Exam 2

Saturday, November 16, 2013 7:46 PM

Antoine's Equation K-value Component vapor pressure/pressure of the separation stage Relative Volatility = \alpha Larger K value/smaller K value

McCabe-Thiele Method
Overall : Component : D = Distillate W = Bottoms m = below the feed stage (stripping) n = above the feed stage (enriching) R = Reflux ratio = Assumed Constants V=Vm+1=Vm V=Vn+1=Vn Enriching section Operating Line: Reflux = R = Ln/D The operating line intersects the y = x line at x = xD Y Intercept of the operating line is Stripping Section Operating Line : The operating line intersects the y = x line at x = xw Y intercept of the Operating Line is y = -Wxw/Vm+1 q line From the liquid composition of the feed If the feed is : at bubble point q = 1 All vapor q = 0

HV = enthalpy of the feed at the dew point HF = enthalpy of the feed at its entrance conditions HL = enthalpy of the feed at the boiling point CpL = heat capacity of the liquid feed TB = boiling point of feed TF = Inlet feed temperature Draw from the intersection of xF and y=x to the intersection of the enriching and stripping sections q line Slope
Feed Composition and flow rate

Feed plate should be the step that steps over the intersection of the stripping and enriching lines where the q line intersects within the feed step Reboilers are considered a theoretical step so Theoretical trays = theoretical steps - 1 Minimum theoretical steps Total Reflux where D = 0 Nothing is flowing out of the column and nothing is entering The products from the top and bottom reenter the column The operating lines are the same as the y = x line Minimum Reflux ratio Requires infinite Trays Minimum vapor flow The value of R so that the operating line touches the equilibrium line

W=249.01 D=350.99 Xpropane = 3.5/D Xpropylene = (350.99-3.5)/D V= D+L=D+15.9D=5931

x' and y' when the q line intersects the equilibrium curve y' = feed vapor mole fraction x' = feed liquid mole fraction Fenske Analytical Expressions Minimum steps

Where sigma is surface tension

Efficiency
Column \alpha \mu
.45 cP

\eta
60%

Ntheory
90

Nactual
150

Height
300

Column 2 1.15

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Fenske Analytical Expressions Minimum steps Column \alpha \mu .45 cP

.44 cP

\eta 60%
62%

Ntheory 90
90

Nactual 150

Height 300

Column 2 1.15
Column 1 1.14

145 (144) 288

A derivation of another form of the Fenske equation for use in gas chromatography is available on the U.S. Naval Academy's web site. Using Raoult's law and Dalton's Law for a series of condensation and evaporation cycles (i.e., equilibrium stages), the following form of the Fenske equation is obtained:

Actual number of trays = Ntheoretical/Efficiency Given spacing as 2 ft between each

where: is the number of equilibrium stages is the mole fraction of component n in the vapor phase is the mole fraction of component n in the liquid phase
is the vapor pressure of pure component n
From <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske_equation>

Optimum reflux ratio

Usually R = [1.2Rm to 1.5Rm]

Bubble Point Calculations

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Gather the Antoine constants for ethane and ethylene. Guess the bubble point temperature, T. Calculate the K value for ethane and ethylene. Calculate y1 and y2 using yi = Kixi where 1 = ethylene and 2 = ethane. Add y1and y2 (denoted yi) and compare this value with 1. If yi = 1, then T is the correct bubble point temperature and y is the bubble point composition. Otherwise, 7. Guess at a new bubble point temperature and repeat steps 3 through 6 until yi = 1.

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