During the first peace of any substantial length (780 782), Charles began to appoi nt his sons to positions

of authority within the realm, in the tradition of the kings and mayors of the past. In 781, he made his two younger sons kings, having them crowned by the Pope. The elder of these two, Carloman, was made king of It aly, taking the Iron Crown which his father had first worn in 774, and in the sa me ceremony was renamed "Pippin."[33][34] The younger of the two, Louis, became king of Aquitaine. Charlemagne ordered Pippin and Louis to be raised in the cust oms of their kingdoms, and he gave their regents some control of their subkingdo ms, but real power was always in his hands, though he intended his sons to inher it their realms some day. Nor did he tolerate insubordination in his sons: in 79 2, he banished his eldest, though possibly illegitimate, son, Pippin the Hunchba ck, to the monastery of Prm, because the young man had joined a rebellion against him. Charles was determined to have his children educated, including his daughters, a s he himself was not. His children were taught all the arts, and his daughters w ere learned in the way of being a woman. His sons took archery, horsemanship, an d other outdoor activities.

Charlemagne instructing Louis the Pious The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father when they came of age. Charl es was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insur rected on at least two occasions and were easily put down, but he was also sent against the Saxons on multiple occasions. In 805 and 806, he was sent into the Bh merwald (modern Bohemia) to deal with the Slavs living there (Bohemian tribes, a ncestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and deva stated the valley of the Elbe, forcing a tribute on them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders but also fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniq uely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when finally that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion. Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and also went to southern Italy to fight the duke of Benevento on at least one occasion. He took Barcelona in a great siege in 79 7 (see below). Charlemagne's attitude toward his daughters has been the subject of much discuss ion. He kept them at home with him and refused to allow them to contract sacrame ntal marriages possibly to prevent the creation of cadet branches of the family to challenge the main line, as had been the case with Tassilo of Bavaria yet he tolerated their extramarital relationships, even rewarding their common-law husb ands, and treasured the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him. He als o, apparently, refused to believe stories of their wild behavior. After his deat h the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother, the pio us Louis, to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father. At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognised relationship, if not a m arriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle