properties window and select one
of the five methods from the drop-down list.
hale: The User-Added Subroutines supplement (an add-on to the
standard PRO/II package) is required for user-added transport meth-
ods. Contact your local SIMSCI office for more information.
The PRO/II online help text provides additional information about the
various transport property methods. More information may also be
found in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
8parIIyIng WaIar aranI pIIons
When a method set which supports two-liquid phase calculations is
selected via the Thermodynamic Data window, the Thermodynamics -
Liquid-Liquid Options window appears. Radio buttons on this window
may be used to specify that a single liquid phase only be used in the calcu-
lations (the default) or that two-liquid phase calculations be performed.
For method sets that support water decant, the user may optionally
select to decant water as a pure phase. The methods used for the decant
water calculations are selected via radio buttons in the Water Options
window which is reached by clicking the Water Options... button on
the Thermodynamic System-Modification window. The following
options are available:
6aIruIaIIon oI WaIar 8oIubIIIIy In honaquaous Fhasa. SIMSCI Method (the
default), Kerosene correlation, Compute from Equation of State (SRK
and PR methods only).
6aIruIaIIon oI aranIad WaIar FroparIIas. Vapor-Liquid Saturation Values,
Steam Tables.
Optionally, the user may also check a check box to use GPSA Data
Book values for calculating the water partial pressure.
More details on decant of free water are given in the online help text
and in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-19
TabIa B1. FradaIInad TharmodynamIr MaIhod 8aIs
MosI 6ommonIy sad.
FrImary MaIhod (kvaIua)
Vapor
LnIhaIpy
LIquId
LnIhaIpy
Vapor
LnIropy
LIquId
LnIropy
Vapor
ansIIy
LIquId
ansIIy
Vapor
FugarIIy
SoaveRedlichKwong (SRK) SRK SRK SRK SRK SRK AF h0hE
FengRobinson (FR) FR FR FR FR FR AF h0hE
0raysonStreed (0S) CF CF CF CF SRK AF h0hE
8raunK1O (8K1O) J0 J0 CF CF BEAL AF h0hE
hRTL (hRTL) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uh0uAC (uh0uAC) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uhFAC (uhFAC) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
hote. CF= CurlFit/er method, J0 = Johnson0rayson method, AF= AF Method
LquaIIons oI 8IaIa.
FrImary MaIhod (kvaIua)
Vapor
LnIhaIpy
LIquId
LnIhaIpy
Vapor
LnIropy
LIquId
LnIropy
Vapor
ansIIy
LIquId
ansIIy
Vapor
FugarIIy
8wRS (8wRS) 8wRS 8wRS 8wRS 8wRS 8wRS 8wRS h0hE
FengRobinson (FR) FR FR FR FR FR AF h0hE
FRhuronvidal (FRh) FRh FRh FRh FRh FRh AF h0hE
FRFanagiotooulosReid (FRF) FRF FRF FRF FRF FRF AF h0hE
FRModiliedFanag.Reid (FRM) FRM FRM FRM FRM FRM AF h0hE
SoaveRedlichKwong (SRK) SRK SRK SRK SRK SRK AF h0hE
SRKKabadiBanner (SRKKB) SRKKB SRKKB SRKKB SRKKB SRKKB AF h0hE
SRKhuronvidal (SRKh) SRKh SRKh SRKh SRKh SRKh AF h0hE
SRKFanagiotooulosReid (SRKF) SRKF SRKF SRKF SRKF SRKF AF h0hE
SRKModiliedFanag.Reid (SRKM) SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM AF h0hE
SRKSMSC (SRKS) SRKS SRKS SRKS SRKS SRKS AF h0hE
SRKhexamer (hEXA) hEXA hEXA hEXA hEXA hEXA AF h0hE
LeeKeslerFlcker LKF LKF LKF LKF LKF AF h0hE
uniwaals (uhw) uhw uhw uhw uhw uhw uhw h0hE
anaraIItad 6orraIaIIons.
FrImary MaIhod (kvaIua)
Vapor
LnIhaIpy
LIquId
LnIhaIpy
Vapor
LnIropy
LIquId
LnIropy
Vapor
ansIIy
LIquId
ansIIy
Vapor
FugarIIy
8raunK1O (8K1O) J0 J0 CF CF BEAL AF h0hE
ChaoSeader (CS) CF CF CF CF SRK AF h0hE
ChaoSeaderErbar (CSE) CF CF CF CF SRK AF h0hE
5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
8-?0
TabIa B1. FradaIInad TharmodynamIr MaIhod 8aIs
0raysonStreed (0S) CF CF CF CF SRK AF h0hE
0raysonStreedErbar (0SE) CF CF CF CF SRK AF h0hE
mroved0raysonStreed (0S) CF CF CF CF SRK AF h0hE
deal (BEAL) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL h0hE
8parIaI Farkagas.
FrImary MaIhod (kvaIua)
Vapor
LnIhaIpy
LIquId
LnIhaIpy
Vapor
LnIropy
LIquId
LnIropy
Vapor
ansIIy
LIquId
ansIIy
Vapor
FugarIIy
Alcohol (hRTL) SRKM BEAL SRKM SRKM SRKM BEAL BEAL
Amine (AMhE) SRKM AMhE SRKM SRKM SRKM BEAL h0hE
0lycol (0LYC0L) SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM AF h0hE
Sour water (S0uR) SRKM BEAL SRKM SRKM SRKM BEAL h0hE
0FA Sour water (0FSwAT) SRKM BEAL SRKM SRKM SRKM BEAL h0hE
LIquId krIIvIIy.
FrImary MaIhod (kvaIua)
Vapor
LnIhaIpy
LIquId
LnIhaIpy
Vapor
LnIropy
LIquId
LnIropy
Vapor
ansIIy
LIquId
ansIIy
Vapor
FugarIIy
hRTL (hRTL) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uh0uAC (uh0uAC) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uhFAC (uhFAC) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
wilson (wLS0h) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL h0hE
van Laar (vAhLAAR) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
Margules (MAR0uLES) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
Regular Solution (RE0uLAR) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
Floryhuggins (FL0RY) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uhFAC TBe1 (uhFAC TBe1) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uhFAC TBe2 (uhFAC TBe2) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uhFAC TBe8 (uhFAC TBe8) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
uhFAC Free volume (uhFAC Free volume) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL BEAL
deal (BEAL) BEAL BEAL h0hE h0hE BEAL BEAL h0hE
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-?1
5lream ala
anaraI InIormaIIon
This section of data is used to specify the thermal conditions and composi-
tions for all feed streams in the flowsheet. It may also be used to furnish
initial estimates of the composition and thermal conditions for recycle tear
streams to enhance recycle convergence. Supplied data for tear streams or
any other streams which are products from unit operations are used as
estimates only and always replaced by the next calculated set of values.
Finally, Reference streams may be defined to eliminate thermal recycles.
Compositional streams may be of two types: composition fully defined
in terms of defined components, or pseudocomponents to be generated
from petroleum assay data. Reference streams are always assigned the
composition of the parent stream.
Compositions may be defined on a mole, weight, standard liquid
volume or vapor volume basis, corresponding to typical laboratory data.
It is necessary to provide both a laboratory distillation and stream
average gravity for petroleum assay streams. Light ends analyses,
gravity curves, and molecular weight curves may optionally be
furnished to improve the characterization of petroleum assay streams.
The stream thermal conditions may be specified in a variety of ways
including: defined temperature and pressure, bubble or dew point
conditions, or fraction liquid. For reference streams, only the tempera-
ture and pressure may be defined.
LnIarIng 8IraamaIa
You can enter data for a stream on the flowsheet. The data entry
window that appears contains any data you previously entered (as well
as default values) for the selected stream.
To enter data for a stream:
Double-click on the stream or right-click on the unit icon and select
Data Entry..., or select the stream and choose Input/Data Entry...
from the menu bar.
Select the desired stream operation.
The stream name automatically assigned by the program is displayed in the
upper left hand corner of this window and may be edited as desired. If the
stream is an intermediate or product stream, a check box appears on this
window so that an initial estimate may be supplied for the stream.
Select the Stream Type.
5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
8-??
Figure 8-1: Stream Data Entry Window - Feed Stream
8parIIyIng 6omposIIIon aIInad 8Iraams
Within the Stream Data main data entry window:
Select the Composition Defined radio button.
Click the Flowrate and Composition button to access the Flowrate
and Composition window.
Radio buttons are used to select the stream flowrate basis as: Total
Fluid Rate, or Individual Component Flowrates. A data entry box
adjacent to the Total Fluid Rate button is used to enter the total stream
flow in mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or standard vapor volume
units.
The stream composition is supplied in a drop-down list box, and may
be supplied on a mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or standard vapor
basis. Components not defined are assigned zero flowrates. If the total
fluid rate was not given, the flowrate for the stream is taken as the sum
of the stream composition. PRO/II displays a running total for the
composition as it is entered.
When the total fluid rate is supplied and the composition does not sum
to that rate or a rate of 100.00 1.0 or 1.00 0.01 (indicating composi-
tion percentage or fraction) an error is signaled. Optionally, a check box
is provided to normalize the composition based on the specified total
fluid rate, in which case no error is signaled for the above condition.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-?3
8parIIyIng 8IraamTharmaI 6ondIIIon
The thermal condition for all supplied streams except reference streams
must be specified on the Stream Data main data entry window. Two
specifications must be supplied. The first specification is selected as
Temperature or Pressure via the First Specification drop-down list box
and the value entered in an adjacent data entry field.
The second is chosen from the Second Specification drop-down list box
as: Pressure, Bubble Point, Dew Point, Liquid Mole Fraction, Liquid
Weight Fraction, or Liquid Volume Fraction. The pressure and the
liquid fraction specifications have an adjacent data entry field. Thus,
the thermal condition may be:
G Defined temperature and pressure.
G Bubble or dew point (pressure defined, temperature calculated).
G Bubble or dew point (temperature defined, pressure calculated).
G Liquid fraction (pressure defined, temperature calculated).
G Liquid fraction (temperature defined, pressure calculated).
The temperature and pressure may optionally be specified for a
reference stream. If not specified, the thermal conditions for the parent
stream are used.
8parIIyIng FaIroIaumkssay 8Iraams
Within the Stream Data main data entry window:
Select the Petroleum Assay radio button.
Click the Flowrate and Array button to enter the Flowrate and Assay
window.
The flowrate for the assay stream is entered in the data entry field
provided as weight or liquid volume units. The cutpoint set for the
blend may be selected by clicking the hypertext string default set of
TBP cutpoints to retrieve a list of the problem cutpoint sets. The pseu-
docomponent blending option is selected by clicking the text string
included in. This option is the default and includes the pseudocompo-
nents generated for the stream in the assay blending for the cutpoint set.
The excluded from option is used when the assay stream is a recycle
estimate and the effect of its estimated pseudocomponents on the assay
blend properties is not wanted. Entry of the various assay data is
discussed below. More information on the various laboratory tests is
given in the PRO/II help text and the PRO/II Reference Manual.
5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
8-?4
Laharalary lsllllallaa
Click the Define/Edit Assay... button on the Petroleum Assay
Stream window to enter the Assay Definition window. This win-
dow is used to enter the laboratory assay data for the petroleum
stream.
Select the type of distillation via radio buttons as: True Boiling
Point (TBP), ASTM D86, ASTM D1160, or ASTM D2887.
The basis for the distillation may be chosen as: Liquid Volume or
Weight. Liquid Volume is the default for all distillations except the
ASTM D2887 which is defaulted as weight. Note that gravity and
molecular weight curves must be on the same basis, volume or weight,
as the distillation curve. The distillation data for TBP, ASTM D86, and
ASTM D1160 are assumed to be at a pressure basis of 14.696 psia. If
not, enter the laboratory pressure in the data field provided. For ASTM
D86 distillations, a Correct for Cracking check box is provided for
application of the API Data Book cracking correction to the distillation
temperatures.
The distillation data are entered in the table provided. At least two
points are required when the cubic spline fitting method is used. When
only two points are given, PRO/II uses a probability density function to
fill in the curve. For the quadratic fitting option, at least three points
must be given for TBPs and five points for other types of distillations.
PRO/II needs the entire distillation curve from zero percent to one
hundred percent and extrapolates and interpolates as necessary. Wise
engineers perform their own extrapolations outside of PRO/II, using
their knowledge of the stream being characterized.
ravlly ala
The type of gravity data is denoted by radio buttons on the Assay
Definition window as: API Gravity, Specific Gravity, or Watson
K-Factor. The stream average value must be supplied in the data entry
window provided. Optionally, a gravity curve for the stream may be
given by clicking the Gravity Curve... button on this window to access
the Assay Gravity Curve window which provides a convenient tabular
form for entry of the gravity curve.
Malecular Welgkl ala
A molecular weight curve may be optionally given by clicking the
Molecular Weight... button on the Assay Definition window to access
the Assay Molecular Weight Data window. This window provides a
tabular form for entry of the molecular weight curve. Optionally, the stream
average value may also be supplied in this window.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-?5
LlgkleaJs ala
Lightends data may be optionally provided by clicking the
Lightends... button on the Assay Definition window to access the
Assay Lightends Data window. The lightends composition may be
entered on a mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or standard vapor
volume basis. Any library component or petroleum component that was
defined as a PETRO component may be designated as a lightend.
Several choices are available for specification of the total lightends
flow. These choices are selected via radio buttons and are:
MaIrh Io T8F 6urva. The lightends rate is determined such that the normal
boiling point for the mid percent of the highest boiling lightend exactly
matches the TBP curve. The lightend components are kept in the same
proportions as the supplied composition (the default).
FrarIIon oI kssay. The lightends rate is a specified fraction of the total
stream rate. A basis of liquid volume or weight may also be selected in
the Basis drop-down list box. If no basis is selected, the basis for the
distillation curve is assumed. When this option is chosen and the
lightends composition does not add to the specified fraction or to 100.0
1.0 or 1.00 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or composition
fraction) an error is signaled.
FarranI oI kssay. The lightends rate is a specified percent of the total
stream rate. A basis of liquid volume or weight may also be selected in
the Basis drop-down list box. If no basis is selected, the basis for the
distillation curve is assumed. When this option is chosen and the
lightends composition does not add to the specified percent or to 100.0
1.0 or 1.00 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or composition
fraction) an error is signaled.
sa 6omposIIIons as krIuaI aIas. The supplied composition is assumed to
be component flows, not fractional composition or percentage composi-
tion.
LIghIands aIa. The lightends rate is supplied directly in the data entry field
provided. When this option is chosen and the lightends composition does
not add to 100.0 1.0 or 1.00 0.01 (indicating composition percentage
or composition fraction) an error is signaled.
Optionally, a check box is provided to normalize the composition based
on the specified total lightends rate, in which case no error is signaled
for a composition total which does not equal fraction, percent or a supplied
rate and does not add to 100.0 1.0 or 1.00 0.01.
5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
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5lreamTkermal 6aaJlllaas
The thermal conditions for petroleum assay streams are specified in the
same fashion as that already discussed for compositionally defined
streams.
8parIIyIng aryrIa 8Iraams
The PRO/II calculation engine recognizes recycle loops and automati-
cally sets up loop calculations as needed. For many problems, the
default techniques are satisfactory. For complicated flowsheets with
nested recycle loops, the user may prefer to define the loop calculation
details. Acceleration techniques can also be applied to speed closure of
the recycle tear streams.
5elllag ecycle 6aavergeace llaas
Recycle convergence options are entered in the Problem Recycle
Convergence and Acceleration Options window which may be reached
from the PFD main window by clicking the Recycle Convergence icon
on the toolbar.
The following Recycle Convergence Options can be selected with radio
buttons:
6onvarga aII 8Iraams. Convergence is not attained until all flowsheet
streams are converged within the recycle tolerances. This is the default.
6onvarga onIy Taar 8Iraams. Convergence is reached when all tear streams
are converged. This is the option used by the SIMSCI PROCESS
Simulation Program.
Global recycle tolerances may be set in this window. These tolerances
are used for all loops except user specified loops in which tolerances
are supplied. Tolerances may be specified as relative or absolute via
drop-down list boxes. Tolerances are:
6omponanI. Permissible change in a stream component rate from one
iteration to another. The default is 0.01 on a relative basis.
TamparaIura. Allowable change in a stream temperature from one
iteration to another. The default is + 1.0F or equivalent.
Frassura. Allowable change in a stream pressure from one iteration to
another. The default is 0.01 on a relative basis.
The smallest stream component mole fraction to test for convergence
may be changed from the default value of 0.01 by clicking on the
linked text numeric value. Note that for some problems such as amine
plants, this threshold must be lowered to test the residual acid gas
components in the recycle amine solution.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-?7
Frequency of intermediate printed results for recycle calculations may
be selected by clicking the underlined value in the print statement:
Print recycle stream composition every 0 recycle iterations.
The number of recycle trials to allow before non-convergence is
signaled may be entered by clicking the underlined value in the trials
statement: Set default maximum number of trials for each recycle loop
to 20. Note that this is a global value which may be superseded for a
user specified loop.
Acceleration options are chosen via radio buttons:
IrarI 8ubsIIIuIIon (ho krraIaraIIon). This is the default.
kppIy WagsIaIn krraIaraIIon. Use the Wegstein acceleration method. The
following additional options may be chosen with Wegstein by clicking
underlined default values: first iteration to accelerate (default is 2),
iteration interval for acceleration (default is 1), Wegstein lower and
upper factors (defaults are -5.00 and 0.00)
kppIy 8roydan krraIaraIIon. Use the Broyden acceleration method. When
this option is selected, the first iteration to accelerate may also be
supplied by clicking the underlined (linked text) default value of 2.
Ordinarily, all recycle tear streams are accelerated. Click the
Accelerated Tear Streams... button to access the Accelerated Tear
Streams window. This window has two options available:
krraIaraIa kII Taar 8Iraams. This is the default.
krraIaraIa sarsparIIIad Taar 8Iraams. When this option is selected, tear
streams are selected in a drop-down list box and moved to the Acceler-
ated Streams list box. Acceleration is only applied to these tear streams
in the Accelerated Streams list box.
user-secllleJ ecycle Laas
To select user-specified recycle loops, the user must first select the
Alternate or Explicitly Defined by User calculation sequence methods
in the Problem Calculation Sequence window.
Click the User-specified Recycle Loops button on the Problem
Recycle Convergence and Acceleration Options window to reach
the User-specified Recycle Loops window.
Then, click on the check box beside User-specified Recycle Loops.
5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
8-?8
A tabular form is used to supply recycle loop information. Each line in
the table has drop-down list boxes which are used to select the Starting
Unit and the Ending Unit for each loop. The adjacent Enter Data...
button is clicked to enter additional recycle information via the Indi-
vidual Recycle Loop Data window.
Information which may be entered in this window includes:
humbar oI TrIaIs. Number of iteration trials before non-convergence is
signaled. If not supplied, the global value is used.
aryrIa 8Iraam 6onvarganra ToIaranras. Tolerances may be supplied for the
Component, Temperature, and Pressure changes. A threshold
component level may be supplied by clicking the underlined (linked
text) default. Note that the global defaults are used when values are not
supplied in this window.
krraIaraIIon pIIons. The Direct Substitution, Wegstein Acceleration, or
Broyden Acceleration methods may be selected for acceleration of the tear
stream. The following additional options may be chosen with Wegstein by
clicking highlighted default values: first iteration to accelerate (default is
2), iteration interval for acceleration (default is 1), Wegstein lower and
upper factors (defaults are -5.00 and 0.00). For Broyden, the first
iteration to accelerate may also be supplied by clicking the highlighted
default value of 2.
8raIIng FrodurI 8Iraams
eaeral lalarmallaa
Scaling provides an easy way to ratio all of the results in a simulation
such that the flow of one of the products is equal to a specified flow.
For example, it may be desired to build a plant which produces a
specified quantity of product, but the exact quantity of feed required is
not known. Instead of making multiple runs with different feed rates,
one run may be made and the complete result scaled, including the feed
rate such that the desired product rate is achieved.
To use the scaling feature:
Select the menu option Output from the menu bar of the PRO/II
main window.
Select the Report Format item from the Output menu.
Select Miscellaneous Data from the Report Format menu to access
the Miscellaneous Report Options window.
Click the Product Stream Scaling button to display the Product
Stream Scaling window.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-?9
Click the check box beside Scale Stream Flowrate.
Then pick the stream to be scaled in the Stream Name drop-down
list box in the Product Stream Scaling window and select the
stream components on which the scaling rate is based with the ra-
dio button provided. The default is All Components. If a Range of
Components is selected, the starting and ending components are
chosen in drop-down list boxes and the scaling rate is applied to the
total of all components in this range.
The rate for the scaled product stream, either the total stream or a specified
range of components, is supplied in the data entry field provided. The Units
of Measure feature may be used to supply the scaling rate as moles, mass,
standard liquid volume units, or standard vapor volume units.
haa-scaleahle uall erallaas
Some unit operation results are not scaleable, that is, the calculated results are
dependent on the absolute flowthrough the unit. For example the calculated
pressure drop through a pipe of specified diameter depends on the flowthrough
the pipe and may not be directly scaled for other flowrates. PRO/II disables the
scaling option when unit operations are present which are non-scalable. The
following unit operations are non-scalable:
Column Hydraulics, Rigorous Heat Transfer, Pipe, Depressuring,
Plug Flow Reactor.
8parIIyIng aIaranra 8Iraams
A reference stream is a stream of identical composition to its parent
stream. When the composition of the parent stream changes, the
composition of the reference stream is immediately updated to be the
same as the parent stream. This concept is very useful in eliminating
thermal recycles in flowsheets.
Reference streams are designated by double-clicking the stream on the
PFD to retrieve the Stream Data main data entry window, selecting the
radio button Referenced to Stream, and choosing the parent stream in
the drop-down list box. Optionally, a rate may be supplied for the
reference stream. If not supplied, the rate of the parent stream is
assumed.
Optionally, a temperature and pressure may be specified for the
reference stream. If not specified, the thermal conditions of the parent
stream are used.
5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata FFU/II Lscr's S0idc
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6opyIng 8IraamaIa
PRO/II allows you to copy the thermal and composition data for a
selected stream. Process data for a selected stream can be copied to a
new flowsheet stream or can be used to replace (overwrite) the
currently existing data in another selected stream.
6reallag a hew5lreamlramaa xlsllag 5lream
In the PRO/II main window:
Select the desired stream to copy by clicking on the stream label
with the mouse.
Choose Copy on the Edit menu.
Click the left mouse button on an unoccupied area of the PFD main
window or choose Select None on the Edit Menu to deselect the se-
lected stream.
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to a new stream as
follows:
Choose Paste on the Edit Menu.
The cursor will change to an arrow with a small s visible to indicate
that the PFD is now in stream mode.
Create a new stream by clicking the left mouse button on an unoc-
cupied area of the PFD main window or on one of the available exit
ports for a unit icon.
Drag the mouse to the desired unoccupied area of the PFD or feed
port of another unit.
Release the mouse button to complete the creation of the stream.
Create additional duplicate streams if desired, or
Click the right mouse button or press <Esc> to exit stream mode.
The newly created stream(s) will have the same thermal conditions,
composition, and description as the original source stream.
6aylag ala Framae xlsllag 5lreamla Aaalker xlsllag 5lream
In the PFD main window:
Select the desired stream to copy by clicking on the stream label
with the left mouse button.
Choose Copy on the Edit menu.
Click the left mouse button on an unoccupied area of the PFD main
window or choose Select None on the Edit menu to deselect the
selected stream.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-31
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to one or more
existing streams as follows:
Select the desired destination stream(s) with the left mouse button.
Choose Paste on the Edit menu.
The data from the original source stream will be copied to the destina-
tion stream(s), overriding any existing.
For compositionally-defined streams containing calculated data, PRO/II
allows the user to copy the calculated data (temperature, pressure, and
one of total composition, liquid composition, or vapor composition)
into the designated stream(s).
Select the desired compositionally-defined stream to copy by click-
ing on the stream.
Choose Copy on the Edit menu.
Select the desired destination stream(s) with the left mouse button.
Choose Paste Special on the Edit menu.
You may chose to paste only the input data of the selected stream or
paste the input data and calculated data (using the total composition, or
vapor composition, or liquid composition).
hale: For assay or reference streams, the Paste Special option is not
allowed.
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The Stream Data Link feature described previously will only transfer
calculated data from the source stream to the input data slots of the
destination stream. To copy input stream data from one simulation
database to another, you must use the Windows Clipboard.
To transfer input stream data from one database to another:
Select the File/Open menu option to open the first database.
Highlight the stream of interest and copy the input data of this
stream to the Windows clipboard by using the Edit/Copy menu
option.
Open up the second database using the File/Open menu option.
Paste the clipboard data into the destination stream using the
Edit/Paste Special menu option.
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8-3?
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The Stream Data Link feature allows for the transfer of calculated
stream data across PRO/II simulation databases. By using this feature,
you can copy calculated stream data from a source database to the input
data of a destination database. When modeling a large flowsheet, this
practical feature enables you to:
G Quickly make use of stream data previously calculated in an
upstream section of the plant
G Avoid possible simulation errors due to manual re-entry of
stream data
G Easily model each section of the flowsheet as a separate simu-
lation, with each section connected by a stream data link.
To define a Stream Data Link:
Highlight the stream to be linked to a previous database by clicking
on it.
Select the Define Stream Data Link option from the Input menu.
This brings up the Define Stream Data Link window as shown in Figure
7-15. In this window you must select both the name of the
previously-run database file, and the stream from that simulation to be
linked to your current simulation.
Click on the Define Link check box.
Enter the name of the previously-run database file, or click on the
Browse button to select from a list of available database files.
Enter the name of the stream from the previously-run database to
be linked to the stream in your current simulation, or click on the
Browse button to select from a list of available streams.
Click the Assay Characterization icon to return to the main PFD.
hale: You can link a stream in the current flowsheet to another stream
in the same flowsheet. This includes linking the input of the currently
selected stream to the calculated output data for that stream.
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8-33
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You may update a stream data link while defining that link, or you may
update all defined links at a later time via the Input menu.
To update a Stream Data Link while defining that link:
Check the Update Now check box in the Define Stream Data Link
window.
Click the Modify button.
To update all defined Stream Data Links:
Select the Update Stream Data Links menu option from the Input
menu.
hale: If the components are different in the two simulation databases,
some component rate information may be discarded during the data
transfer. If the source stream has rate information for a component
which is not present in the second database, that rate information will
be ignored. If the source stream contains assay pseudocomponents, no
component data will be copied to the target stream unless an identical
assay exists in the current (target) simulation.
hale: All stream data link information will be lost if you export the
simulation data to a PRO/II keyword file and then re-import the key-
word file.
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Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special Properties are
available in PRO/II for calculating bulk stream properties. The stream
values of the properties can be included in the PRO/II output and can be
used in performance specifications.
Refinery Inspection Properties comprises fifty-three predefined prop-
erties, commonly used by refineries for measuring and specifying unit
operation performance. Examples are cetane index, sulfur content,
pour point, kinematic viscosity.
User-defined Special Properties can be defined for any other property
for which component data or assay data can be provided. Possible
examples include autoignition temperature, color, $/tonne.
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8-34
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Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special Properties are
used in the following ways:
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Global property data for each component in the flowsheet are entered
through the Component Properties window. Values entered here are
used everywhere in the flowsheet unless overridden through the Ther-
modynamic Data window, as described below.
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For streams that are to be defined in terms of assay curves, stream
values of Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special
Properties can be entered either as curves or as average values or both.
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The properties that are to be used are specified in the Thermodynamic
Data window. If there is more than one thermodynamic system in the
flowsheet, some properties may be specified for use in one system and
others in another.
Component data for each specified property can also be entered for
each thermodynamic system. Any component data entered for a ther-
modynamic system will be used in preference to the data provided
globally wherever that thermodynamic system is invoked.
hale: A property is available only if it has been specified for a thermody-
namic system through the Thermodynamic Data window and is available
only in those unit operations where that thermodynamic system is used.
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Global component data are entered for each component through the
Component Properties window of PRO/II. Values entered here are used
everywhere in the flowsheet unless overridden through the Thermody-
namic Data window.
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To enter component refinery inspection property data globally:
Click on the Component Properties icon on the toolbar or select the
Input/Component Properties.... The Component Properties win-
dow appears.
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc 5pccifyii 0cmpcicit,T|crmcdyiamic aid 5trcam Lata
8-35
Click on the Refinery Inspection Properties button to bring up the
Component Property Selection for Refinery Inspection Properties
window.
Select a property from the Property Name drop-down list box.
Click the Enter Data... button to enter global values. If the prop-
erty is Kinematic Viscosity, the Component Data Entry for Kine-
matic Viscosity window will open. Otherwise the Component Data
Entry for Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special Properties
window will open.
For each component enter either a Data value or an Index value.
For some properties the index method is not applicable and no in-
dex values may be entered. If the property is Kinematic Viscosity,
enter values at two temperatures.
The stream property value is calculated from the individual component
values using a chosen stream mixing method.
hale: The SIMSCI databank contains Refinery Inspection Properties
for some components; these data will be used if no value is entered in
the input. If no data are present for a component, a fill method can be
chosen through the Thermodynamic Data window (see below).
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To enter component user-defined special property data globally:
Click on the Component Properties button on the toolbar or select
Input/Component Properties... from the menu bar. The Component
Properties window appears.
Click User-defined Special Properties to access the Component
Property Selection for User-defined Special Properties window.
Enter the name of a new Special Property in the Property Name
drop-down list box or select a special property from the list.
Click the Enter Data... button to enter global values. The Compo-
nent Data Entry for Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special
Properties window will open.
For each component enter either a Data value or an Index value.
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For streams that are to be defined in terms of assay curves, stream
values of Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special
Properties can be entered either as curves or as average values.
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8-36
ellaery lasecllaa Fraerlles
To enter assay data for refinery inspection properties:
Double-click on the stream on the PFD. The Stream Data window
appears.
In the Stream Data window, click the Petroleum Assay radio button
and then click the Flowrate and Assay button to access the
Flowrate and Assay window.
In the Flowrate and Assay window, click Define/Edit Assay... to
access the Stream Data - Assay Definition window.
In the Stream Data - Assay Definition window, first click the ap-
propriate distillation method radio button and then click
Refinery Inspection Properties to access the Assay Property
Selection for Refinery Inspection Properties window.
Select a property from the Property Name drop-down list box.
Click the Enter Data... button to enter global values. If the Prop-
erty is Kinematic Viscosity, the Assay Data Entry for Kinematic
Viscosity window will open. Otherwise the Assay Data Entry for
Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special Properties window
will open.
Enter the property value(s) as either a stream average, curve against
Percent Distilled or both. If the property is Kinematic Viscosity,
enter values at two temperatures.
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To enter assay data for user-defined special properties:
Double-click on the stream on the PFD. The Stream Data window
appears.
In the Stream Data window click Flowrate and Assay to access
the Flowrate and Assay window.
In the Flowrate and Assay window click Define/Edit Assay... to
access the Stream Data - Assay Definition window.
In the Stream Data - Assay Definition window click
User-defined Special Properties to access the Assay Property
Selection for User-defined Special Properties.
Enter the name of a new Special Property in the Property Name
drop-down list box or select a special property from the list.
Click the Enter Data... button to enter global values. The Assay
Data Entry for Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special
Properties window will open.
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Enter the property value(s) as either a stream average, curve against
Percent Distilled or both.
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The properties that are to be used in the simulation must be specified
through the Thermodynamic Data window. If there is more than one
thermodynamic system in the flowsheet, some properties may be
specified for use in one system and others in another. A property is
available only if it has been specified for a thermodynamic system and
only in those unit operations where that thermodynamic system is used.
Component data for each specified property can also be entered for
each thermodynamic system. Any component data entered in a thermo-
dynamic system will be used in preference to the component Global
data wherever that thermodynamic system is invoked.
To assign refinery inspection properties to a Thermodynamic
System:
Click on the Thermodynamic Data button or select Thermodynamic
Data... on the Input menu bar item. The Thermodynamic Data
window appears.
Select the system for which modifications are to be made in the
Defined Systems box.
Click the Modify... button to access the Thermodynamic Data -
Modification Window.
Click the Refinery Inspection Properties button. The Thermody-
namic Method Selection for Refinery Inspection Properties window
appears. This window has a table in which properties and associ-
ated parameters and data will be entered. To eliminate the need to
enter standard sets of properties repeatedly, predefined lists of
properties have been set up.
To load the table with a predefined list of properties, select from
the Predefined Lists list. Selecting None in this list removes all
properties from the table.
Select a property from a Property Name drop-down list box in the
table. The available options and their default selections, deter-
mined by the property selected, are presented. Change these as
required. The options are:
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8-38
G Stream Method, which defines the method used to mix the
component property values to produce a value for the stream.
The available options are:
Summation: The stream property value is determined by
summing the product of the component property value and
the component fraction. The fraction may be molar, weight
or liquid volume and is calculated from the total stream dry
composition except for kinematic viscosity when it is from
the dry liquid part of the stream. Any Index data supplied
for the property will be converted to property values before
the summation using the equation:
Value ReferenceValue
Index
Reference Index
=
Edit
text 5-6
Editor
specifying default 12-9
Electrolyte version 9-157
column algorithm (ELDIST) 9-158
thermodynamic models 9-157
Enter
flowsheet tolerances 4-11
text 4-20
Existing simulation files
opening 3-2
Expander
See Unit operations
Exporting
See AutoCAD
flowsheet 3-12
PRO/II keyword files 3-10
stream property table data 3-12
F
Fill from structure 8-7
Flash
See Unit operations
Flip
selected objects 5-6
unit icon 5-6
Flowsheet
exporting 3-12
redrawing 6-3
Flowsheet layout
changing its shape 4-18
printing 11-11
Flowsheet optimizer
See Unit operations
Flowsheet tolerances
entering 4-11
Fonts
setting default 12-10
Freehand objects
drawing 4-20
Object size
changing 5-3
Objects
deselecting 5-3
drawing freehand 4-20
flipping 5-6
moving 5-5
rearranging 5-5
resizing 5-3
rotating 5-5
selecting 5-1
selecting all 5-2
selecting group 5-2
Open
existing simulation 3-2
new simulation 3-1
Open simulation window 3-2
Operating modes 1-9
Orthogonal polylines 4-21
Outgoing streams
drawing 4-16
Output format
defining 11-1
F
Palettes
PFD 4-12
Run 1-9
Pan
large 6-5
Up/Down/Left/Right 6-5
Pan View window 6-4
bounding box 6-4
displaying and hiding 6-4
panning with 6-4
Panning 6-3
using menu options 6-5
using the Pan View window 6-4
Panning sensitivity
setting 6-5
PFD 1-4,1-13,3-1
scrolling 6-1
Place
multiple unit icons 4-13
selected unit 4-12
Plot
generating 11-7
Microsoft Excel 11-9
output results 11-7
viewer 11-9
Polylines
drawing 4-21
Ports
color changes 4-16
connecting 4-16
Print
FFU/II Lscr's S0idc Iidcx
I-15
flowsheet layout 11-11
Printer setup 11-11
PRO/II icon 1-1
PRO/II keyword file
importing 3-7
PRO/II main window
components 1-4
manipulate 1-5
PRO/II menus 1-6
Problem
defining scope 7-1
Problem default units of measure
sets 4-4
window 4-4
Problem defaults units of measure 4-1
Problem description 1-10,7-2
setting global defaults 4-1
Problem standard vapor
conditions window 11-4
Problem units of measure
set output report 11-4
Procedure data
predefined variables 9-107
Product stream scaling
changing 11-2