LS-DYNA Manual Vol2 971R700

LSDYNA
KEYWORD USER'S MANUAL

VOLUME II
Material Models

Januar !"# $"%! &re'ision( $)*%+
Version ,-%

LIVERMORE SO./WARE /E01NOLO2Y 0OR3ORA/ION &LS/0+
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0or4orate Address
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Dis7lai5er
Copyright 1 12#2$1% Livermore Software Technology Corporation. 2ll 'ight& 'e&erve(.
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an( LS#PrePo&t
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A&&-e 3ate) 21E$1E2$$2
Thi& file contain& the co(e for implementing the 7ey &che(-le for 2<S B'iGn(aelC for 9loc7 an( 7ey &iHe& of 10, 2!, an(
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I.2TJP.LJ<L2STAC ........................................................................................................... 2#/77
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;EOS
LSDYNA 1# B<OSC
;EOS
LS#3452 ha& hi&torically reference( e:-ation& of &tate 9y type i(entifier&. Below the&e i(entifier&
are given with the corre&pon(ing 7eywor( name in the or(er that they appear in the man-al. The
e:-ation& of &tate can 9e -&e( with a &-9&et of the material& that are availa9le for &oli( element&.
Type 1" i& lin7e( to the type 2 thic7 &hell element an( can 9e -&e( to mo(el engine ga&7et&.
/Y3E %( ;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL
/Y3E $( ;EOS=JWL
/Y3E !( ;EOS=SA0K=/UESDAY
/Y3E *( ;EOS=2RUNEISEN
/Y3E >( ;EOS=RA/IO=O.=3OLYNOMIALS
/Y3E )( ;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL=WI/1=ENER2Y=LEAK
/Y3E -( ;EOS=I2NI/ION=AND=2ROW/1=O.=REA0/ION=IN=1E
/Y3E ?( ;EOS=/A<ULA/ED=0OM3A0/ION
/Y3E ,( ;EOS=/A<ULA/ED
/Y3E %"( ;EOS=3RO3ELLAN/=DE.LA2RA/ION
/Y3E %%( ;EOS=/ENSOR=3ORE=0OLLA3SE
/Y3E %$( ;EOS=IDEAL=2AS
/Y3E %*( ;EOS=JWL<
/Y3E %>( ;EOS=2ASKE/
/Y3E %)( ;EOS=MIE=2RUNEISEN
/Y3E $%!"( ;EOS=USER=DE.INED
2n a((itional optionJ/I/LE may 9e appen(e( to all the ;EOS 7eywor(&. Af thi& option i& -&e(
then an a((itional line i& rea( for each &ection in /$a format which can 9e -&e( to (e&cri9e the e:-a#
tion of &tate. 2t pre&ent LS#3452 (oe& not ma7e -&e of the title. Ancl-&ion of title &imply give&
greater clarity to inp-t (ec7&.
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;EOS
1#1$ B<OSC LSDYNA
DE.INI/IONS @ NO/ES ON SOME 0OMMONLY USED 3ARAME/ERS(
An or(er to pre&cri9e the 9o-n(ary an(Eor initial thermo(ynamic con(ition, man-al comp-tation& are
often nece&&ary. Convention& or (efinition& m-&t 9e e&ta9li&he( to &implify thi& proce&&. Some
9a&ic varia9le& are (efine( in the following. Since many of the&e varia9le& have alrea(y 9een (enot#
e( 9y (ifferent &ym9ol&, the notation& -&e( here are -ni:-e in thi& &ection onlyS They are pre&ente(
to only clarify their -&age. 2 corre&pon(ing SA -nit &et i& al&o pre&ente( a& an example.
+ir&t con&i(er a few vol-metric parameter& &ince they are a mea&-re of compre&&ion Bor expan&ionC.
Pol-me T I (m
3
)
.a&& T H (Kg)
C-rrent &pecific vol-me Bper ma&&C T u =
v
M
=
1
p
[
m
3
Kg

'eference &pecific vol-me T u
0
=
v
0
M
=
1
p
0
[
m
3
Kg

'elative vol-me T u
=
v
v
0
=
(v M )
(v
0
M )
=
u
u
0
=
p
0
p

C-rrent normaliHe( vol-me increment T
du
u
=
u-u
0
u
= 1
1
u
r
= 1
p
p
0

2 fre:-ently -&e( vol-metric parameter i& p =
1
u
r
1 =
u
0
-u
u
=
du
u
=
p
p
0
1
Sometime& another vol-metric parameter i& -&e() p =
u
0
u
=
p
p
0

Th-& the relation 9etween p an( p i& p =
u
0
-u
u
= p 1
The following ta9le &-mmariHe& the&e vol-metric parameter&.
P2'A2BL<S CO.P'<SSAO5 5O LO23 <MP25SAO5
u
=
u
u
0
=
p
0
p

> 1 1 ? 1
p =
1
u
=
u
0
u
=
p
p
0
? 1 1 > 1
p =
1
u
1 = p 1

? $ $ > $
V0 INITIAL RELATIVE VOLUME
There are % (efinition& of (en&ity that m-&t 9e (i&ting-i&he( from each other)
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;EOS
LSDYNA 1#11 B<OSC
p
0
= p
c]
T 3en&ity at nominalEreference &tate, -&-ally non#&tre&& or non#(eforme( &tate.
p|
t=0
T 3en&ity at t T $
p T C-rrent (en&ity
'ecalling the c-rrent relative vol-me, u
=
p
0
p
=
u
u
0
, an( the relative vol-me at timeT$ i& then
u
0
= u
|
t=0
=
p
0
p|
t=0
=
u|
t=0
u
0
. =enerally, the P$ inp-t parameter in an I<OSJcar(, refer& to thi& u
0
.
p
0
i& generally the (en&ity (efine( in the I.2TJcar(. Lence, if a material i& mechanically com#
pre&&e( at tT$, P$, or u
0
, the initial relative vol-me, may 9e comp-te( an( inp-t accor(ingly
Bu
0
= IuC.
The UreferenceV &tate i& a -ni:-e &tate with re&pect to which the material &tre&& ten&or i& comp-te(.
Therefore u
0
i& very critical in comp-ting the pre&&-re level in a material. Ancorrect choice of u
0

wo-l( lea( to incorrect pre&&-re comp-te(. An general, u
0
i& cho&en &-ch that at Hero compre&&ion or
expan&ion, the material &ho-l( 9e in e:-ili9ri-m with it& am9ient &-rro-n(ing. An many of the e:-a#
tion& &hown in the <OS &ection, p i& fre:-ently -&e( a& a mea&-re of compre&&ion Bor expan&ionC.
Lowever, the -&er& m-&t clearly (i&ting-i&h 9etween p an( u
0
.
E0 INTERNAL ENERGY
Anternal energy repre&ent& the thermal energy &tate Btemperat-re (epen(ent componentC of a &y&tem.
One (efinition for internal energy i&
E = HC
I ([oulc)
5ote that the capital UEV here i& the a9&ol-te internal energy. At i& not the &ame a& that -&e( in the
&-9&e:-ent I<OS 7eywor( inp-t, or &ome e:-ation& &hown for each I<OSJcar(. Thi& internal ener#
gy i& often (efine( with re&pect to a ma&& or vol-me -nit.
Anternal energy per -nit ma&& Bal&o calle( &pecific internal energyC)
c =
E
H
= C
v
I _
[oulc
Kg
]
Anternal energy per -nit c-rrent vol-me)
c
v
=
H
I
C
v
I = pC
v
I =
C
v
I
u
_
[oulc
m
3
=
N
m
2
]
Anternal energy per -nit reference vol-me)
c
v0
=
H
I
0
C
I = p
0
C
I =
C
I
u
0
_
[oulc
m
3
=
N
m
2
]
.
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;EOS
1#12 B<OSC LSDYNA
c
v0
typically refer& to the capital U<V &hown in &ome e:-ation& -n(er thi& U<OSV &ection. Lence the
initial Uinternal energy per unit reference volumeV, <$, a 7eywor( inp-t parameter in the I<OS &ec#
tion can 9e comp-te( from
c
v0
|
t=0
= p
0
C
v
I|
t=0

To convert from c
v0
to c
v
, &imply (ivi(e c
v0
9y u

c
v
= pC
v
I = |p
0
C
v
I]
p
p
0
=
c
v0
u

EQUATION OF STATE EOS)
2 thermo(ynamic &tate of a homogeneo-& material, not -n(ergoing any chemical reaction& or pha&e
change&, may 9e (efine( 9y two &tate varia9le&. Thi& relation i& generally calle( an e:-ation of &tate.
+or example, a few po&&i9le form& relating pre&&-re to two other &tate varia9le& are
P = P(p, I) = P(u, c) = P(u
, c
v
) = P(p, c
v0
)
The la&t e:-ation form i& fre:-ently -&e( to comp-te pre&&-re. The <OS for &oli( pha&e material& i&
&ometime& partitione( into 2 term&, a col( pre&&-re an( a thermal pre&&-re
P = P
c
(p) +P
1
(p, c
v0
)
P
c
(p) i& the col( pre&&-re hypothetically eval-ate( along a $#(egree#@elvin i&otherm. Thi& i& &ome#
time& calle( a $#@ pre&&-re#vol-me relation or col( compre&&ion c-rve. P
1
(p, c
v0
) i& the thermal
pre&&-re component that (epen(& on 9oth vol-metric compre&&ion an( thermal &tate of the material.
3ifferent form& of the <OS (e&cri9e (ifferent type& of material& an( how their vol-metric compre&#
&ion Bor expan&ionC 9ehavior&. The coefficient& for each <OS mo(el come from (ata#fitting, phe#
nomenological (e&cription&, or (erivation& 9a&e( on cla&&ical thermo(ynamic&, etc.
!INEA" #O$P"ESSION
An low pre&&-re proce&&e&, pre&&-re i& not &ignificantly affecte( 9y temperat-re. ,hen vol-metric
compre&&ion i& within an ela&tic linear (eformation range, a linear 9-l7 mo(-l-& may 9e -&e( to re#
late vol-me change& to pre&&-re change&. 'ecalling the (efinition of an i&otropic 9-l7 mo(-l-& i&
W+-ng 10"X
Au
u
=
P
K
. Thi& may 9e rewritten a& P = Kj
Au
u
[ = Kp. The 9-l7 mo(-l-&, K, th-& i&
e:-ivalent to C
1
in I<OSJLA5<2'JPOL45O.A2L when all other coefficient& are Hero. Thi& i& a
&imple&t form of an <OS. To initialiHe a pre&&-re for &-ch a material, only u
0
m-&t 9e (efine(.
INITIAL CONDITION SETTING
An general, a thermo(ynamic &tate m-&t 9e (efine( 9y two &tate varia9le&. The nee( to &pecify u
0

an(Eor c
v0
|
t=0
(epen(& on the form of the <OS cho&en. The -&er &ho-l( review the e:-ation term#
9y#term to e&ta9li&h what parameter& to 9e initialiHe(.
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;EOS
LSDYNA 1#1% B<OSC
+or many of the <OS availa9le, pre&&-re i& &pecifie( BgivenC, an( the -&er m-&t ma7e an a&&-mption
on either c
v0
|
t=0
or u
0
. Con&i(er two po&&i9ilitie& BaC I|
t=0
i& (efine( or a&&-me( from which
c
v0
|
t=0
may 9e comp-te(, or B2C p|
t=0
i& (efine( or a&&-me( from which u
0
may 9e o9taine(.
WHEN TO USE THE EOS
+or &mall &train& con&i(eration&, a total &tre&& ten&or may 9e partitione( into a (eviatoric &tre&& com#
ponent an( a mechanical pre&&-re.
o
]
= o'
]
+
o
kk
S
o
]
= o'
]
Po
]
P =
o
kk
S
=
o
kk
S
= P

The pre&&-re component may 9e written from the (iagonal &tre&& component&.
5ote that
c
kk
3
=
|c
11
+c
22
+c
33
]
3
i& po&itive in ten&ion while P i& po&itive in compre&&ion.
Similarly the total &train ten&or may 9e partitione( into a (eviatoric &train component Bvol-me#
pre&erving (eformationC an( a vol-metric (eformation.

e
]
= e'
]
+
e
kk
S
o
]

where
s
kk
3
i& calle( the mean normal &train, an( e
kk
i& calle( the (ilatation or vol-me &train Bchange
in vol-me per -nit initial vol-meC
e
kk
=
I I
0
I
0

'o-ghly &pea7ing, a typical convention may refer to the relation o'
]
= (e'
]
) a& a Ucon&tit-tive
e:-ationV, an( P = (p, c
v0
) a& an <OS. The -&e of an <OS may 9e omitte( only when vol-metric
(eformation i& very &mall, an( |P| < |o'
]
|.
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;EOS ;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL
1#1! B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine coefficient& for linear polynomial <OS an( initialiHe the initial thermo(ynamic
&tate of the material. Thi& i& (one 9y (efining <$ an( P$ 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 C$ C1 C2 C% C ! C" C0
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <$ P$
Type + +

VARIA<LE DES0RI3/ION
<OSA3
<:-ation of &tate A3, a -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / character&
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
C$
The $
th
polynomial e:-ation coefficient.
C1
The 1
&t
polynomial e:-ation coefficient Bwhen -&e( 9y it&elf, thi& i& the
elasti7 9-l7 mo(-l-&, i.e. it cannot 9e -&e( for (eformation that i& 9eyon(
the ela&tic regimeC.
...
...
C0
The 0
th
polynomial e:-ation coefficient.
<$
Anitial internal energy per -nit reference vol-me B&ee the 9eginning of the
I<OS &ectionC.
P$
Anitial relative vol-me B&ee the 9eginning of the I<OS &ectionC.
Re5arAs(
1. The linear polynomial e:-ation of &tate i& linear in internal energy. The pre&&-re i& given 9y)
P = C
0
+ C
1
p + C
2
p
2
+ C
3
p
3
+ (C
4
+ C
5
p

+ C
6
p
2
) E .
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;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#1" B<OSC
where term&

C
2
p
2

an(

C
6
p
2

are &et to Hero if p < u , p =
p
p
0
1 , anu
p
p
0
i& the ra#
tio of c-rrent (en&ity to reference (en&ity. p i& a nominal or reference (en&ity (efine( in the
I.2TJ58LL car(.
The linear polynomial e:-ation of &tate may 9e -&e( to mo(el ga& with the gamma law e:-a#
tion of &tate. Thi& may 9e achieve( 9y &etting)
C
0
= C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
6
= u
an(
C
4
= C
5
= y 1
where
y =
C
p
C

i& the ratio of &pecific heat&. Pre&&-re for a perfect ga& i& then given 9y)
p = (y 1)
p
p
0
E
< ha& the -nit of pre&&-re Bwhere p an( pC
28 ,hen C
0
= C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
6
= u, it (oe& not nece&&arily mean that the initial pre&#
&-re i& Hero, P
u
= C
u
S The initial pre&&-re (epen(& the val-e& of all the coefficient& an( on
p|
t=u
an( E|
t=u
. The pre&&-re in a material i& comp-te( from the whole e:-ation a9ove,
P = P(, E). At i& alway& prefera9le to initialiHe the initial con(ition 9a&e( on p|
t=u
an(
E|
t=u
. The -&e of C
0
= C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
6
= u m-&t 9e (one with ca-tion a& it may
change the form an( 9ehavior of the material. The &afe&t way i& to -&e the whole <OS e:-a#
tion to man-ally chec7 for the pre&&-re val-e. +or example, for i(eal ga&, it i& wrong to (e#
fine C
4
= C
5
= y 1 an( C
0
= C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
6
= u at the &ame time.
%. P$ an( <$ (efine( in thi& car( m-&t 9e the &ame a& the time#Hero or(inate& for the 2 loa(
c-rve& (efine( in the IBO8532'4J2.BA<5TJ<OS car(, if it i& -&e(. Thi& i& &o that
they wo-l( 9oth con&i&tently (efine the &ame initial &tate for a material.
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;EOS ;EOS=JWL
1#10 B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=JWL
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm 2.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 2 B '1 '2 O.<= <$ PO
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
2
See e:-ation in 'emar7&.
B
'1
'2
O.<= See e:-ation in 'emar7&.
<$ 3etonation energy per -nit vol-me.
P$
Anitial relative vol-me.
Re5arAs(
The K,L e:-ation of &tate (efine& the pre&&-re a&
p = A [1
o
R
1
v
c
-R
1
v
+B [1
o
R
2
v
c
-R
2
v
+
oL
v
,
an( i& -&-ally -&e( for (etonation pro(-ct& of high explo&ive&.
2, B, an( <$ have -nit& of pre&&-re. '1, '2, O.<=, an( P$ are -nitle&&. At i& recommen(e( that a
-nit &y&tem of gram, centimenter, micro&econ( 9e -&e( when a mo(el incl-(e& high explo&iveB&C. An
thi& con&i&tent -nit &y&tem, pre&&-re i& in .9ar.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=SA0K=/UESDAY ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#17 B<OSC
;EOS=SA0K=/UESDAY
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm %.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 21 22 2% B1 B2 <$ P$
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
21

22

2%

B1

B2

<$
Anitial internal energy
P$
Anitial relative vol-me
Re5arAs(
The Sac7 e:-ation of &tate (efine& pre&&-re a&
p =
A
3
v
A
1
c
-A
2
v
[1
B
1
v
+
B
2
v
E
an( i& -&e( for (etonation pro(-ct& of high explo&ive&.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=2RUNEISEN
1#1/ B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=2RUNEISEN
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm !.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 C S1 S2 S% =2.2O 2 <$
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P$
Type +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
C

S1

S2

S%

=2.2O
<$
P$
Re5arAs(
The =r-nei&en e:-ation of &tate with c-9ic &hoc7 velocity#particle velocity Bv
&
#v
p
C (efine& pre&&-re
for compre&&e( material& a&
p =
p
0
C
2
j1+[1-
y
0
2
-
c
2

2
[
_1-(S
1
-1) -S
2

2
+1
-S
3

3
(+1)
2
_
2
+(y
0
+o p) E.
an( for expan(e( material& a&
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=2RUNEISEN ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#1 B<OSC
p = p
0
C
2
p + (y
0
+op)E.
where C i& the intercept of the v
&
#v
p
c-rve Bin velocity -nit&CD S
1
, S
2
, an( S
%
are the -nitle&& coeffi#
cient& of the &lope of the v
&
#v
p
c-rveD
$
i& the -nitle&& =r-nei&en gammaD a i& the -nitle&&, fir&t or(er
vol-me correction to
$D
an( p =
p
p
0
1.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=RA/IO=O.=3OLYNOMIALS
1#2$ B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=RA/IO=O.=3OLYNOMIALS
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm ".

Car( 1 1 2 % !
Paria9le <OSA3
Type 2/

Car( 2 1 2 % !
Paria9le 21$ 211 212 21%
Type + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % !
Paria9le 22$ 221 222 22%
Type + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % !
Paria9le 2%$ 2%1 2%2 2%%
Type + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % !
Paria9le 2!$ 2!1 2!2 2!%
Type + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=RA/IO=O.=3OLYNOMIALS ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#21 B<OSC
Car( 0 1 2 % !
Paria9le 2"$ 2"1 2"2 2"%
Type + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % !
Paria9le 20$ 201 202 20%
Type + + + +

Car( / 1 2 % !
Paria9le 27$ 271 272 27%
Type + + + +

Car( 1 2 % !
Paria9le 21! 22!
Type + +

Car( 1$ 1 2 % !
Paria9le 2LPL B<T2 <$ P$
Type + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
21$

211

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=RA/IO=O.=3OLYNOMIALS
1#22 B<OSC LSDYNA
212

21%

22$

221

222

22%

2%$

2%1

2%2

2%%

2!$

2!1

2!2

2!%

2"$

2"1

2"2

2"%

20$

201

202

20%

27$

271

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=RA/IO=O.=3OLYNOMIALS ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#2% B<OSC
272

27%

21!

22!

2LPL2
Y
B<T2
Y
<$
P$
Re5arAs(
The ratio of polynomial& e:-ation of &tate (efine& the pre&&-re a&
p =
P
1
+P
2
L+P
3
L
2
+P
4
L
3
P
S
+P
6
L+P
L
2
(1 +op)
where

]= 0
A
]
p
]
= < S
p =
p
p
0
1 = S S

An expan(e( element& +
1
i& replace( 9y '
1
=
1
+p
2
. By &etting coefficient 2
1$
T 1.$, the (elta#
pha&e pre&&-re mo(eling for thi& material will 9e initiate(. The co(e will re&et it to $.$ after &etting
flag&.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL=WI/1=ENER2Y=LEAK
1#2! B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL=WI/1=ENER2Y=LEAK

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 C$ C1 C2 C% C! C" C0
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <$ P$ LCA3
Type + + A

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
C$

C1

C2

C%

C!

C"

C0

<$
P$
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the energy (epo&ition rate
Re5arAs(
Thi& polynomial e:-ation of &tate, linear in the internal energy per initial vol-me, E, i& given 9y
p = C
0
+C
1
p +C
2
p
2
+C
3
p
3
+(C
4
+C
5
p +C
6
p
2
)E
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=LINEAR=3OLYNOMIAL=WI/1=ENER2Y=LEAK ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#2" B<OSC
in which C
0
, C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
, C
5
, an( C
6
are -&er (efine( con&tant& an(
p =
1
v
1 .
where I i& the relative vol-me. An expan(e( element&, we &et the coefficient& of p
2
to Hero, i.e.,
C
2
= C
6
= u
Anternal energy, E, i& increa&e( accor(ing to an energy (epo&ition rate ver&-& time c-rve who&e A3 i&
(efine( in the inp-t.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=I2NI/ION=AND=2ROW/1=O.=REA0/ION=IN=1E
1#20 B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=I2NI/ION=AND=2ROW/1=O.=REA0/ION=IN=1E

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 2 B MP1 MP2 +'<' = '1
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '2 '% '" '0 +.MA= +'<R ='O,1 <.
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2'1 <S1 CPP CP' <<T2L CC'AT <5R T.P$
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ='O,2 2'2 <S2 <5 +.M=' +.5='
Type + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
2
Pro(-ct K,L con&tant B&ee &econ( e:-ation in 'emar7&C
B
MP1
MP2

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=I2NI/ION=AND=2ROW/1=O.=REA0/ION=IN=1E ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#27 B<OSC
+'<'
Con&tant in ignition term of reaction e:-ation
=
Cv of pro(-ct
'1
8nreacte( K,L con&tant B&ee fir&t e:-ation in 'emar7&C
'2
'%
Cv of -nreacte( explo&ive
'"
'0
+.MA=
.axim-m + for ignition term
+'<R
='O,1
Con&tant in growth term of reaction e:-ation
<.
2'1
<S1
CPP
Leat capacity of reaction pro(-ct&
CP'
Leat capacity of -nreacte( L<
<<T2L
CC'AT
<5R
Leat of reaction
T.P$
Anitial temperat-re BZ@C
='O,2
Con&tant in completion term of reaction e:-ation
2'2
<S2
<5
+.M='
.axim-m + for growth term
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=I2NI/ION=AND=2ROW/1=O.=REA0/ION=IN=1E
1#2/ B<OSC LSDYNA
+.5='
.axim-m + for completion term
Re5arAs(
<:-ation of State +orm 7 i& -&e( to calc-late the &hoc7 initiation Bor fail-re to initiateC an( (etona#
tion wave propagation of &oli( high explo&ive&. At &ho-l( 9e -&e( in&tea( of the i(eal L< 9-rn op#
tion& whenever there i& a :-e&tion whether the L< will react, there i& a finite time re:-ire( for a
&hoc7 wave to 9-il( -p to (etonation, an(Eor there i& a finite thic7ne&& of the chemical reaction Hone
in a (etonation wave. 2t relatively low initial pre&&-re& B>2#% =PaC, thi& e:-ation of &tate &ho-l( 9e
-&e( with material type 1$ for acc-rate calc-lation& of the -nreacte( L< 9ehavior. 2t higher initial
pre&&-re&, material type can 9e -&e(. 2 K,L e:-ation of &tate (efine& the pre&&-re in the -nreacte(
explo&ive a&
P
c
=
1
c
-5vc
+
2
c
-6vc
+
3
1c
vc
(
3
=
c
)
where Pe an( Te are the relative vol-me an( temperat-re, re&pectively, of the -nreacte( explo&ive.
2nother K,L e:-ation of &tate (efine& the pre&&-re in the reaction pro(-ct& a&
P
= o c
-1v
+ c
-2v
+
g1
v
g =

where Pp an( Tp are the relative vol-me an( temperat-re, re&pectively, of the reaction pro(-ct&. 2&
the chemical reaction convert& -nreacte( explo&ive to reaction pro(-ct&, the&e K,L e:-ation& of
&tate are -&e( to calc-late the mixt-re of -nreacte( explo&ive an( reaction pro(-ct& (efine( 9y the
fraction reacte( +B+TO implie& no reaction, +T1 implie& complete reactionC. The temperat-re& an(
pre&&-re& are a&&-me( to 9e e:-al BI
c
= I
,p
c
= p
C an( the relative vol-me& are a((itive, i.e.,

I = (1 )I
c
+I

The chemical reaction rate for conver&ion of -nreacte( explo&ive to reaction pro(-ct& con&i&t& of
three phy&ically reali&tic term&) an ignition term in which a &mall amo-nt of explo&ive react& &oon
after the &hoc7 wave compre&&e& itD a &low growth of reaction a& thi& initial reaction &prea(&D an( a
rapi( completion of reaction at high pre&&-re an( temperat-re. The form of the reaction rate e:-a#
tion i&

P
t
= c(1 )
]c
(Ic
-1
1 t)
cct
BAgnitionC
+1(1 )
c1
1
p
cm
B=rowthC
+2(1 )
c2
2
p
c
BCompletionC
The ignition rate i& &et e:-al to Hero when +[fmxig, the growth rate i& &et e:-al to Hero when
+[fmxgr, an( the completion rate i& &et e:-al to Hero when +\fmngr.

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=I2NI/ION=AND=2ROW/1=O.=REA0/ION=IN=1E ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#2 B<OSC
3etail& of the comp-tational metho(& an( many example& of one an( two (imen&ional &hoc7 initia#
tion an( (etonation wave calc-lation can 9e fo-n( in the reference& BCochran an( Chan W17X, Lee
an( Tarver W1/$XC. 8nfort-nately, &-fficient experimental (ata ha& 9een o9taine( for only two &oli(
explo&ive& to (evelop very relia9le &hoc7 initiation mo(el&) PBM#"$! Ban( the relate( L.M#9a&e(
explo&ive& LM#1!,LM#1$,LM#$!, etc.C an( LM#17 Bthe in&en&itive T2TB#9a&e( explo&iveC. 'eactive
flow mo(el& have 9een (evelope( for other explo&ive& BT5T, P<T5, Compo&ition B, propellant&,
etc.C 9-t are 9a&e( on very limite( experimental (ata.
Li&tory varia9le& " an( / are temperat-re an( 9-rn fraction, re&pectively. See 5<APL in
I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 if the&e o-tp-t varia9le& are (e&ire( in the (ata9a&e& for po&t#
proce&&ing.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=/A<ULA/ED=0OM3A0/ION
1#%$ B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=/A<ULA/ED=0OM3A0/ION

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 =2.2 <$ P$
Type 2/ + + +

Re4eat 0ards $ and ! Bor 0
i
# /
i
# and K
i
8 A total oB , 7ards 5ust 9e deBined8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! "
Paria9le <P1 <P2 <P% <P! <P"
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! "
Paria9le <P0 <P7 <P/ <P <P1$
Type + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
P1, P2,.. P5
Pol-metric &train, ln P

@1,@2,..@5
B-l7 -nloa(ing mo(-l-&
=2.2
Y
<$
P$
Re5arAs(
The ta9-late( compaction mo(el i& linear in internal energy. Pre&&-re i& (efine( 9y
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=/A<ULA/ED=0OM3A0/ION ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#%1 B<OSC
p = C(e
v
) +y I(e
v
)E
in the loa(ing pha&e. The vol-metric &train,
P
i& given 9y the nat-ral logarithm of the relative vol#
-me P. 8nloa(ing occ-r& along the -nloa(ing 9-l7 mo(-l-& to the pre&&-re c-toff. 'eloa(ing al#
way& follow& the -nloa(ing path to the point where -nloa(ing 9egan, an( contin-e& on the loa(ing
path, &ee +A=J<OSJT2B8L2T<3JCO.P2CTAO5Jfig$1. 8p to 1$ point& an( a& few a& 2 may 9e
-&e( when (efining the ta9-late( f-nction&. LS#3452 will extrapolate to fin( the pre&&-re if nece&#
&ary.

+ig-re 1#1. Pre&&-re ver&-& vol-metric &train c-rve for <:-ation of &tate +orm / with
compaction. An the compacte( &tate& the 9-l7 -nloa(ing mo(-l-& (epen(& on the pea7 vol#
-metric &train. Pol-metric &train val-e& &ho-l( 9e inp-t with correct &ign Bnegative in
compre&&ionC an( in (e&cen(ing or(er. Pre&&-re i& po&itive in compre&&ion.

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=/A<ULA/ED
1#%2 B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=/A<ULA/ED
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm .

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 =2.2 <$ P$ LCC LCT
Type 2/ + + + A A

DeBine ) additional 7ards iB and onl iB L00 and L0/ eCual Dero8
Re4eat 0ards $ and ! to deBine 0
i
and /
i8

Car( 2 1 2 % ! "
Paria9le <P1 <P2 <P% <P! <P"
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! "
Paria9le <P0 <P7 <P/ <P <P1$
Type + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
=2.2
y
<$
P$
LCC
Loa( c-rve (efining ta9-late( f-nction C. See e:-ation in 'emar7&. The
a9&ci&&a val-e& of LCC an( LCT m-&t increa%e monotonically. The (efini#
tion can exten( into the ten&ile regime.
LCT
Loa( c-rve (efining ta9-late( f-nction T. See e:-ation in 'emar7&.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=/A<ULA/ED ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#%% B<OSC
<P1,<P2, ...<P5
Pol-metric &train, lnBPC, where P i& the relative vol-me. The fir&t a9&ci&&a
point, <P1, m-&t 9e $.$ or po&itive if the c-rve exten(& into the ten&ile re#
gime with &-9&e:-ent point& &ecrea%ing monotonically.
C1,C2,..C5
Ta9-late( point& for f-nction C.
T1,T2,..T5
Ta9-late( point& for f-nction T.
Re5arAs(
The ta9-late( e:-ation of &tate mo(el i& linear in internal energy. Pre&&-re i& (efine( 9y
P = C(e
v
) +yI(e
v
)E
The vol-metric &train, e
v
i& given 9y the nat-ral logarithm of the relative vol-me P. 8p to 1$ point&
an( a& few a& 2 may 9e -&e( when (efining the ta9-late( f-nction&. LS#3452 will extrapolate to
fin( the pre&&-re if nece&&ary.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=3RO3ELLAN/=DE.LA2RA/ION
1#%! B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=3RO3ELLAN/=DE.LA2RA/ION
Thi& <:-ation of &tate B1$C ha& 9een a((e( to mo(el air9ag propellant&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 2 B MP1 MP2 +'<'
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le g '1 '2 '% '"
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '0 +.MA= +'<R ='O,1 <.
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2'1 <S1 CPP CP' <<T2L CC'AT <5R T.P$
Type + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ='O,2 2'2 <S2 <5 +.M=' +.5='
Type + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=3RO3ELLAN/=DE.LA2RA/ION ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#%" B<OSC
2
Pro(-ct K,L coefficient
B
MP1
MP2
+'<'
8nreacte( Co#vol-me
=
Pro(-ct C
v

'1
8nreacte( K,L coefficient
'2
'%
8nreacte( C
v

'"
'0
+.MA=
Anitial +raction 'eacte( +
o

+'<R
Anitial Pre&&-re P
o

='O,1
+ir&t 9-rn rate coefficient
<.
Pre&&-re <xponent B1
&t
termC
2'1
<xponent on + B1
&t
termC
<S1
<xponent on B1#+C B1
&t
termC
CPP
Leat capacity Cv for pro(-ct&
CP'
Leat capacity Cv for -nreacte( material
<<T2L
<xtra, not pre&ently -&e(
CC'AT
Pro(-ct co#vol-me
<5R
Leat of 'eaction
T.P$
Anitial Temperat-re B2/Z@C
='O,2
Secon( 9-rn rate coefficient
D
R
A
F
T
1#%0 B<OSC LSDYNA
2'2
<xponent on + B2
n(
termC
<S2
<xponent on B1#+C B2
n(
termC
<5
Pre&&-re <xponent B2
n(
termC
+.M='
.axim-m + for 1
&t
term
+.5='
.inim-m + for 2
n(
term
Re5arAs(
2 (eflagration B9-rn rateC reactive flow mo(el re:-ire& an -nreacte( &oli( e:-ation of &tate, a reac#
tion pro(-ct e:-ation of &tate, a reaction rate law an( a mixt-re r-le for the two Bor moreC &pecie&.
The mixt-re r-le for the &tan(ar( ignition an( growth mo(el WLee an( Tarver 1/$X a&&-me& that
9oth pre&&-re& an( temperat-re& are completely e:-ili9rate( a& the reaction procee(&. Lowever, the
mixt-re r-le can 9e mo(ifie( to allow no thermal con(-ction or partial heating of the &oli( 9y the
reaction pro(-ct ga&e&. +or thi& relatively &low proce&& of air9ag propellant 9-rn, the thermal an(
pre&&-re e:-ili9ri-m a&&-mption& are vali(. The e:-ation& of &tate c-rrently -&e( in the 9-rn mo(el
are the K,L, =r-nei&en, the van (er ,aal& co#vol-me, an( the perfect ga& law, 9-t other e:-ation&
of &tate can 9e ea&ily implemente(. An thi& propellant 9-rn, the ga&eo-& nitrogen pro(-ce( 9y the
9-rning &o(i-m aHi(e o9ey& the perfect ga& law a& it fill& the air9ag 9-t may have to 9e mo(ele( a& a
van (er ,aal]& ga& at the high pre&&-re& an( temperat-re& pro(-ce( in the propellant cham9er. The
chemical reaction rate law i& pre&&-re, particle geometry an( &-rface area (epen(ant, a& are mo&t
high#pre&&-re 9-rn proce&&e&. ,hen the temperat-re profile of the reacting &y&tem i& well 7nown,
temperat-re (epen(ent 2rrheni-& chemical 7inetic& can 9e -&e(.
Since the air9ag propellant compo&ition an( performance (ata are company private information, it i&
very (iffic-lt to o9tain the re:-ire( information for 9-rn rate mo(eling. Lowever, Amperial Chemi#
cal An(-&trie& BACAC Corporation &-pplie( pre&&-re exponent, particle geometry, pac7ing (en&ity, heat
of reaction, an( atmo&pheric pre&&-re 9-rn rate (ata which allowe( -& to (evelop the n-merical
mo(el pre&ente( here for their 5a5
%
^ +e
2
O
%
(river air9ag propellant. The (eflagration mo(el, it&
implementation, an( the re&-lt& for the ACA propellant are pre&ente( in WLall:-i&t, et.al., 1$X.
The -nreacte( propellant an( the reaction pro(-ct e:-ation& of &tate are 9oth of the form)
p = A c
- R
1
v
+ Bc
- R
2
v
+
o C
1
v-d

where p i& pre&&-re Bin .9ar&C, ' i& the relative &pecific vol-me Binver&e of relative (en&ityC, i& the
=r-nei&en coefficient, #
v
i& heat capacity Bin .9ar& #ccEccZ@C, T i& temperat-re in Z@, & i& the co#
vol-me, an( A( )( "
*
an( "
+
are con&tant&. Setting AT)T$. yiel(& the van (er ,aal]& co#vol-me
e:-ation of &tate. The K,L e:-ation of &tate i& generally -&ef-l at pre&&-re& a9ove &everal 7ilo9ar&,
while the van (er ,aal]& i& -&ef-l at pre&&-re& 9elow that range an( a9ove the range for which the
perfect ga& law hol(&. Of co-r&e, &etting AT)T&T$ yiel(& the perfect ga& law. Af acc-rate val-e& of
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=3RO3ELLAN/=DE.LA2RA/ION ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#%7 B<OSC
an( #
v
pl-& the correct (i&tri9-tion 9etween Ucol(V compre&&ion an( internal energie& are -&e(,
the calc-late( temperat-re& are very rea&ona9le an( th-& can 9e -&e( to chec7 propellant perfor#
mance.
The reaction rate -&e( for the propellant (eflagration proce&& i& of the form)

P
t
= (1 )
Ior 0< P < P

limit1
+I(1 )
u
p
Ior P
limit2
< P< 1

where F i& the fraction reacte( BF T $ implie& no reaction, F T 1 i& complete reactionC, t i& time, an(
p i& pre&&-re Bin .9ar&C, r,%,u,,,-,y( F
limit1
an( F
limit2
are con&tant& -&e( to (e&cri9e the pre&&-re
(epen(ence an( &-rface area (epen(ence of the reaction rate&. Two Bor moreC pre&&-re (epen(ant
reaction rate& are incl-(e( in ca&e the propellant i& a mixt-re or exhi9ite( a &harp change in reaction
rate at &ome pre&&-re or temperat-re. B-rning &-rface area (epen(encie& can 9e approximate( -&ing
the *.+C
y
+
x
term&. Other form& of the reaction rate law, &-ch a& 2rrheni-& temperat-re (epen(ent
e
.E/"T
type rate&, can 9e -&e(, 9-t the&e re:-ire very acc-rate temperat-re& calc-lation&. 2ltho-gh
the theoretical G-&tification of pre&&-re (epen(ent 9-rn rate& at 7ilo9ar type pre&&-re& i& not com#
plete, a va&t amo-nt of experimental 9-rn rate ver&-& pre&&-re (ata (oe& (emon&trate thi& effect an(
hy(ro(ynamic calc-lation& -&ing pre&&-re (epen(ent 9-rn acc-rately &im-late &-ch experiment&.
The (eflagration reactive flow mo(el i& activate( 9y any pre&&-re or particle velocity increa&e on
one or more Hone 9o-n(arie& in the reactive material. S-ch an increa&e create& pre&&-re in tho&e
Hone& an( the (ecompo&ition 9egin&. Af the pre&&-re i& relieve(, the reaction rate (ecrea&e& an( can
go to Hero. Thi& feat-re i& important for &hort (-ration, partial (ecompo&ition reaction&. Af the pre&#
&-re i& maintaine(, the fraction reacte( event-ally reache& one an( the material i& completely con#
verte( to pro(-ct molec-le&. The (eflagration front rate& of a(vance thro-gh the propellant calc-lat#
e( 9y thi& mo(el for &everal propellant& are :-ite clo&e to the experimentally o9&erve( 9-rn rate ver#
&-& pre&&-re c-rve&.
To o9tain goo( agreement with experimental (eflagration (ata, the mo(el re:-ire& an acc-rate (e#
&cription of the -nreacte( propellant e:-ation of &tate, either an analytical fit to experimental com#
pre&&ion (ata or an e&timate( fit 9a&e( on previo-& experience with &imilar material&. Thi& i& al&o
tr-e for the reaction pro(-ct& e:-ation of &tate. The more experimental 9-rn rate, pre&&-re pro(-c#
tion an( energy (elivery (ata availa9le, the 9etter the form an( con&tant& in the reaction rate e:-a#
tion can 9e (etermine(.
Therefore, the e:-ation& -&e( in the 9-rn &-9ro-tine for the pre&&-re in the -nreacte( propellant
P
u
= R1 c
-R5 v
u
+R2 c
-R6 v
u
+
R3 1
u
v
u
- PRLR

where P
-
an( T
-
are the relative vol-me an( temperat-re re&pectively of the -nreacte( propellant.
The relative (en&ity i& o9vio-&ly the inver&e of the relative vol-me. The pre&&-re Pp in the reaction
pro(-ct& i& given 9y)
P
= A c
-XP1v
p
+B c
-XP2v
p
+
u1
v
p
-CCRI1

D
R
A
F
T
1#%/ B<OSC LSDYNA
2& the reaction procee(&, the -nreacte( an( pro(-ct pre&&-re& an( temperat-re& are a&&-me( to 9e
e:-ili9rate( BT
u
T T
p
T T, p T P
u
T P
p
C an( the relative vol-me& are a((itive)
I = (1 ) I
u
+ I

where ' i& the total relative vol-me. Other mixt-re a&&-mption& can an( have 9een -&e( in (ifferent
ver&ion& of 345223E%3. The reaction rate law ha& the form)

P
t
T ='O,1BP ^ +'<RC
<.
B+ ^ +.MA=C
2'1
B1 # + ^ +.MA=C
<S1

^ ='O,2BP ^ +'<RC
<5
B+ ^ +.MA=C
2'2
B1 # + ^ +.MA=C
<S2
Af F excee(& +.M=', the ='O,1 term i& &et e:-al to Hero, an(, if F i& le&& than +.5=', the ='O,2
term i& Hero. Th-&, two &eparate Bor overlappingC 9-rn rate& can 9e -&e( to (e&cri9e the rate at which
the propellant (ecompo&e&.
Thi& e:-ation of &tate &-9ro-tine i& -&e( together with a material mo(el to (e&cri9e the propellant.
An the air9ag propellant ca&e, a n-ll material mo(el Btype _1$C can 9e -&e(. .aterial type _1$ i& -&-#
ally -&e( for a &oli( propellant or explo&ive when the &hear mo(-l-& an( yiel( &trength are (efine(.
The propellant material i& (efine( 9y the material mo(el an( the -nreacte( e:-ation of &tate -ntil the
reaction 9egin&. The calc-late( mixt-re &tate& are -&e( -ntil the reaction i& complete an( then the
reaction pro(-ct e:-ation of &tate i& -&e(. The heat of reaction, <5R, i& a&&-me( to 9e a con&tant an(
the &ame at all val-e& of + 9-t more complex energy relea&e law& co-l( 9e implemente(.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=/ENSOR=3ORE=0OLLA3SE ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#% B<OSC
;EOS=/ENSOR=3ORE=0OLLA3SE
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm 11.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 5L3 5C' .81 .82 A<$ <C$
Type 2/ + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
5L3
Pirgin loa(ing loa( c-rve A3
5C'
Completely cr-&he( loa( c-rve A3
.81
<xce&& Compre&&ion re:-ire( 9efore any pore& can collap&e
.82
<xce&& Compre&&ion point where the Pirgin Loa(ing C-rve an( the Com#
pletely Cr-&he( C-rve inter&ect
A<$
Anitial Anternal <nergy
<C$
Anitial <xce&& Compre&&ion
Re5arAs(
The pore collap&e mo(el (e&cri9e( in the T<5SO' man-al W2%X i& no longer vali( an( ha& 9een re#
place( 9y a m-ch &impler metho(. Thi& i& (-e in part to the lac7 of experimental (ata re:-ire( for
the more complex mo(el. At i& (e&ire( to have a clo&e approximation of the T<5SO' mo(el in the
3452 co(e to ena9le a :-ality lin7 9etween them. The T<5SO' mo(el (efine& two c-rve&, the
virgin loa(ing c-rve an( the completely cr-&he( c-rve a& &hown in +ig-re 1#2 al&o (efine& the ex#
ce&& compre&&ion point re:-ire( for pore collap&e to 9egin B
1
C, an( the exce&& compre&&ion point
re:-ire( to completely cr-&h the material B
2
C. +rom thi& (ata an( the maxim-m exce&& compre&#
&ion the material ha& attaine( B
max
C, the pre&&-re for any exce&& compre&&ion BC can 9e (etermine(.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=/ENSOR=3ORE=0OLLA3SE
1#!$ B<OSC LSDYNA

8nloa(ing occ-r& along the virgin loa(ing c-rve -ntil the exce&& compre&&ion &-rpa&&e&
1
. 2fter
that, the -nloa(ing follow& a path 9etween the completely cr-&he( c-rve an( the virgin loa(ing
c-rve. 'eloa(ing will follow thi& c-rve 9ac7 -p to the virgin loa(ing c-rve. Once the exce&& com#
pre&&ion excee(&
2
, then all -nloa(ing will follow the completely cr-&he( c-rve.
+or -nloa(ing 9etween
1
an(
2
a partially cr-&he( c-rve i& (etermine( 9y the relation&hip)
p
c
(p) = p
cc
[
(1+
B
) (1+ )
1+
max
1 .
where
p
B
= P
cc
- 1
(P
max
)
an( the &-9&cript& pc an( cc refer to the partially cr-&he( an( completely cr-&he( &tate&, re&pective#
ly. Thi& i& more rea(ily -n(er&too( in term& of the relative vol-me B'C.
+ig-re 1#2. Pre&&-re ver&-& compaction c-rve
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=/ENSOR=3ORE=0OLLA3SE ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#!1 B<OSC
I =
1
1 +

P
c
(I) = P
cc
[
v
B
v
mn
I
Thi& repre&entation &-gge&t& that for a fixe( I
mIn
[=
1
max
+1
the partially cr-&he( c-rve will &epa#
rate linearly from the completely cr-&he( c-rve a& ' increa&e& to acco-nt for pore recovery in the
material.
The 9-l7 mo(-l-& 0 i& (etermine( to 9e the &lope of the c-rrent c-rve time& one pl-& the exce&&
compre&&ion
K =
P
(1 + p)
The &lope
P
for the partially cr-&he( c-rve i& o9taine( 9y (ifferentiation a&)

P
=
P
cc
_
1 +
B
(1 + )
(1
max
)
] (1 +
B
)
(1 +
max
)

Simplifying,
K =
P
cc
(
c
)
(1 + p
)
where
p

=
(1 +
B
) (1 + )
(1 +
max
)
1 .
The 9-l7 &o-n( &pee( i& (etermine( from the &lope of the completely cr-&he( c-rve at the c-rrent
pre&&-re to avoi( in&ta9ilitie& in the time &tep.
The virgin loa(ing an( completely cr-&he( c-rve& are mo(ele( with monotonic c-9ic#&pline&. 2n
optimiHe( vector interpolation &cheme i& then -&e( to eval-ate the c-9ic#&pline&. The 9-l7 mo(-l-&
an( &o-n( &pee( are (erive( from a linear interpolation on the (erivative& of the c-9ic#&pline&.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=IDEAL=2AS
1#!2 B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=IDEAL=2AS
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& e:-ation of &tate form 12 for mo(eling i(eal ga&. At i& an alternate approach to -&#
ing I<OSJLA5<2'JPOL45O.A2L with C! T C" T By#1C to mo(el i(eal ga&. Thi& ha& a &lightly
improve( energy acco-nting algorithm.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 CP$ CP$ CL CR T$ P$
Type 2/ + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
CP$
5ominal con&tant#vol-me &pecific heat coefficient Bat STPC
CP$
5ominal con&tant#pre&&-re &pecific heat coefficient Bat STPC
CL
Linear coefficient for the variation& of Cv an( Cp ver&-& T
CR
R-a(ratic coefficient for the variation& of Cv an( Cp ver&-& T
T$
Anitial temperat-re
P$
Anitial relative vol-me B&ee the 9eginning of the I<OS &ectionC
Re5arAs(
1. The pre&&-re in the i(eal ga& law i& (efine( a&

p = p C
I
C
= C
0
+C
L
I +C
I
2
C
= C
0
+C
L
I +C
I
2

where C
an( C
are the &pecific heat capacitie& at con&tant pre&&-re an( at con&tant vol-me,
re&pectively. p i& the (en&ity. The relative vol-me i& (efine( a&
u
=
I
I
0
=
(I H )
(I
0
H )
=
u
u
0
=
p
0
p

where p
0
i& a nominal or reference (en&ity (efine( in the I.2TJ58LL car(. The initial
pre&&-re can then 9e man-ally comp-te( a&
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=IDEAL=2AS ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#!% B<OSC
P|
t=0
= p|
t=0
(C
P
C
v
)I|
t=0
p|
t=0
= _
p
0
u
|
t=0
_
P|
t=0
= _
p
0
u
|
t=0
_ (C
P
C
v
)I|
t=0

The initial relative vol-me, u
|
t=0
BP$C, initial temperat-re, I|
t=0
BT$C, an( heat capacity in#
formation are (efine( in the I<OSJA3<2LJ=2S inp-t. 5ote that the UreferenceV (en&ity i&
typically a (en&ity at a non#&tre&&e( or nominal &tre&& &tate. The initial pre&&-re &ho-l( al#
way& 9e chec7e( man-ally again&t &im-lation re&-lt.
2. ,hen (ealing with <-lerianE2L< mo(el&, the i(eal ga& mo(el i& implemente( to pre&erve
the a(ia9atic &tate (-ring a(vection. The a(ia9atic &tate i& con&erve( on the expen&e of a per#
fect internal energy con&ervation.
%8 The i(eal ga& mo(el i& goo( for low (en&ity ga& only. 3eviation from the i(eal ga& 9ehavior
may 9e in(icate( 9y the compre&&i9ility factor (efine( a&
=
Pu
RI

,hen Q (eviate& from 1, the ga& 9ehavior (eviate& from i(eal.
!. P$ an( T$ (efine( in thi& car( m-&t 9e the &ame a& the time#Hero or(inate& for the 2 loa(
c-rve& (efine( in the IBO8532'4J2.BA<5TJ<OS car(, if it i& -&e(. Thi& i& &o that
they 9oth wo-l( con&i&tently (efine the &ame initial &tate for a material.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=JWL<
1#!! B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=JWL<
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm 1!. The K,LB BKone&#,il7en&#Lee#Ba7erC e:-ation of &tate, (evel#
ope( 9y Ba7er W11X an( f-rther (e&cri9e( 9y Ba7er an( Oro&H W11X, (e&cri9e& the high pre&&-re
regime pro(-ce( 9y over(riven (etonation& while retaining the low pre&&-re expan&ion 9ehavior re#
:-ire( for &tan(ar( acceleration mo(eling. The (erive( form of the e:-ation of &tate i& 9a&e( on the
K,L form (-e to it& comp-tational ro9-&tne&& an( a&ymptotic approach to an i(eal ga& at high ex#
pan&ion&. 2((itional exponential term& an( a varia9le =r-nei&en parameter have 9een a((e( to a(e#
:-ately (e&cri9e the high#pre&&-re region a9ove the Chapman#Ko-g-et &tate.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 21 22 2% 2! 2"
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '1 '2 '% '! '"
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2L1 2L2 2L% 2L! 2L"
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le BL1 BL2 BL% BL! BL"
Type + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=JWL< ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#!" B<OSC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 'L1 'L2 'L% 'L! 'L"
Type + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C O.<=2 < P$
Type A + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
21
<:-ation of &tate coefficient, &ee 9elow.
22
2%
2!
2"
'1
'2
'%
'!
'"
2L1
A
1
, e:-ation of &tate coefficient, &ee 9elow.
2L2
A
2
2L%
A
%
2L!
A
!
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=JWL<
1#!0 B<OSC LSDYNA
2L"
A
"
BL1
)
1
BL2
)
2
BL%
)
%,
e:-ation of &tate coefficient, &ee 9elow.
BL!
)
!
BL"
)
"
'L1
"
1
'L2
"
2
'L%
"
%
'L!
"
!
'L"
"
"
C
O.<=2
<
<nergy (en&ity per -nit initial vol-me
P$
Re5arAs(
The K,LB e:-ation#of#&tate (efine& the pre&&-re a&

p = A
5
=1
[1
x
R
i
v
c
-R
i
v
+
xL
v
+C [1
x
o
I
-(o+1)
z = (A
x
I +B
x
)c
-R
Zi
v
+
5
=1

where P i& the relative vol-me, < i& the energy per -nit initial vol-me, an( A
, R
, A
x
, B
x
, R
x
, C,
an( are inp-t con&tant& (efine( a9ove.
K,LB inp-t con&tant& for &ome common explo&ive& a& fo-n( in Ba7er an( Stiel W17X are given in
the following ta9le.

D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=JWL< ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#!7 B<OSC
T2TB LM#1! P<T5 T5T Octol 7$E%$
$ BgEccC 1./$$ 1./21 1.70" 1.0%1 1./$%
<$ B.9arC .$7$!$ .1$2$" .1$1$ .$00"0 .$"$
1CK BcmE&C .707! ./001 ./%$!1 .0717! ./2!
PCK B.9arC .2%7!$ .%1717 .2$70 .1/"$% .2%0
21 B.9arC ""$.$0 "!.0$ "21.0 !$.$7 "20./%
22 B.9arC 22.$"1 0!.$00 71.1$! "0./0/ 0$."7
2% B.9arC .!27// 2.$72 !.!77! ./2!20 .12!/
2! B.9arC .2/$! .//!$ .772" .$$$% .$$1"
'
1
10.0// %!.0%0 !!.10 !$.71% "2.1$0
'
2
0./$"$ /.2170 /.7/77 .07"! /.%/
'
%
2.$7%7 2$.!$1 2".$72 2.!%"$ 2.1%%
'
!
2.7"! 2.$010 2.22"1 .1""0! .1/"2
C B.9arC .$$770 .$12"1 .$1"7$ .$$71$ .$$0/

.27"2 .%/%7" .%2%"7 .%$27$ .%$2%
2
1
1!2%. 1/%$7. 12.2"7 .$$$$$ .$112
B
1
1!%/7. 1%$.1 "2.!$! 1$/.$ 1/!00.
'
1
1.7/$ 1.%$ !%.%2 1".01! 2$.$2
2
2
".$%0! !.!//2 /.0%"1 11.!0/ ".!12
B
2
#2.0%%2 #2.01/1 #!.170 #0."$11 #%.2%!
'
2
1.7$02 1."$70 2.1%$% 2.1"% 1."/0/
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS ;EOS=2ASKE/
1#!/ B<OSC LSDYNA
;EOS=2ASKE/
Thi& mo(el wor7& with &oli( element& an( the thic7 &hell -&ing &elective re(-ce( 2 x 2 integration
B<L+O'.T2 on S<CTAO5JTSL<LLC to mo(el the re&pon&e of ga&7et&. +or the thic7 &hell only, it
i& completely (eco-ple( from the &hell material, i.e., in the local coor(inate &y&tem of the &hell, thi&
mo(el (efine& the normal &tre&&,
HH
, an( (oe&n]t change any of the other &tre&& component&. The
mo(el i& a re(-ction of the I.2TJ=<5<'2LJ5O5LA5<2'J03O+J3ASC'<T<JB<2..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 LCA31 LCA32 LCA3% LCA3!
Type 2/ A A A A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 85LO23 @ 3.P+ T+S C+S LO++S<T APS
Type + + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
LCA31
Loa( c-rve for loa(ing.
LCA32
Loa( c-rve for -nloa(ing.
LCA3%
Loa( c-rve for (amping a& a f-nction of vol-metric &train rate.
LCA3!
Loa( c-rve for &caling the (amping a& a f-nction of the vol-metric &train.
D
R
A
F
T
;EOS=2ASKE/ ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#! B<OSC
85LO23
8nloa(ing option BSee Pol-me AA, 1#%.C)
<R.$.$) Loa(ing an( -nloa(ing follow loa(ing c-rve
<R.1.$) Loa(ing follow& loa(ing c-rve, -nloa(ing follow& -nloa(ing
c-rve. The -nloa(ing c-rve A3 if -n(efine( i& ta7en a& the loa(#
ing c-rve.
&tiffne&&, @, to the -nloa(ing c-rve. The loa(ing an( -nloa(ing
c-rve& may only inter&ect at the origin of the axe&.
<R.%.$) R-a(ratic -nloa(ing from pea7 (i&placement val-e to a perma#
nent off&et.
@
8nloa(ing &tiffne&&, for 85LO23T2 only.
3.P+
3amping factor for &ta9ility. Pal-e& in the neigh9orhoo( of -nity are rec#
ommen(e(. The (amping factor i& properly &cale( to eliminate time &tep
&iHe (epen(ency.
T+S
Ten&ile fail-re &train.
C+S
Compre&&ive fail-re &train.
O++S<T
Off&et factor 9etween $ an( 1.$ to (etermine permanent &et -pon -nloa(ing
if the 85LO23T%.$. The permanent &et& in compre&&ion an( ten&ion are
e:-al to the pro(-ct of thi& off&et val-e an( the maxim-m compre&&ive an(
ten&ile (i&placement&, re&pectively.
APS
Anitial vol-me &train.
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;EOS ;EOS=2ASKE/
1#"$ B<OSC LSDYNA

+ig-re 1#%. Loa( an( 8nloa(ing 9ehavior.
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;EOS=MIE=2RUNEISEN ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#"1 B<OSC
;EOS=MIE=2RUNEISEN
Thi& i& <:-ation of &tate +orm 10, a .ie#=r-nei&en form with a p#` compaction mo(el.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 =2..2 21 22 2% P<L PCO 5
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2$ <$ P$
Type + + +
3efa-lt none none none

<OSA3
<:-ation of &tate i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing /
character& m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
=2..2
=r-nei&en gamma.
21
L-goniot polynomial coefficient
22
2%
P<L
Cr-&h pre&&-re
PCO
Compaction pre&&-re
5
Poro&ity exponent
2LPL2$
Anitial poro&ity
<$
P$
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;EOS ;EOS=MIE=2RUNEISEN
1#"2 B<OSC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
The e:-ation of &tate i& a .ie#=r-nei&en form with a polynomial L-goniot c-rve an( a p#` compac#
tion mo(el. +ir&t, we (efine a hi&tory varia9le repre&enting the poro&ity o that i& initiali&e( to o
0
>
1. The evol-tion of thi& varia9le i& given a&
o(t) = max _1, mn_o
0
, mn
<t
_1 +(o
0
1) _
ccmp
-()
ccmp
-
cl
_
N
___
where p(t) in(icate& the pre&&-re at time t. +or later -&e, we (efine the cap pre&&-re a&
p
c
= p
com
(p
com
p
c
) j
u-1
u
0
-1
[
1N

The remain(er of the <OS mo(el i& given 9y the e:-ation&
p(p, c) = Iopc +p
H
(p) _1
1
2
Ip_
p
H
(p) = A
1
p +A
2
p
2
+A
3
p
3

together with
p(p) =
up
u
0
p
0
1.
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;EOS=USER=DE.INED ;EOS
LSDYNA 1#"% B<OSC
;EOS=USER=DE.INED
The&e are e:-ation& of &tate 21#%$. The -&er can &-pply hi& own &-9ro-tine&. See al&o 2ppen(ix B.
The 7eywor( inp-t ha& to 9e -&e( for the -&er interface with (ata.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <OSA3 <OST L.C 5LP AP<CT <O PO B8L@
Type 2/ A A A A + + +

DeBine LM0 5aterial 4ara5eters usinE ? 4ara5eters 4er 7ard8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% P! P" P0 P7 P/
Type + + + + + + + +

<OSA3
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
<OST
8&er e:-ation of &tate type B21#%$ incl-&iveC. 2 n-m9er 9etween 21 an( %$
ha& to 9e cho&en.
L.C
Length of material con&tant array which i& e:-al to the n-m9er of material
con&tant& to 9e inp-t. BL.C \ !/C
5LP
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& to 9e &tore(, &ee 2ppen(ix 3.
AP<CT
PectoriHation flag BonT1C. 2 vectoriHe( -&er &-9ro-tine m-&t 9e &-pplie(.
<O
Anitial internal energy.
P$
B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-&. Thi& val-e i& -&e( in the calc-lation of the contact &-rface
&tiffne&&.
P1
+ir&t material parameter.
P2
Secon( material parameter.
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;EOS ;EOS=USER=DE.INED
1#"! B<OSC LSDYNA
P%
Thir( material parameter.
P!
+o-rth material parameter.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PL.C
L.Cth material parameter.
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;MA/
LSDYNA 2#1 B.2TC
;MA/
LS#3452 ha& hi&torically reference( each material mo(el 9y a n-m9er. 2& &hown 9elow, a three
(igit n-merical (e&ignation can &till 9e -&e(, e.g., I.2TJ$$1, an( i& e:-ivalent to a corre&pon(ing
(e&criptive (e&ignation, e.g., I.2TJ<L2STAC. The two e:-ivalent comman(& for each material
mo(el, one n-merical an( the other (e&criptive, are li&te( 9elow. The n-m9er& in &:-are 9rac7et&
B&ee 7ey 9elowC i(entify the element form-lation& for which the material mo(el i& implemente(. The
n-m9er in the c-rly 9rac7et&, FnG, in(icate& the (efa-lt n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& per element inte#
gration point that are &tore( in a((ition to the 7 hi&tory varia9le& which are &tore( 9y (efa-lt. +or the
type 10 f-lly integrate( &hell element& with 2 integration point& thro-gh the thic7ne&&, the total n-m#
9er of hi&tory varia9le& i& / x Bn^7C. +or the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay type 2 element the n-m9er i& 2 x
Bn^7C.
2n a((itional optionJ/I/LE may 9e appen(e( to a ;MA/ 7eywor( in which ca&e an a((itional line
i& rea( in /$a format which can 9e -&e( to (e&cri9e the material. 2t pre&ent, LS#3452 (oe& not
ma7e -&e of the title. Ancl-&ion of title& &imply give& greater clarity to inp-t (ec7&.
Ke to nu59ers in sCuare 9ra7Aets
" Solids
%1 1uEHesLiu 9ea5
%< <elts7HAo resultant 9ea5
%I <elts7HAo inteErated solid and tu9ular 9ea5s
%/ /russ
%D Dis7rete 9ea5
%SW S4ot:eld 9ea5
$ SHells
!a /Hi7A sHell Bor5ulation %
!9 /Hi7A sHell Bor5ulation $
!7 /Hi7A sHell Bor5ulation !
!d /Hi7A sHell Bor5ulation >
* S4e7ial air9aE ele5ent
> S31 ele5ent
) A7ousti7 solid
- 0oHesi'e solid
?A Multi5aterial ALE solid &'alidated+
?< Multi5aterial ALE solid &i54le5ented 9ut not 'alidated
%
+
, Me59rane ele5ent
I.2TJ233J<'OSAO5
2

I.2TJ233JP<'.<2BALT4
I.2TJ233JPO'<J2A'

1
<rror a&&ociate( with a(vection inherently lea(& to &tate varia9le& that may 9e incon&i&tent with nonlinear con&tit-tive
ro-tine& an( th-& may lea( to nonphy&ical re&-lt&, noncon&ervation of energy, an( even n-merical in&ta9ility in &ome
ca&e&. Ca-tion i& a(vi&e(, partic-larly when -&ing the 2
n(
tier of material mo(el& implemente( for 2L< m-lti#material
&oli(& B(e&ignate( 9y W/BXC which are largely -nte&te( a& 2L< material&.
2
The&e three comman(& (o not, 9y them&elve&, (efine a material mo(el 9-t rather can 9e -&e( in certain ca&e& to &-p#
plement material mo(el&
D
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2

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A
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LSDYNA 2#% B.2TC
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I.2TJ$0$C) I.2TJ<L2STACJ,ATLJPASCOSAT4JC8'P< W$,2,%a9c(,",/BX N/O
I.2TJ$01) I.2TJ@<LPA5#.2M,<LLJPASCO<L2STAC W$,%c(,",/BX N1!O
I.2TJ$02) I.2TJPASCO8SJ+O2. W$,%c(,/BX N7O
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I.2TJ$0") I.2TJ.O3A+A<3JQ<'ALLAJ2'.ST'O5= W$,2,%a9c(,",/BX N0O
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I.2TJ$07) I.2TJ5O5LA5<2'J<L2STACJ3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X N1!O
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I.2TJ120) I.2TJ.O3A+A<3JLO5<4CO.B W$,%c(X N2$O
I.2TJ127) I.2TJ2''832JBO4C<J'8BB<' W$,%c(,"X N!O
I.2TJ12/) I.2TJL<2'TJTASS8< W$,%cX N1"O
I.2TJ12) I.2TJL85=JTASS8< W$,%c(X N!O
I.2TJ1%$) I.2TJSP<CA2LJO'TLOT'OPAC W2X N%"O
I.2TJ1%1) I.2TJASOT'OPACJS.<2'<3JC'2C@ W$,",/BX N1"O
I.2TJ1%2) I.2TJO'TLOT'OPACJS.<2'<3JC'2C@ W$X N01O
I.2TJ1%%) I.2TJB2'L2TJ4L32$$$ W2,%a9X NO
I.2TJ1%!) I.2TJPASCO<L2STACJ+2B'AC WX
I.2TJ1%") I.2TJ,T.JST. W2,%a9X N%$O
I.2TJ1%"JPLC) I.2TJ,T.JST.JPLC W2,%a9X N%$O
I.2TJ1%0) I.2TJCO'8SJP<=T<' W2,%a9X N"O
I.2TJ1%/) I.2TJCOL<SAP<J.AM<3J.O3< W7X N$O
I.2TJ1%) I.2TJ.O3A+A<3J+O'C<JLA.AT<3 W1BX N%"O
I.2TJ1!$) I.2TJP2C88. W$,/2X N$O
I.2TJ1!1) I.2TJ'2T<JS<5SATAP<JPOL4.<' W$,%c(,/BX N0O
I.2TJ1!2) I.2TJT'25SP<'S<L4J25ASOT'OPACJC'8SL2BL<J+O2. W$,%c(X N12O
I.2TJ1!%) I.2TJ,OO3JNOPTAO5O W$,%c(,"X N%7O
I.2TJ1!!) I.2TJPATQ<'JC'8SL2BL<+O2. W$,%c(,/BX N7O
I.2TJ1!") I.2TJSCL,<'J.8''24JC2PJ.O3<L W$,"X N"$O
I.2TJ1!0) I.2TJ13O+J=<5<'2LAQ<3JSP'A5= W13X N1O
I.2TJ1!7 I.2TJ+L,2JSOAL W$,%c(,",/BX N1"O
I.2TJ1!7J5) I.2TJ+L,2JSOALJ5<B'2S@2 W$,%c(,",/BX N1"O
I.2TJ1!/) I.2TJ=2SJ.AMT8'< W$,/2X N1!O
I.2TJ1"1) I.2TJ<..A W$,%c(,",/BX N2%O
I.2TJ1"%) I.2TJ32.2=<J% W$,1L,2,%a9c(X
I.2TJ1"!) I.2TJ3<SLP253<J+L<C@J+O2. W$,%c(,/BX N1$O
I.2TJ1"") I.2TJPL2STACAT4JCO.P'<SSAO5JT<5SAO5J<OS W$,%c(,",/BX N10O
I.2TJ1"0) I.2TJ.8SCL< W1TX N$O
I.2TJ1"7) I.2TJ25ASOT'OPACJ<L2STACJPL2STAC W2,%a9X N"O
I.2TJ1"/) I.2TJ'2T<JS<5SATAP<JCO.POSAT<J+2B'AC W2,%a9X N"!O
I.2TJ1") I.2TJCSC.JNOPTAO5O W$,%c(,"X N22O
I.2TJ10$) I .2TJ2L<JA5CO.P'<SSABL<
I.2TJ101) I.2TJCO.POSAT<J.SC W$X N%!O
I.2TJ102) I.2TJCO.POSAT<J3.=J.SC W$X N!$O
I.2TJ10% I.2TJ.O3A+A<3JC'8SL2BL<J+O2. W$,%c(,/BX N1$O
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I.2TJ10!) I.2TJB'2A5JLA5<2'JPASCO<L2STAC W$X N1!O
I.2TJ10") I.2TJPL2STACJ5O5LA5<2'J@A5<.2TAC W$,2,%a9c(,/BX N/O
I.2TJ100) I.2TJ.O.<5TJC8'P2T8'<JB<2. W1BX N"!O
I.2TJ107) I.2TJ.CCO'.AC@ W$%c(,,/BX N/O
I.2TJ10/) I.2TJPOL4.<' W$,%c,/BX N0$O
I.2TJ10) I.2TJ2'8PJ23L<SAP< W$X N2$O
I.2TJ17$) I.2TJ'<S8LT25TJ25ASOT'OPAC W2,%a9X N07O
I.2TJ171) I.2TJST<<LJCO5C<5T'ACJB'2C< W1BX N%%O
I.2TJ172) I.2TJCO5C'<T<J<C2 W1L,2,%a9X N%"O
I.2TJ17%) I.2TJ.OL'JCO8LO.B W$,"X N%1O
I.2TJ17!) I.2TJ'CJB<2. W1LX N20O
I.2TJ17") I.2TJPASCO<L2STACJTL<'.2L W$,2,%a9c(,",/BX N/0O
I.2TJ170) I.2TJR82SALA5<2'JPASCO<L2STAC W$,2,%a9c(,",/BX N/1O
I.2TJ177) I.2TJLALLJ+O2. W$,%c(X N12O
I.2TJ17/) I.2TJPASCO<L2STACJLALLJ+O2. W$,%c(X N2O
I.2TJ17) I.2TJLO,J3<5SAT4JS45TL<TACJ+O2.JNOPTAO5O W$,%c(X N77O
I.2TJ1/1) I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8BB<'E+O2.JNOPTAO5O W$,2,%c(X N%O
I.2TJ1/%) I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8BB<'J,ATLJ32.2=< W$,2,%c(X N!!O
I.2TJ1/!) I.2TJCOL<SAP<J<L2STAC W7X N$O
I.2TJ1/") I.2TJCOL<SAP<JTL W7X N$O
I.2TJ1/0) I.2TJCOL<SAP<J=<5<'2L W7X N0O
I.2TJ1/7) I.2TJS2.P#1 W$,2,%a9c(X N%/O
I.2TJ1//) I.2TJTL<'.OJ<L2STOJPASCOPL2STACJC'<<P W$,2,%a9c(X N27O
I.2TJ1/) I.2TJ25ASOT'OPACJTL<'.O<L2STAC W$,%c,/BX N21O
I.2TJ1$) I.2TJ+L3J%#P2'2.<T<'JB2'L2T W2,%a9X N%0O
I.2TJ11) I.2TJS<AS.ACJB<2. W1BX N%0O
I.2TJ12) I.2TJSOALJB'AC@ W$,%c(X N71O
I.2TJ1%) I.2TJ3'8C@<'JP'2=<' W$,%c(X N7!O
I.2TJ1!) I.2TJ'CJSL<2'J,2LL W2,%a9X N%0O
I.2TJ1") I.2TJCO5C'<T<JB<2. W1LX N"O
I.2TJ10) I.2TJ=<5<'2LJSP'A5=J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X N2"O
I.2TJ17) I.2TJS<AS.ACJASOL2TO' W13X N1$O
I.2TJ1/) I.2TJKOA5T<3J'OC@ W$X N%1O
I.2TJ2$2) I.2TJST<<LJ<C% W1LX
I.2TJ21) I.2TJCO32.2 W$,2,%a9c(X
I.2TJ22$) I.2TJ'A=A3J3ASC'<T< W$,2X
I.2TJ221) I.2TJO'TLOT'OPACJSA.PLA+A<3J32.2=< W$,%c(,"X N17O
I.2TJ22!) I.2TJT2B8L2T<3JKOL5SO5JCOO@ W$,2,%a9c(,,"X N11O
I.2TJ22") I.2TJPASCOPL2STACJ.AM<3JL2'3<5A5= W$,2,%a9c(,"X
I.2TJ220) I.2TJ@A5<.2TACJL2'3<5A5=JB2'L2T/ W2,%a9X
I.2TJ2%$) I.2TJP.LJ<L2STAC W$X N2!O
I.2TJ2%1) I.2TJP.LJ2CO8STAC W0X N%"O
I.2TJ2%2) I.2TJBAOTJL4ST<'<TAC W$,2,%a9X N%$O
I.2TJ2%%) I.2TJC2Q2C8JB2'L2T W2,%a9X
I.2TJ2%!) I.2TJPASCO<L2STACJLOOS<J+2B'AC W2,%aX
I.2TJ2%") I.2TJ.AC'O.<CL25ACSJ3'4J+2B'AC W2,%aX
I.2TJ2%0) I.2TJSCCJO5J'CC W2,%a9X
I.2TJ2%7) I.2TJP.LJL4ST<'<TAC W$X N"!O
I.2TJ2%/) I.2TJP<'TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4 W$,1L,2,%,",/2X
I.2TJ2!$) I.2TJCOL<SAP<J.AM<3J.O3<J<L2STOPL2STACJ'2T< W$X
I.2TJ2!1) I.2TJKOL5SO5JLOL.R8ASTJKL1 W$,%c(,"X
I.2TJ2!2) I.2TJ@A5<.2TACJL2'3<5A5=JB2'L2T2$$$ W2,%a9X
I.2TJ2!%) I.2TJLALLJ$ W2,%a9X
I.2TJ2!!) I.2TJ8LSJST<<L W$,2,%a9c(,"X
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I.2TJ2!") I.2TJP.LJNOPTAO5OT'OPACJ<L2STAC W$X N%$O
I.2TJ2!0) I.2TJP.LJ58LL W$X N27O
I.2TJ2"1) I.2TJT2ALO'<3JP'OP<'TA<S W2X N0O
I.2TJ2"") I.2TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACJTL<'.2L W$,2,%a9c(X
I.2TJ2"0) I.2TJ2.O'PLO8SJSOLA3SJ+A5AT<JST'2A5 W$X
I.2TJ200) I.2TJTASS8<J3ASP<'S<3 W$X
I.2TJ207) I.2TJ<A=LTJCL2A5J'8BB<' W$,"X
I.2TJ20) I.2TJB<'=ST'O.JBO4C<J'8BB<' W$,"X
I.2TJ27$) I.2TJC,. W$,"X
I.2TJ271) I.2TJPO,3<' W$,"X
I.2TJ272) I.2TJ'LT W$,"X
I.2TJ270) I.2TJCL'O5OLO=AC2LJPASCO<L2STAC W2,%a9c(X
+or the (i&crete Btype 0C 9eam element&, which are -&e( to mo(el complicate( (amper& an( m-lti#
(imen&ional &pring#(amper com9ination&, the following material type& are availa9le)
I.2TJ$00) I.2TJLA5<2'J<L2STACJ3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$07) I.2TJ5O5LA5<2'J<L2STACJ3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$0/) I.2TJ5O5LA5<2'JPL2STACJ3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$0) I.2TJSA3J32.P<'J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$7$) I.2TJL43'28LACJ=2SJ32.P<'J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$71) I.2TJC2BL<J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$7!) I.2TJ<L2STACJSP'A5=J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$%) I.2TJ<L2STACJ03O+JSP'A5=J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$!) I.2TJA5<L2STACJSP'A5=J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ$") I.2TJA5<L2STACJ03O+JSP'A5=J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ11) I.2TJ=<5<'2LJ5O5LA5<2'J03O+J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ121) I.2TJ=<5<'2LJ5O5LA5<2'J13O+J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ1!0) I.2TJ13O+J=<5<'2LAQ<3JSP'A5= W13X
I.2TJ10) I.2TJ=<5<'2LJSP'A5=J3ASC'<T<JB<2. W13X
I.2TJ17) I.2TJS<AS.ACJASOL2TO' W13X
I.2TJ2$/) I.2TJBOLTJB<2. W13X
+or the (i&crete &pring& an( (amper& the following material type& are availa9le
I.2TJS$1) I.2TJSP'A5=J<L2STAC
I.2TJS$2) I.2TJ32.P<'JPASCO8S
I.2TJS$%) I.2TJSP'A5=J<L2STOPL2STAC
I.2TJS$!) I.2TJSP'A5=J5O5LA5<2'J<L2STAC
I.2TJS$") I.2TJ32.P<'J5O5LA5<2'JPASCO8S
I.2TJS$0) I.2TJSP'A5=J=<5<'2LJ5O5LA5<2'
I.2TJS$7) I.2TJSP'A5=J.2M,<LL
I.2TJS$/) I.2TJSP'A5=JA5<L2STAC
I.2TJS1%) I.2TJSP'A5=JT'ALA5<2'J3<='23A5=
I.2TJS1!) I.2TJSP'A5=JSR82TJSL<2',2LL
I.2TJS1") I.2TJSP'A5=J.8SCL<
+or 2L< &oli(& the following material type& are availa9le)
I.2TJ2L<J$1) I.2TJ2L<JP2C88. B&ame a& I.2TJ1!$C
I.2TJ2L<J$2) I.2TJ2L<J=2SJ.AMT8'< B&ame a& I.2TJ1!/C
I.2TJ2L<J$%) I.2TJ2L<JPASCO8S B&ame a& I.2TJ$$C
I.2TJ2L<J$!) I.2TJ2L<J.AMA5=JL<5=TL B&ame a& I.2TJ1!C
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I.2TJ2L<J$") I.2TJ2L<JA5CO.P'<SSABL< B&ame a& I.2TJ10$C
I.2TJ2L<J$0) I.2TJ2L<JL<'SCL<L
+or the &eat9elt& one material i& availa9le.
I.2TJB$1) I.2TJS<2TB<LT
+or thermal material& in a co-ple( &tr-ct-ralEthermal or thermal only analy&i&, &ix material& are
availa9le. The&e material& are relate( to the &tr-ct-ral material via the IP2'T car(. Thermal materi#
al& are (efine( only for &oli( an( &hell element&.
I.2TJT$1) I.2TJTL<'.2LJASOT'OPAC
I.2TJT$2) I.2TJTL<'.2LJO'TLOT'OPAC
I.2TJT$%) I.2TJTL<'.2LJASOT'OPACJT3
I.2TJT$!) I.2TJTL<'.2LJO'TLOT'OPACJT3
I.2TJT$") I.2TJTL<'.2LJ3ASC'<T<JB<2.
I.2TJT$7) I.2TJTL<'.2LJC,.
I.2TJT$/ I.2TJTL<'.2LJO'TLOT'OPACJT3JLC
I.2TJT$ I.2TJTL<'.2LJASOT'OPACJPL2S<JCL25=<
I.2TJT1$ I.2TJTL<'.2LJASOT'OPACJT3JLC
I.2TJT11#T1") I.2TJTL<'.2LJ8S<'J3<+A5<3 3<+A5<3
'emar7&)
1. C-rve& an( ta9le& are &ometime& (efine( for the p-rpo&e of (efining material propertie&. 2n
example wo-l( 9e a c-rve of effective &tre&& v&. effective pla&tic &train (efine( -&ing the
comman( I3<+A5<JC8'P<. An general , the following can 9e &ai( a9o-t c-rve& an( ta#
9le& that are reference( 9y material mo(el&)
C-rve& are internally re(i&cretiHe( -&ing e:-al increment& along the x#axi&.
C-rve (ata i& interpolate( 9etween re(i&cretiHe( (ata point& within the (efine( range of
the c-rve an( extrapolate( a& nee(e( 9eyon( the (efine( range of the c-rve.
<xtrapolation i& not employe( for ta9le val-e& BI3<+A5<JT2BL<aC. See comment&
-n(er I3<+A5<JT2BL< for f-rther (etail&.
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MA/ERIAL MODEL RE.EREN0E /A<LES
The ta9le& provi(e( on the following page& li&t the material mo(el&, &ome of their attri9-te&, an( the
general cla&&e& of phy&ical material& to which the n-merical mo(el& might 9e applie(.
Af a material mo(el, witho-t con&i(eration of I.2TJ233J<'OSAO5 or I.2TJ233JTL<'.2L
J<MP25SAO5, incl-(e& any of the following attri9-te&, a U4V will appear in the re&pective col-mn
of the ta9le)
SRA/E Strainrate eBBe7ts
.AIL .ailure 7riteria
EOS ECuationoBState reCuired Bor !D solids and $D 7ontinuu5 ele5ents
/1ERMAL /Her5al eBBe7ts
ANISO Anisotro4i7IortHotro4i7
DAM Da5aEe eBBe7ts
/ENS /ension Handled diBBerentl tHan 7o54ression in so5e 5anner
Potential application& of the material mo(el&, in term& of cla&&e& of phy&ical material&, are a99reviat#
e( in the ta9le a& follow&)
2N 2eneral
0M 0o54osite
0R 0era5i7
.L .luid
.M .oa5
2L 2lass
1Y 1drodna5i7 5aterial
M/ Metal
3L 3lasti7
R< Ru99er
SL Soil# 7on7rete# or ro7A
AD AdHesi'e or 0oHesi'e 5aterial
<IO <ioloEi7al 5aterial
0IV 0i'il EnEineerinE 7o54onent

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Material Nu59er and Des7ri4tion
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A44li7ations
% Elasti7 2N# .L
$ OrtHotro4i7 Elasti7 &Anisotro4i7solids+ Y 0M# M/
! 3lasti7 Kine5ati7IIsotro4i7 Y Y 0M# M/# 3L
* Elasti7 3lasti7 /Her5al Y M/# 3L
> Soil and .oa5 Y .M# SL
) Linear Vis7oelasti7 Y R<
- <latDKo Ru99er R<
? 1iEH EJ4losi'e <urn Y 1Y
, Null Material Y Y Y Y .L# 1Y
%" Elasti7 3lasti7 1dro&dna5i7+ Y Y Y 1Y# M/
%% Stein9erE( /e548 De4endent Elasto4lasti7 Y Y Y Y Y 1Y# M/
%$ Isotro4i7 Elasti7 3lasti7 M/
%! Isotro4i7 Elasti7 :itH .ailure Y Y M/
%* Soil and .oa5 :itH .ailure Y Y .M# SL
%> JoHnsonI0ooA 3lasti7it Model Y Y Y Y Y Y 1Y# M/
%) 3seudo /ensor 2eoloEi7al Model Y Y Y Y Y SL
%- Oriented 0ra7A &Elasto4lasti7 :I .ra7ture+ Y Y Y Y 1Y# M/# 3L# 0R
%? 3o:er La: 3lasti7it &Isotro4i7+ Y M/# 3L
%, Strain Rate De4endent 3lasti7it Y Y M/# 3L
$" RiEid
$% OrtHotro4i7 /Her5al &Elasti7+ Y Y 2N
$$ 0o54osite Da5aEe Y Y Y 0M
$! /e54erature De4endent OrtHotro4i7 Y Y 0M
$* 3ie7e:ise Linear 3lasti7it &Isotro4i7+ Y Y M/# 3L
$> In'is7id /:o In'ariant 2eoloEi7 0a4 Y Y SL
$) 1one7o59 Y Y Y Y 0M# .M# SL
$- MooneRi'lin Ru99er Y R<
$? Resultant 3lasti7it M/
$, .or7e Li5ited Resultant .or5ulation Y
!" SHa4e Me5or M/
!% .raDerNasH Ru99er Y R<
!$ La5inated 2lass &0o54osite+ Y 0M# 2L
!! <arlat Anisotro4i7 3lasti7it &YLD,)+ Y Y 0R# M/
!* .a9ri7 Y Y Ba9ri7
!> 3lasti72reen NaEHdi Rate Y M/
!) /Hree3ara5eter <arlat 3lasti7it Y Y Y M/
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!- /rans'ersel Anisotro4i7 Elasti7 3lasti7 Y M/
!? <latDKo .oa5 .M# 3L
!, .LD /rans'ersel Anisotro4i7 Y M/
*" Nonlinear OrtHotro4i7 Y Y Y Y 0M
*%>" User DeBined Materials Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 2N
>% <a55an &/e54IRate De4endent 3lasti7it+ Y Y 2N
>$ <a55an Da5aEe Y Y Y Y M/
>! 0losed 7ell Boa5 &Lo: densit 4oluretHane+ .M
>* 0o54osite Da5aEe :itH 0HanE .ailure Y Y Y Y 0M
>> 0o54osite Da5aEe :itH /saiWu .ailure Y Y Y Y 0M
>- Lo: Densit UretHane .oa5 Y Y Y .M
>? La5inated 0o54osite .a9ri7 Y Y Y Y 0M# Ba9ri7
>, 0o54osite .ailure &3lasti7it <ased+ Y Y Y 0M# 0R
)" Elasti7 :itH Vis7osit &Vis7ous 2lass+ Y Y 2L
)% Kel'inMaJ:ell Vis7oelasti7 Y .M
)$ Vis7ous .oa5 &0rasH du55 .oa5+ Y .M
)! Isotro4i7 0rusHa9le .oa5 Y .M
)* Rate Sensiti'e 3o:erla: 3lasti7it Y M/
)> KerilliAr5stronE &RateI/e54 3lasti7it+ Y Y Y Y M/
)) Linear Elasti7 Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y
)- Nonlinear Elasti7 Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y
)? Nonlinear 3lasti7 Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y
), SID Da54er Dis7rete <ea5 Y
-" 1drauli7 2as Da54er Dis7rete <ea5 Y
-% 0a9le Dis7rete <ea5 &Elasti7+ Y 7a9le
-$ 0on7rete Da5aEe &in7l8 Release III+ Y Y Y Y Y SL
-! Lo: Densit Vis7ous .oa5 Y Y Y .M
-* Elasti7 S4rinE Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y
-> <ilAHuIDu9ois .oa5 Y .M
-) 2eneral Vis7oelasti7 &MaJ:ell Model+ Y Y Y R<
-- 14erelasti7 and OEden Ru99er Y Y R<
-? Soil 0on7rete Y Y Y SL
-, 1stereti7 Soil &Elasto3erBe7tl 3lasti7+ Y Y SL
?" Ra59erEOsEood SL
?% 3lasti7it :itH Da5aEe Y Y Y M/# 3L
?$ 3lasti7it :itH Da5aEe OrtHo Y Y Y Y
?! .u 0HanE .oa5 Y Y Y Y .M
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?* WinBritH 0on7rete &:I rate eBBe7ts+ Y Y .M# SL
?> WinBritH 0on7rete Y SL
?) OrtHotro4i7 Vis7oelasti7 Y Y R<
?- 0ellular Ru99er Y Y R<
?? M/S Y Y Y M/
?, 3lasti7it 3ol5er Y Y 3L
," A7ousti7 Y .L
,% SoBt /issue Y Y Y Y <IO
,$ SoBt /issue &'is7ous+
,! Elasti7 )DO. S4rinE Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y Y
,* Inelasti7 S4rinE Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y
,> Inelasti7 )DO. S4rinE Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y Y
,) <rittle Da5aEe Y Y Y Y Y SL
,- 2eneral Joint Dis7rete <ea5
,? Si54liBied JoHnson 0ooA Y Y M/
,, Si54l8 JoHnson 0ooA OrtHotro4i7 Da5aEe Y Y Y Y M/
%"" S4ot:eld Y Y Y Y M/ &s4ot:elds+
%"% 2E 3lasti7 Strain Rate Y Y Y 3L
%"$ In'8 14er9oli7 Sin Y Y M/# 3L
%"! Anisotro4i7 Vis7o4lasti7 Y Y Y M/
%"!3 Anisotro4i7 3lasti7 Y M/
%"* Da5aEe % Y Y Y Y M/
%"> Da5aEe $ Y Y Y M/
%") Elasti7 Vis7o4lasti7 /Her5al Y Y 3L
%"- ModiBied JoHnson 0ooA Y Y Y Y M/
%"? OrtHo Elasti7 3lasti7 Y
%%" JoHnson 1ol5Cuist 0era5i7s Y Y Y Y 0R# 2L
%%% JoHnson 1ol5Cuist 0on7rete Y Y Y Y SL
%%$ .inite Elasti7 Strain 3lasti7it Y 3L
%%! /ransBor5ation Indu7ed 3lasti7it &/RI3+ Y M/
%%* Laered Linear 3lasti7it Y Y M/# 3L# 0M
%%> UniBied 0ree4
%%) 0o54osite Lau4 Y 0M
%%- 0o54osite MatriJ Y 0M
%%? 0o54osite Dire7t Y 0M
%%, 2eneral Nonlinear )DO. Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y Y
%$" 2urson Y Y Y Y M/
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%$% 2eneral Nonlinear %DO. Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y Y
%$$ 1ill !R0 Y M/
%$! ModiBied 3ie7e:ise Linear 3lasti7it Y Y M/# 3L
%$* 3lasti7it 0o54ression /ension Y Y Y M/# 3L
%$> Kine5ati7 1ardeninE /rans'ersel Aniso8 Y M/
%$) ModiBied 1one7o59 Y Y Y Y Y 0M# .M# SL
%$- Arruda <o7e Ru99er Y R<
%$? 1eart /issue Y Y <IO
%$, LunE /issue Y Y <IO
%!" S4e7ial OrtHotro4i7 Y
%!% Isotro4i7 S5eared 0ra7A Y Y Y M/# 0M
%!$ OrtHotro4i7 S5eared 0ra7A Y Y Y M/# 0M
%!! <arlat YLD$""" Y Y Y M/
%!* Vis7oelasti7 .a9ri7
%!> WeaA and StronE /eJture Model Y Y Y M/
%!) 0orus VeEter Y M/
%!? 0oHesi'e MiJed Mode Y Y Y Y AD
%!, ModiBied .or7e Li5ited Y Y
%*" Va7uu5
%*% Rate Sensit'e 3ol5er Y 3L
%*$ /rans'ersel Anisotro4i7 0rusHa9le .oa5 Y Y .M
%*! Wood Y Y Y Y Y &:ood+
%** 3itDer 0rusHa9le .oa5 Y Y .M
%*> S7H:er Murra 0a4 Model Y Y Y Y SL
%*) %DO. 2eneraliDed S4rinE Y
%*- .W1A Soil Y Y Y SL
%*-N .1WA Soil Ne9rasAa Y Y Y SL
%*? 2as MiJture Y .L
%>% E'ol'inE Mi7rostru7tural Model oB Inelast8 Y Y Y Y Y M/
%>! Da5aEe ! Y Y Y M/# 3L
%>* DesH4ande .le7A .oa5 Y .M
%>> 3lasti7it 0o54ression /ension EOS Y Y Y Y &i7e+
%>) Mus7le Y Y <IO
%>- Anisotro4i7 Elasti7 3lasti7 Y M/# 0M
%>? RateSensiti'e 0o54osite .a9ri7 Y Y Y Y Y 0M
%>, 0S0M Y Y Y Y SL
%)" ALE in7o54ressi9le
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%)%#%)$ 0o54osite MS0 Y Y Y Y Y 0M
%)! ModiBied 0rusHa9le .oa5 Y Y .M
%)* <rain Linear Vis7oelasti7 Y <IO
%)> 3lasti7 Nonlinear Kine5ati7 Y M/
%)) Mo5ent 0ur'ature <ea5 Y Y Y 0IV
%)- M70or5i7A Y M/
%)? 3ol5er Y Y 3L
%), Aru4 AdHesi'e Y Y Y Y AD
%-" Resultant Anisotro4i7 Y 3L
%-% Steel 0on7entri7 <ra7e Y Y 0IV
%-$ 0on7rete E0$ Y Y Y SL# M/
%-! MoHr 0oulo59 Y Y SL
%-* R0 <ea5 Y Y SL
%-> Vis7oelasti7 /Her5al Y Y Y R<
%-) Luasilinear Vis7oelasti7 Y Y Y Y <IO
%-- 1ill .oa5 Y .M
%-? Vis7oelasti7 1ill .oa5 &OrtHo+ Y Y .M
%-, Lo: Densit SntHeti7 .oa5 Y Y Y Y Y .M
%?% Si54liBied Ru99erI.oa5 Y Y Y Y R<# .M
%?! Si54liBied Ru99er :itH Da5aEe Y Y Y R<
%?* 0oHesi'e Elasti7 Y Y AD
%?> 0oHesi'e /1 Y Y Y Y AD
%?) 0oHesi'e 2eneral Y Y Y Y AD
%?- Se5iAnalti7al Model Bor 3ol5ers M % Y Y Y 3L
%?? /Her5o Elasto Vis7oelasti7 0ree4 Y Y M/
%?, Anisotro4i7 /Her5oelasti7 Y Y
%," .lo: li5it diaEra5 !3ara5eter <arlat Y Y Y M/
%,% Seis5i7 <ea5 Y 0IV
%,$ Soil <ri7A Y SL
%,! Dru7Aer 3raEer Y SL
%,* R0 SHear Wall Y Y Y 0IV
%,> 0on7rete <ea5 Y Y Y Y 0IV
%,) 2eneral S4rinE Dis7rete <ea5 Y Y
%,- Seis5i7 Isolator Y Y Y Y 0IV
%,? Jointed Ro7A Y Y Y SL
$"$ Steel E0! 0IV
$"? <olt <ea5
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$%, 0ODAM$ Y Y Y Y 0M
$$" RiEid Dis7rete
$$% OrtHotro4i7 Si54liBied Da5aEe Y Y Y Y 0M
$$* /a9ulated JoHnson 0ooA Y Y Y Y Y Y 1Y# M/# 3L
$$> Vis7o4lasti7 MiJed 1ardeninE Y Y M/# 3L
$$) Kine5ati7 HardeninE <arlat ?, Y M/
$!" Elasti7 3erBe7tl Mat7Hed Laer &3ML+ Y SL
$!% A7ousti7 3ML .L
$!$ <iot Linear 1stereti7 Material Y SL
$!! 0aDa7u <arlat Y Y M/
$!* Vis7oelasti7 Loose .a9ri7 Y Y Y Y .a9ri7
$!> Mi7ro5e7Hani7 Dr .a9ri7 Y Y .a9ri7
$!) 0era5i7 MatriJ Y Y Y 0M# 0R
$!- <iot 1stereti7 3ML Y SL
$!? 3ie7e:ise linear 4lasti7it &3ER/+ Y Y M/# 3L
$*" 0oHesi'e 5iJed 5ode Y Y Y Y Y AD
$*% JoHnson 1ol5Cuist J1% Y Y Y Y 0R# 2L
$*$ Kine5ati7 HardeninE <arlat $""" Y M/
$*! 1ill ," Y Y Y M/
$** U1S Steel Y Y M/
$*> OrtHotro4i7Ianisotro4i7 3ML Y SL
$*) Null 5aterial 3ML Y .L
$>% /ailored 3ro4erties Y Y M/# 3L
$>> 3ie7e:ise linear 4lasti7 tHer5al Y Y Y Y M/
$>) A5or4Hous solid &Binite strain+ Y Y 2L
$)) Dis4ersed tissue Y <IO
$)- EiEHt 7Hain ru99er Y Y R<# 3L
$), <erEstrN5 <o7e ru99er Y R<
$-" WeldinE 5aterial Y M/#3L
$-% 3o:der 7o54a7tion Y 0R#SL
$-$ R1/ 7on7rete 5odel Y Y Y Y SL#0IV
$-) 0HronoloEi7al 'is7oelasti7 Y Y R<
A"% ALE Va7uu5 .L
A"$ ALE 2as MiJture Y .L
A"! ALE Vis7ous Y Y .L
A"* ALE MiJinE LenEtH .L
A"> ALE In7o54ressi9le .L
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A") ALE 1ers7Hel Y Y .L
S% S4rinE Elasti7 &Linear+
S$ Da54er Vis7ous &Linear+ Y
S! S4rinE Elasto4lasti7 &Isotro4i7+
S* S4rinE Nonlinear Elasti7 Y Y
S> Da54er Nonlinear Vis7ous Y Y
S) S4rinE 2eneral Nonlinear Y
S- S4rinE MaJ:ell &!3ara5eter Vis7oelasti7+ Y
S? S4rinE Inelasti7 &/ension or 0o54ression+ Y
S%! S4rinE /rilinear DeEradinE Y Y 0IV
S%* S4rinE SCuat SHear:all Y 0IV
S%> S4rinE Mus7le Y Y <IO
<% Seat9elt Y
/"% /Her5al Isotro4i7 Y 1eat transBer
/"$ /Her5al OrtHotro4i7 Y Y 1eat transBer
/"! /Her5al Isotro4i7 &/e54 De4endent+ Y 1eat transBer
/"* /Her5al OrtHotro4i7 &/e54 De4endent+ Y Y 1eat transBer
/"> /Her5al Dis7rete <ea5 Y 1eat transBer
/"- /Her5al 0WM &WeldinE+ Y 1eat transBer
/"? /Her5al OrtHotro4i7&/e54 de4load 7ur'e+ Y Y 1eat transBer
/", /Her5al Isotro4i7 &3Hase 0HanEe++ Y 1eat transBer
/%" /Her5al Isotro4i7 &/e54 de4load 7ur'e+ Y 1eat transBer
/%% /Her5al User DeBined Y 1eat transBer
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2#10 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ADD=AIR<A2=3OROSI/Y=LEAKA2E
Thi& comman( allow& -&er& to mo(el poro&ity lea7age thro-gh non#fa9ric material when &-ch mate#
rial i& -&e( a& part of control vol-me, air9ag. At applie& to 9oth I2A'B2=JL4B'A3 an( I2A'B2=
J,25=J5<+S@<.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 +LCEM2 +2CEM% <L2 +POPT M$ M1
Type A + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none 1.$ none none none none

.A3
.aterial A3 for which the poro&ity lea7age property applie&
+LCEM2
Af Xu=u anu Xu=1
M2 i& one of the coefficient& of the poro&ity in the e:-ation of 2nagonye
an( ,ang W1X. B3efine( 9elow in (e&cription for M$EM1C
Af Xu=u
=<.$.$) M2, in thi& context name( +LC, i& an optional fa9ric poro-&
lea7age flow coefficient.
LT.$.$) b+LCb i& the loa( c-rve A3 of the c-rve (efining +LC ver&-&
time.
Af Xu=1
=<.$.$) See Xu=u a9ove.
LT.$.$) b+LCb i& the loa( c-rve A3 (efining +LC ver&-& the &tretching
ratio (efine( a&
= AA
0
. See note& 9elow.
+2CEM%
Af Xu = u anu Xu = 1
M% i& one of the coefficient& of the poro&ity in the e:-ation of 2nagonye
an( ,ang W1X. B3efine( 9elow in (e&cription for M$EM1C
Af Xu = u anu Fv0PT < 7
=<.$.$) M%, in thi& context name( +2C, i& an optional fa9ric character#
i&tic parameter.
LT.$.$) b+2Cb i& the loa( c-rve A3 of the c-rve (efining +2C ver&-&
a9&ol-te pre&&-re.
Af Xu = 1 anu Fv0PT < 7
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=<.$.$) See M$ = $ an( +POPT < 7 a9ove.
LT.$.$) b+2Cb i& the loa( c-rve A3 (efining +2C ver&-& the pre&&-re ra#
tio (efine( a&
= P
air
P
9ag
. See remar7 % 9elow.
Af (Xu = u Xu = 1) anu (Fv0PT = 7 Fv0PT = 8)
=<.$.$) See M$ = $ an( +POPT < 7 a9ove.
LT.$.$) +2C (efine& lea7age vol-me fl-x rate ver&-& a9&ol-te pre&&-re.
The vol-me fl-x Bper areaC rate Bper timeC ha& the -nit of ve#
locity an( it i& e:-ivalent to relative poro-& ga& &pee(.
_
J(Pol
fl-x
)
Jt
_ =
|vol-me]
|area]
1
|time]
=
|length]
|time]
= |velocity],
<L2
<ffective lea7age area for 9loc7e( fa9ric, <L2
.
LT.$.$) b<L2b i& the loa( c-rve A3 of the c-rve (efining <L2 ver&-&
time. The (efa-lt val-e of Hero a&&-me& that no lea7age occ-r&.
2 val-e of .1$ wo-l( a&&-me that 1$c of the 9loc7e( fa9ric i&
lea7ing ga&.
+POPT
+a9ric venting option.
<R.1) ,ang#5ef&7e form-la& for venting thro-gh an orifice are -&e(.
Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(.
<R.2) ,ang#5ef&7e form-la& for venting thro-gh an orifice are -&e(.
Bloc7age of venting area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
<R.%) Lea7age form-la& of =raefe, @r-mmhe-er, an( SieGa7 W1$X are
-&e(. Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(.
<R.!) Lea7age form-la& of =raefe, @r-mmhe-er, an( SieGa7 W1$X are
-&e(. Bloc7age of venting area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
<R.") Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are
-&e(. Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(.
<R.0) Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are
-&e(. Bloc7age of venting area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
<R.7) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa(
c-rve WLian, 2$$$X. Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(. 29&ol-te pre&#
&-re i& -&e( in the poro-&#velocity#ver&-&#pre&&-re loa( c-rve,
given a& +2C.
<R./) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa(
c-rve WLian 2$$$X. Bloc7age of venting or poro-& area (-e to
contact i& con&i(ere(. 29&ol-te pre&&-re i& -&e( in the poro-&#
velocity#ver&-&#pre&&-re loa( c-rve, given a& +2C.
M$,M1
Coefficient& of 2nagonye an( ,ang W1X poro&ity e:-ation for the lea7#
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age area) A
leak
= A
0
X
0
+X
1
+X
2
+X
3

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;MA/=ADD=EROSION
.any of the con&tit-tive mo(el& in LS#3452 (o not allow fail-re an( ero&ion. The 233
J<'OSAO5 option provi(e& a way of incl-(ing fail-re in the&e mo(el& altho-gh the option can al&o
9e applie( to con&tit-tive mo(el& with other fail-reEero&ion criterion. <ach of the criterion (efine(
here are applie( in(epen(ently, an( once any one of them i& &ati&fie(, the element i& (elete( from the
calc-lation. Thi& option applie& to nonlinear element form-lation& incl-(ing the 23 contin--m, %3
&oli( element&, %3 &hell element&, an( the thic7 &hell element& type& 1 an( 2. Beam type& 1 an( 11
c-rrently &-pport the ero&ion 9-t not the (amage an( evol-tion mo(el&2 An a((ition to ero&ion, (am#
age initiation an( evol-tion mo(el& are availa9le a& (e&cri9e( in the remar7&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 <MCL .MP'<S .5<PS <++<PS POL<PS 58.+AP 5CS
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$ 1.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .5P'<S SA=P1 SA=P. .M<PS <PSSL SA=TL A.P8LS< +2ALT.
Type + + + + + + + +

/He Bollo:inE 7ard is o4tional(
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A32. 3.=T4P LCS3= <C'AT 3.=<MP 3C'AT +23<MP LC'<=3
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$ $.$ 1.$ $.$

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2#2$ B.2TC LSDYNA
IB IDAM82/8" deBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard(
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SAQ+L= '<+SQ 52LSP LCS'S SL'+ BA2M+
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

IB IDAM8L/8" tHen deBine IDAM set oB 7ards on tHe Bollo:inE Bor5at(
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3AT4P P1 P2
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3<T4P 3CT4P R1
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

O4tional 7ard * &IDAMO"+ or > &IDAMP"+ or *Q$;RIDAMR &IDAMS"+(
Car(
!E"E... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC+L3 <PSTLA5 <5=C'T '23C'T
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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LSDYNA 2#21 B.2TC
.A3
.aterial i(entification for which thi& ero&ion (efinition applie&. 2 -ni:-e
n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / character& m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
<MCL
The excl-&ion n-m9er, which applie& to the val-e& (efine( on Car( 2.
,hen any of the fail-re con&tant& are &et to the excl-&ion n-m9er, the a&&o#
ciate( fail-re criteria calc-lation& are 9ypa&&e( Bwhich re(-ce& the co&t of
the fail-re mo(elC. +or example, to prevent a material from going into ten#
&ion, the -&er &ho-l( &pecify an -n-&-al val-e for the excl-&ion n-m9er,
e.g., 12%!., &et P
mIn
to $.$ an( all the remaining con&tant& to 12%!. The
(efa-lt val-e i& $.$, which eliminate& all criteria from con&i(eration that
have their con&tant& &et to $.$ or left 9lan7 in the inp-t file.
.MP'<S
.axim-m pre&&-re at fail-re,P
max
. Af the val-e i& exactly Hero, it i& a-to#
matically excl-(e( to maintain compati9ility with ol( inp-t file&.
.5<PS
.inim-m principal &train at fail-re,e
mIn
. Af the val-e i& exactly Hero, it i&
a-tomatically excl-(e( to maintain compati9ility with ol( inp-t file&.
<++<PS
.axim-m effective &train at fail-re,e
c]]
= _2S e
]
dc
e
]
dc
. Af the val-e i&
exactly Hero, it i& a-tomatically excl-(e( to maintain compati9ility with ol(
inp-t file&. Af the val-e i& negative, then b<++<PSb i& the effective pla&tic
&train to fail-re. An com9ination with cohe&ive element&, <++<PS i& the
maxim-m effective in#plane &train.
POL<PS
Pol-metric &train at fail-re, e
o
= e
11
+e
22
+e
33
. POL<PS can 9e a
po&itive or negative n-m9er (epen(ing on whether the fail-re i& in ten&ion
or compre&&ion, re&pectively. Af the val-e i& exactly Hero, it i& a-tomatical#
ly excl-(e( to maintain compati9ility with ol( inp-t file&.
58.+AP
5-m9er of faile( integration point& prior to element (eletion. The (efa-lt
i& -nity.
LT.$.$ BA32.T$C) b58.+APb i& percentage of integration point& which
m-&t excee( the fail-re criterion 9efore element
fail&) Only for &hell&.
LT.$.$ BA32.T1C) b58.+APb i& percentage of layer& which m-&t fail
9efore element fail&) Only for &hell&. +or &hell
form-lation& with ! integration point& per layer, the
layer i& con&i(ere( faile( if any of the integration
point& in the layer fail&.
5CS
5-m9er of fail-re con(ition& to &ati&fy 9efore fail-re occ-r&. +or example,
if SA=P1 an( SA=P. are (efine( an( if 5CST2, 9oth fail-re criteria m-&t
9e met 9efore element (eletion can occ-r. The (efa-lt i& &et to -nity.
.5P'<S
.inim-m pre&&-re at fail-re, P
mIn
.
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2#22 B.2TC LSDYNA
SA=P1
Principal &tre&& at fail-re, o
max
.
SA=P.
<:-ivalent &tre&& at fail-re, o
max
.
.M<PS
.axim-m principal &train at fail-re, e
max
. The maxim-m principal &train at
fail-re i& ma(e a f-nction of the effective &train rate 9y &etting .M<PS to
the negative of the appropriate loa( c-rve A3.
<PSSL
Shear &train at fail-re, y
max
.
SA=TL
Thre&hol( &tre&&, o
0
.
A.P8LS<
Stre&& imp-l&e for fail-re, K
I
.
+2ALT.
+ail-re time. ,hen the pro9lem time excee(& the fail-re time, the material
i& remove(.
A32.
+lag for (amage mo(el.
<R.$) no (amage mo(el i& -&e(.
<R.1) =ASS.O (amage mo(el.
LT.$) #A32. repre&ent& the n-m9er of (amage initiation an( evol-tion
criteria to 9e applie(
3.=T4P
+or =ASS.O (amage type the following applie&.
<R.$) 3amage i& acc-m-late(, no co-pling to flow &tre&&, no fail-re.
<R.1) 3amage i& acc-m-late(, element fail-re occ-r& for 3T1)Co-pling
of (amage to flow &tre&& (epen(ing on parameter&, &ee remar7&
9elow.
+or A32..LT.$ the following applie&.
<R.$) 5o action i& ta7en
<R.1) 3amage hi&tory i& initiate( 9a&e( on val-e& of initial pla&tic
&train& an( initial &train ten&or, thi& i& to 9e -&e( in m-lti&tage
analy&e&
LCS3=
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. Loa( c-rve (efine& e:-ivalent pla&tic &train to
fail-re v&. triaxiality. Ta9le (efine& for each Lo(e angle val-e B9etween #1
an( 1C a loa( c-rve A3 giving the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train to fail-re v&. tri#
axiality for that Lo(e angle val-e.
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LSDYNA 2#2% B.2TC
<C'AT
Critical pla&tic &train Bmaterial in&ta9ilityC, &ee 9elow.
LT.$.$) b<C'ATb i& loa( c-rve A3 (efining critical e:-ivalent pla&tic
&train v&) triaxiality.
<R.$.$) +ixe( val-e 3C'AT (efining critical (amage i& rea( B&ee 9elowC
=T.$.$) +ixe( val-e for &tre&&#&tate in(epen(ent critical e:-ivalent pla&#
tic &train.
3.=<MP
<xponent for nonlinear (amage acc-m-lation, &ee remar7&.
3C'AT
3amage thre&hol( val-e Bcritical (amageC. Af a Loa( c-rve of critical pla&tic
&train or fixe( val-e i& given 9y <C'AT, inp-t
i& ignore(.
+23<MP
<xponent for (amage#relate( &tre&& fa(eo-t.
LT.$.$) b+23<MPb i& loa( c-rve A3 (efining element#&iHe (epen(ent
fa(ing exponent.
=T.$.$) Con&tant fa(ing exponent.
LC'<=3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining element &iHe (epen(ent reg-lariHation factor& for
e:-ivalent pla&tic &train to fail-re.
SAQ+L=
+lag for metho( of element &iHe (etermination.
<R.$) B(efa-ltC <lement &iHe i& (etermine( in -n(eforme( config-ration
a& &:-are root of element area B&hell&C, or c-9ic root of element
vol-me B&oli(&C, re&pectively.
<R.1) <lement &iHe i& -p(ate( every time &tep, an( (etermine( a& mean
e(ge length Bthi& option wa& a((e( to en&-re compara9ility with
I.2TJ12$, an( i& not recommen(e( for general p-rpo&eC.
'<+SQ
'eference element &iHe, for which an a((itional o-tp-t of (amage will 9e
generate(. Thi& i& nece&&ary to en&-re the applica9ility of re&-lting (amage
:-antitie& when tran&ferre( to (ifferent me&h &iHe&.
52LSP
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& from (amage mo(el which &ho-l( 9e &tore( in
&tan(ar( material hi&tory array for Po&tproce&&ing. See remar7&.
LCS'S
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining fail-re &train &caling factor v&. &train rate.
=T.$) &cale <C'AT, too
LT.$) (o not &cale <C'AT.
SL'+
'e(-ction factor for reg-lariHation at triaxialityT$ B&hearC
BA2M+
'e(-ction factor for reg-lariHation at triaxialityT2E% B9iaxialC
D
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2#2! B.2TC LSDYNA
3AT4P
3amage initiation type
<R.$.$) 3-ctile
<R.1.$) Shear
<R.2.$) .S+L3
P1
3amage initiation parameter
3AT4P.<R.$.$) Loa( c-rveEta9le A3 repre&enting pla&tic &train at on&et
of (amage a& f-nction of &tre&& triaxiality an( optional#
ly pla&tic &train rate.
3AT4P.<R.1.$) Loa( c-rveEta9le A3 repre&enting pla&tic &train at on&et
of (amage a& f-nction of &hear infl-ence an( optionally
pla&tic &train rate.
3AT4P.<R.2.$) Loa( c-rveEta9le A3 repre&enting pla&tic &train at on&et
of (amage a& f-nction of ratio of principal pla&tic &train
rate& an( optionally pla&tic &train rate.
3AT4P.<R.%.$) Loa( c-rveEta9le A3 repre&enting pla&tic &train at on&et
of (amage a& f-nction of ratio of principal pla&tic &train
rate& an( optionally pla&tic &train rate.
P2
3amage initiation parameter
3AT4P.<R.$.$) 5ot -&e(
3AT4P.<R.1.$) Pre&&-re infl-ence coefficient 7S

3AT4P.<R.2.$) 5ot -&e(
3AT4P.<R.%.$) 5ot -&e(
3<T4P
3amage evol-tion type
<R.$.$) Linear &oftening, evol-tion of (amage i& a f-nction of the pla&#
tic (i&placement after the initiation of (amage)
<R.1.$) Linear &oftening, evol-tion of (amage i& a f-nction of the frac#
t-re energy after the initiation of (amage.
3CT4P
3amage compo&ition option for m-ltiple criteria
<R.$.$) .axim-m
<R.1.$) .-ltiplicative
R1
3amage evol-tion parameter
3<T4P.<R.$.$) Pla&tic (i&placement at fail-re, u
]
.
3<T4P.<R.1.$) +ract-re energy at fail-re, =f,
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LSDYNA 2#2" B.2TC
LC+L3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the +orming Limit 3iagram. .inor &train& in per#
cent are (efine( a& a9&ci&&a val-e& an( .aGor &train& in percent are (efine(
a& or(inate val-e&. The forming limit (iagram i& &hown in +ig-re $$>. An
(efining the c-rve, li&t pair& of minor an( maGor &train& &tarting with the left
mo&t point an( en(ing with the right mo&t point. Thi& criterion i& only for
&hell element& an( it i& availa9le &tarting with 'elea&e 71 '0.
<PSTLA5
Thinning &train at fail-re for thin an( thic7 &hell&.
<5=C'T
Critical energy for nonlocal fail-re criterion, &ee item 9elow.
'23C'T
Critical ra(i-& for nonlocal fail-re criterion, &ee item 9elow.
The criteria for fail-re 9e&i(e& fail-re time are)
1. P P
max
, where P i& the pre&&-re Bpo&itive in compre&&ionC, an( P
max
i& the maxi#
m-m pre&&-re at fail-re.
2. e
3
e
mIn
, where e
3
i& the minim-m principal &train, an( e
mIn
i& the minim-m prin#
cipal &train at fail-re.
%. P P
mIn
, where P i& the pre&&-re Bpo&itive in compre&&ionC, an( P
mIn
i& the mini#
m-m pre&&-re at fail-re.
!8 o
1
o
max
, where

o
1
i& the maxim-m principal &tre&&, an( o
max
i& the maxim-m
principal &tre&& at fail-re.
". _
3
2
o
]
i
o
]
i
o
max
, where o
]
i
are the (eviatoric &tre&& component&, an( o
max
i& the
e:-ivalent &tre&& at fail-re.
0. e
1
e
max
, where e
1
i& the maxim-m principal &train, an( e
max
i& the maxim-m prin#
cipal &train at fail-re.
7. y
1
y
max
, where y
1
i& the maxim-m &hear &train T (e
1
e
3
)2, an( y
max
i& the
&hear &train at fail-re.
/. The T-ler#B-tcher criterion,
] |max(u, o
1
t
u
o
u
)]
2
ut K
,
where o
1
i& the maxim-m principal &tre&&, o
0
i& a &pecifie( thre&hol( &tre&&, o
1

o
0
u, an( K
I
i& the &tre&& imp-l&e for fail-re. Stre&& val-e& 9elow the thre&hol(
val-e are too low to ca-&e fract-re even for very long (-ration loa(ing&.
. 2 nonlocal fail-re criterion which i& mainly inten(e( for win(&hiel( impact can 9e
(efine( via <5=C'T, '23C'T, an( one a((itional UmainV fail-re criterion Be.g.
D
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2#20 B.2TC LSDYNA
SA=P1C. 2ll three parameter& &ho-l( 9e (efine( for one part, namely the win(&hiel(
gla&&. The co-r&e of event& of thi& nonlocal fail-re mo(el i& a& follow&) Af the main
fail-re criterion i& f-lfille(, the corre&pon(ing element i& flagge( a& center of impact,
9-t no element ero&ion ta7e& place yet. Then, the internal energy in&i(e a circle, (e#
fine( 9y '23C'T, aro-n( the center of impact i& te&te( again&t the given critical
energy <5=C'T. Af thi& energy criterion i& excee(e(, all element& of the part are
now allowe( to 9e ero(e( 9y the main fail-re criterion.
Re5arAs on Da5aEe Models(
2ISSMO
The =ASS.O (amage mo(el i& a phenomenological form-lation that allow& for an incremental (e#
&cription of (amage acc-m-lation, incl-(ing &oftening an( fail-re. At i& inten(e( to provi(e a maxi#
m-m in varia9ility for the (e&cription of (amage for a variety of metallic material& Be.g. I.2TJ$2!,
I.2TJ$%0, aC. The inp-t of parameter& i& 9a&e( on ta9-late( (ata, allowing the -&er to (irectly
convert te&t (ata to n-merical inp-t.
The mo(el i& 9a&e( on an incremental form-lation of (amage acc-m-lation)
A =
H0EXP
e
]

[1-
1
MuLXP
Ae

with
3) 3amage val-e (u 1). +or n-merical rea&on&, 3 i& initialiHe( to a val-e of
1.<#2$ for all (amage type& in the fir&t time &tep
d
f
) <:-ivalent pla&tic &train to fail-re, (etermine( from LCS3= a& a f-nction of the c-r#
rent triaxiality val-e 3. 2 typical fail-re c-rve LCS3= for metal &heet, mo(ele( with
&hell element& i& &hown in +ig-re 2#1 Triaxiality &ho-l( 9e monotonically increa&ing
in thi& c-rve. 2 rea&ona9le range for triaxiality i& #2E% to 2E% if &hell element& are
-&e( Bplane &tre&&C. +or %#(imen&ional &tre&& &tate& B&oli( element&C, the po&&i9le
range of triaxiality goe& from #e to ^e, 9-t to get a goo( re&ol-tion in the internal
loa( c-rve (i&cretiHation B(epen(ing on parameter LCA5T of ICO5T'OL
JSOL8TAO5C one &ho-l( (efine lower limit&, e.g. #1 to 1 if LCA5TT1$$ B(efa-ltC.
fd
p
) <:-ivalent pla&tic &train increment
D
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LSDYNA 2#27 B.2TC

+or con&tant val-e& of fail-re &train, thi& (amage rate can 9e integrate( to get a relation of (amage
an( act-al e:-ivalent pla&tic &train)
= _
s
p
s
]
]
MuLXP
for e
]
= ost. onlyS
Triaxiality 3 a& a mea&-re of the c-rrent &tre&& &tate i& (efine( a&
p =
c
H
c
M
with hy(ro&tatic &tre&& o
H
an( e:-ivalent von .i&e& &tre&& o
M
.
+or 3.=T4P.<R.$, (amage i& acc-m-late( accor(ing to the (e&cription a9ove, yet no &oftening
an( fail-re i& ta7en into acco-nt. Th-&, parameter& <C'AT, 3C'AT an( +23<MP will not have any
infl-ence. Thi& option can 9e -&e( to calc-late pre#(amage in m-lti#&tage (eformation& witho-t in#
fl-encing the &im-lation re&-lt&.
+or 3.=T4P.<R.1, element& will 9e (elete( if 1 [ 1.
3epen(ing on the &et of parameter& given 9y <C'AT Bor 3C'ATC an( +23<MP, a Lemaitre#type
co-pling of (amage an( &tre&& effective %tre%% concept4 can 9e -&e(.
Three principal way& of (amage (efinition can 9e -&e()
1.C Anp-t of a fixe( val-e of critical pla&tic &train B<C'AT.=T.$.C
2& &oon a& the magnit-(e of pla&tic &train reache& thi& val-e, the c-rrent (amage parameter 3 i&
&tore( a& critical (amage 3C'AT an( the (amage co-pling flag i& &et to -nity, in or(er to facilitate an
i(entification of critical element& in po&tproce&&ing. +rom thi& point on, (amage i& co-ple( to the
&tre&& ten&or -&ing the following relation)
+ig-re 2#1. Typical fail-re c-rve for metal &heet, mo(ele( with &hell element&.
D
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2#2/ B.2TC LSDYNA
o = o _1 _
CRII
1 CRII
]
PALXP
_
Thi& lea(& to a contin-o-& re(-ction of &tre&&, -p to the loa(#9earing capacity completely vani&hing
a& 3 reache& -nity. The fa(ing exponent +23<MP can 9e (efine( element &iHe (epen(ent, to allow
for the con&i(eration of an element#&iHe (epen(ent amo-nt of energy to 9e (i&&ipate( (-ring element
fa(e#o-t.
2.C Anp-t of a loa( c-rve (efining critical pla&tic &train v&. triaxiality B<C'AT.LT.$.C, pointing to loa(
c-rve A3 b<C'ATb. Thi& allow& for a (efinition of triaxiality#(epen(ent material in&ta9ility, which
ta7e& acco-nt of that in&ta9ility an( localiHation will occ-r (epen(ing on the act-al loa( ca&e. Thi&
offer& the po&&i9ility to -&e a tran&forme( +orming Limit 3iagram a& an inp-t for the expecte( on&et
of &oftening an( localiHation. 8&ing thi& loa( c-rve, the in&ta9ility mea&-re + i& acc-m-late( -&ing
the following relation, which i& &imilar to the acc-m-lation of (amage 3 except for the in&ta9ility
c-rve i& -&e( a& an inp-t)
A =
H0EXP
e
,oc

[1-
1
MuLXP
Ae

with +) An&ta9ility mea&-re B$\+\1C.
d
p,loc
) <:-ivalent pla&tic &train to in&ta9ility, (etermine( from <C'AT
fd
p
) <:-ivalent pla&tic &train increment
2& &oon a& the in&ta9ility mea&-re + reache& -nity, the c-rrent val-e of (amage 3 in the re&pective
element i& &tore(. 3amage will from thi& point on 9e co-ple( to the flow &tre&& -&ing the relation (e#
&cri9e( a9ove
%.C Af no inp-t for <C'AT i& ma(e, parameter 3C'AT will 9e con&i(ere(.
Co-pling of 3amage to the &tre&& ten&or &tart& if thi& val-e &amage t5re%5ol&4 i& excee(e(
B$\3C'AT\1C. Co-pling of (amage to &tre&& i& (one -&ing the relation (e&cri9e( a9ove.
Thi& inp-t allow& for the -&e of extreme val-e& al&o g for example, 3C'AT.<R.$.$ wo-l( lea( to no
co-pling at all, an( element (eletion -n(er f-ll loa( B9rittle fract-reC.
Li&tory Paria9le&)
Li&tory varia9le& of the =ASS.O (amage mo(el are written to the po&tproce&&ing (ata9a&e only if
52LSP?$. The (amage hi&tory varia9le& &tart at po&ition 53, which i& (i&playe( in (%h&p file, e.g.
Ufir&t (amage hi&tory varia9le T 0V mean& that 53T0.
'aria6le 1e%cription
53 3amage parameter 3 B1.<#2$ \ 3 \ 1C
53^1 3amage thre&hol( 3C'AT
53^2 3omain flag for (amage co-pling B$) no co-pling, 1) co-plingC
53^% Triaxiality varia9le o
H
o
M

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LSDYNA 2#2 B.2TC
53^! <:-ivalent pla&tic &train
53^" 'eg-lariHation factor for fail-re &train B(etermine( from LC'<=3C
53^0 <xponent for &tre&& fa(ing +23<MP
53^7 Calc-late( element &iHe
53^/ An&ta9ility mea&-re +
53^ 'e&-ltant (amage parameter 3 for element &iHe '<+SQ
53^1$ 'e&-ltant (amage thre&hol( 3C'AT for element &iHe '<+SQ
53^11 2verage( triaxiality
53^12 Lo(e angle val-e
53^1% 2lternative (amage val-e)
1MuLXP

Da5aEe initiation and e'olution 7riteria
2& an alternative to =ASS.O, the -&er may invo7e an ar9itrary n-m9er of (amage initiation an(
evol-tion criteria, the n-m9er of co-r&e in practice 9eing limite( 9y the n-m9er of availa9le criteria.
,ith thi& option the following theory applie&.

2&&-ming that n initiationEevol-tion type& have 9een (efine( accor(ing to the information a9ove, n
9eing the &ame a& gA32. a9ove, (amage initiation an( evol-tion hi&tory varia9le&
e
|u, | an(
e |u,1], i7*(8n( are intro(-ce( for each integration point. The&e are initially &et to
Hero an( then evolve with the (eformation of the element& accor(ing to r-le& a&&ociate( with the
&pecific (amage initiation an( evol-tion type cho&en, &ee 9elow for (etail&. The varia9le& can 9e
po&t#proce&&e( G-&t a& or(inary material hi&tory varia9le& an( their po&ition& in the hi&tory varia9le&
array i& given in (%h&p, &earch for the &tring 1amage 5i%tory li%ting. The (amage initiation varia9le&
(o not infl-ence the re&-lt& 9-t G-&t &erve a& an in(icator for the on&et of (amage. The (amage evol-#
tion varia9le& govern the (amage in the material an( are -&e( to form the glo9al (amage e |u,1].
,hen m-ltiple criteria are active, n9*, each in(ivi(-al criterion can 9e of maxim-m, e I
max
, or
m-ltiplicative, e I
muIt
, type, thi& i& (efine( 9y the 3CT4P parameter. The glo9al (amage varia9le
i& (efine( a&
= max(
max
,
muIt
)
where

max
= max
eI
max
muIt
= 1 [ (1
)
eI
muIt

The (amage varia9le relate& the macro&copic B(amage(C an( micro&copic Btr-eC &tre&& accor(ing to
o = (1 )o.
D
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2#%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Once the (amage ha& reache( the level of
crodc
BT$. 9y (efa-ltC the &tre&& i& &et to Hero an( the
integration point i& a&&-me( faile(, th-& not proce&&e( after that. ,hen 58.+AP integration point&
have faile( the element i& ero(e( an( remove( from the finite element mo(el.
5ow to the evol-tion of the in(ivi(-al (amage initiation an( evol-tion hi&tory varia9le&, an( for the
&a7e of clarity we &7ip the &-per&cript i from now on.
The varia9le&
govern& the on&et of (amage an( evolve& in(epen(ently of each other an( accor(#
ing to the following.

1uctile 1IT:P2EQ2;4<
+or the (-ctile initiation option a f-nction e
= e
(p, e
) repre&ent& the pla&tic &train at on&et of

(amage BP1C. Thi& i& a f-nction of &tre&& triaxiality (efine( a&
p = p
with p 9eing the pre&&-re an( = the von .i&e& e:-ivalent &tre&&. Optionally thi& can 9e (efine( a& a
ta9le with the &econ( (epen(ency 9eing on the effective pla&tic &train rate e
. The (amage initiation

hi&tory varia9le evolve& accor(ing to

= ]
ds
p
s
D
p
s
p
0
.
S5ear 1IT:P2EQ2*4<
+or the &hear initiation option a f-nction e
= e
(0, e
) repre&ent& the pla&tic &train at on&et of (am#

age BP1C. Thi& i& a f-nction of a &hear &tre&& f-nction (efine( a&
0 = ( +k
S
p)
with p 9eing the pre&&-re, = the von .i&e& e:-ivalent &tre&& an( the maxim-m &hear &tre&& (efine(
a& a f-nction of the principal &tre&& val-e&
= o
major
o
mInor
2.
Antro(-ce( here i& al&o the pre&&-re infl-ence parameter 7
S
BP2C. Optionally thi& can 9e (efine( a& a
ta9le with the &econ( (epen(ency 9eing on the effective pla&tic &train rate e
. The (amage initiation

hi&tory varia9le evolve& accor(ing to

= ]
ds
p
s
D
p
s
p
0
.
$SF!1 1IT:P2EQ2+4<
+or the .S+L3 initiation option a f-nction e
= e
(o, e
) repre&ent& the pla&tic &train at on&et of

(amage BP1C. Thi& i& a f-nction of the ratio of principal pla&tic &train rate& (efine( a&
o = e
mInor
e
major
.
D
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LSDYNA 2#%1 B.2TC
The .S+L3 criterion i& only relevant for &hell& an( the principal &train& &ho-l( 9e interprete( a& the
in#plane principal &train&. +or &implicity the pla&tic &train evol-tion in thi& form-la i& a&&-me( to
&tem from an a&&ociate( von .i&e& flow r-le an( whence
o = s
mInor
s
major

with % 9eing the (eviatoric &tre&&. Thi& a&&-re& that the calc-lation of o i& in a &en&e ro9-&t at the ex#
pen&e of 9eing &lightly off for material& with ani&otropic yiel( f-nction& an(Eor non#a&&ociate( flow
r-le&. Optionally thi& can 9e (efine( a& a ta9le with the &econ( (epen(ency 9eing on the effective
pla&tic &train ratee
, for e
= u the val-e of e
i& &et to a large n-m9er to prevent on&et of (amage

for no pla&tic evol-tion. +-rthermore, the pla&tic &train -&e( in thi& fail-re criteria i& a mo(ifie( ef#
fective pla&tic &train that only evolve& when the pre&&-re i& negative, i.e., the material i& not affecte(
in compre&&ion. Thi& mo(ifie( pla&tic &train can 9e monitore( a& the &econ( hi&tory varia9le of the
initiation hi&tory varia9le& in the 9inary o-tp-t (ata9a&e. The (amage initiation hi&tory varia9le
evolve& accor(ing to

= max
t<1
s
p
s
D
p
,
which &ho-l( 9e interprete( a& the maxim-m val-e -p to thi& point in time. 2n important note with
thi& initiation option i& that the (amage initiation varia9le i& eval-ate( -&ing the &train& an( &tre&&e&
at the mi(#&-rface of the &hell an( th-& 9en(ing effect& are not ta7en into acco-nt.
F!1 1IT:P2EQ2>4<
Thi& initiation option i& very &imilar to 3AT4PT2, the only (ifference 9eing the (amage initiation
hi&tory varia9le that here evolve& a&
= _
Je
s
p
0

an( where pla&tic &train here refer& to the non#mo(ifie( (itto, i.e, it i& not affecte( 9y the pre&&-re a&
for the .S+L3 option.
+or the evol-tion of the a&&ociate( (amage varia9le 1 we intro(-ce the pla&tic (i&placement u
P

which evolve& accor(ing to
u
= _
u
< 1
le
1

with l 9eing a characteri&tic length of the element. +ract-re energy i& relate( to pla&tic (i&placement
a& follow&
0
= ] o
y
u
p
u
Ju
p

with h
y
9eing the yiel( &tre&&. The following (efine& the evol-tion of the (amage varia9le.
D
R
A
F
T
2#%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
!inear 1ET:P2EQ2;4<
,ith thi& option the (amage varia9le evolve& linearly with the pla&tic (i&placement

= u
u
]

with u
]
9eing the pla&tic (i&placement at fail-re BR1C.

!inear 1ET:P2EQ2*4<
,ith thi& option the (amage varia9le evolve& linearly a& follow&

= u
u
]

with u
]
T 2=
f
Eh
y$
an( h
y$
9eing the yiel( &tre&& when fail-re criterion i& reache(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ADD=3ERMEA<ILI/Y ;MA/
LSDYNA 2#%% B.2TC
;MA/=ADD=3ERMEA<ILI/Y
+or con&oli(ation calc-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 P<'. B9lan7C B9lan7C TL<MP LC@Q
Type A + + A
3efa-lt none none $.$ none

.A3
.aterial i(entification g m-&t 9e &ame a& the &tr-ct-ral material.
P<'.
Permea9ility
TL<MP
8n(raine( vol-metric thermal expan&ion coefficient
B8nit&) 1Etemperat-reC
LC@Q
Loa(c-rve giving factor on P<'. ver&-& H#coor(inate.
BM#axi& g H#coor(inate, yaxi& g non (imen&ional factorC
Re5arAs(
The -nit& of P<'. are lengthEtime Bvol-me flow rate of water per -nit area per gra(ient of hea(
of exce&& pore pre&&-re hea(C.
See note& -n(er ICO5T'OLJPO'<J+L8A3
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/ ;MA/=ADD=3ORE=AIR
2#%! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ADD=3ORE=AIR
+or pore air pre&&-re calc-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 P2J'LO P2JP'< PO'<
Type A A + +
3efa-lt none 2A'J'O 2A'J'O 1.
'emar7& 1 1,2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P<'.1 P<'.1 P<'.% C32'C4 C3+ LCP=31 LCP=32 LCP=3%
Type + + + + + A A A
3efa-lt $. P<'.1 P<'.1 1. $. none LCP=31 LCP=31
'emar7& 2,%,!," 2,%,!," 2,%,!," 1 1," 0 0 0

.A3
.aterial i(entification g m-&t 9e &ame a& the &tr-ct-ral material.
P2J'LO
Anitial (en&ity of pore air, (efa-lt to atmo&pheric air (en&ity, 2A'J'O, (e#
fine( in ICO5T'OLJPO'<J2A'
P2JP'<
Anitial pre&&-re of pore air, (efa-lt to atmo&pheric air pre&&-re, 2A'JP, (e#
fine( in ICO5T'OLJPO'<J2A'
PO'<
Poro&ity, ratio of pore& to total vol-me, (efa-lt to 1.
P<'.1i%
Permea9ility of pore air along x, y an( H#(irection, >$ when it& a9&ol-te
magnit-(e i& the c-rve (efining permea9ility coefficient a& a f-nction of
vol-me ratio, c-rrent#vol-meEvol-me#at#&tre&&#free#&tate.
C32'C4
Coefficient of 3arcy]& law
C3+
Coefficient of 3-p-it#+orchheimer law
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ADD=3ORE=AIR ;MA/
LSDYNA 2#%" B.2TC
LCP=31i%
C-rve& (efining non#linear 3arcy]& law& along x, y an( H#(irection&, &ee
'emar7& 0.
Re5arAs(
1. Thi& car( m-&t 9e (efine( for all material& re:-iring con&i(eration of pore air pre&&-re. The
pre&&-re contri9-tion of pore air i& B#
atm
CI'TPO'<, where an(
atm
are the c-rrent an(
atmo&pheric air (en&ity, ' i& air]& ga& con&tant, T i& atmo&pheric air temperat-re an( PO'<
i& the poro&ity. 2ll ', T an( P2' are a&&-me( to 9e con&tant (-ring &im-lation.
2. The -nit of P<'.
i
i& length
%
ItimeEma&&, Bair flow velocity per gra(ient of exce&& pore pre&#
&-reC, i.e.
BC32'C4^C3+bb'
ai
bbCIPO'<I'
ai
T P<'.
i
IjP
a
Ejx
i
, iT1,2,%
where '
ai
i& the pore air flow velocity along the i]th (irection, jP
a
Ejx
i
i& the pore air pre&&-re
gra(ient along the i]th (irection, an( x
1
Tx, x
2
Ty, x
%
TH.
%. P<'.2 an( P<'.% are a&&-me( to 9e e:-al to P<'.1 when they are not (efine(. 2 (efi#
nition of U$V mean& no permea9ility.
!. Bx,y,HC, or B1,2,%C, refer& to the local material coor(inate &y&tem Ba,9,cC when .A3 i& an or#
thotropic material, li7e I.2TJ$$2 or I.2TJ1!2D otherwi&e it refer& to the glo9al coor(i#
nate &y&tem.
". C3+ can 9e -&e( to con&i(er the vi&co&ity effect for high &pee( air flow
0. LC=3C
i
can 9e -&e( to (efine a non#linear 3arcy]& law a& follow&)
BC32'C4^C3+bb'
a
bbCIPO'<I'
ai
T P<'.If
i
BjP
a
Ejx
i
C, iT1i%,
where f
i
i& the f-nction val-e of LCP=3
i
. The linear 3arcy]& law, 'emar7& 2, can 9e recov#
ere( when LCP=3
i
are (efine( a& &traight line& with a &lope of 1.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/ ;MA/=ADD=/1ERMAL=ET3ANSION
2#%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ADD=/1ERMAL=ET3ANSION
The 233JTL<'.2LJ<MP25SAO5 option i& -&e( to occ-py an ar9itrary material mo(el in LS#
3452 with a thermal expan&ion property. Thi& option applie& to all nonlinear &oli(, &hell, thic7
&hell an( 9eam element& an( all material mo(el& except tho&e mo(el& which -&e re&-ltant form-la#
tion& &-ch a& I.2TJ'<S8LT25TJPL2STACAT4 an( I.2TJSP<CA2LJO'TLO#T'OPAC. Or#
thotropic expan&ion effect& are &-pporte( for ani&otropic material&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PA3 LCA3 .8LT LCA34 .8LT4 LCA3Q .8LTQ
Type A A + A + A +
3efa-lt none none 1.$ LCA3 .8LT LCA3 .8LT

PA3
Part A3 for which the thermal expan&ion property applie&
LCA3
+or i&otropic material mo(el&, LCA34, .8LT4, LCA3Q, an( .8LTQ are
ignore(, an( LCA3 i& the loa( c-rve A3 (efining the thermal expan&ion co#
efficient a& a f-nction of temperat-re. Af Hero, the thermal expan&ion coef#
ficient i& con&tant an( e:-al to .8LT. +or ani&otropic material mo(el&,
LCA3 an( .8LT (efine the thermal expan&ion coefficient in the local ma#
terial a#(irection.
.8LT
Scale factor &caling loa( c-rve given 9y LCA3.
LCA34
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the thermal expan&ion coefficient in local
material 9#(irection a& a f-nction of temperat-re. Af Hero, the thermal ex#
pan&ion coefficient in the local material 9#(irection i& con&tant an( e:-al to
.8LT4. Af .8LT4T$ a& well, LCA3 an( .8LT (efine the thermal ex#
pan&ion coefficient in the local material 9#(irection.
.8LT4
Scale factor &caling loa( c-rve given 9y LCA34.
LCA3Q
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the thermal expan&ion coefficient in local
material c#(irection a& a f-nction of temperat-re. Af Hero, the thermal ex#
pan&ion coefficient in the local material c#(irection i& con&tant an( e:-al to
.8LTQ. Af .8LTQT$ a& well, LCA3 an( .8LT (efine the thermal ex#
pan&ion coefficient in the local material c#(irection.
.8LTQ
Scale factor &caling loa( c-rve given 9y LCA3Q.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ADD=/1ERMAL=ET3ANSION ;MA/
LSDYNA 2#%7 B.2TC
Re5arAs(
,hen invo7ing the i&otropic thermal expan&ion property Bno -&e of the local y an( H parameter&C for
a material, the &tre&& -p(ate i& 9a&e( on the ela&tic &train rate& given 9y
e
]
c
= e
]
o(I)I
o
]

rather than on the total &train rate& e
]
. +or a material with the &tre&& 9a&e( on the (eformation gra(i#
ent
]
, the ela&tic part of the (eformation gra(ient i& -&e( for the &tre&& comp-tation&
]
c
= [
1
-13
]

where [
1
i& the thermal Kaco9ian. The thermal Kaco9ian i& -p(ate( -&ing the rate given 9y
[
1
= So(I)I
[
1
.
+or orthotropic propertie&, which apply only to material& with ani&otropy, the&e e:-ation& are gener#
aliHe( to
e
]
c
= e
]
o
k
(I)I
]k

an(
]
c
=
k
-1
]

where the
are -p(ate( a&
= o
(I)I
.
Lere
]
repre&ent& the matrix with material (irection& with re&pect to the c-rrent config-ration
wherea&
]
are the corre&pon(ing (irection& with re&pect to the initial config-ration. +or B&hellC ma#
terial& with m-ltiple layer& of (ifferent ani&otropy (irection&, the mi( &-rface layer (etermine& the
orthotropy for the thermal expan&ion.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/ ;MA/=NONLO0AL
2#%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=NONLO0AL
An nonlocal fail-re theorie&, the fail-re criterion (epen(& on the &tate of the material within a ra(i-&
of infl-ence which &-rro-n(& the integration point. 2n a(vantage of nonlocal fail-re i& that me&h
&iHe &en&itivity on fail-re i& greatly re(-ce( lea(ing to re&-lt& which converge to a -ni:-e &ol-tion a&
the me&h i& refine(. ,itho-t a nonlocal criterion, &train& will ten( to localiHe ran(omly with me&h
refinement lea(ing to re&-lt& which can change &ignificantly from me&h to me&h. The nonlocal fail#
-re treatment can 9e a great help in pre(icting the on&et an( the evol-tion of material fail-re. Thi&
option can 9e -&e( with two an( three#(imen&ional &oli( element&, an( three#(imen&ional &hell ele#
ment& an( thic7 &hell element&. Thi& option applie& to a &-9&et of ela&topla&tic material& that incl-(e
a (amage#9a&e( fail-re criterion.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A35L PA3 P R L 5+'<R 5LP
Type A A + + + A A
3efa-lt none none none none none none none
DeBine as 5an as needed to in4ut N1V 'aria9les8 One 7ard $ :ill 9e read e'en iB N1VO"8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 5L1 5L2 5L% 5L! 5L" 5L0 5L7 5L/
Type A A A A A A A A

DeBine one 7ard Bor ea7H s55etr 4lane8 U4 to siJ s55etr 4lanes 7an 9e deBined8 /He neJt
U;U 7ard ter5inates tHis in4ut8
Car(& %,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MC1 4C1 QC1 MC2 4C2 QC2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=NONLO0AL ;MA/
LSDYNA 2#% B.2TC
A35L
5onlocal material inp-t A3.
PA3
Part A3 for nonlocal material.
P
<xponent of weighting f-nction. 2 typical val-e might 9e / (epen(ing
&omewhat on the choice of L. See e:-ation& 9elow.
R
<xponent of weighting f-nction. 2 typical val-e might 9e 2. See e:-a#
tion& 9elow.
L
Characteri&tic length. Thi& length &ho-l( &pan a few element&. See e:-a#
tion& 9elow.
5+'<R
5-m9er of time &tep& 9etween -p(ate of neigh9or&. The neare&t neigh9or
&earch can a(( &ignificant comp-tational time &o it i& &-gge&te( that
5+'<R 9e &et to val-e of 1$ to 1$$ (epen(ing on the pro9lem. Thi& pa#
rameter may 9e &omewhat pro9lem (epen(ent.
5LP
3efine the n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& to 9e &moothe(.
5L1,..,5L/
3efine -p to eight hi&tory varia9le A3F& per line for nonlocal treatment.
MC1, 4C1,QC1
Coor(inate of point on &ymmetry plane.
MC2, 4C2, QC2
Coor(inate of a point along the normal vector.
Re5arAs(.
+or ela&topla&tic material mo(el& in LS#3452 which -&e the pla&tic &train a& a fail-re criterion, the
fir&t hi&tory varia9le, which (oe& not co-nt the &ix &tre&& component&, i& the pla&tic &train. An thi&
ca&e, the varia9le 5L1T1 an( 5L2 to 5L/T$. See the ta9le 9elow, which li&t& the hi&tory varia9le
A3F& for a &-9&et of material&.

.aterial .o(el 5ame <ffective Pla&tic Strain Location 3amage Parameter Location
PL2STACJ@A5<.2TAC 1 5E2
KOL5SO5JCOO@

1 " B&hell&CD 7 B&oli(&C
PA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4 1 5E2
PL2STACAT4J,ATLJ32.2=< 1 2
.O3A+A<3JQ<'ALLA#2'.ST'O5=
1 5E2
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/ ;MA/=NONLO0AL
2#!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.aterial .o(el 5ame <ffective Pla&tic Strain Location 3amage Parameter Location
32.2=<J1

1 !
32.2=<J2

1 2
.O3A+A<3JPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2ST

1 5E2
PL2STACAT4JCO.P'<SSAO5JT<5SAO5

1 5E2
KOL5SO5JLOL.R8ASTJCO5C'<T<

1 2
=8'SO5

1 2
An applying the nonlocal e:-ation& to &hell an( thic7 &hell element&, integration point& lying in the
&ame plane within the ra(i-& (etermine( 9y the characteri&tic length are con&i(ere(. Therefore, it i&
important to (efine the connectivity of the &hell element& con&i&tently within the part A3, e.g., &o that
the o-ter integration point& lie on the &ame &-rface.
The e:-ation& an( o-r implementation are 9a&e( on the implementation 9y ,or&wic7 an( Lal9in
W1X of the nonlocal theory to PiGa-(ier#Ca9ot an( BaHant W1/7X. Let
9e the neigh9orhoo( of
ra(i-&, L, of element c
an( {c
]
=1,...,N
r
the li&t of element& incl-(e( in
, then
(x
) =
1
w
lool
w(x
y)
0
Jy
1
w
lool
=1
I

where
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=NONLO0AL ;MA/
LSDYNA 2#!1 B.2TC
W
r
= W(x
r
) = ]w(x
r
y) dy w
r|
F
|
N
r
|=1
w
r|
= w(x
r
y
|
) =
1
_1+_
[x
r
-y
|
[
L
]
p
_
q
+ig-re 2#2. Lere
an( x
are re&pectively the nonlocal rate of increa&e of (amage an(

the center of the element c
, an(
oc
, I
an( y
are re&pectively the local rate of increa&e

of (amage, the vol-me an( the center of element c
.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=""% ;MA/=ELAS/I0
2#!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ELAS/I0=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1. Thi& i& an i&otropic hypoela&tic material an( i& availa9le for 9eam, &hell,
an( &oli( element& in LS#3452. 2 &pecialiHation of thi& material allow& the mo(eling of fl-i(&.
2vaila9le option& incl-(e)
S<LANKP
.LUID
&-ch that the 7eywor( car(& appear)
;MA/=ELAS/I0 or MA/=""%
;MA/=ELAS/I0=.LUID or MA/=""%=.LUID
The fl-i( option i& vali( for &oli( element& only.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 32 3B @
Type 2/ + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ $.$ $.$

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE eJtra 7ard Bor tHe .LUID o4tion(
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PC CP
Type + +
3efa-lt none 1.$<^2$

.A3
.aterial i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / charac#
ter& m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ELAS/I0 ;MA/=""%
LSDYNA 2#!% B.2TC
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
32
2xial (amping factor B-&e( for Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam, type 2, onlyC.
3B
Ben(ing (amping factor B-&e( for Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam, type 2, onlyC.
@
B-l7 .o(-l-& B(efine for fl-i( option onlyC.
PC
Ten&or vi&co&ity coefficient, val-e& 9etween .1 an( ." &ho-l( 9e o7ay.
CP
Cavitation pre&&-re B(efa-lt T 1.$e^2$C.
Re5arAs(
Thi& hypoela&tic material mo(el may not 9e &ta9le for finite BlargeC &train&. Af large &train& are ex#
pecte(, a hyperela&tic material mo(el, e.g., I.2TJ$$2, wo-l( 9e more appropriate.
The axial an( 9en(ing (amping factor& are -&e( to (amp (own n-merical noi&e. The -p(ate of the
force re&-ltant&,
, an( moment re&-ltant&, H
, incl-(e& the (amping factor&)
+1
=
+_1 +
A
At
_A
+
1
2
H
+1
= H
+_1 +
B
At
_AH
+
1
2

The hi&tory varia9le la9ele( a& Upla&tic &trainV 9y LS#PrePo&t i& act-ally vol-metric &train in the ca&e
of I.2TJ<L2STAC.
+or the fl-i( option the 9-l7 mo(-l-& B@C ha& to 9e (efine( a& 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( Poi&&on]& ratio
i& ignore(. ,ith the fl-i( option fl-i(#li7e 9ehavior i& o9taine( where the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, @, an(
pre&&-re rate, p, are given 9y)

K =
L
3(1-2v)
p = K e

an( the &hear mo(-l-& i& &et to Hero. 2 ten&or vi&co&ity i& -&e( which act& only the (eviatoric &tre&&#
e&, S
]
+1
, given in term& of the (amping coefficient a&)
S
]
+1
= IC AI o pe
]
i

where L i& a characteri&tic element length, o i& the fl-i( 9-l7 &o-n( &pee(, p i& the fl-i( (en&ity,
an( e
]
i
i& the (eviatoric &train rate.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=""$ ;MA/=FO3/IONG/RO3I0=ELAS/I0
2#!! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=NOPTIONO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2. Thi& Total#Lagrangian#9a&e( material i& vali( for mo(eling the ela&tic#
orthotropic 9ehavior of &oli(&, &hell&, an( thic7 &hell&. 2n ani&otropic option i& availa9le for &oli(
element&. +or orthotropic &oli(& an i&otropic frictional (amping i& availa9le.
OR/1O
ANISO
;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=ELAS/I0 or MA/=""$ B! car(& followC
;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0 or MA/=""$=ANIS B" car(& followC

0ards % and $ Bor tHe OR/1O o4tion8
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <2 <B <C P'B2 P'C2 P'CB
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 2OPT = SA=+
Type + + + + + +

0ards %# $# and ! Bor tHe ANISO o4tion8
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O C11 C12 C22 C1% C2% C%%
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=FO3/IONG/RO3I0=ELAS/I0 ;MA/=""$
LSDYNA 2#!" B.2TC
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1! C2! C%! C!! C1" C2" C%" C!"
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C"" C10 C20 C%0 C!0 C"0 C00 2OPT
Type + + + + + + + +

0ards !I* and *I> Bor tHe OR/1OIANISO o4tions8
Car( %E! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MP 4P QP 21 22 2% .2C+
Type + + + + + + A

Car( !E" 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 '<+
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
DeBine Bor tHe OR/1O o4tion onl(
<2
<
a
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in a#(irection.
<B
<
9
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in 9#(irection.
<C
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in c#(irection BnonHero val-e re:-ire( 9-t not -&e(
for &hell&C.
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2#!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
P'B2
9a
, Poi&&on]& ratio 9a.
P'C2
ca
, Poi&&on]& ratio ca.
P'CB
c9
, Poi&&on]& ratio c9.
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9.
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c.
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca.
Due to s55etr deBine tHe u44er trianEular 0iVWs Bor tHe ANISO o4tion onl(
C11
The 1,1 term in the 0 0 ani&otropic con&tit-tive matrix. 5ote that 1 corre#
&pon(& to the a material (irection
C12
The 1,2 term in the 0 0 ani&otropic con&tit-tive matrix. 5ote that 2 corre#
&pon(& to the 6 material (irection
.
.
.
.
.
.
C00
The 0,0 term in the 0 0 ani&otropic con&tit-tive matrix.
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LSDYNA 2#!7 B.2TC
DeBine AO3/ Bor 9otH o4tions(
2OPT
.aterial axe& option, &ee +ig-re 2#%.
<R.$.$) locally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y element
no(e& a& &hown in part BaC of +ig-re 2#%. The a#(irection i&
from no(e 1 to no(e 2 of the element. The 9#(irection i& or#
thogonal to the a#(irection an( i& in the plane forme( 9y no(e&
1, 2, an( !. ,hen thi& option i& -&e( in two#(imen&ional planar
an( axi&ymmetric analy&i&, it i& critical that the no(e& in the el#
ement (efinition 9e n-m9ere( co-ntercloc7wi&e for thi& option
to wor7 correctly.
<R.1.$) locally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y a point in
&pace an( the glo9al location of the element centerD thi& i& the a#
(irection. Thi& option i& for &oli( element& only.
<R.2.$) glo9ally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y vector&
(efine( 9elow, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'.
<R.%.$) locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y rotating the ma#
terial axe& a9o-t the element normal 9y an angle, B<T2, from a
line in the plane of the element (efine( 9y the cro&& pro(-ct of
the vector v with the element normal. The plane of a &oli( ele#
ment i& the mi(&-rface 9etween the inner &-rface an( o-ter &-r#
face (efine( 9y the fir&t fo-r no(e& an( the la&t fo-r no(e& of
the connectivity of the element, re&pectively.
<R.!.$) locally orthotropic in cylin(rical coor(inate &y&tem with the
material axe& (etermine( 9y a vector v, an( an originating
point, P, which (efine the centerline axi&. Thi& option i& for
&oli( element& only.
LT.$.$) the a9&ol-te val-e of 2OPT i& a coor(inate &y&tem A3 n-m9er
BCA3 on I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S, I3<+A5<
JCOO'3A52T<JS4ST<. or I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<
JP<CTO'C. 2vaila9le in '% ver&ion of 71 an( later.
=
Shear mo(-l-& for fre:-ency in(epen(ent (amping. +re:-ency in(epen(#
ent (amping i& 9a&e( of a &pring an( &li(er in &erie&. The critical &tre&& for
the &li(er mechani&m i& SA=+ (efine( 9elow. +or the 9e&t re&-lt&, the val-e
of = &ho-l( 9e 2"$#1$$$ time& greater than SA=+. Thi& option applie& only
to &oli( element&.
SA=+
Limit &tre&& for fre:-ency in(epen(ent, frictional, (amping.
MP 4P QP
3efine coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPT T 1 an( !.
21 22 2%
3efine component& of vector a for 2OPT T 2.
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2#!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
.2C+
.aterial axe& change flag for 9ric7 element&)
<R.1) 5o change, (efa-lt,
<R.2) &witch material axe& a an( 9,
<R.%) &witch material axe& a an( c,
<R.!) &witch material axe& 9 an( c.
P1 P2 P%
3efine component& of vector ' for 2OPT T % an( !.
31 32 3%
3efine component& of vector d for 2OPT T 2.
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T %, may 9e overri((en on the element
car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2 or I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO.
'<+
8&e reference geometry to initialiHe the &tre&& ten&or. The reference geom#
etry i& (efine( 9y the 7eywor() IA5ATA2LJ+O2.J'<+<'<5C<
J=<O.<T'4 B&ee there for more (etail&C.
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
Re5arAs(
The material law that relate& &tre&&e& to &train& i& (efine( a&)
C = I
1
C
L
I
where I i& a tran&formation matrix, an( C
L
i& the con&tit-tive matrix (efine( in term& of the material
con&tant& of the orthogonal material axe&, a, 9, an( c. The inver&e of C
L
for the orthotropic ca&e i&
(efine( a&)
C
L
-1
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
1
E

u
b
E
b

u
c
E
c
u u u
u
b
E
1
E
b

u
cb
E
c
u u u
u
c
E

u
bc
E
b
1
E
c
u u u
u u u
1
0
b
u u
u u u u
1
0
bc
u
u u u u u
1
0
c
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

5ote that
u
cb
L
c
=
u
bc
L
b
,
u
cc
L
c
=
u
cc
L
c
,
u
cb
L
c
=
u
bc
L
b
.
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LSDYNA 2#! B.2TC
The fre:-ency in(epen(ent (amping i& o9taine( 9y having a &pring an( &li(er in &erie& a& &hown in
the following &7etch)

Thi& option applie& only to orthotropic &oli( element& an( affect& only the (eviatoric &tre&&e&.
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2#"$ B.2TC LSDYNA

The proce(-re for (e&cri9ing the principle material (irection& i& explaine( for &oli( an( &hell ele#
ment& for thi& material mo(el an( other ani&otropic material&. ,e will call the material (irection the

+ig-re 2#%. Option& for (etermining principal material axe&) BaC 2OPT T $.$, B9C 2OPT T
1.$ for 9ric7 element&, BcC 2OPT T 2.$, B(C 2OPT T %.$, an( BeC 2OPTT!.$ for 9ric7 ele#
ment&.
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LSDYNA 2#"1 B.2TC
a#9#7 coor(inate &y&tem. The 2OPT option& ill-&trate( in +ig-re 2#% can (efine the a#9#7 &y&tem for
all element& of the part& that -&e the material, 9-t thi& i& not the final material (irection. There a#9#7
&y&tem (efine( 9y the 2OPT option& may 9e off&et 9y a final rotation a9o-t the 7#axi&. The off&et
angle we call B<T2.
+or &oli( element&, the B<T2 angle i& &pecifie( in one of two way&. ,hen -&ing 2OPTT%, the B<#
T2 parameter (efine& the off&et angle for all element& that -&e the material. The B<T2 parameter
ha& no meaning for the other 2OPT option&. 2lternatively, a B<T2 angle can 9e (efine( for in(i#
vi(-al &oli( element& a& (e&cri9e( in remar7 " for I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO. The 9eta angle
9y the O'TLO option i& availa9le for all val-e& of 2OPT, an( it overri(e& the B<T2 angle on the
I.2T car( for 2OPTT%.
The (irection& (etermine( 9y the material 2OPT option& may 9e overri((en for in(ivi(-al element&
a& (e&cri9e( in remar7 % for I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO. Lowever, 9e aware that for material&
with 2OPTT%, the final a#9#7 &y&tem will 9e the &y&tem (efine( on the element car( rotate( a9o-t 7#
axi& 9y the B<T2 angle &pecifie( on the I.2T car(.
There are two f-n(amental (ifference& 9etween &hell an( &oli( element orthotropic material&. +ir&t,
the 7#(irection i& alway& normal to a &hell element &-ch that the a#(irection an( 9#(irection& are
within the plane of the element. Secon(, for &ome ani&otropic material&, &hell element& may have
-ni:-e fi9er (irection& within each layer thro-gh the thic7ne&& of the element &o that a layere( com#
po&ite can 9e mo(ele( with a &ingle element.
,hen 2OPTT$ i& -&e( in two#(imen&ional planar an( axi&ymmetric analy&i&, it i& critical that the
no(e& in the element (efinition 9e n-m9ere( co-ntercloc7wi&e for thi& option to wor7 correctly.
Beca-&e &hell element& have their 7#axe& (efine( 9y the element normal, 2OPTT1 an( 2OPTT! are
not availa9le for &hell&. 2l&o, 2OPTT2 re:-ire& only the vector a 9e (efine( &ince d i& not -&e(.
The &hell proce(-re proGect& the inp-tte( a#(irection onto each element &-rface.
Similar to &oli( element&, the a#9#7 (irection (etermine( 9y 2OPT i& then mo(ifie( 9y a rotation
a9o-t the 7#axi& which we will call . +or tho&e material& that allow a -ni:-e rotation angle for each
integration point thro-gh the element thic7ne&&, the rotation angle i& calc-late( 9y
= +

where i& a rotation for the element, an(
i& the rotation for the i]th layer of the element. The
angle can 9e inp-t -&ing the B<T2 parameter on the I.2T (ata, or will 9e overri((en for in(ivi(-#
al element& if the B<T2 7eywor( option for I<L<.<5TJSL<LL i& -&e(. The
angle& are inp-t

-&ing the ACO.PT1 option of IS<CTAO5JSL<LL or with IP2'TJCO.POSAT<. Af or
i&
omitte(, they are a&&-me( to 9e Hero.
2ll ani&otropic &hell material& have the B<T2 option on the I.2T car( availa9le for 9oth 2OPTT$
an( 2OPTT%, except for material& 1 an( 2 which have it availa9le for all val-e& of 2OPT, $, 2,
an( %.
2ll ani&otropic &hell material& allow an angle for each integration point thro-gh the thic7ne&&,
,
except for material& 2, /0, 1, 2, 117, 1%$, 17$, 172, an( 1!.

Thi& (i&c-&&ion of material (irection angle& in &hell element& al&o applie& to thic7 &hell element&
which allow mo(eling of layere( compo&ite& -&ing IA5T<='2TAO5JSL<LL or IP2'T
JCO.POSAT<JTSL<LL.
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;MA/=""! ;MA/=3LAS/I0=KINEMA/I0
2#"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3LAS/I0=KINEMA/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type %. Thi& mo(el i& &-ite( to mo(el i&otropic an( 7inematic har(ening pla&ticity
with the option of incl-(ing rate effect&. At i& a very co&t effective mo(el an( i& availa9le for 9eam
BL-ghe&#Li- an( Tr-&&C, &hell, an( &oli( element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25 B<T2
Type 2/ + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S'C S'P +S PP
Type + + + +
3efa-lt not -&e( not -&e( 1.<^2$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
Tangent mo(-l-&, &ee +ig-re 2#!
B<T2
Lar(ening parameter, u < ' < 1. See comment& 9elow.
S'C
Strain rate parameter, C, for Cowper Symon(& &train rate mo(el, &ee 9elow.
Af Hero, rate effect& are not con&i(ere(..
S'P
Strain rate parameter, P, for Cowper Symon(& &train rate mo(el, &ee 9elow.
Af Hero, rate effect& are not con&i(ere(.
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;MA/=3LAS/I0=KINEMA/I0 ;MA/=""!
LSDYNA 2#"% B.2TC
+S
<ffective pla&tic &train for ero(ing element&.
PP
+orm-lation for rate effect&)
<R.$.$) Scale yiel( &tre&& B(efa-ltC,
<R.1.$) Pi&copla&tic form-lation
Re5arAs(
Strain rate i& acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the yiel( &tre&& with
the factor
1k +k _
e
C
]
1

,

where e i& the &train rate. 2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& optional which incorporate& the Cow#
per an( Symon(& form-lation within the yiel( &-rface. 2n a((itional co&t i& inc-rre( 9-t the im#
provement allow& for (ramatic re&-lt&. To ignore &train rate effect& &et 9oth S'C an( S'P to Hero.
@inematic, i&otropic, or a com9ination of 7inematic an( i&otropic har(ening may 9e &pecifie( 9y
varying ' 9etween $ an( 1. +or ' e:-al to $ an( 1, re&pectively, 7inematic an( i&otropic har(ening
are o9taine( a& &hown in +ig-re 2#!. +or i&otropic har(ening, 'T 1, .aterial .o(el 12, I.2T
JASOT'OPACJ<L2STACJPL2STAC, re:-ire& le&& &torage an( i& more efficient. ,henever po&&i#
9le, .aterial 12 i& recommen(e( for &oli( element&, 9-t for &hell element& it i& le&& acc-rate an( th-&
.aterial 12 i& not recommen(e( in thi& ca&e.

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2#"! B.2TC LSDYNA
.
+ig-re 2#!. <la&tic#pla&tic 9ehavior with 7inematic an( i&otropic har(ening where l
0
an( l
are -n(eforme( an( (eforme( length& of -niaxial ten&ion &pecimen. E
t
i& the &lope of the
9ilinear &tre&& &train c-rve
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;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL ;MA/=""*
LSDYNA 2#"" B.2TC
;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL
Thi& i& .aterial Type !. Temperat-re (epen(ent material coefficient& can 9e (efine(. 2 maxim-m
of eight temperat-re& with the corre&pon(ing (ata can 9e (efine(. 2 minim-m of two point& i&
nee(e(. ,hen thi& material type i& -&e( it i& nece&&ary to (efine no(al temperat-re& 9y activating a
co-ple( analy&i& or 9y -&ing another option to (efine the temperat-re& &-ch a& ILO23JTL<'.2L
JLO23JC8'P<, or ILO23JTL<'.2LJP2'A2BL<.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O
Type 2/ +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T1 T2 T% T! T" T0 T7 T/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <1 <2 <% <! <" <0 <7 </
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P'1 P'2 P'% P'! P'" P'0 P'7 P'/
Type + + + + + + + +

No deBaults are assu5ed8
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL21 2LPL22 2LPL2% 2LPL2! 2LPL2" 2LPL20 2LPL27 2LPL2/
Type + + + + + + + +

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2#"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=41 SA=42 SA=4% SA=4! SA=4" SA=40 SA=47 SA=4/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <T251 <T252 <T25% <T25! <T25" <T250 <T257 <T25/
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
TA
Temperat-re&. The minim-m i& 2, the maxim-m i& /.
<A
Corre&pon(ing 4o-ng]& mo(-li at temperat-re TA.
P'A
Corre&pon(ing Poi&&on]& ratio&.
2LPL2A
Corre&pon(ing coefficient& of thermal expan&ion.
SA=4A
Corre&pon(ing yiel( &tre&&e&.
<T25A
Corre&pon(ing pla&tic har(ening mo(-li.
Re5arAs(
2t lea&t two temperat-re& an( their corre&pon(ing material propertie& m-&t 9e (efine(. The analy&i&
will 9e terminate( if a material temperat-re fall& o-t&i(e the range (efine( in the inp-t. Af a thermoe#
la&tic material i& con&i(ere(, (o not (efine SA=4 an( <T25. The coefficient of thermal expan&ion
i& (efine( a& the in&tantaneo-& val-e. Th-&, the thermal &train rate 9ecome&)
e
]
1
= oI
o
]
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;MA/=SOIL=AND=.OAM ;MA/="">
LSDYNA 2#"7 B.2TC
;MA/=SOIL=AND=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type ". Thi& i& a very &imple mo(el an( wor7& in &ome way& li7e a fl-i(. At &ho-l(
9e -&e( only in &it-ation& when &oil& an( foam& are confine( within a &tr-ct-re or when geometric
9o-n(arie& are pre&ent. 2 ta9le can 9e (efine( if thermal effect& are con&i(ere( in the pre&&-re ver#
&-& vol-metric &train 9ehavior.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = @ 2$ 21 22 PC
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PC' '<+ LCA3
Type + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS1 <PS2 <PS% <PS! <PS" <PS0 <PS7 <PS/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS <PS1$
Type + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

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2#"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P P1$
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-& for -nloa(ing -&e( for PC'T$.$.
2$
4iel( f-nction con&tant for pla&tic yiel( f-nction 9elow.
21
22
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff for ten&ile fract-re B> $C.
PC'
Pol-metric cr-&hing option)
<R.$.$) on,
<R.1.$) loa(ing an( -nloa(ing path& are the &ame.
'<+
8&e reference geometry to initialiHe the pre&&-re. The reference geometry
i& (efine( 9y the 7eywor()IA5ATA2LJ+O2.J'<+<'<5C<
J=<O.<T'4. Thi& option (oe& not initialiHe the (eviatoric &tre&& &tate.
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
<PS1,.....
Pol-metric &train val-e& in pre&&-re v&. vol-metric &train c-rve B&ee 'e#
mar7& 9elowC. 2 maxim-m of 1$ val-e& incl-(ing $.$ are allowe( an( a
minim-m of 2 val-e& are nece&&ary. Af <PS1 i& not $.$ then a point
B$.$,$.$C will 9e a-tomatically generate( an( a maxim-m of nine val-e&
may 9e inp-t.
P1, P2,..P5
Pre&&-re& corre&pon(ing to vol-metric &train val-e& given on Car(& % an( !.
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LSDYNA 2#" B.2TC
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 for pre&&-re a& a f-nction of vol-metric &train. Af it i& (e#
fine(, then the c-rve i& -&e( in&tea( of the inp-t for <PS1a, an( P1a. The
re&pon&e i& exten(e( to 9eing temperat-re (epen(ent if LCA3 refer& to a
ta9le.
Re5arAs(
Pre&&-re i& po&itive in compre&&ion. Pol-metric &train i& given 9y the nat-ral log of the relative vol#
-me an( i& negative in compre&&ion. 'elative vol-me i& a ratio of the c-rrent vol-me to the initial
vol-me at the &tart of the calc-lation. The ta9-late( (ata &ho-l( 9e given in or(er of increa&ing
compre&&ion. Af the pre&&-re (rop& 9elow the c-toff val-e &pecifie(, it i& re&et to that val-e. +or a
(etaile( (e&cription we refer to @reig W172X.

The (eviatoric perfectly pla&tic yiel( f-nction, , i& (e&cri9e( in term& of the &econ( invariant K
2,

[
2
=
1
2
s
]
s
]
,

+ig-re 2#". Pre&&-re ver&-& vol-metric &train c-rve for &oil an( cr-&ha9le foam mo(el.
The vol-metric &train i& given 9y the nat-ral logarithm of the relative vol-me, P.

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2#0$ B.2TC LSDYNA
pre&&-re, p, an( con&tant& a
$
, a
1
,

an( a
2
a&)
= [
2
|o
0
+o
1
p +o
2
p
2
].
On the yiel( &-rface [
2
=
1
3
o
2
where o

i& the -niaxial yiel( &tre&&, i.e.,
o
= |S(o
0
+o
1
p +o
2
p
2
)]
1
2
,

there i& no &train har(ening on thi& &-rface.
To eliminate the pre&&-re (epen(ence of the yiel( &trength, &et)
o
1
= o
2
= u o
0
=
1
3
o
2
.
Thi& approach i& -&ef-l when a von .i&e& type ela&tic#pla&tic mo(el i& (e&ire( for -&e with the ta9-#
late( vol-metric (ata.
The hi&tory varia9le la9ele( a& Upla&tic &trainV 9y LS#PrePo&t i& act-ally lnBPEP
$
C in the ca&e of
I.2TJSOALJ253J+O2..
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LSDYNA 2#01 B.2TC
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0. Thi& mo(el allow& the mo(eling of vi&coela&tic 9ehavior for 9eam&
BL-ghe&#Li-C, &hell&, an( &oli(&. 2l&o &ee I.2TJ=<5<'2LJPASCO<L2STAC for a more general
form-lation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O B8L@ =$ =A B<T2
Type 2/ + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
B8L@
<la&tic 9-l7 mo(-l-&.
LT.$.$) bB8L@b i& loa( c-rve of 9-l7 mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of tempera#
t-re.
=$
Short#time &hear mo(-l-&, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
LT.$.$) b=$b i& loa( c-rve of &hort#time &hear mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
=A
Long#time BinfiniteC &hear mo(-l-&, =
e
.
LT.$.$) b=Ab i& loa( c-rve of long#time &hear mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
B<T2
3ecay con&tant.
LT$.$) bB<T2b i& loa( c-rve of (ecay con&tant a& a f-nction of tem#
perat-re.
Re5arAs(
The &hear relaxation 9ehavior i& (e&cri9e( 9y WLermann an( Peter&on, 10/X)
=BtC T =
^ B=
$
g =
C e
#lt

2 Ka-mann rate form-lation i& -&e(
o'
]
v
= 2 ] 0(t ) '
]
()J
t
0

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="") ;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0
2#02 B.2TC LSDYNA
where the prime (enote& the (eviatoric part of the &tre&& rate, o
v
]
, an( the &train rate, B
].
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<LA/KKO=RU<<ER ;MA/=""-
LSDYNA 2#0% B.2TC
;MA/=<LA/KKO=RU<<ER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7. Thi& one parameter material allow& the mo(eling of nearly incompre&&i9le
contin--m r-99er. The Poi&&on]& ratio i& fixe( to $.!0%.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = '<+
Type 2/ + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
'<+
etry i& (efine( 9y the 7eywor()IA5ATA2LJ+O2.J'<+<'<5C<
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
Re5arAs(
The &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&& i& comp-te( a&
S
]
= 0 _
1
I
C
]
I
[
1
1-2u
o
]
_
where I i& the relative vol-me (efine( a& 9eing the ratio of the c-rrent vol-me to the initial vol-me,
C
]
i& the right Ca-chy#=reen &train ten&or, an( : i& Poi&&on]& ratio, which i& &et to .!0% internally.
Thi& &tre&& mea&-re i& tran&forme( to the Ca-chy &tre&&, o
],
accor(ing to the relation&hip
o
]
= I
-1
]
S
k

where F
]
i& the (eformation gra(ient ten&or. 2l&o &ee BlatH an( @o W102X.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=""? ;MA/=1I21=ET3LOSIVE=<URN
2#0! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=1I21=ET3LOSIVE=<URN
Thi& i& .aterial Type /. At allow& the mo(eling of the (etonation of a high explo&ive. An a((ition an
e:-ation of &tate m-&t 9e (efine(. See ,il7in& W10X an( =iro-x W17%X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 3 PCK B<T2 @ = SA=4
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
3
3etonation velocity.
PCK
Chapman#Ko-get pre&&-re.
B<T2
Beta 9-rn flag, B<T2 B&ee comment& 9elowC)
<R.$.$) 9eta ^ programme( 9-rn,
<R.1.$) 9eta 9-rn only,
<R.2.$) programme( 9-rn only.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-& BB<T2T2.$ onlyC.
=
Shear mo(-l-& BB<T2T2.$ onlyC.
SA=4
o
y
, yiel( &tre&& BB<T2T2.$ onlyC.
Re5arAs(
B-rn fraction&, , which m-ltiply the e:-ation& of &tate& for high explo&ive&, control the relea&e of
chemical energy for &im-lating (etonation&. 2t any time, the pre&&-re in a high explo&ive element i&
given 9y)
p = p
co
(I, E)
where p
co
, i& the pre&&-re from the e:-ation of &tate Beither type& 2, %, or 1!C, ' i& the relative vol#
-me, an( E i& the internal energy (en&ity per -nit initial vol-me.
An the initialiHation pha&e, a lighting time t
l
i& comp-te( for each element 9y (ivi(ing the (i&tance
from the (etonation point to the center of the element 9y the (etonation velocity 1. Af m-ltiple (eto#
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1I21=ET3LOSIVE=<URN ;MA/=""?
LSDYNA 2#0" B.2TC
nation point& are (efine(, the clo&e&t (etonation point (etermine& t
l.
The 9-rn fraction i& ta7en a&
the maxim-m

= max(
1
,
2
)

where

1
= _
2 (t-t
l
)A
c
max
3
c

t > t
u t t

2
= =
1 I
1 I
C]

where I
C]
i& the Chapman#Ko-g-et relative vol-me an( t i& c-rrent time. Af excee(& 1, it i& re&et to
1. Thi& calc-lation of the 9-rn fraction -&-ally re:-ire& &everal time &tep& for to reach -nity,
there9y &prea(ing the 9-rn front over &everal element&. 2fter reaching -nity, i& hel( con&tant.
Thi& 9-rn fraction calc-lation i& 9a&e( on wor7 9y ,il7in& W10!X an( i& al&o (i&c-&&e( 9y =iro-x
W17%X.
Af the 9eta 9-rn option i& -&e(, B<T2T1.$, any vol-metric compre&&ion will ca-&e (etonation an(
=
2

an(
1
i& not comp-te(.
Af programme( 9-rn i& -&e(, B<T2T2.$, the explo&ive mo(el will 9ehave a& an ela&tic perfectly
pla&tic material if the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, &hear mo(-l-&, an( yiel( &tre&& are (efine(. Therefore, with
thi& option the explo&ive material can compre&& witho-t ca-&ing (etonation.
2& an option, the high explo&ive material can 9ehave a& an ela&tic perfectly#pla&tic &oli( prior to (et#
onation. An thi& ca&e we -p(ate the &tre&& ten&or, to an ela&tic trial &tre&&, - s
]
+1
,
- s
]
+1
= s
]
+s
0
]
+s
]
0
+20e'
]
Jt
where 0 i& the &hear mo(-l-&, an( e'
]
i& the (eviatoric &train rate. The von .i&e& yiel( con(ition i&
given 9y)
= [
2

c
j
2
3

where the &econ( &tre&& invariant, [
2
, i& (efine( in term& of the (eviatoric &tre&& component& a&
[
2
=
1
2
s
]
s
]

an( the yiel( &tre&& i& o
. Af yiel(ing ha& occ-rre(, i.e., > u, the (eviatoric trial &tre&& i& &cale( to
o9tain the final (eviatoric &tre&& at time n^1)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=""? ;MA/=1I21=ET3LOSIVE=<URN
2#00 B.2TC LSDYNA
s
]
+1
=
o
y
_S[
2
- s
]
+1

Af u, then
s
]
+1
= - s
]
+1

Before (etonation pre&&-re i& given 9y the expre&&ion
p
+1
= K[
1
v
n+1
1
where @ i& the 9-l7 mo(-l-&. Once the explo&ive material (etonate&)
s
]
+1
= u
an( the material 9ehave& li7e a ga&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=NULL ;MA/="",
LSDYNA 2#07 B.2TC
;MA/=NULL
Thi& i& .aterial Type . Thi& material allow& e:-ation& of &tate to 9e con&i(ere( witho-t comp-ting
(eviatoric &tre&&e&. Optionally, a vi&co&ity can 9e (efine(. 2l&o, ero&ion in ten&ion an( compre&&ion
i& po&&i9le.
Sometime& it i& a(vantageo-& to mo(el contact &-rface& via &hell element& which are not part of the
&tr-ct-re, 9-t are nece&&ary to (efine area& of contact within no(al rigi( 9o(ie& or 9etween no(al rig#
i( 9o(ie&.
Beam& an( &hell& that -&e thi& material type are completely 9ypa&&e( in the element proce&&ingD
however, the ma&& of the n-ll &hell element& i& comp-te( an( a((e( to the no(al point& which (efine
the connectivity. Lowever, the ma&& of n-ll 9eam& i& ignore( if the val-e of the (en&ity i& le&& than
1.e#11. The 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( Poi&&on]& ratio are -&e( only for &etting the contact interface
&tiffne&&]&, an( it i& recommen(e( that rea&ona9le val-e& 9e inp-t.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O PC .8 T<'O3 C<'O3 4. P'
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt& none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff B\ $.$C. See 'emar7 !.
.8
3ynamic vi&co&ity coefficient BoptionalC. See 'emar7 1.
T<'O3
'elative vol-me.
v
v
0
, for ero&ion in ten&ion. Typically, -&e val-e& greater
than -nity. Af Hero, ero&ion in ten&ion i& inactive.
C<'O3
'elative vol-me,
v
v
0
, for ero&ion in compre&&ion. Typically, -&e val-e& le&&
than -nity. Af Hero, ero&ion in compre&&ion i& inactive.
4.
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& B-&e( for n-ll 9eam& an( &hell& onlyC
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio B-&e( for n-ll 9eam& an( &hell& onlyC
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="", ;MA/=NULL
2#0/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
1. The n-ll material m-&t 9e -&e( with an e:-ation#of#&tate. Pre&&-re c-toff i& negative in ten#
&ion. 2 B(eviatoricC vi&co-& &tre&& of the form
o'
]
= 2pe'
]

_
N
m
2
_ ~_
N
m
2
s_ _
1
s
_
i& comp-te( for nonHero p where e'
]
i& the (eviatoric &train rate. p i& the (ynamic vi&co&ity.
+or example, in SA -nit &y&tem, p may have a -nit of WPaI&X.
2. 5-ll material ha& no &hear &tiffne&& an( ho-rgla&& control m-&t 9e -&e( with great care. An
&ome application&, the (efa-lt ho-rgla&& coefficient might lea( to &ignificant energy lo&&e&.
An general for fl-i(B&C, the ho-rgla&& coefficient R. &ho-l( 9e &mall Bin the range 1.$<#! to
1.$<#0 in the SA -nit &y&tem for the &tan(ar( (efa-lt ALR choiceC.
%8 The 5-ll material ha& no yiel( &trength an( 9ehave& in a fl-i(#li7e manner.
!8 The c-t#off pre&&-re, PC, m-&t 9e (efine( to allow for a material to Un-mericallyV cavitate.
An other wor(&, when a material -n(ergoe& (ilatation a9ove certain magnit-(e, it &ho-l( no
longer 9e a9le to re&i&t thi& (ilatation. Since (ilatation &tre&& or pre&&-re i& negative, &etting
PC limit to a very &mall negative n-m9er wo-l( allow for the material to cavitate once the
pre&&-re in the material goe& 9elow thi& negative val-e.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=1YDRO ;MA/="%"
LSDYNA 2#0 B.2TC
;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=1YDRO=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$. Thi& material allow& the mo(eling of an ela&tic#pla&tic hy(ro(ynamic ma#
terial an( re:-ire& an e:-ation#of#&tate BI<OSC.
><LANK?
S3ALL
S/O01AS/I0
The 7eywor( car( can appear in two way&)
;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=1YDRO or MA/="%"
;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=1YDRO=S3ALL or MA/="%"=S3ALL

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = SA=4 <L PC +S CL2'L
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none $.$ $.$ # $.$ $.$

DeBine tHis 7ard iB and onl iB tHe S3ALL o4tion is s4e7iBied8
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 SP2LL
Type + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%" ;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=1YDRO
2#7$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS <PS1$ <PS11 <PS12 <PS1% <PS1! <PS1" <PS10
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <S1 <S2 <S% <S! <S" <S0 <S7 <S/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <S <S1$ <S11 <S12 <S1% <S1! <S1" <S10
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&, &ee comment 9elow.
<L
Pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-&, &ee (efinition 9elow.
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff B\ $.$C. Af Hero, a c-toff of # i& a&&-me(.
+S
<ffective pla&tic &train at which ero&ion occ-r&.
CL2'L
Characteri&tic element thic7ne&& for (eletion. Thi& applie& to 23 &oli( ele#
ment& that lie on a 9o-n(ary of a part. Af the 9o-n(ary element thin& (own
(-e to &tretching or compre&&ion, an( if it thin& to a val-e le&& than
CL2'L, the element will 9e (elete(. The primary application of thi& op#
tion i& to pre(ict the 9rea7#-p of axi&ymmetric &hape( charge Get&.
21
Linear pre&&-re har(ening coefficient.
22
R-a(ratic pre&&-re har(ening coefficient.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=1YDRO ;MA/="%"
LSDYNA 2#71 B.2TC
SP2LL
Spall type)
<R.$.$) (efa-lt &et to U1.$V,
<R.1.$) ten&ile pre&&-re i& limite( 9y PC, i.e., p i& alway& > PC,

<R.2.$) if o
max
[ #PC element &pall& an( ten&ion, p > $, i& never al#
lowe(,
<R.%.$) p > PC element &pall& an( ten&ion, p > $, i& never allowe(.
<PS
<ffective pla&tic &train BTr-eC. 3efine -p to 10 val-e&. Care m-&t 9e ta7en
that the f-ll range of &train& expecte( in the analy&i& i& covere(. Linear ex#
trapolation i& -&e( if the &train val-e& excee( the maxim-m inp-t val-e.
<S
<ffective &tre&&. 3efine -p to 10 val-e&.
Re5arAs(
Af <S an( <PS are -n(efine(, the yiel( &tre&& an( pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-& are ta7en from SA=4
an( <L. An thi& ca&e, the 9ilinear &tre&&#&train c-rve &hown in 2#0. i& o9taine( with har(ening pa#
rameter, T1. The yiel( &trength i& calc-late( a&
o
= o
0
+ E
h
e
+(o
1
+po
2
)max|p, u]
The :-antity <
h
i& the pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-& (efine( in term& of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <, an( the
tangent mo(-l-&, <
t
, a& follow&
E
h
=
E
t
E
E E
t
.
an( p i& the pre&&-re ta7en a& po&itive in compre&&ion.
Af <S an( <PS are &pecifie(, a c-rve li7e that &hown in 2#0. may 9e (efine(. <ffective &tre&& i& (e#
fine( in term& of the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or, &
iG
, a&)
o = [
3
2
s
]
s
]
1
2
,

an( effective pla&tic &train 9y)
e
= ] [
2
3

]
1
2
,
Jt ,
t
0

where t (enote& time an(
]
i& the pla&tic component of the rate of (eformation ten&or. An thi& ca&e
the pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-& on Car( 1 i& ignore( an( the yiel( &tre&& i& given a&
o
= (e
) ,
where the val-e for (e
) i& fo-n( 9y interpolation from the (ata c-rve.

2 choice of three &pall mo(el& i& offere( to repre&ent material &plitting, crac7ing, an( fail-re -n(er
ten&ile loa(&. The pre&&-re limit mo(el, SP2LLT1, limit& the hy(ro&tatic ten&ion to the &pecifie(
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%" ;MA/=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=1YDRO
2#72 B.2TC LSDYNA
val-e, p
c-t
. Af pre&&-re& more ten&ile than thi& limit are calc-late(, the pre&&-re i& re&et to p
c-t
. Thi&
option i& not &trictly a &pall mo(el, &ince the (eviatoric &tre&&e& are -naffecte( 9y the pre&&-re reach#
ing the ten&ile c-toff, an( the pre&&-re c-toff val-e, p
c-t
, remain& -nchange( thro-gho-t the analy&i&.
The maxim-m principal &tre&& &pall mo(el, SP2LLT2, (etect& &pall if the maxim-m principal &tre&&,
o
max
, excee(& the limiting val-e #p
c-t
. 5ote that the negative &ign i& re:-ire( 9eca-&e p
c-t
i& mea&#
-re( po&itive in compre&&ion, while o
max
i& po&itive in ten&ion. Once &pall i& (etecte( with thi&
mo(el, the (eviatoric &tre&&e& are re&et to Hero, an( no hy(ro&tatic ten&ion Bp>$C i& permitte(. Af ten#
&ile pre&&-re& are calc-late(, they are re&et to $ in the &palle( material. Th-&, the &palle( material
9ehave& a& a r-99le or incohe&ive material. The hy(ro&tatic ten&ion &pall mo(el, SP2LLT%, (etect&
&pall if the pre&&-re 9ecome& more ten&ile than the &pecifie( limit, p
c-t
. Once &pall i& (etecte( the
(eviatoric &tre&&e& are re&et to Hero, an( nonHero val-e& of pre&&-re are re:-ire( to 9e compre&&ive
Bpo&itiveC. Af hy(ro&tatic ten&ion Bp>$C i& &-9&e:-ently calc-late(, the pre&&-re i& re&et to $ for that
element.
Thi& mo(el i& applica9le to a wi(e range of material&, incl-(ing tho&e with pre&&-re#(epen(ent yiel(
9ehavior. The -&e of 10 point& in the yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve allow& com#
plex po&t#yiel( har(ening 9ehavior to 9e acc-rately repre&ente(. An a((ition, the incorporation of an
e:-ation of &tate permit& acc-rate mo(eling of a variety of (ifferent material&. The &pall mo(el op#
tion& permit incorporation of material fail-re, fract-re, an( (i&integration effect& -n(er ten&ile loa(&.
The STOCL2STAC option allow& &patially varying yiel( an( fail-re 9ehavior. See I3<+A5<
JSTOCL2STACJP2'A2TAO5 for a((itional information.
+ig-re 2#0. <ffective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve..
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EIN<ER2 ;MA/="%%
LSDYNA 2#7% B.2TC
;MA/=S/EIN<ER2
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11. Thi& material i& availa9le for mo(eling material& (eforming at very high
&train rate& B?1$
"
C an( can 9e -&e( with &oli( element&. The yiel( &trength i& a f-nction of tempera#
t-re an( pre&&-re. 2n e:-ation of &tate (etermine& the pre&&-re.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O =$ SA=O B<T2 5 =2.2 SA=.
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B BP L + 2 T.O =2.O S2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PC SP2LL 'P +L2= ..5 ..M <CO <C1
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <C2 <C% <C! <C" <C0 <C7 <C/ <C
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=$
Ba&ic &hear mo(-l-&.
SA=O
o
, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%% ;MA/=S/EIN<ER2
2#7! B.2TC LSDYNA
B<T2
5
n, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
=2.2
y
I
, initial pla&tic &train, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
SA=.
m

B
9, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
BP
L
h, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
+
f, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
2
2tomic weight Bif T $.$, ' m-&t 9e (efine(C.
T.O
T
mo
=2.O
o
S2
a, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff

B(efa-ltT#1.e^%$C
SP2LL
Spall type)
<R.1.$) p PC,
<R.2.$) if max [ #PC element &pall& an( ten&ion, p > $, i& never al#
lowe(,
<R.%.$) p > PC element &pall& an( ten&ion, p > $, i& never allowe(.
'P
'. Af '=$.$, 2 i& not (efine(.
+L2=
Set to 1.$ for coefficient& for the col( compre&&ion energy fit. 3efa-lt i&
.
..5
min
or
min
.

Optional or minim-m val-e.
..M
max
or
max
. Optional or maxim-m val-e.
<C$,...<C
Col( compre&&ion energy coefficient& BoptionalC.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EIN<ER2 ;MA/="%%
LSDYNA 2#7" B.2TC
Re5arAs(
8&er& who have an intere&t in thi& mo(el are enco-rage( to &t-(y the paper 9y Stein9erg an( =-inan
which provi(e& the theoretical 9a&i&. 2nother -&ef-l reference i& the @OP<C -&er]& man-al.
An term& of the foregoing inp-t parameter&, we (efine the &hear mo(-l-&, 0, 9efore the material
melt& a&)
0 = 0
0
j1 +pI
1
3
,
b [
L
i
-L
c
3Ri
Suu[ c
-
]L
i
L
m
-L
i
,

where p i& the pre&&-re, I i& the relative vol-me, E
i& the col( compre&&ion energy)

E
c
(x) = ] pJx
900 Ri cxp ()
(1-

)
2 y
0
-c-
1
2
,
,
0

x = 1 I,
an( E
m
i& the melting energy)
E
m
(x) = E
c
(x) +SR'I
m
(x)
which i& in term& of the melting temperat-re I
m
(x))
I
m
(x) =
1
mc
cxp (2)
v
2 y
c
-c-
1
3
,

an( the melting temperat-re at p = p
o
, I
mo
.
An the a9ove e:-ation R' i& (efine( 9y
R' =
Rp
A

where R i& the ga& con&tant an( 2 i& the atomic weight. Af R i& not (efine(, LS#3452 comp-te& it
with R in the cm#gram#micro&econ( &y&tem of -nit&.
The yiel( &trength
y
i& given 9y)
o
= o'
0
j1 + 'pI
1
3
,
b [
L
i
-L
c
3Ri
Suu[ c
-
]L
i
L
m
- L
i
,

if E
m
excee(& E
. Lere,
u
i& given 9y)
o'
0
= o
0
|1 + (y
+ e
)]

where
u
i& the initial yiel( &tre&& an(

i& the initial pla&tic &train. Af the wor7#har(ene( yiel( &tre&&
u
excee(&
m,

u

i& &et e:-al to
m
. 2fter the material& melt, o
y
an( 0 are &et to one half their
initial val-e.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%% ;MA/=S/EIN<ER2
2#70 B.2TC LSDYNA
Af the coefficient& <C$,...,<C are not (efine( a9ove, LS#3452 will fit the col( compre&&ion ener#
gy to a ten term polynomial expan&ion either a& a f-nction of or (epen(ing on the inp-t varia#
9le, +L2=, a&)

E
c
p
= EC
p
9
= 0
E
c
p
= EC
p
9
= 0

where <C
i
i& the ith coefficient an()

p =
p
p
c
p =
p
p
c
1

2 linear lea&t &:-are& metho( i& -&e( to perform the fit.
ten&ile loa(&. The pre&&-re limit mo(el, SP2LLT1, limit& the hy(ro&tatic ten&ion to the &pecifie(
val-e, p
c-t
c-t
. Thi&
option i& not &trictly a &pall mo(el, &ince the (eviatoric &tre&&e& are -naffecte( 9y the pre&&-re reach#
ing the ten&ile c-toff, an( the pre&&-re c-toff val-e, p
c-t
, remain& -nchange( thro-gho-t the analy&i&.
The maxim-m principal &tre&& &pall mo(el, SP2LLT2, (etect& &pall if the maxim-m principal &tre&&,
h
max
, excee(& the limiting val-e #p
c-t
. 5ote that the negative &ign i& re:-ire( 9eca-&e p
c-t
i& mea&#
-re( po&itive in compre&&ion, while h
max
i& po&itive in ten&ion. Once &pall i& (etecte( with thi&
mo(el, the (eviatoric &tre&&e& are re&et to Hero, an( no hy(ro&tatic ten&ion Bp>$C i& permitte(. Af ten#
&ile pre&&-re& are calc-late(, they are re&et to $ in the &palle( material. Th-&, the &palle( material
9ehave& a& a r-99le or incohe&ive material. The hy(ro&tatic ten&ion &pall mo(el, SP2LLT%, (etect&
&pall if the pre&&-re 9ecome& more ten&ile than the &pecifie( limit, p
c-t
. Once &pall i& (etecte( the
(eviatoric &tre&&e& are re&et to Hero, an( nonHero val-e& of pre&&-re are re:-ire( to 9e compre&&ive
Bpo&itiveC. Af hy(ro&tatic ten&ion Bp>$C i& &-9&e:-ently calc-late(, the pre&&-re i& re&et to $ for that
element.
Thi& mo(el i& applica9le to a wi(e range of material&, incl-(ing tho&e with pre&&-re#(epen(ent yiel(
9ehavior. An a((ition, the incorporation of an e:-ation of &tate permit& acc-rate mo(eling of a varie#
ty of (ifferent material&. The &pall mo(el option& permit incorporation of material fail-re, fract-re,
an( (i&integration effect& -n(er ten&ile loa(&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EIN<ER2=LUND ;MA/="%%=LUND
LSDYNA 2#77 B.2TC
;MA/=S/EIN<ER2=LUND
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11. Thi& material i& a mo(ification of the Stein9erg mo(el a9ove to incl-(e
the rate mo(el of Stein9erg an( L-n( W1/X. 2n e:-ation of &tate (etermine& the pre&&-re.
The 7eywor( car(& can appear in two way&)
;MA/=S/EIN<ER2=LUND or MA/="%%=LUND

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O =$ SA=O B<T2 5 =2.2 SA=.
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B BP L + 2 T.O =2.O S2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PC SP2LL 'P +L2= ..5 ..M <CO <C1
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <C2 <C% <C! <C" <C0 <C7 <C/ <C
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 8@ C1 C2 4P 42 4.
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%%=LUND ;MA/=S/EIN<ER2=LUND
2#7/ B.2TC LSDYNA
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=$
Ba&ic &hear mo(-l-&.
SA=O
h
o
B<T2
l, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
5
n, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
=2.2
i
, initial pla&tic &train, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
SA=.
h
m
B
BP
L
h, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
+
f, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
2
2tomic weight Bif T $.$, ' m-&t 9e (efine(C.
T.O
T
mo
=2.O
o
S2
a, &ee (efining e:-ation&.
PC
p
c-t
or #
f
B(efa-ltT#1.e^%$C
SP2LL
Spall type)
<R.1.$)
mIn
,
<R.2.$) if o
max

mIn
element &pall& an( ten&ion, < u, i& never
allowe(,
<R.%.$) <
mIn
element &pall& an( ten&ion, < u, i& never allowe(.
'P
'. Af '=$.$, 2 i& not (efine(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EIN<ER2=LUND ;MA/="%%=LUND
LSDYNA 2#7 B.2TC
+L2=
Set to 1.$ for coefficient& for the col( compre&&ion energy fit. 3efa-lt i&
.
..5
min
or
min
.

Optional or minim-m val-e.
..M
max
or
max
. Optional or maxim-m val-e.
<C$,...<C
Col( compre&&ion energy coefficient& BoptionalC.
8@
2ctivation energy for rate (epen(ent mo(el.
C1
<xponent prefactor in rate (epen(ent mo(el.
C2
Coefficient of (rag term in rate (epen(ent mo(el.
4P
Peierl& &tre&& for rate (epen(ent mo(el.
42
2 thermal yiel( &tre&& for rate (epen(ent mo(el.
4.2M
,or7 har(ening maxim-m for rate mo(el.
Re5arAs(
Thi& mo(el i& &imilar in theory to the I.2TJST<A5B<'= a9ove 9-t with the a((ition of rate ef#
fect&. ,hen rate effect& are incl-(e(, the yiel( &tre&& i& given 9y)
o
= |
1
e
, I +
A
e
|
0(p, I)
0
0

There are two impo&e( limit& on the yiel( &tre&&. The fir&t i& on the thermal yiel( &tre&&)
A
e
=
A
|1 +(y
+e
)]

m

an( the &econ( i& on the thermal part)
1

P
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%$ ;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
2#/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 12. Thi& i& a very low co&t i&otropic pla&ticity mo(el for three#(imen&ional
&oli(&. An the plane &tre&& implementation for &hell element&, a one#&tep ra(ial ret-rn approach i&
-&e( to &cale the Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or to if the &tate of &tre&& excee(& the yiel( &-rface. Thi& ap#
proach to pla&ticity lea(& to inacc-rate &hell thic7ne&& -p(ate& an( &tre&&e& after yiel(ing. Thi& i& the
only mo(el in LS#3452 for plane &tre&& that (oe& not (efa-lt to an iterative approach.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = SA=4 <T25 B8L@
Type 2/ + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
Pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-&.
B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-&, @.
Re5arAs(
Lere the pre&&-re i& integrate( in time
p = K e

where e
i& the vol-metric &train rate.

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=.AILURE ;MA/="%!
LSDYNA 2#/1 B.2TC
;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=.AILURE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%. Thi& i& a non#iterative pla&ticity with &imple pla&tic &train fail-re mo(el.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = SA=4 <T25 B8L@
Type 2/ + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <P+ P'+ '<. T'<.
Type + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-&.
<P+
Pla&tic fail-re &train.
P'+
+ail-re pre&&-re B$.$C.
'<.
<lement ero&ion option)
<R.$.$) faile( element ero(e( after fail-re,
5<.$.$) element i& 7ept, no removal except 9y t 9elow.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%! ;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=.AILURE
2#/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
T'<.
t for element removal)
<R.$.$) t i& not con&i(ere( B(efa-ltC,
=T.$.$) element ero(e( if element time &tep &iHe fall& 9elow t.
Re5arAs(
,hen the effective pla&tic &train reache& the fail-re &train or when the pre&&-re reache& the fail-re
pre&&-re, the element lo&e& it& a9ility to carry ten&ion an( the (eviatoric &tre&&e& are &et to Hero, i.e.,
the material 9ehave& li7e a fl-i(. Af t for element removal i& (efine( the element removal option i&
ignore(.
The element ero&ion option 9a&e( on t m-&t 9e -&e( ca-tio-&ly with the contact option&. 5o(e& to
&-rface contact i& recommen(e( with all no(e& of the ero(e( 9ric7 element& incl-(e( in the no(e
li&t. 2& the element& are ero(e( the ma&& remain& an( contin-e& to interact with the ma&ter &-rface.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SOIL=AND=.OAM=.AILURE ;MA/="%*
LSDYNA 2#/% B.2TC
;MA/=SOIL=AND=.OAM=.AILURE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!. The inp-t for thi& mo(el i& the &ame a& for I.2T<'A2LJSOALJ253
J+O2. BType "CD however, when the pre&&-re reache& the fail-re pre&&-re, the element lo&e& it&
a9ility to carry ten&ion. At &ho-l( 9e -&e( only in &it-ation& when &oil& an( foam& are confine( within
a &tr-ct-re or when geometric 9o-n(arie& are pre&ent.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="%> ;MA/=JO1NSON=0OOK
2#/! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=JO1NSON=0OOK=NOPTIONO

><LANK?
S/O01AS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1". The Kohn&onECoo7 &train an( temperat-re &en&itive pla&ticity i& &ometime&
-&e( for pro9lem& where the &train rate& vary over a large range an( a(ia9atic temperat-re increa&e&
(-e to pla&tic heating ca-&e material &oftening. ,hen -&e( with &oli( element& thi& mo(el re:-ire&
an e:-ation#of#&tate. Af thermal effect& an( (amage are -nimportant, the m-ch le&& expen&ive I.2T
JSA.PLA+A<3JKOL5SO5JCOO@ mo(el i& recommen(e(. The &implifie( mo(el can 9e -&e( with
9eam element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = < P' 3T+ PP '2T<OP
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B 5 C . T. T' <PS$
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ none none none none

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CP PC SP2LL AT 31 32 3% 3!
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ 2.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=JO1NSON=0OOK ;MA/="%>
LSDYNA 2#/" B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3" C2EP <'O3 <+.A5 58.A5T
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$$$$$1 $.

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
=
Shear mo(-l-&
<
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& B&hell element& onlyC
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio B&hell element& onlyC
3T+
.inim-m time &tep &iHe for a-tomatic element (eletion B&hell element&C.
The element will 9e (elete( when the &ol-tion time &tep &iHe (rop& 9elow
3T+ITSS+2C where TSS+2C i& the time &tep &cale factor (efine( 9y
ICO5T'OLJTA.<ST<P.
PP
<R.1.$) Pi&copla&tic form-lation.
'2T<OP
Optional form& of &train#rate term)
<R.$.$) Log#Linear Kohn&on#Coo7 B(efa-ltC,
<R.1.$) Log#R-a(ratic L-h#@ang B2 parameter&C,
<R.2.$) <xponential 2llen#'-le#Kone&,
<R.%.$) <xponential Cowper#Symon(& B2 parameter&C.
<R.!.$) 5onlinear rate coefficient B2 parameter&C.
2
See e:-ation& 9elow.
B
5
C
D
R
A
F
T
2#/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
.
T.
.elt temperat-re
T'
'oom temperat-re
<PS$
R-a&i#&tatic thre&hol( &train rate. A(eally, thi& val-e repre&ent& the highe&t
&train rate for which no rate a(G-&tment to the flow &tre&& i& nee(e(, an( i&
inp-t in -nit& of 1Emo(el time -nit&. +or example, if &train rate effect& on
the flow &tre&& fir&t 9ecome apparent at &train rate& greater than 1<#$2 &ec#
on(&
#1
an( the &y&tem of -nit& for the mo(el inp-t i& 7g, mm, m&ec, then
<PSO &ho-l( 9e &et to 1<#$" Wm&ec
#1
X
CP
Specific heat B&-per&e(e( 9y heat capacity in I.2TJTL<'.2L
JOPTION if a co-ple( thermalE&tr-ct-ral analy&i&C
PC
Ten&ile fail-re &tre&& or ten&ile pre&&-re c-toff BPC

>

$.$C
SP2LL
Spall type)
<R.1.$) Ten&ile pre&&-re i& limite( 9y PC, i.e., p i& alway& PC,
<R.2.$) max [ #PC trigger& &hell element (eletion an( ten&ile &tre&&e&
to 9e re&et to Hero in &oli( element&)Only compre&&ive &tre&&e&
are &-9&e:-ently allowe( in &oli(&,
<R.%.$) p > PC trigger& &hell element (eletion an( pre&&-re to 9e re&et
to Hero in &oli( element&)Ten&ile pre&&-re i& &-9&e:-ently (i&al#
lowe( in &oli(&.
AT
Pla&tic &train iteration option. Thi& inp-t applie& to &oli( element& only
&ince it i& alway& nece&&ary to iterate for the &hell element plane &tre&& con#
(ition.
<R.$.$) no iteration& B(efa-ltC,
<R.1.$) acc-rate iterative &ol-tion for pla&tic &train).-ch more expen#
&ive than (efa-lt.
31#3"
+ail-re parameter&, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
C2EPEn]
Optional &train#rate parameter for L-h#@ang BC2C, Cowper#Symon(& BPC,
an( nonlinear rate coefficient Bn
]
C form&D &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/7 B.2TC
<'O3
<ro&ion +lag)
<R.$.$) (efa-lt, element ero&ion allowe(.
5<.$.$) element (oe& not ero(eD (eviatoric &tre&&e& &et to Hero when el#
ement fail&.
<+.A5
The lower9o-n( for calc-late( &train at fract-re B&ee e:-ationC.
58.A5T
5-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point& which m-&t fail 9efore the
&hell element i& (elete(. BAf Hero, all point& m-&t fail.C The (efa-lt of all in#
tegration point& i& not recommen(e( &ince element& -n(ergoing large &train
are often not (elete( (-e to no(al fi9er rotation& which limit &train& at ac#
tive integration point& after mo&t point& have faile(. Better re&-lt& are o9#
taine( if 58.A5T i& &et to 1 or a n-m9er le&& than one half of the n-m9er
of thro-gh thic7ne&& point&. +or example, if fo-r thro-gh thic7ne&& point&
are -&e(, 58.A5T &ho-l( not excee( 2, even for f-lly integrate( &hell&
which have 10 integration point&.
Re5arAs(
Kohn&on an( Coo7 expre&& the flow &tre&& a&
o
= [A +Be

p
n

_1 +lne -] (1 I -
m
)
where
2, B, C, n, an( m T inp-t con&tant&
e
effective pla&tic &train

+or PPT$, e -=
s
.
LPS0
effective total &train rate normaliHe( 9y :-a&i#&tatic thre&hol( rate
+or PPT1, e -=
s
p
LPS0
effective pla&tic &train rate normaliHe( 9y :-a&i#&tatic thre&hol( rate
T
I
T homologo-& temperat-re T
1-1
rccm
1
mclt
-1
rccm

The :-antity T g T
room
i& &tore( a& extra hi&tory varia9le ".
Con&tant& for a variety of material& are provi(e( in Kohn&on an( Coo7 W1/%X. 2 f-lly vi&copla&tic
form-lation i& optional BPPC which incorporate& the rate e:-ation& within the yiel( &-rface. 2n a((i#
tional co&t i& inc-rre( 9-t the improvement i& that re&-lt& can 9e (ramatic.
3-e to nonlinearity in the (epen(ence of flow &tre&& on pla&tic &train, an acc-rate val-e of the flow
&tre&& re:-ire& iteration for the increment in pla&tic &train. Lowever, 9y -&ing a Taylor &erie& expan#
D
R
A
F
T
2#// B.2TC LSDYNA
&ion with lineariHation a9o-t the c-rrent time, we can &olve for
y
with &-fficient acc-racy to avoi(
iteration.
The &train at fract-re i& given 9y
e
]
= max(|
1
+
2
ex
3
o
-
]|1 +
4
lne
-
] |1 +
5
I
-
], EHIN)
where I i& the ratio of pre&&-re (ivi(e( 9y effective &tre&&
o
-
=
p
o
c]]

+ract-re occ-r& when the (amage parameter
=
Ae
e
]

reache& the val-e of 1. 3 i& &tore( a& extra hi&tory varia9le ! in &hell element& an( extra hi&tory vari#
a9le 0 in &oli( element&.
ten&ile loa(&. The pre&&-re limit mo(el limit& the minim-m hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re to the &pecifie( val#
-e, p p
m
m
.
Thi& option i& not &trictly a &pall mo(el &ince the (eviatoric &tre&&e& are -naffecte( 9y the pre&&-re
reaching the ten&ile c-toff an( the pre&&-re c-toff val-e p
m
remain& -nchange( thro-gho-t the
analy&i&. The maxim-m principal &tre&& &pall mo(el (etect& &pall if the maxim-m principal &tre&&,
o
m
, excee(& the limiting val-e o
. Once &pall in &oli(& i& (etecte( with thi& mo(el, the (eviatoric
&tre&&e& are re&et to Hero an( no hy(ro&tatic ten&ion i& permitte(. Af ten&ile pre&&-re& are calc-late(,
they are re&et to $ in the &palle( material. Th-&, the &palle( material 9ehave& a& r-99le. The hy(ro#
&tatic ten&ion &pall mo(el (etect& &pall if the pre&&-re 9ecome& more ten&ile than the &pecifie( limit,
p
m
. Once &pall in &oli(& i& (etecte( with thi& mo(el, the (eviatoric &tre&&e& are &et to Hero an( the
pre&&-re i& re:-ire( to 9e compre&&ive. Af hy(ro&tatic ten&ion i& calc-late( then the pre&&-re i& re&et
to $ for that element.
An a((ition to the a9ove fail-re criterion, thi& material mo(el al&o &-pport& a &hell element (eletion
criterion 9a&e( on the maxim-m &ta9le time &tep &iHe for the element, At
m
. =enerally, At
m
goe&
(own a& the element 9ecome& more (i&torte(. To a&&-re &ta9ility of time integration, the glo9al LS#
3452 time &tep i& the minim-m of the At
m
val-e& calc-late( for all element& in the mo(el. 8&#
ing thi& option allow& the &elective (eletion of element& who&e time &tep At
m
ha& fallen 9elow the
&pecifie( minim-m time &tep, At
ct
. <lement& which are &everely (i&torte( often in(icate that mate#
rial ha& faile( an( &-pport& little loa(, 9-t the&e &ame element& may have very &mall time &tep& an(
therefore control the co&t of the analy&i&. Thi& option allow& the&e highly (i&torte( element& to 9e
(elete( from the calc-lation, an(, therefore, the analy&i& can procee( at a larger time &tep, an(, th-&,
at a re(-ce( co&t. 3elete( element& (o not carry any loa(, an( are (elete( from all applica9le &li(e
&-rface (efinition&. Clearly, thi& option m-&t 9e G-(icio-&ly -&e( to o9tain acc-rate re&-lt& at a min#
im-m co&t.
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LSDYNA 2#/ B.2TC
.aterial type 1" i& applica9le to the high rate (eformation of many material& incl-(ing mo&t metal&.
8nli7e the Stein9erg#=-inan mo(el, the Kohn&on#Coo7 mo(el remain& vali( (own to lower &train
rate& an( even into the :-a&i&tatic regime. Typical application& incl-(e explo&ive metal forming,
9alli&tic penetration, an( impact.
Optional Strain 'ate +orm&
The &tan(ar( Kohn&on#Coo7 &train rate term i& linear in the logarithm of the &train rate)
1 +Clne -
Some a((itional (ata fiting capa9ility can 9e o9taine( 9y -&ing the :-a(ratic form propo&e( 9y L-h
m @ang W2$$2X)
1 +Clne - +C
2
(lne -)
2

Three a((itional exponential form& are availa9le, one (-e to 2llen, '-le m Kone& W17X,
(e -)
c

the Cowper#Symon(&#li7e W1"/X form
1 +_
e
c]]
C
_
1
P

an( the nonlinear rate coefficient,
1 +Ce
c]]
|
l(e -).
The fo-r a((itional rate form& B'2T<OPT1,2, % or !C are c-rrently availa9le for &oli( m &hell ele#
ment& 9-t only when the vi&copla&tic rate option i& active BPPT1C. See L-h an( @ang W2$$2X, 2llen,
'-le, an( Kone& W17X, an( Cowper an( Symon(& W1"/X.
The STOCL2STAC option allow& &patially varying yiel( an( fail-re 9ehavior. See
I3<+A5<JSTOCL2STACJP2'A2TAO5 for a((itional information.
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;MA/="%) ;MA/=3SEUDO=/ENSOR
2#$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3SEUDO=/ENSOR
Thi& i& .aterial Type 10. Thi& mo(el ha& 9een -&e( to analyHe 9-rie( &teel reinforce( concrete
&tr-ct-re& &-9Gecte( to imp-l&ive loa(ing&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = P'
Type 2/ + + +
3efa-lt none none none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=+ 2$ 21 22 2$+ 21+ B1 P<'
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <' P'' SA=4 <T25 LCP LC'
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ none $.$ none none

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le M1 M2 M% M! M" M0 M7 M/
Type + + + + + + + +

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;MA/=3SEUDO=/ENSOR ;MA/="%)
LSDYNA 2#1 B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le M M1$ M11 M12 M1% M1! M1" M10
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 4S1 4S2 4S% 4S! 4S" 4S0 4S7 4S/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 4S 4S1$ 4S11 4S12 4S1% 4S1! 4S1" 4S10
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=+
Ten&ile c-toff Bmaxim-m principal &tre&& for fail-reC.
2$
Cohe&ion.
21
Pre&&-re har(ening coefficient.
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2#2 B.2TC LSDYNA
22
2$+
Cohe&ion for faile( material.
21+
Pre&&-re har(ening coefficient for faile( material.
B1
3amage &caling factor Bor exponent in .o(e AA.CC.
P<'
Percent reinforcement.
<'
<la&tic mo(-l-& for reinforcement.
P''
Poi&&on]& ratio for reinforcement.
SA=4
Anitial yiel( &tre&&.
<T25
Tangent mo(-l-&Epla&tic har(ening mo(-l-&.
LCP
Loa( c-rve A3 giving rate &en&itivity for principal material, &ee I3<+A5<
JC8'P<.
LC'
Loa( c-rve A3 giving rate &en&itivity for reinforcement, &ee I3<+A5<
JC8'P<.
Mn
<ffective pla&tic &train, (amage, or pre&&-re. See (i&c-&&ion 9elow.
4Sn
4iel( &tre&& B.o(e AC or &cale factor B.o(e AA.B or AA.CC.
Re5arAs(
Thi& mo(el can 9e -&e( in two maGor mo(e& # a &imple ta9-lar pre&&-re#(epen(ent yiel( &-rface, an(
a potentially complex mo(el feat-ring two yiel( ver&-& pre&&-re f-nction& with the mean& of migrat#
ing from one c-rve to the other. +or 9oth mo(e&, loa( c-rve LCP i& ta7en to 9e a &train rate m-lti#
plier for the yiel( &trength. 5ote that thi& mo(el m-&t 9e -&e( with e:-ation#of#&tate type / or .
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LSDYNA 2#% B.2TC

Res4onse Mode I8 /a9ulated Yield Stress Versus 3ressure
Thi& mo(el i& well &-ite( for implementing &tan(ar( geologic mo(el& li7e the .ohr#Co-lom9 yiel(
&-rface with a Tre&ca limit, a& &hown in +ig-re 2#7. <xample& of converting conventional triaxial
compre&&ion (ata to thi& type of mo(el are fo-n( in B3e&ai an( Siriwar(ane, 1/!C. 5ote that -n(er
conventional triaxial compre&&ion con(ition&, the LS#3452 inp-t corre&pon(& to an or(inate of
o
1
o
3
rather than the more wi(ely -&e(
c
1
-c
3
2
, where o
1
i& the maxim-m principal &tre&& an( o
3
i&
the minim-m principal &tre&&.
Thi& material com9ine( with e:-ation#of#&tate type B&at-rate(C ha& 9een -&e( very &-cce&&f-lly to
mo(el gro-n( &hoc7& an( &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction& at pre&&-re& -p to 1$$79ar& Bapproximately 1." x
1$0 p&iC.

To invo7e .o(e A of thi& mo(el, &et a
$
, a
1
, a
2
, 6
1
, a
$f
, an( a
1f
to Hero. The ta9-late( val-e& of pre&#
&-re &ho-l( then 9e &pecifie( on car(& ! an( ", an( the corre&pon(ing val-e& of yiel( &tre&& &ho-l( 9e
&pecifie( on car(& 0 an( 7. The parameter& relating to reinforcement propertie&, initial yiel( &tre&&,
an( tangent mo(-l-& are not -&e( in thi& re&pon&e mo(e, an( &ho-l( 9e &et to Hero.
+ig-re 2#7. .ohr#Co-lom9 &-rface with a Tre&ca limit
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2#! B.2TC LSDYNA
Si54le tensile Bailure
5ote that a
1f
i& re&et internally to 1E% even tho-gh it i& inp-t a& HeroD thi& (efine& a faile( material
c-rve of &lope %p, where p (enote& pre&&-re Bpo&itive in compre&&ionC. An thi& ca&e the yiel( &trength
i& ta7en from the ta9-late( yiel( v&. pre&&-re c-rve -ntil the maxim-m principal &tre&& Bo
1
C in the
element excee(& the ten&ile c-t#off Bo
cut
C. +or every time &tep that o
1
> o
cut
the yiel( &trength i&
&cale( 9ac7 9y a fraction of the (i&tance 9etween the two c-rve& -ntil after 2$ time &tep& the yiel(
&trength i& (efine( 9y the faile( c-rve. The only way to inhi9it thi& feat-re i& to &et o
cut
ar9itrarily
large.
Res4onse Mode II8 /:o 0ur'e Model :itH Da5aEe and .ailure
Thi& approach -&e& two yiel( ver&-& pre&&-re c-rve& of the form
o
= o
0
+
p
o
1
+o
2
p

The -pper c-rve i& 9e&t (e&cri9e( a& the maxim-m yiel( &trength c-rve an( the lower c-rve i& the
faile( material c-rve. There are a variety of way& of moving 9etween the two c-rve& an( each i&
(i&c-&&e( 9elow.

MODE II8 A( Si54le tensile Bailure
3efine a
$
, a
1
, a
+
( a
$f
an( a
1f
, &et 6
1
to Hero, an( leave car(& ! thro-gh 7 9lan7. An thi& ca&e the yiel(
&trength i& ta7en from the maxim-m yiel( c-rve -ntil the maxim-m principal &tre&& Bo
1
C in the ele#
ment excee(& the ten&ile c-t#off Bo
cut
C. +or every time &tep that o
1
> o
cut
the yiel( &trength i&
&cale( 9ac7 9y a fraction of the (i&tance 9etween the two c-rve& -ntil after 2$ time &tep& the yiel(
&trength i& (efine( 9y the fail-re c-rve.
+ig-re 2#/. Two#c-rve concrete mo(el with (amage an( fail-re
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LSDYNA 2#" B.2TC
Mode II8<( /ensile Bailure 4lus 4lasti7 strain s7alinE
3efine a
$
, a
1
, a
+
( a
$f
an( a
1f
, &et 6
1
to Hero, an( -&er car(& ! thro-gh 7 to (efine a &cale factor, ,
ver&-& effective pla&tic &train. LS#3452 eval-ate& at the c-rrent effective pla&tic &train an( then
calc-late( the yiel( &tre&& a&
o
cd
= o
]cd
+p(o
max
o
]cd
)
where o
max
an( o
]cd
are fo-n( a& &hown in +ig-re 2#/. Thi& yiel( &trength i& then &-9Gect to &cal#
ing for ten&ile fail-re a& (e&cri9e( a9ove. Thi& type of mo(el allow& the (e&cription of a &train har(#
ening or &oftening material &-ch a& concrete.
Mode II80( /ensile Bailure 4lus da5aEe s7alinE
The change in yiel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of pla&tic &train ari&e& from the phy&ical mechani&m& &-ch a&
internal crac7ing, an( the extent of thi& crac7ing i& affecte( 9y the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re when the
crac7ing occ-r&. Thi& mechani&m give& ri&e to the nconfinementn effect on concrete 9ehavior. To
acco-nt for thi& phenomenon, a n(amagen f-nction wa& (efine( an( incorporate(. Thi& (amage
f-nction i& given the form)
z = _ _1 +
p
o
cut
]
-b
1
Je
s
p
0

3efine a
$
, a
1
, a
+
( a
$f
an( a
1f
, an( 6
1
. Car(& ! tho-gh 7 now give q a& a f-nction of i an( &cale the
yiel( &tre&& a&
o
cd
= o
]cd
+po
max
o
]cd

an( then apply any ten&ile fail-re criteria.
Mode II 0on7rete Model O4tions
.aterial Type 10 .o(e AA provi(e& for the a-tomatic internal generation of a &imple ngenericn mo(el
from concrete if 2$ i& negative then SA=+ i& a&&-me( to 9e the -nconfine( concrete compre&&ive
&trength,
c
i
an( g2$ i& a&&-me( to 9e a conver&ion factor from LS#3452 pre&&-re -nit& to p&i.
B+or example, if the mo(el &tre&& -nit& are .Pa, 2$ &ho-l( 9e &et to g1!".C An thi& ca&e the parameter
val-e& generate( internally are
c
i
= SI0
o
cut
= 1.7_

c
i
2
Au
_
1
3

o
0
=

c
i

o
1
=
1
S

D
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2#0 B.2TC LSDYNA
o
2
=
1
S
c
i

o
0]
= u
o
1]
= u.S8S
5ote that the&e a
$f
an( a
1f
(efa-lt& will 9e overri((en 9y non Hero entrie& on Car( %. Af pla&tic &train
or (amage &caling i& (e&ire(, Car(& " thro-gh / an( 61 &ho-l( 9e &pecifie( in the inp-t. ,hen a
$
i&
inp-t a& a negative :-antity, the e:-ation#of#&tate can 9e given a& $ an( a trilinear <OS Type / mo(#
el will 9e a-tomatically generate( from the -nconfine( compre&&ive &trength an( Poi&&onF& ratio.
The <OS / mo(el i& a &imple pre&&-re ver&-& vol-metric &train mo(el with no internal energy term&,
an( &ho-l( give rea&ona9le re&-lt& for pre&&-re& -p to "79ar Bapproximately 7",$$$ p&iC.
MiJture 5odel
2 reinforcement fraction,
, can 9e (efine( along with propertie& of the reinforcement material.

The 9-l7 mo(-l-&, &hear mo(-l-&, an( yiel( &trength are then calc-late( from a &imple mixt-re r-le,
i.e., for the 9-l7 mo(-l-& the r-le give&)
K = (1
)K
m
+

where K
m
an( K
are the 9-l7 mo(-li for the geologic material an( the reinforcement material, re#
&pectively. Thi& feat-re &ho-l( 9e -&e( with ca-tion. At give& an i&otropic effect in the material in#
&tea( of the tr-e ani&otropic material 9ehavior. 2 rea&ona9le approach wo-l( 9e to -&e the mixt-re
element& only where the reinforcing exi&t& an( plain element& el&ewhere. ,hen the mixt-re mo(el
i& 9eing -&e(, the &train rate m-ltiplier for the principal material i& ta7en from loa( c-rve 51 an( the
m-ltiplier for the reinforcement i& ta7en from loa( c-rve 52.
A SuEEestion
The LL5L 3452%3 man-al from 11 W,hirley an( Lall:-i&tX &-gge&t& -&ing the (amage f-nc#
tion B.o(e AA.C.C in .aterial Type 10 with the following &et of parameter&)

o
0
=

c
i

o
1
=
1
S

o
2
=
1
S
c
i

o
0]
=

c
i
1u

o
1]
= 1.S
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LSDYNA 2#7 B.2TC
1
= 1.2S
an( a (amage ta9le of)
Car( !) $.$ /.02<#$0 2.1"<#$" %.1!<#$" %."<#$!
".17<#$! 0.%/<#$! 7./<#$!
Car( ") .07<#$! 1.!1<#$% 1.7<#$% 2."<#$% %.27<#$%
!.$$<#$% !.7<#$% $.$
Car( 0) $.%$ $."!% $./!$ $.7" 1.$$$
$.7$ $.0%$ $.!0
Car( 7) $.%/% $.2!7 $.17% $.1%0 $.11!
$.$/0 $.$"0 $.$
Thi& &et of parameter& &ho-l( give re&-lt& con&i&tent with 3ilger, @och, an( @owalcHy7, W1/!X for
plane concrete. At ha& 9een &-cce&&f-lly -&e( for reinforce( &tr-ct-re& where the reinforcing 9ar&
were mo(ele( explicitly with em9e((e( 9eam an( &hell element&. The mo(el (oe& not incorporate
the maGor fail-re mechani&m # &eparation of the concrete an( reinforcement lea(ing to cata&trophic
lo&& of confinement pre&&-re. Lowever, experience in(icate& that thi& phy&ical 9ehavior will occ-r
when thi& mo(el &how& a9o-t !c &train.
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;MA/="%- ;MA/=ORIEN/ED=0RA0K
2#/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ORIEN/ED=0RA0K
Thi& i& .aterial Type 17. Thi& material may 9e -&e( to mo(el 9rittle material& which fail (-e to
large ten&ile &tre&&e&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25 +S P'+
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ none $.$

O4tional 7ard Bor 7ra7A 4ro4aEation to adVa7ent ele5ents &see re5arAs+(
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SO+T CP<LO
Type + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
+S
+ract-re &tre&&.
P'+
+ail-re or c-toff pre&&-re B $.$C.
SO+T
+actor 9y which the fract-re &tre&& i& re(-ce( when a crac7 i& coming from
faile( neigh9oring element. See remar7&.
D
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T
;MA/=ORIEN/ED=0RA0K ;MA/="%-
LSDYNA 2# B.2TC
CP<LO
Crac7 propagation velocity. See remar7&.
Re5arAs(
Thi& i& an i&otropic ela&tic#pla&tic material which incl-(e& a fail-re mo(el with an oriente( crac7.
The von .i&e& yiel( con(ition i& given 9y)
= [
2

c
j
2
3

where the &econ( &tre&& invariant, [
2
, i& (efine( in term& of the (eviatoric &tre&& component& a&
[
2
=
1
2
s
]
s
]

an( the yiel( &tre&&,o
, i& a f-nction of the effective pla&tic &train, e

c]]
, an( the pla&tic har(ening

mo(-l-&, E
)
o
= o
0
+E
e
c]]

The effective pla&tic &train i& (efine( a&)
e
c]]
= ] Je
c]]
t
0

where Je
c]]
= _
2
3
Je
]
Je
]

an( the pla&tic tangent mo(-l-& i& (efine( in term& of the inp-t tangent mo(-l-&, E
t
, a&
E
=
EE
t
E E
t

Pre&&-re in thi& mo(el i& fo-n( from eval-ating an e:-ation of &tate. 2 pre&&-re c-toff can 9e (e#
fine( &-ch that the pre&&-re i& not allowe( to fall 9elow the c-toff val-e.
The oriente( crac7 fract-re mo(el i& 9a&e( on a maxim-m principal &tre&& criterion. ,hen the max#
im-m principal &tre&& excee(& the fract-re &tre&&, o
]
, the element fail& on a plane perpen(ic-lar to the
(irection of the maxim-m principal &tre&&. The normal &tre&& an( the two &hear &tre&&e& on that
plane are then re(-ce( to Hero. Thi& &tre&& re(-ction i& (one accor(ing to a (elay f-nction that re#
(-ce& the &tre&&e& gra(-ally to Hero over a &mall n-m9er of time &tep&. Thi& (elay f-nction proce#
(-re i& -&e( to re(-ce the ringing that may otherwi&e 9e intro(-ce( into the &y&tem 9y the &-((en
fract-re. The n-m9er of &tep& for &tre&& re(-ction i& 2$ 9y (efa-lt BCP<LOT$.$C or it i& internally
comp-te( if CP<LO ? $.$ i& given)
tc
= nt _
I
c
CIEI0 At
]
where L
e
i& characteri&tic element length an( ft i& time &tep &iHe.
D
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T
;MA/="%- ;MA/=ORIEN/ED=0RA0K
2#1$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
2fter a ten&ile fract-re, the element will not &-pport ten&ile &tre&& on the fract-re plane, 9-t in com#
pre&&ion will &-pport 9oth normal an( &hear &tre&&e&. The orientation of thi& fract-re &-rface i&
trac7e( thro-gho-t the (eformation, an( i& -p(ate( to properly mo(el finite (eformation effect&. Af
the maxim-m principal &tre&& &-9&e:-ently excee(& the fract-re &tre&& in another (irection, the ele#
ment fail& i&otropically. An thi& ca&e the element completely lo&e& it& a9ility to &-pport any &hear
&tre&& or hy(ro&tatic ten&ion, an( only compre&&ive hy(ro&tatic &tre&& &tate& are po&&i9le. Th-&, once
i&otropic fail-re ha& occ-rre(, the material 9ehave& li7e a fl-i(.
Thi& mo(el i& applica9le to ela&tic or ela&topla&tic material& -n(er &ignificant ten&ile or &hear loa(ing
when fract-re i& expecte(. Potential application& incl-(e 9rittle material& &-ch a& ceramic& a& well a&
poro-& material& &-ch a& concrete in ca&e& where pre&&-re har(ening effect& are not &ignificant.
Crac7 propagation 9ehavior to a(Gacent element& can 9e controlle( via parameter SO+T for thin,
&hell#li7e &tr-ct-re& Be.g. only 2 or % &oli(& over thic7ne&&C. 2((itionally, LS#3452 ha& to 7now
where the plane or &oli( element mi(plane i& at each integration point for proGection of crac7 plane
on thi& element mi(plane. Therefore, element n-m9ering ha& to 9e a& &hown in +ig-re +ig-re 2#.
Only &oli( element type 1 i& &-pporte( with that option at the moment.

&oli(
element
mi(plane
+ig-re 2#. Thin &tr-ct-re B2 element& over thic7ne&&C with crac7& an( nece&&ary ele#
ment n-m9ering.
D
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T
;MA/=3OWER=LAW=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/="%?
LSDYNA 2#1$1 B.2TC
;MA/=3OWER=LAW=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/. Thi& i& an i&otropic pla&ticity mo(el with rate effect& which -&e& a power
law har(ening r-le.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' @ 5 S'C S'P
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=4 PP <PS+
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
@
Strength coefficient.
5
Lar(ening exponent.
S'C
Strain rate parameter, C, if Hero, rate effect& are ignore(.
S'P
Strain rate parameter, P, if Hero, rate effect& are ignore(.
D
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T
;MA/="%? ;MA/=3OWER=LAW=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#1$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
SA=4
Optional inp-t parameter for (efining the initial yiel( &tre&&, o
. =enerally,
thi& parameter i& not nece&&ary an( the &train to yiel( i& calc-late( a& (e#
&cri9e( 9elow.
LT.$.$2) e
= SI0
=<.$.$2) See 9elow.
<PS+
Pla&tic fail-re &train for element (eletion.
PP
Re5arAs(
<la&topla&tic 9ehavior with i&otropic har(ening i& provi(e( 9y thi& mo(el. The yiel( &tre&&,
y
, i& a
f-nction of pla&tic &train an( o9ey& the e:-ation)
o
= ke
= ke
+e

where e
i& the ela&tic &train to yiel( an(

e
i& the effective pla&tic &train BlogarithmicC. Af SA=4 i&

&et to Hero, the &train to yiel( if fo-n( 9y &olving for the inter&ection of the linearly ela&tic loa(ing
e:-ation with the &train har(ening e:-ation)
o = Ee
o = k e

which give& the ela&tic &train at yiel( a&)
e
= _
E
k
]
j
1
-1
[

Af SA=4 yiel( i& nonHero an( greater than $.$2 then)
e
= [
o
k

j
1
[

the factor
1 +[
s
C
1

,

where e i& the &train rate. 2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& optional which incorporate& the Cow#
per an( Symon(& form-lation within the yiel( &-rface. 2n a((itional co&t i& inc-rre( 9-t the im#
provement i& re&-lt& can 9e (ramatic.
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;MA/=S/RAIN=RA/E=DE3ENDEN/=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/="%,
LSDYNA 2#1$% B.2TC
;MA/=S/RAIN=RA/E=DE3ENDEN/=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1. 2 &train rate (epen(ent material can 9e (efine(. +or an alternative, &ee
.aterial Type 2!. 'e:-ire( i& a c-rve for the yiel( &tre&& ver&-& the effective &train rate. Optional#
ly, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( the tangent mo(-l-& can al&o 9e (efine( ver&-& the effective &train rate.
2l&o, optional fail-re of the material can 9e (efine( either 9y (efining a von .i&e& &tre&& at fail-re a&
a f-nction of the effective &train rate Bvali( for &oli(&E&hell&Ethic7 &hell&C or 9y (efining a minim-m
time &tep &iHe Bonly for &hell&C.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' PP
Type 2/ + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC1 <T25 LC2 LC% LC! T3<L '3<+
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
PP
LC1
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the yiel( &tre&&
$
a& a f-nction of the effective
&train rate.
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;MA/="%, ;MA/=S/RAIN=RA/E=DE3ENDEN/=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#1$! B.2TC LSDYNA
<T25
Tangent mo(-l-&, <
t

LC2
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of the effective
&train rate Bavaila9le only when PPT$D not recommen(e(C.
LC%
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tangent mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of the effective
&train rate BoptionalC.
LC!
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining von .i&e& &tre&& at fail-re a& a f-nction of the ef#
fective &train rate BoptionalC.
T3<L
.inim-m time &tep &iHe for a-tomatic element (eletion. 8&e for &hell& on#
ly.
'3<+
'e(efinition of fail-re c-rve)
<R.1.$) <ffective pla&tic &train,
<R.2.$) .axim-m principal &tre&& an( a9&ol-te val-e of minim-m prin#
cipal &tre&&,
<R.%.$) .axim-m principal &tre&& Brelea&e " of v.71C
Re5arAs(
An thi& mo(el, a loa( c-rve i& -&e( to (e&cri9e the yiel( &trength o
0
a& a f-nction of effective &train
rate e
where
e
= [
2
3
e'
]
e'
1
2
,

an( the prime (enote& the (eviatoric component. The &train rate i& availa9le for po&t#proce&&ing a&
the fir&t &tore( hi&tory varia9le. Af the vi&copla&tic option i& active, the pla&tic &train rate i& o-tp-tD
otherwi&e, the effective &train rate (efine( a9ove i& o-tp-t.
The yiel( &tre&& i& (efine( a&
o
= o
0
(e
) +E

where e
i& the effective pla&tic &train an( E
i& given in term& of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( the tangent

mo(-l-& 9y
E
=
LL
t
L-L
t
.
Both 4o-ngF& mo(-l-& an( the tangent mo(-l-& may optionally 9e ma(e f-nction& of &train rate 9y
&pecifying a loa( c-rve A3 giving their val-e& a& a f-nction of &train rate. Af the&e loa( c-rve A3F& are
inp-t a& $, then the con&tant val-e& &pecifie( in the inp-t are -&e(.
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LSDYNA 2#1$" B.2TC
Note t5at all loa& curve% u%e& to &efine =uantitie% a% a function of %train rate mu%t 5ave t5e %ame
num6er of point% at t5e %ame %train rate value%2 Thi& re:-irement i& -&e( to allow vectoriHe( inter#
polation to enhance the exec-tion &pee( of thi& con&tit-tive mo(el.
Thi& mo(el al&o contain& a &imple mechani&m for mo(eling material fail-re. Thi& option i& activate(
9y &pecifying a loa( c-rve A3 (efining the effective &tre&& at fail-re a& a f-nction of &train rate. +or
&oli( element&, once the effective &tre&& excee(& the fail-re &tre&& the element i& (eeme( to have
faile( an( i& remove( from the &ol-tion. +or &hell element& the entire &hell element i& (eeme( to
have faile( if all integration point& thro-gh the thic7ne&& have an effective &tre&& that excee(& the
fail-re &tre&&. 2fter fail-re the &hell element i& remove( from the &ol-tion.
An a((ition to the a9ove fail-re criterion, thi& material mo(el al&o &-pport& a &hell element (eletion
criterion 9a&e( on the maxim-m &ta9le time &tep &iHe for the element, At
max
. =enerally, At
max
goe&
(own a& the element 9ecome& more (i&torte(. To a&&-re &ta9ility of time integration, the glo9al LS#
3452 time &tep i& the minim-m of the At
max
val-e& calc-late( for all element& in the mo(el. 8&#
ing thi& option allow& the &elective (eletion of element& who&e time &tep At
max
ha& fallen 9elow the
&pecifie( minim-m time &tep, At
ct
. <lement& which are &everely (i&torte( often in(icate that mate#
rial ha& faile( an( &-pport& little loa(, 9-t the&e &ame element& may have very &mall time &tep& an(
therefore control the co&t of the analy&i&. Thi& option allow& the&e highly (i&torte( element& to 9e
(elete( from the calc-lation, an(, therefore, the analy&i& can procee( at a larger time &tep, an(, th-&,
at a re(-ce( co&t. 3elete( element& (o not carry any loa(, an( are (elete( from all applica9le &li(e
&-rface (efinition&. Clearly, thi& option m-&t 9e G-(icio-&ly -&e( to o9tain acc-rate re&-lt& at a min#
im-m co&t.
2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& optional which incorporate& the rate form-lation within the yiel(
&-rface. 2n a((itional co&t i& inc-rre( 9-t the improvement i& re&-lt& can 9e (ramatic.
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2#1$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=RI2ID
Thi& i& .aterial 2$. Part& ma(e from thi& material are con&i(ere( to 9elong to a rigi( 9o(y Bfor each
part A3C. 2l&o, the co-pling of a rigi( 9o(y with .234.O an( C2L%3 can 9e (efine( via thi&
material. 2lternatively, a P32 &-rface can 9e attache( a& &-rface to mo(el the geometry, e.g., for
the tooling in metalforming application&. 2l&o, glo9al an( local con&traint& on the ma&& center can
9e optionally (efine(. Optionally, a local con&i(eration for o-tp-t an( -&er#(efine( air9ag &en&or&
can 9e cho&en.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 5 CO8PL< .
2LA2S
'<
Type 2/ + + + + + + CE+
3efa-lt none none none none $ $ $
9lan7
none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C.O CO51 CO52
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $

O4tional Bor out4ut &Must 9e in7luded 9ut 5a 9e leBt 9lanA+8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le
LCO or
21
22 2% P1 P2 P%
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

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LSDYNA 2#1$7 B.2TC
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&. 'ea&ona9le val-e& have to 9e cho&en for contact analy#
&i& Bchoice of penaltyC, &ee 'emar7& 9elow.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio. 'ea&ona9le val-e& have to 9e cho&en for contact analy&i&
Bchoice of penaltyC, &ee 'emar7& 9elow.
5
.234.O%3 ".! co-pling flag, n)
<R.$) -&e normal LS#3452 rigi( 9o(y -p(ate&,
=T.$) the rigi( 9o(y i& co-ple( to .234.O ".! ellip&oi( n-m9er n
LT.$) the rigi( 9o(y i& co-ple( to .234.O ".! plane n-m9er bnb.
CO8PL<
Co-pling option if applica9le)
<R.#1) attach P32 &-rface in 2LA2S B(efine( in the eighth fiel(C an(
a-tomatically generate a me&h for viewing the &-rface in LS#
P'<POST.
.234.O ".! E C2L%3 co-pling option)
<R.$) the -n(eforme( geometry inp-t to LS#3452 corre&pon(& to the
local &y&tem for .234.O ".! E C2L%3. The finite element
me&h i& inp-t,
<R.1) the -n(eforme( geometry inp-t to LS#3452 corre&pon(& to the
glo9al &y&tem for .234.O ".! E C2L%3,
<R.2) generate a me&h for the ellip&oi(& an( plane& internally in
LS#3452.
.
.234.O%3 ".! co-pling flag, m)
<R.$) -&e normal LS#3452 rigi( 9o(y -p(ate&,
<R.m) thi& rigi( 9o(y corre&pon(& to .234.O rigi( 9o(y n-m9er m.
'igi( 9o(y -p(ate& are performe( 9y .234.O.
2LA2S
P32 &-rface alia& name, &ee 2ppen(ix L.
'<
.234.O 0.$.1 <xternal 'eference 5-m9er
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2#1$/ B.2TC LSDYNA
C.O
Center of ma&& con&traint option, C.O)
<R.^1.$) con&traint& applie( in glo9al (irection&,
<R.$.$) no con&traint&,
<R.#1.$) con&traint& applie( in local (irection& BSPC con&traintC.
CO51
+ir&t con&traint parameter)
Af C.OT^1.$, then &pecify glo9al tran&lational con&traint)
<R.$) no con&traint&,
<R.1) con&traine( x (i&placement,
<R.2) con&traine( y (i&placement,
<R.%) con&traine( H (i&placement,
<R.!) con&traine( x an( y (i&placement&,
<R.") con&traine( y an( H (i&placement&,
<R.0) con&traine( H an( x (i&placement&,
<R.7) con&traine( x, y, an( H (i&placement&.
Af C.$T#1.$, then &pecify local coor(inate &y&tem A3.
See I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<JOPTION) Thi& coor(inate &y&tem
i& fixe( in time.
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LSDYNA 2#1$ B.2TC
CO52
Secon( con&traint parameter)
Af C.OT^1.$, then &pecify glo9al rotational con&traint)
<R.$) no con&traint&,
<R.1) con&traine( x rotation,
<R.2) con&traine( y rotation,
<R.%) con&traine( H rotation,
<R.!) con&traine( x an( y rotation&,
<R.") con&traine( y an( H rotation&,
<R.0) con&traine( H an( x rotation&,
<R.7) con&traine( x, y, an( H rotation&.
Af C.$T#1.$, then &pecify local BSPCC con&traint)
<R.$$$$$$ no con&traint,
<R.1$$$$$ con&traine( x tran&lation,
<R.$1$$$$ con&traine( y tran&lation,
<R.$$1$$$ con&traine( H tran&lation,
<R.$$$1$$ con&traine( x rotation,
<R.$$$$1$ con&traine( y rotation,
<R.$$$$$1 con&traine( H rotation.
2ny com9ination of local con&traint& can 9e achieve( 9y a((ing the n-m#
9er 1 into the corre&pon(ing col-mn.
LCO
Local coor(inate &y&tem n-m9er for o-tp-t.
21#P%
2lternative metho( for &pecifying local &y&tem 9elow)
3efine two vector& a an( ', fixe( in the rigi( 9o(y which are -&e( for
o-tp-t an( the -&er (efine( air9ag &en&or &-9ro-tine&. The o-tp-t pa#
rameter& are in the (irection& a, 9, an( 7 where the latter are given 9y
the cro&& pro(-ct& 7Oa' an( 9O7a8 Thi& inp-t i& optional.
Re5arAs(
The rigi( material type 2$ provi(e& a convenient way of t-rning one or more part& compri&e( of
9eam&, &hell&, or &oli( element& into a rigi( 9o(y. 2pproximating a (eforma9le 9o(y a& rigi( i& a
preferre( mo(eling techni:-e in many real worl( application&. +or example, in &heet metal forming
pro9lem& the tooling can properly an( acc-rately 9e treate( a& rigi(. An the (e&ign of re&traint &y&#
tem& the occ-pant can, for the p-rpo&e& of early (e&ign &t-(ie&, al&o 9e treate( a& rigi(. <lement&
which are rigi( are 9ypa&&e( in the element proce&&ing an( no &torage i& allocate( for &toring hi&tory
varia9le&D con&e:-ently, the rigi( material type i& very co&t efficient.
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2#11$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Two -ni:-e rigi( part A3F& may not &hare common no(e& -nle&& they are merge( together -&ing the
rigi( 9o(y merge option. 2 rigi( 9o(y may 9e ma(e -p of (i&Goint finite element me&he&, however.
LS#3452 a&&-me& thi& i& the ca&e &ince thi& i& a common practice in &etting -p tooling me&he& in
forming pro9lem&.
2ll element& which reference a given part A3 corre&pon(ing to the rigi( material &ho-l( 9e contig-#
o-&, 9-t thi& i& not a re:-irement. Af two (i&Goint gro-p& of element& on oppo&ite &i(e& of a mo(el are
mo(ele( a& rigi(, &eparate part A3F& &ho-l( 9e create( for each of the contig-o-& element gro-p& if
each gro-p i& to move in(epen(ently. Thi& re:-irement ari&e& from the fact that LS#3452 internal#
ly comp-te& the &ix rigi( 9o(y (egree&#of#free(om for each rigi( 9o(y Brigi( material or &et of
merge( material&C, an( if (i&Goint gro-p& of rigi( element& -&e the &ame part A3, the (i&Goint gro-p&
will move together a& one rigi( 9o(y.
Anertial propertie& for rigi( material& may 9e (efine( in either of two way&. By (efa-lt, the inertial
propertie& are calc-late( from the geometry of the con&tit-ent element& of the rigi( material an( the
(en&ity &pecifie( for the part A3. 2lternatively, the inertial propertie& an( initial velocitie& for a rigi(
9o(y may 9e (irectly (efine(, an( thi& overri(e& (ata calc-late( from the material property (efinition
an( no(al initial velocity (efinition&.
4o-ngF& mo(-l-&, <, an( Poi&&onF& ratio, u are -&e( for (etermining &li(ing interface parameter& if
the rigi( 9o(y interact& in a contact (efinition. 'eali&tic val-e& for the&e con&tant& &ho-l( 9e (efine(
&ince -nreali&tic val-e& may contri9-te to n-merical pro9lem in contact.
Con&traint (irection& for rigi( material& BC.O e:-al to ^1 or #1C are fixe(, that i&, not -p(ate(, with
time. To impo&e a con&traint on a rigi( 9o(y &-ch that the con&traint (irection i& -p(ate( a& the rigi(
9o(y rotate&, -&e IBO8532'4JP'<SC'AB<3J.OTAO5J'A=A3JLOC2L.
Af no con&traint& are &pecifie( for the rigi( part BC.OT$C the no(e& for the part are &canne( to (e#
termine con&traint& on the part in glo9al (irection&. Af con&traint& are &pecifie( BC.O e:-al to ^1 or
#1C then the no(e& are not &canne(.
.or 7ou4linE :itH MADYMO >8*8%# onl 9asi7 7ou4linE is a'aila9le8
The co-pling flag& B5 an( .C m-&t match with S4ST<. an( <LLAPSOA3EPL25< in the
.234.O inp-t file an( the co-pling option BCO8PL<C m-&t 9e (efine(.

.or 7ou4linE :itH MADYMO )8"8%# 9otH 9asi7 and eJtended 7ou4linE are a'aila9le(
B1C Ba&ic Co-pling) The external reference n-m9er B'<C m-&t match with the external reference
n-m9er in the .234.O M.L inp-t file. The co-pling option BCO8PL<C m-&t 9e (efine(.
B2C <xten(e( Co-pling) 8n(er thi& option .234.O will han(le the contact 9etween the .23#
4.O an( LS#3452 mo(el&. The external reference n-m9er B'<C an( the co-pling option
BCO8PL<C are not nee(e(. 2ll co-pling &-rface& that interface with the .234.O mo(el&
nee( to 9e (efine( in ICO5T2CTJCO8PLA5=.
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LSDYNA 2#111 B.2TC
;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=/1ERMALJNOPTAO5O
Thi& i& .aterial Type 21. 2 linearly ela&tic, orthotropic material with orthotropic thermal expan&ion.
S<LANKP
.AILURE

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 22 2B 2C 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + + + + A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MP 4P QP 21 22 2%
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 '<+
Type + + + + + + +

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2#112 B.2TC LSDYNA
'e:-ire(
for
+2AL8'< 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 211 22 2" 2"" 2! 5AP
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
,

4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in 9#(irection.
<C
<
c
,

4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in c#(irection.
P'B2
9a
,

Poi&&on]& ratio, 9a.
P'C2
ca
,

Poi&&on]& ratio, ca.
P'CB
c9
,

Poi&&on]& ratio, c9
=2B
=
a9
,

Shear mo(-l-&, a9.
=BC
=
9c
,

Shear mo(-l-&, 9c.
=C2
=
ca
,

Shear mo(-l-&, ca.
22
a
, coefficient& of thermal expan&ion in the a#(irection.
2B
9
, coefficient& of thermal expan&ion in the 9#(irection.
2C
c
, coefficient& of thermal expan&ion in the c#(irection.
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LSDYNA 2#11% B.2TC
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee .2T=OPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a more
complete (e&criptionC)
no(e& 1, 2, an( !, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S.
the vector v with the element normal.
point, p, which (efine the centerline axi&. Thi& option i& for
.2C+
MP,4P,QP
Coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPT T 1 an( !.
21,22,2%
Component& of vector a for 2OPT T 2.
P1,P2,P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPT T % an( !.
31,32,3%
Component& of vector d for 2OPT T 2.
B<T2
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2#11! B.2TC LSDYNA
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
21,211,22
2",2"",2!
Coefficient& for the matrix (ominate( fail-re criterion.
Coefficient& for the fi9er (ominate( fail-re criterion.
Re5arAs(
An the implementation for three#(imen&ional contin-a a total Lagrangian form-lation i& -&e(. An thi&
approach the material law that relate& &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&& S to the =reen#St. Penant &train
< i&

S = C E = I
t
C
I E
where T i& the tran&formation matrix WCoo7 17!X.

I =
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

l
1
2
m
1
2

1
2
l
1
m
1
m
1
1

1
l
1
l
2
2
m
2
2

2
2
l
2
m
2
m
2
2

2
l
2
l
3
2
m
3
2
m
3
2
l
3
m
3
m
3
3

3
l
3
2l
1
l
2
2m
1
m
2
2
1
2
(l
1
m
2
+l
2
m
1
) (m
1
2
+m
2
1
) (
1
l
2
+
2
l
1
)
2l
2
l
3
2m
2
m
3
2
2
3
(l
2
m
3
+l
3
m
2
) (m
2
3
+m
3
2
) (
2
l
3
+
3
l
2
)
2l
3
l
1
2m
3
m
1
2
3
1
(l
3
m
1
+l
1
m
3
) (m
3
1
+m
1
3
) (
3
l
1
+
1
l
3
)1
1
1
1
1
1
1

l
, m
are the (irection co&ine&

x'
= l
x
1
+m
x
2
+
x
3
o = 1,2,S
an( x'
(enote& the material axe&. The con&tit-tive matrix C
i& (efine( in term& of the material axe&

a&
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#11" B.2TC
C
-1
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
1
E
11

u
21
E
22

u
31
E
33
u u u
u
12
E
11
1
E
22

u
32
E
33
u u u
u
13
E
11

u
23
E
22
1
E
33
u u u
u u u
1
0
12
u u
u u u u
1
0
23
u
u u u u u
1
0
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

where the &-9&cript& (enote the material axe&, i.e.,
u
]
= u
i
i
i
]
anu E
= E
i
i

Since C
i& &ymmetric

u
12
L
11
=
u
21
L
22
,etc.
The vector of =reen#St. Penant &train component& i&
E
t
= |E
11
, E
22
, E
33
, E
12
, E
23
, E
31
j
which incl-(e the local thermal &train& which are integrate( in time)

e
+1
= e
+o
(I
+1
I
)
e
bb
+1
= e
bb
+o
b
(I
+1
I
)
e
cc
+1
= e
cc
+o
c
(I
+1
I
)

2fter comp-ting S
]
we then o9tain the Ca-chy &tre&&)
o
]
=
p
p
0
ox
oX
k
ox
]
oX
S
k

Thi& mo(el will pre(ict reali&tic 9ehavior for finite (i&placement an( rotation& a& long a& the &train&
are &mall.
An the implementation for &hell element&, the &tre&&e& are integrate( in time an( are -p(ate( in the
corotational coor(inate &y&tem. An thi& proce(-re the local material axe& are a&&-me( to remain or#
thogonal in the (eforme( config-ration. Thi& a&&-mption i& vali( if the &train& remain &mall.
The fail-re mo(el& were (erive( 9y ,illiam +eng. The fir&t one (efine& the matrix (ominate( fail-re
mo(e,
m
= A
1
(I
1
S) +A
11
(I
1
S)
2
+A
2
(I
2
S) 1
D
R
A
F
T
2#110 B.2TC LSDYNA
an( the &econ( (efine& the fi9er (ominate( fail-re mo(e,
]
= A
5
(I
5
1) +A
55
(I
5
1)
2
+A
4
(I
4
1) 1.
,hen either i& greater than Hero, the integration point fail&, an( the element i& (elete( after 5AP inte#
gration point& fail.
The coefficient& A
are (efine( in the inp-t an( the invariant& I
are the &train invariant&

I
1
= C
uu
u=1,3
I
2
=
1
2
|I
1
2
C
u[
2
u,[=1,3
]
I
3
= uet(C)
I
4
= I
u
u,[,y=1,3
C
uy
C
y[
I
[
I
5
= I
u
u,[=1,3
C
u[
I
[

an( # i& the Ca-chy &train ten&or an( ' i& the fi9er (irection in the -n(eforme( &tate. By convention
in thi& material mo(el, the fi9er (irection i& aligne( with the a (irection of the local orthotropic co#
or(inate &y&tem.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E ;MA/="$$
LSDYNA 2#117 B.2TC
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 22. 2n orthotropic material with optional 9rittle fail-re for compo&ite& can 9e
(efine( following the &-gge&tion of WChang an( Chang 1/7a, 1/79X. Three fail-re criteria are po&#
&i9le, &ee the LS#3452 Theory .an-al. By -&ing the -&er (efine( integration r-le, &ee
IA5T<='2TAO5JSL<LL, the con&tit-tive con&tant& can vary thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&. +or all
&hell&, except the 3@T form-lation, laminate( &hell theory can 9e activate( to properly mo(el the
tran&ver&e &hear (eformation. Lamination theory i& applie( to correct for the a&&-mption of a -ni#
form con&tant &hear &train thro-gh the thic7ne&& of the &hell. +or &an(wich &hell& where the o-ter
layer& are m-ch &tiffer than the inner layer&, the re&pon&e will ten( to 9e too &tiff -nle&& lamination
theory i& -&e(. To t-rn on lamination theory &ee ICO5T'OLJSL<LL.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 @+2AL 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + + A
3efa-lt none none none $.$ $.$ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$$ ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E
2#11/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SC MT 4T 4C 2LPL S5 S4Q SQM
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
<C
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in c#(irection.
P'B2
9a
, Poi&&on ratio, 9a.
P'C2
ca
, Poi&&on ratio, ca.
P'CB
c9
, Poi&&on ratio, c9.
=2B
=
a9
, Shear mo(-l-&, a9.
=BC
=
9c
, Shear mo(-l-&, 9c.
=C2
=
ca
, Shear mo(-l-&, ca.
@+2AL
B-l7 mo(-l-& of faile( material. 5ece&&ary for compre&&ive fail-re.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E ;MA/="$$
LSDYNA 2#11 B.2TC
2OPT
.2C+
MP,4P,QP
21,22,2%
P1,P2,P%
31,32,3%
B<T2
SC
Shear &trength, a9 plane, &ee the LS#3452 Theory .an-al.
MT
Longit-(inal ten&ile &trength, a#axi&, &ee the LS#3452 Theory .an-al.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$$ ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E
2#12$ B.2TC LSDYNA
4T
Tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength, 9#axi&.
4C
Tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength, 9#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC.
2LPL
Shear &tre&& parameter for the nonlinear term, &ee the LS#3452 Theory
.an-al. S-gge&te( range $ g $.".
S5
5ormal ten&ile &trength %oli& element% only4
S4Q
Tran&ver&e &hear &trength %oli& element% only4
SQM
Tran&ver&e &hear &trength %oli& element% only4
Re5arAs(
The n-m9er of a((itional integration point varia9le& for &hell& written to the (%plot (ata9a&e i& inp-t
9y the optional I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 a& varia9le 5<APS. The&e a((itional hi&tory
varia9le& are ta9-late( 9elow Bi T &hell integration pointC)

Li&tory
Paria9le
3e&cription Pal-e
LS#PrePo&t
hi&tory varia9le
efi4 ten%ile fi6er mo&e
* . ela%tic
; . faile&
See ta6le 6elo,
cmi4 ten%ile matri- mo&e *
e&i4 compre%%ive matri- mo&e +

The following component& are &tore( a& element component 7 in&tea( of the effective pla&tic &train.
5ote that efi4 for iT1,2,% i& not retrieva9le.

3e&cription Antegration point

1
c()
=1

*
1
p
m()
=1

+
1
p
cJ()
=1

>
efi4 for i9> i
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/EM3ERA/URE=DE3ENDEN/=OR/1O/RO3I0 ;MA/="$!
LSDYNA 2#121 B.2TC
;MA/=/EM3ERA/URE=DE3ENDEN/=OR/1O/RO3I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%. 2n orthotropic ela&tic material with ar9itrary temperat-re (epen(ency can
9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 2OPT '<+ .2C+
Type 2/ + + + A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

DeBine one set oB 7onstants on t:o 7ards Bor ea7H te54erature 4oint8 U4 to *? 4oints &,) 7ards+
7an 9e deBined8 /He neJt X
;
Y 7ard ter5inates tHe in4ut8
Car( 1 for
Temperat-re
Ti 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <2i <Bi <Ci P'B2i P'C2i P'CBi
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$! ;MA/=/EM3ERA/URE=DE3ENDEN/=OR/1O/RO3I0
2#122 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 2 for
Temperat-re
Ti 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 22i 2Bi 2Ci =2Bi =BCi =C2i Ti
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
2OPT
'<+
J=<O.<T'4 B&ee for more (etail&C.
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#12% B.2TC
.2C+
MP,4P,QP
21,22,2%
P1,P2,P%
31,32,3%
B<T2
<2i
<
a
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in a#(irection at temperat-re Ti.
<Bi
<
9
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in 9#(irection at temperat-re Ti.
<Ci
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in c#(irection at temperat-re Ti.
P'B2i
9a
, Poi&&on]& ratio 9a at temperat-re Ti.
P'C2i
ca
, Poi&&on]& ratio ca at temperat-re Ti.
P'CBi
c9
, Poi&&on]& ratio c9 at temperat-re Ti.
22i
a,
coefficient of thermal expan&ion in a#(irection at temperat-re Ti.
2Bi
9
, coefficient of thermal expan&ion in 9#(irection at temperat-re Ti.
2Ci
c
, coefficient of thermal expan&ion in c#(irection at temperat-re Ti.
=2Bi
=
a9
, Shear mo(-l-& a9 at temperat-re Ti.
=BCi
=
9c
, Shear mo(-l-& 9c at temperat-re Ti.
=C2i
=
ca
, Shear mo(-l-& ca at temperat-re Ti.
Ti
ith temperat-re
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$! ;MA/=/EM3ERA/URE=DE3ENDEN/=OR/1O/RO3I0
2#12! B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
An the implementation for three#(imen&ional contin-a a total Lagrangian form-lation i& -&e(. An thi&
approach the material law that relate& &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&& S to the =reen#St. Penant &train
< i&
S = C E = I
t
C
I E
where T i& the tran&formation matrix WCoo7 17!X.
I =
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

l
1
2
m
1
2

1
2
l
1
m
1
m
1
1

1
l
1
l
2
2
m
2
2

2
2
l
2
m
2
m
2
2

2
l
2
l
3
2
m
3
2
m
3
2
l
3
m
3
m
3
3

3
l
3
2l
1
l
2
2m
1
m
2
2
1
2
(l
1
m
2
+l
2
m
1
) (m
1
2
+m
2
1
) (
1
l
2
+
2
l
1
)
2l
2
l
3
2m
2
m
3
2
2
3
(l
2
m
3
+l
3
m
2
) (m
2
3
+m
3
2
) (
2
l
3
+
3
l
2
)
2l
3
l
1
2m
3
m
1
2
3
1
(l
3
m
1
+l
1
m
3
) (m
3
1
+m
1
3
) (
3
l
1
+
1
l
3
)1
1
1
1
1
1
1

l
, m
are the (irection co&ine&

x'
= l
x
1
+m
x
2
+
x
3
o = 1,2,S
an( x'
(enote& the material axe&. The temperat-re (epen(ent con&tit-tive matrix C
i& (efine( in
term& of the material axe& a&
C
l
1
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
1
E
11
(I)

u
21
(I)
E
22
(I)

u
S1
(I)
E
SS
(I)
u u u
u
12
(I)
E
11
(I)
1
E
22
(I)

u
S2
(I)
E
SS
(I)
u u u
u
1S
(I)
E
11
(I)

u
2S
(I)
E
22
(I)
1
E
SS
(I)
u u u
u u u
1
0
12
(I)
u u
u u u u
1
0
2S
(I)
u
u u u u u
1
0
S1
(I) 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

where the &-9&cript& (enote the material axe&, i.e.,
u
]
= u
i
i
i
]
anu E
= E
i
i

Since C
i& &ymmetric

u
12
L
11
=
u
21
L
22
, etc.

The vector of =reen#St. Penant &train component& i&
E
t
= |E
11
, E
22
, E
33
, E
12
, E
23
, E
31
j
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#12" B.2TC
which incl-(e the local thermal &train& which are integrate( in time)

e
+1
= e
+o
[I
+
1
2
|I
+1
I
]
e
bb
+1
= e
bb
+o
b
[I
+
1
2
|I
+1
I
]
e
cc
+1
= e
cc
+o
c
[I
+
1
2
|I
+1
I
]

2fter comp-ting S
]
we then o9tain the Ca-chy &tre&&)
o
]
=
p
p
0
ox
oX
k
ox
]
oX
S
k

Thi& mo(el will pre(ict reali&tic 9ehavior for finite (i&placement an( rotation& a& long a& the &train&
are &mall.
+or &hell element&, the &tre&&e& are integrate( in time an( are -p(ate( in the corotational coor(inate
&y&tem. An thi& proce(-re the local material axe& are a&&-me( to remain orthogonal in the (eforme(
config-ration. Thi& a&&-mption i& vali( if the &train& remain &mall.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$* ;MA/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#120 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y=NOPTIONO
S<LANKP
1AK
LO2=IN/ER3OLA/ION
S/O01AS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2!. 2n ela&to#pla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve an(
ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. See al&o 'emar7 9elow. 2l&o, fail-re 9a&e( on a
pla&tic &train or a minim-m time &tep &iHe can 9e (efine(. +or another mo(el with a more compre#
hen&ive fail-re criteria &ee .2TJ.O3A+A<3JPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4. Af con&i(er#
ing laminate( or &an(wich &hell& with non#-niform material propertie& Bthi& i& (efine( thro-gh the
-&er &pecifie( integration r-leC, the mo(el, .2TJL24<'<3JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4, i& recom#
men(e(. Af &oli( element& are -&e( an( if the ela&tic &train& 9efore yiel(ing are finite, the mo(el,
.2TJ+A5AT<J<L2STACJST'2A5JPL2STACAT4, treat& the ela&tic &train& -&ing a hyperela&tic
form-lation.
The L2Q option allow& the mo(eling of the heat affecte( Hone& in &hell element& with &oli( element
&pot wel(&. The &tre&&#&train, &train rate, an( fail-re &train may 9e optionally expan(e( from c-rve&
an( ta9le& to ta9le& an( three#(imen&ional ta9le&, re&pectively, to acco-nt for the (i&tance of the ma#
terial from the clo&e&t &potwel(. Af a part A3 -&e& thi& con&tit-tive mo(el, then (-ring initialiHation,
the (i&tance of each &hell integration point from the centroi( of the wel( i& comp-te( an( &tore( a& a
hi&tory varia9le. Con&e:-ently, it i& po&&i9le that each integration point within the &hell element will
po&&e&& a -ni:-e (i&tance. 5o other inp-t i& re:-ire for &pot wel(& to active the heat affecte( Hone&.
2((itional inp-t i& re:-ire( if tailor line wel(& are -&e( in metal forming &im-lation& or to &im-late
the 9ehavior along trim line&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25 +2AL T3<L
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ 1$.<^2$ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/="$*
LSDYNA 2#127 B.2TC
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C P LCSS LCS' PP LC+
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
Tangent mo(-l-&, ignore( if BLCSS.=T.$C i& (efine(.
D
R
A
F
T
2#12/ B.2TC LSDYNA
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
LT.$.$) 8&er (efine( fail-re &-9ro-tine, mat-&rJ2! in (yn21.+, i& calle(
to (etermine fail-re
<R.$.$) +ail-re i& not con&i(ere(. Thi& option i& recommen(e( if fail#
-re i& not of intere&t &ince many calc-lation& will 9e &ave(.
=T.$.$) <ffective pla&tic &train to fail-re. ,hen the pla&tic &train reach#
e& thi& val-e, the element i& (elete( from the calc-lation.
T3<L
.inim-m time &tep &iHe for a-tomatic element (eletion.
C
Strain rate parameter, C, &ee form-la 9elow.
P
Strain rate parameter, P, &ee form-la 9elow.
LCSS

Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3 BoptionalD &-per&e(e& SA=4, <T25, <PS1#/,
<S1#/C. Loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic
&train. Af (efine( <PS1#<PS/ an( <S1#<S/ are ignore(. The ta9le A3 (e#
fine& for each &train rate val-e a loa( c-rve A3 giving the &tre&& ver&-& ef#
fective pla&tic &train for that rate, See +ig-re 2#1$. The &tre&& ver&-& effec#
tive pla&tic &train c-rve for the lowe&t val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the
&train rate fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e. Li7ewi&e, the &tre&& ver&-& ef#
fective pla&tic &train c-rve for the highe&t val-e of &train
rate i& -&e( if the &train rate excee(& the maxim-m val-e. The &train rate
parameter&) C an( PD the c-rve A3, LCS'D <PS1#<PS/ an( <S1#<S/ are
ignore( if a Ta9le A3 i& (efine(. 5OT<) The &train rate val-e& (efine( in
the ta9le may 9e given a& the nat-ral logarithm of the &train rate. Af the fir%t
&tre&&#&train c-rve in the ta9le corre&pon(& to a negative &train rate, LS#
3452 a&&-me& that the nat-ral logarithm of the &train rate val-e i& -&e(.
Since the ta9le& are internally (i&cretiHe( to e:-ally &pace the point&, nat-#
ral logarithm& are nece&&ary, for example, if the c-rve& corre&pon( to rate&
from 1$.e#$! to 1$.e^$!. Comp-ting the nat-ral logarithm of the &train
rate (oe& &low the &tre&& -p(ate (own &ignificantly on &ome comp-ter&. +or
the L2Q option, the c-rve may optionally 9e &pecifie( 9y a three#
(imen&ional ta9le, ma7ing the yiel( &tre&& a f-nction of the (i&tance from
the clo&e&t &potwel(.
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining &train rate &caling effect on yiel( &tre&&. Af LCS' i&
negative, the loa( c-rve i& eval-ate( -&ing a 9inary &earch for the correct
interval for the &train rate. The 9inary &earch i& &lower than the (efa-lt in#
cremental &earch, 9-t in ca&e& where large change& in the &train rate may
occ-r over a &ingle time &tep, it i& more ro9-&t. Thi& option i& not nece&&ary
for the vi&copla&tic form-lation. +or the L2Q option, the c-rve may op#
tionally 9e &pecifie( 9y a ta9le, ma7ing the &train rate &caling a f-nction of
the (i&tance from the clo&e&t &potwel(.
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<R.#1.$) Cowper#Symon(& with (eviatoric &train rate rather than total,

LC+ +or the L2Q option only, the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train for fail-re may 9e
&pecifie( with either a loa( c-rve or a ta9le. Af LC+ i& a c-rve, then the fail#
-re &train i& given a& a f-nction of the &train rate, an( if a ta9le i& &pecifie(,
the fail-re &train i& given a& a f-nction of the (i&tance from the clo&e&t wel(
an( &train rate. Af LC+ i& not &pecifie(, +2AL will 9e -&e(.
<PS1#<PS/
<ffective pla&tic &train val-e& BoptionalD &-per&e(e& SA=4, <T25C. 2t
lea&t 2 point& &ho-l( 9e (efine(. The fir&t point m-&t 9e Hero corre&pon(#
ing to the initial yiel( &tre&&. ,2'5A5=) Af the fir&t point i& nonHero the
yiel( &tre&& i& extrapolate( to (etermine the initial yiel(. Af thi& option i&
-&e( SA=4 an( <T25 are ignore( an( may 9e inp-t a& Hero.
<S1#<S/
Corre&pon(ing yiel( &tre&& val-e& to <PS1 # <PS/.
Re5arAs(
The &tre&& &train 9ehavior may 9e treate( 9y a 9ilinear &tre&& &train c-rve 9y (efining the tangent
mo(-l-&, <T25. 2lternately, a c-rve of effective &tre&& v&. effective pla&tic &train &imilar to that
&hown in +ig-re 2#0 may 9e (efine( 9y B<PS1,<S1C # B<PS/,<S/CD however, a c-rve A3 BLCSSC may 9e
reference( in&tea( if eight point& are in&-fficient. The co&t i& ro-ghly the &ame for either approach.
5ote that in the &pecial ca&e of -niaxial &tre&&, tr-e &tre&& v&. tr-e pla&tic &train i& e:-ivalent to effec#
tive &tre&& v&. effective pla&tic &train. The mo&t general approach i& to -&e the ta9le (efinition BLCSSC
(i&c-&&e( 9elow.
Three option& to acco-nt for &train rate effect& are po&&i9le.
A. Strain rate may 9e acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the
yiel( &tre&& with the factor
1 +[
s
C
1

,

where e i& the &train rate. e =

e
]
e
]
. Af PPT#1. The (eviatoric &train rate& are -&e( in&tea(.
Af the vi&copla&tic option i& active, PPT1.$, an( if SA=4 i& ? $ then the (ynamic yiel( &tre&& i& com#
p-te( from the &-m of the &tatic &tre&&, o
e
c]]
, which i& typically given 9y a loa( c-rve A3, an(

the initial yiel( &tre&&, SA=4, m-ltiplie( 9y the Cowper#Symon(& rate term a& follow&)
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o
e
c]]
, e
c]]
= o
e
c]]
+SI0 _
e
c]]
C
_
1

,

where the pla&tic &train rate i& -&e(. ,ith thi& latter approach &imilar re&-lt& can 9e o9taine( 9e#
tween thi& mo(el an( material mo(el) I.2TJ25ASOT'OPACJPASCOPL2STAC. Af SA=4T$, the
following e:-ation i& -&e( in&tea( where the &tatic &tre&&, o
e
c]]
, m-&t 9e (efine( 9y a loa( c-rve)

o
e
c]]
, e
c]]
= o
e
c]]
_1 +_
e
c]]
C
_
1

,
_
Thi& latter e:-ation i& alway& -&e( if the vi&copla&tic option i& off.
AA. +or complete generality a loa( c-rve BLCS'C to &cale the yiel( &tre&& may 9e inp-t in&tea(. An
thi& c-rve the &cale factor ver&-& &train rate i& (efine(.
AAA. Af (ifferent &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve& can 9e provi(e( for vario-& &train rate&, the option -&#
ing the reference to a ta9le BLCSSC can 9e -&e(. Then the ta9le inp-t in I3<+A5<JT2BL<
ha& to 9e -&e(, &ee +ig-re 2#1$.
2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& optional Bvaria9le PPC which incorporate& the (ifferent option&
a9ove within the yiel( &-rface. 2n a((itional co&t i& inc-rre( over the &imple &caling 9-t the im#
provement i& re&-lt& can 9e (ramatic.
The L2Q Bheat affecte( HoneC option allow& the material propertie& in an element to (epen( on their
(i&tance from the &potwel( clo&e&t to the element. The &horte&t (i&tance along the &hell &-rface i&
calc-late( to the centroi( of each &potwel( an( the minim-m i& cho&en. LCSS, LCS', an( LC+ may
9e optionally expan(e( 9y one (imen&ion to acco-nt for the (i&tance from the &potwel(. 2t thi&
time, only &oli( element &pot wel(& are &-pporte( for thi& feat-re.
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The LO=JA5T<'POL2TAO5 option interpolate& the &train rate effect in ta9le LCSS with logarith#
mic interpolation.
+ig-re 2#1$. 'ate effect& may 9e acco-nte( for 9y (efining a ta9le of c-rve&. Af a ta9le A3
i& &pecifie( a c-rve A3 i& given for each &train rate, &ee I3<+A5<JT2BL<. Anterme(iate
val-e& are fo-n( 9y interpolating 9etween c-rve&. <ffective pla&tic &train ver&-& yiel(
&tre&& i& expecte(. Af the &train rate val-e& fall o-t of range, extrapolation i& not -&e(D ra#
ther, either the fir&t or la&t c-rve (etermine& the yiel( &tre&& (epen(ing on whether the rate
i& low or high, re&pectively.
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2#1%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=2EOLO2I0=0A3=MODEL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2". Thi& i& an invi&ci( two invariant geologic cap mo(el. Thi& material mo(el
can 9e -&e( for geomechanical pro9lem& or for material& a& concrete, &ee reference& cite( 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O B8L@ = 2LPL2 TL<T2 =2..2 B<T2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ' 3 , M$ C 5
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PLOT +T4P< P<C TO++
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
B8L@
Anitial 9-l7 mo(-l-&, @.
=
Anitial Shear mo(-l-&.
2LPL2
+ail-re envelope parameter, .
TL<T2
+ail-re envelope linear coefficient, .
=2..2
+ail-re envelope exponential coefficient, .
B<T2
+ail-re envelope exponent, .
'
Cap, &-rface axi& ratio.
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LSDYNA 2#1%% B.2TC
3
Lar(ening law exponent.
,
Lar(ening law coefficient.
M$
Lar(ening law exponent, M
$
.
C
@inematic har(ening coefficient, .
5
@inematic har(ening parameter.
PLOT
Save the following varia9le for plotting in LS#PrePo&t, to 9e la9ele( there
a& Ueffective pla&tic &train)V
<R.1) har(ening parameter,
<R.2) cap #K1 axi& intercept, M BC
<R.%) vol-metric pla&tic &train e

<R.!) fir&t &tre&& invariant, [
1

<R.") &econ( &tre&& invariant, [
2

<R.0) not -&e(
<R.7) not -&e(
<R./) re&pon&e mo(e n-m9er
<R.) n-m9er of iteration&
+T4P<
+orm-lation flag)
<R.1) &oil& BCap &-rface may contractC
<R.2) concrete an( roc7 BCap (oe&n]t contractC
P<C
PectoriHation flag)
<R.$) vectoriHe( Bfixe( n-m9er of iteration&C
<R.1) f-lly iterative
Af the vectoriHe( &ol-tion i& cho&en, the &tre&&e& might 9e &lightly off the
yiel( &-rfaceD however, on vector comp-ter& a m-ch more efficient &ol-tion
i& achieve(.
TO++
Ten&ion C-t Off, TO++ > $ Bpo&itive in compre&&ionC.
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Re5arAs(
The implementation of an exten(e( two invariant cap mo(el, &-gge&te( 9y StoG7o W1$X, i& 9a&e(
on the form-lation& of Simo, et al. W1//, 1$X an( San(ler an( '-9in W17X. An thi& mo(el, the
two invariant cap theory i& exten(e( to incl-(e nonlinear 7inematic har(ening a& &-gge&te( 9y A&en#
9erg, Pa-ghan, an( San(ler W17/X. 2 9rief (i&c-&&ion of the exten(e( cap mo(el an( it& parameter&
i& given 9elow.

The cap mo(el i& form-late( in term& of the invariant& of the &tre&& ten&or. The &:-are root of the
&econ( invariant of the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or, [
2
i& fo-n( from the (eviatoric &tre&&e& s a&
[
2
_
1
2
S
]
S
]

an( i& the o9Gective &calar mea&-re of the (i&tortional or &hearing &tre&&. The fir&t invariant of the
&tre&&, K
1
, i& the trace of the &tre&& ten&or.
The cap mo(el con&i&t& of three &-rface& in [
2
[
1
&pace, a& &hown in +ig-re 2#11 +ir&t, there i&
a fail-re envelope &-rface, (enote( f
1
in the fig-re. The f-nctional form of f
1
i&

1
= [
2
mn(
c
([
1
), I
mc
) ,
where +
e
i& given 9y
+ig-re 2#11. The yiel( &-rface of the two#invariant cap mo(el in pre&&-re[
2
[
1
&pace.
S-rface f
1
i& the fail-re envelope, f
2
i& the cap &-rface, an( f
%
i& the ten&ion c-toff.
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c
([
1
) o yex([
1
) +0[
1

an( I
mc
|X(
) I(
)|. Thi& fail-re envelop &-rface i& fixe( in [

2
[
1
&pace, an( there#
fore (oe& not har(en -nle&& 7inematic har(ening i& pre&ent. 5ext, there i& a cap &-rface, (enote( f
2

in the fig-re, with f
2
given 9y

2
= [
2

c
([
1
, K)
where +
c
i& (efine( 9y

c
([
1
, )
1
R
|X() I()]
2
|[
1
I()]
2
,
X() i& the inter&ection of the cap &-rface with the K
1
axi&
X() = +R
c
(),
an( I() i& (efine( 9y
I() ]
> u
u u

The har(ening parameter i& relate( to the pla&tic vol-me change e
thro-gh the har(ening law

e
= w{1 ex|(X() X
0
)]]
=eometrically, i& &een in the fig-re a& the K
1
coor(inate of the inter&ection of the cap &-rface an(
the fail-re &-rface. +inally, there i& the ten&ion c-toff &-rface, (enote( f
%
in the fig-re. The f-nction
f
%
i& given 9y

3
T }
1

where T i& the inp-t material parameter which &pecifie& the maxim-m hy(ro&tatic ten&ion &-&taina9le
9y the material. The ela&tic (omain in [
2
[
1
&pace i& then 9o-n(e( 9y the fail-re envelope &-r#
face a9ove, the ten&ion c-toff &-rface on the left, an( the cap &-rface on the right.
2n a((itive (ecompo&ition of the &train into ela&tic an( pla&tic part& i& a&&-me()
T
e
^
p
,
where
e
i& the ela&tic &train an(
p
i& the pla&tic &train. Stre&& i& fo-n( from the ela&tic &train -&ing
Loo7e]& law,
T 0B #
p
C,
where i& the &tre&& an( 0 i& the ela&tic con&tit-tive ten&or.
The yiel( con(ition may 9e written
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1
(s) u

2
(s, ) u

3
(s) u
an( the pla&tic con&i&tency con(ition re:-ire& that

z
k
= u
k = 1,2,S
z
k
u

where z
k
i& the pla&tic con&i&tency parameter for &-rface 7. Af
k
< u then, z
k
= u an( the re&pon&e
i& ela&tic. Af
k
> u then &-rface 7 i& active an( z
k

i& fo-n( from the re:-irement that
k
= u.
2&&ociate( pla&tic flow i& a&&-me(, &o -&ing @oiter]& flow r-le the pla&tic &train rate i& given a& the
&-m of contri9-tion from all of the active &-rface&,
e
= z
k
3
k=1
]
k
.
One of the maGor a(vantage& of the cap mo(el over other cla&&ical pre&&-re#(epen(ent pla&ticity
mo(el& i& the a9ility to control the amo-nt of (ilatancy pro(-ce( -n(er &hear loa(ing. 3ilatancy i&
pro(-ce( -n(er &hear loa(ing a& a re&-lt of the yiel( &-rface having a po&itive &lope in [
2
[
&pace, &o the a&&-mption of pla&tic flow in the (irection normal to the yiel( &-rface pro(-ce& a pla&#
tic &train rate vector that ha& a component in the vol-metric Bhy(ro&taticC (irection B&ee +ig-re 2#11C.
An mo(el& &-ch a& the 3r-c7er#Prager an( .ohr#Co-lom9, thi& (ilatancy contin-e& a& long a& &hear
loa(& are applie(, an( in many ca&e& pro(-ce& far more (ilatancy than i& experimentally o9&erve( in
material te&t&. An the cap mo(el, when the fail-re &-rface i& active, (ilatancy i& pro(-ce( G-&t a& with
the 3r-c7er#Prager an( .ohr#Co-l-m9 mo(el&. Lowever, the har(ening law permit& the cap &-r#
face to contract -ntil the cap inter&ect& the fail-re envelope at the &tre&& point, an( the cap remain& at
that point. The local normal to the yiel( &-rface i& now vertical, an( therefore the normality r-le a&#
&-re& that no f-rther pla&tic vol-metric &train B(ilatancyC i& create(. 2(G-&tment of the parameter&
that control the rate of cap contraction& permit& experimentally o9&erve( amo-nt& of (ilatancy to 9e
incorporate( into the cap mo(el, th-& pro(-cing a con&tit-tive law which 9etter repre&ent& the phy&#
ic& to 9e mo(ele(.
2nother a(vantage of the cap mo(el over other mo(el& &-ch a& the 3r-c7er#Prager an( .ohr#
Co-lom9 i& the a9ility to mo(el pla&tic compaction. An the&e mo(el& all p-rely vol-metric re&pon&e
i& ela&tic. An the cap mo(el, vol-metric re&pon&e i& ela&tic -ntil the &tre&& point hit& the cap &-rface.
Therefore, pla&tic vol-metric &train BcompactionC i& generate( at a rate controlle( 9y the har(ening
law. Th-&, in a((ition to controlling the amo-nt of (ilatancy, the intro(-ction of the cap &-rface
a((& another experimentally o9&erve( re&pon&e characteri&tic of geological material into the mo(el.
The incl-&ion of 7inematic har(ening re&-lt& in hy&teretic energy (i&&ipation -n(er cyclic loa(ing
con(ition&. +ollowing the approach of A&en9erg, et al. W17/X a nonlinear 7inematic har(ening law i&
-&e( for the fail-re envelope &-rface when nonHero val-e& of an( 5 are &pecifie(. An thi& ca&e, the
fail-re envelope &-rface i& replace( 9y a family of yiel( &-rface& 9o-n(e( 9y an initial yiel( &-rface
an( a limiting fail-re envelope &-rface. Th-&, the &hape of the yiel( &-rface& (e&cri9e( a9ove re#
main& -nchange(, 9-t they may tran&late in a plane orthogonal to the K axi&,
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Tran&lation of the yiel( &-rface& i& permitte( thro-gh the intro(-ction of a U9ac7 &tre&&V ten&or,
The form-lation incl-(ing 7inematic har(ening i& o9taine( 9y replacing the &tre&& with the tran&#
late( &tre&& ten&or p o o in all of the a9ove e:-ation. The hi&tory ten&or i& a&&-me( (evia#
toric, an( therefore ha& only " -ni:-e component&. The evol-tion of the 9ac7 &tre&& ten&or i& gov#
erne( 9y the nonlinear har(ening law
o =
(o, o)c

where i& a con&tant,
i& a &calar f-nction of an( an( c
i& the rate of (eviatoric pla&tic &train.

The con&tant may 9e e&timate( from the &lope of the &hear &tre&& # pla&tic &hear &train c-rve at low
level& of &hear &tre&&.
The f-nction
i& (efine( a&

max [u,1
(c-u)-u
2NP
c
(]
1
)

where 5 i& a con&tant (efining the &iHe of the yiel( &-rface. The val-e of 5 may 9e interprete( a& the
ra(ial (i&tant 9etween the o-t&i(e of the initial yiel( &-rface an( the in&i(e of the limit &-rface. An
or(er for the limit &-rface of the 7inematic har(ening cap mo(el to corre&pon( with the fail-re enve#
lope &-rface of the &tan(ar( cap mo(el, the &calar parameter m-&t 9e replace( # 5 in the (efini#
tion +
e
.
The cap mo(el contain& a n-m9er of parameter& which m-&t 9e cho&en to repre&ent a partic-lar ma#
terial, an( are generally 9a&e( on experimental (ata. The parameter& , , , an( are -&-ally eval#
-ate( 9y fitting a c-rve thro-gh fail-re (ata ta7en from a &et of triaxial compre&&ion te&t&. The pa#
rameter& ,, 3, an( M
$
(efine the cap har(ening law. The val-e , repre&ent& the voi( fraction of
the -ncompre&&e( &ample an( 3 govern& the &lope of the initial loa(ing c-rve in hy(ro&tatic com#
pre&&ion. The val-e of ' i& the ration of maGor to minor axe& of the :-arter ellip&e (efining the cap
&-rface. 2((itional (etail& an( g-i(eline& for fitting the cap mo(el to experimental (ata are fo-n( in
Chen an( Bala(i W1/"X.
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2#1%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=1ONEY0OM<
Thi& i& .aterial Type 20. The maGor -&e of thi& material mo(el i& for honeycom9 an( foam materi#
al& with real ani&otropic 9ehavior. 2 nonlinear ela&topla&tic material 9ehavior can 9e (efine( &epa#
rately for all normal an( &hear &tre&&e&. The&e are con&i(ere( to 9e f-lly -nco-ple(. See note& 9e#
low.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 P+ .8 B8L@
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none .$" $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC2 LCB LCC LCS LC2B LCBC LCC2 LCS'
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none LC2 LC2 LC2 LCS LCS LCS optional

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <228 <BB8 <CC8 =2B8 =BC8 =C28 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + + + A

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

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LSDYNA 2#1% B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3% TS<+ SS<+ P1 P2 P%
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for compacte( honeycom9 material.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio for compacte( honeycom9 material.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&& for f-lly compacte( honeycom9.
P+
'elative vol-me at which the honeycom9 i& f-lly compacte(.
.8
, material vi&co&ity coefficient. B(efa-ltT.$"C 'ecommen(e(.
B8L@
B-l7 vi&co&ity flag)
<R.$.$) 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& not -&e(. Thi& i& recommen(e(.
<R.1.$) 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& active an( T$. Thi& will give re&-lt& i(entical
to previo-& ver&ion& of LS#3452.
LC2
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &igma#aa ver&-& either relative
vol-me or vol-metric &train. See note& 9elow.
LCB
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &igma#99 ver&-& either relative
vol-me or vol-metric &train. 3efa-lt LCBTLC2. See note& 9elow.
LCC
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &igma#cc ver&-& either relative
vol-me or vol-metric &train. 3efa-lt LCCTLC2. See note& 9elow.
LCS
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &hear &tre&& ver&-& either rela#
tive vol-me or vol-metric &train. 3efa-lt LCSTLC2. <ach component of
&hear &tre&& may have it& own loa( c-rve. See note& 9elow.
LC2B
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &igma#a9 ver&-& either relative
vol-me or vol-metric &train. 3efa-lt LC2BTLCS. See note& 9elow.
LCBC
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &igma#9c ver&-& either relative
vol-me or vol-metric &train. 3efa-lt LCBCTLCS. See note& 9elow.
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LCC2
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, or &igma#ca ver&-& either relative
vol-me or vol-metric &train. 3efa-lt LCC2TLCS. See note& 9elow.
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &train#rate effect& (efining the
&cale factor ver&-& &train rate. Thi& i& optional. The c-rve& (efine( a9ove
are &cale( -&ing thi& c-rve.
<228
<la&tic mo(-l-& <
aa-
in -ncompre&&e( config-ration.
<BB8
<la&tic mo(-l-& <
99-
<CC8
<la&tic mo(-l-& <
cc-
=2B8
Shear mo(-l-& =
a9-
=BC8
Shear mo(-l-& =
9c-
=C28
Shear mo(-l-& =
ca-
2OPT
(irection.
(efine( 9elow, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'
JP<CTO'C. 2vaila9le in '% ver&ion of 71 an( later..
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#1!1 B.2TC
.2C+
.aterial axe& change flag)
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
31 32 3%
P1 P2 P%
TS<+
Ten&ile &train at element fail-re Belement will ero(eC.
SS<+
Shear &train at element fail-re Belement will ero(eC.
Re5arAs(
.or eBBi7ien7 it is stronEl re7o55ended tHat tHe load 7ur'e IDWs( L0A# L0<# L00# L0S#
L0A<# L0<0# and L00A# 7ontain eJa7tl tHe sa5e nu59er oB 4oints :itH 7orres4ondinE
strain 'alues on tHe a9s7issa8 IB tHis re7o55endation is Bollo:ed tHe 7ost oB tHe ta9le looAu4 is
insiEniBi7ant8 0on'ersel# tHe 7ost in7reases siEniBi7antl iB tHe a9s7issa strain 'alues are not
7onsistent 9et:een load 7ur'es8
The 9ehavior 9efore compaction i& orthotropic where the component& of the &tre&& ten&or are -nco-#
ple(, i.e., an a component of &train will generate re&i&tance in the local a#(irection with no co-pling
to the local 6 an( c (irection&. The ela&tic mo(-li vary, from their initial val-e& to the f-lly com#
pacte( val-e& at P
f
, linearly with the relative vol-me P)
E
= E
u
+(E E
u
)

E
bb
= E
bbu
+(E E
bbu
)

E
cc
= E
ccu
+(E E
ccu
)

0
b
= E
bu
+(0 0
bu
)

0
bc
= E
bcu
+(0 0
bcu
)

0
c
= E
cu
+(0 0
cu
)

where
D
R
A
F
T
2#1!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
= max _mn_
1-v
1-v
]
, 1] , u_
an( = i& the ela&tic &hear mo(-l-& for the f-lly compacte( honeycom9 material
0 =
L
2(1+)
.
The relative vol-me, P, i& (efine( a& the ratio of the c-rrent vol-me to the initial vol-me. Typically,
PT1 at the 9eginning of a calc-lation. The vi&co&ity coefficient o B.8C &ho-l( 9e &et to a &mall
n-m9er B-&-ally .$2#.1$ i& o7ayC. 2lternatively, the two 9-l7 vi&co&ity coefficient& on the control
car(& &ho-l( 9e &et to very &mall n-m9er& to prevent the (evelopment of &p-rio-& pre&&-re& that may
lea( to -n(e&ira9le an( conf-&ing re&-lt&. The latter i& not recommen(e( &ince &p-rio-& n-merical
noi&e may (evelop.
The loa( c-rve& (efine the magnit-(e of the average &tre&& a& the material change& (en&ity Brelative
vol-meC, &ee +ig-re 2#12. <ach c-rve relate( to thi& mo(el m-&t have the &ame n-m9er of point& an(
the &ame a9&ci&&a val-e&. There are two way& to (efine the&e c-rve&, a+ a& a f-nction of relative vol#
-me BPC or 9+ a& a f-nction of vol-metric &train (efine( a&)
e
v
= 1 I
An the former, the fir&t val-e in the c-rve &ho-l( corre&pon( to a val-e of relative vol-me &lightly le&&
than the f-lly compacte( val-e. An the latter, the fir&t val-e in the c-rve &ho-l( 9e le&& than or e:-al
to Hero, corre&pon(ing to ten&ion, an( increa&e to f-ll compaction. 0are sHould 9e taAen :Hen de
BininE tHe 7ur'es so tHat eJtra4olated 'alues do not lead to neEati'e ield stresses8
2t the 9eginning of the &tre&& -p(ate each element]& &tre&&e& an( &train rate& are tran&forme( into the
local element coor(inate &y&tem. +or the -ncompacte( material, the trial &tre&& component& are -p#
(ate( -&ing the ela&tic interpolate( mo(-li accor(ing to)
o
+1
tricl
= o
+E
Ae

o
bb
+1
tricl
= o
bb
+E
bb
Ae
bb

o
cc
+1
tricl
= o
cc
+E
cc
Ae
cc

o
b
+1
tricl
= o
b
+20
b
Ae
b

o
bc
+1
tricl
= o
bc
+20
bc
Ae
bc

o
c
+1
tricl
= o
c
+20
c
Ae
c

<ach component of the -p(ate( &tre&&e& i& then in(epen(ently chec7e( to en&-re that they (o not ex#
cee( the permi&&i9le val-e& (etermine( from the loa( c-rve&D e.g., if
o
]
+1
tricl
> zo
]
(I)
then
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#1!% B.2TC
o
]
+1
= o
]
(I)
xc
i]
n+1
tricl
xc
i]
n+1
tricl

On Car( 2
iG
BPC i& (efine( 9y LC2 for the aa &tre&& component, LCB for the 99 component, LCC
for the cc component, an( LCS for the a9, 9c, ca &hear &tre&& component&. The parameter i& either
-nity or a val-e ta7en from the loa( c-rve n-m9er, LCS', that (efine& a& a f-nction of &train#rate.
Strain#rate i& (efine( here a& the <-cli(ean norm of the (eviatoric &train#rate ten&or.
+or f-lly compacte( material it i& a&&-me( that the material 9ehavior i& ela&tic#perfectly pla&tic an(
the &tre&& component& -p(ate( accor(ing to)
s
]
t
= s
]
+20Ae
]
dc
n+1
2
,

where the (eviatoric &train increment i& (efine( a&
Ae
]
dc
= Ae
]

1
3
Ae
kk
o
]

5ow a chec7 i& ma(e to &ee if the yiel( &tre&& for the f-lly compacte( material i& excee(e( 9y com#
paring
s
c]]
t
= [
3
2
s
]
t
s
]
t
1
2
,

the effective trial &tre&& to the (efine( yiel( &tre&&, SA=4. Af the effective trial &tre&& excee(& the
yiel( &tre&& the &tre&& component& are &imply &cale( 9ac7 to the yiel( &-rface
s
]
+1
=
c
j
c]]
tricl
s
]
t
.
5ow the pre&&-re i& -p(ate( -&ing the ela&tic 9-l7 mo(-l-&, @

p
+1
= p
KAe
kk
+
1
2
,
K =
L
3(1-2)

to o9tain the final val-e for the Ca-chy &tre&&
o
]
+1
= s
]
+1
p
+1
o
]

2fter completing the &tre&& -p(ate tran&form the &tre&&e& 9ac7 to the glo9al config-ration.
D
R
A
F
T
2#1!! B.2TC LSDYNA
+or ICO5ST'2A5<3JTA<3J5O3<SJ,ATLJ+2AL8'<, the fail-re i& 9a&e( on the vol-me &train
in&tea( to the pla&tic &train.
+ig-re 2#12. Stre&& :-antity ver&-& vol-metric &train. 5ote that the Uyiel( &tre&&V at a vol#
-metric &train of Hero i& non#Hero. An the loa( c-rve (efinition, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<,
the UtimeV val-e i& the vol-metric &train an( the Uf-nctionV val-e i& the yiel( &tre&&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MOONEYRIVLIN=RU<<ER ;MA/="$-

LSDYNA 2#1!" B.2TC
;MA/=MOONEYRIVLIN=RU<<ER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 27. 2 two#parametric material mo(el for r-99er can 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P' 2 B '<+
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S=L S, ST LCA3
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio Bval-e 9etween $.! an( $." i& recommen(e(, &maller val#
-e& may not wor7C.
2
Con&tant, &ee literat-re an( e:-ation& (efine( 9elow.
B
Con&tant, &ee literat-re an( e:-ation& (efine( 9elow.
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
Af 2TBT$.$, then a lea&t &:-are fit i& comp-te( from ta9-late( -niaxial (ata via a loa( c-rve. The
following information &ho-l( 9e (efine(
S=L
Specimen ga-ge length l
$
, &ee +ig-re 2#1%.
S,
Specimen wi(th, &ee +ig-re 2#1%.
ST
Specimen thic7ne&&, &ee +ig-re 2#1%.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$- ;MA/=MOONEYRIVLIN=RU<<ER

2#1!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, giving the force ver&-& act-al
change L in the ga-ge length. See al&o +ig-re 2#1! for an alternative (ef#
inition.
Re5arAs(
The &train energy (en&ity f-nction i& (efine( a&)
w = A(I S) +B(II S) +C(III
-2
1) +(III 1)
2

where
C T $." 2 ^ B
=
A(5u-2)+B(11u-5)
2(1-2u)

T Poi&&on]& ratio
2B2^BC T &hear mo(-l-& of linear ela&ticity
A, AA, AAA T invariant& of right Ca-chy#=reen Ten&or #.
The loa( c-rve (efinition that provi(e& the -niaxial (ata &ho-l( give the change in ga-ge length, L,
ver&-& the corre&pon(ing force. An compre&&ion 9oth the force an( the change in ga-ge length m-&t
9e &pecifie( a& negative val-e&. An ten&ion the force an( change in ga-ge length &ho-l( 9e inp-t a&
po&itive val-e&. The principal &tretch ratio in the -niaxial (irection,
1
, i& then given 9y
z
1
=
L
0
+AL
L
0

with L
$
9eing the initial length an( L 9eing the act-al length.
2lternatively, the &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve can al&o 9e inp-t 9y &etting the ga-ge length, thic7ne&&,
an( wi(th to -nity B1.$C an( (efining the engineering &train in place of the change in ga-ge length
an( the nominal BengineeringC &tre&& in place of the force, &ee +ig-re 2#1%.
The lea&t &:-are fit to the experimental (ata i& performe( (-ring the initialiHation pha&e an( i& a
compari&on 9etween the fit an( the act-al inp-t i& provi(e( in the (%h&p file. At i& a goo( i(ea to vi&#
-ally chec7 to ma7e &-re it i& accepta9le. The coefficient& 2 an( B are al&o printe( in the o-tp-t file.
At i& al&o a(vi&e( to -&e the material (river B&ee 2ppen(ix @C for chec7ing o-t the material mo(el.

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MOONEYRIVLIN=RU<<ER ;MA/="$-

LSDYNA 2#1!7 B.2TC
.
+ig-re 2#1%. 8niaxial &pecimen for experimental (ata
+ig-re 2#1! The &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve can -&e( in&tea( of the force ver&-& the change
in the ga-ge length 9y &etting the ga-ge length, thic7ne&&, an( wi(th to -nity B1.$C an( (e#
fining the engineering &train in place of the change in ga-ge length an( the nominal Bengi#
neeringC &tre&& in place of the force. I.2TJ$77JO i& a 9etter alternative for fitting (ata
re&em9ling the c-rve a9ove. I.2TJ$27 will provi(e a poor fit to a c-rve that exhi9it& an
&trong -pt-rn in &lope a& &train& 9ecome large
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$? ;MA/=RESUL/AN/=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#1!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=RESUL/AN/=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2/. 2 re&-ltant form-lation for 9eam an( &hell element& incl-(ing ela&to#
pla&tic 9ehavior can 9e (efine(. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for the Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam, the C
o

triang-lar &hell, the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell, an( the f-lly integrate( type 10 &hell. +or 9eam&, the
treatment i& ela&tic#perfectly pla&tic, 9-t for &hell element& i&otropic har(ening i& approximately
mo(ele(. +or a (etaile( (e&cription we refer to the LS#3452 Theory .an-al. Since the &tre&&e&
are not comp-te( in the re&-ltant form-lation, the &tre&&e& o-tp-t to the 9inary (ata9a&e& for the re#
&-ltant element& are Hero.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25
Type 2/ + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&
<T25
Pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-& Bfor &hell& onlyC
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.OR0E=LIMI/ED ;MA/="$,
LSDYNA 2#1! B.2TC
;MA/=.OR0E=LIMI/ED
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2. ,ith thi& material mo(el, for the Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam only, pla&tic
hinge forming at the en(& of a 9eam can 9e mo(ele( -&ing c-rve (efinition&. Optionally, collap&e
can al&o 9e mo(ele(. See al&o I.2TJ1%.
3e&cription) +O'C< LA.AT<3 'e&-ltant +orm-lation

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 3+ 2OPT 4T+L2= 2SO+T
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .1 .2 .% .! ." .0 .7 ./
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC1 LC2 LC% LC! LC" LC0 LC7 LC/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="$, ;MA/=.OR0E=LIMI/ED
2#1"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LPS1 S+S1 LPS2 S+S2 4.S1 4.S2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ LPS1 1.$ 1.$<^2$ 4.S1

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LPT1 S+T1 LPT2 S+T2 4.T1 4.T2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ LPT1 1.$ 1.$<^2$ 4.T1

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP' S+' 4.'
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ 1.$<^2$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
3+
3amping factor, &ee (efinition in note& 9elow. 2 proper control for the
time&tep ha& to 9e maintaine( 9y the -&erS
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#1"1 B.2TC
2OPT
2xial loa( c-rve option)
<R.$.$) axial loa( c-rve& are force ver&-& &train,
<R.1.$) axial loa( c-rve& are force ver&-& change in length.
4T+L2=
+lag to allow 9eam to yiel( in ten&ion)
<R.$.$) 9eam (oe& not yiel( in ten&ion,
<R.1.$) 9eam can yiel( in ten&ion.
2SO+T
2xial ela&tic &oftening factor applie( once hinge ha& forme(. ,hen a hinge
ha& forme( the &tiffne&& i& re(-ce( 9y thi& factor. Af Hero, thi& factor i& ig#
nore(.
.1, .2,...,./
2pplie( en( moment for force ver&-& B&trainEchange in lengthC c-rve. 2t
lea&t one m-&t 9e (efine(. 2 maxim-m of / moment& can 9e (efine(. The
val-e& &ho-l( 9e in a&cen(ing or(er.
LC1, LC2,...,LC/
Loa( c-rve A3 B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining axial force Bcollap&e
loa(C ver&-& &trainEchange in length B&ee 2OPTC for the corre&pon(ing ap#
plie( en( moment. 3efine the &ame n-m9er a& en( moment&. <ach c-rve
m-&t contain the &ame n-m9er of point&.
LPS1
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t &#axi& at no(e 1. Af
Hero, thi& loa( c-rve i& ignore(.
S+S1
Scale factor for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation c-rve a9o-t &#axi& at no(e
1. 3efa-lt T 1.$.
LPS2
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t &#axi& at no(e 2.
3efa-lt) i& &ame a& at no(e 1.
S+S2
2. 3efa-lt) i& &ame a& at no(e 1.
4.S1
4iel( moment a9o-t &#axi& at no(e 1 for interaction calc-lation& B(efa-lt
&et to 1.$<^2$ to prevent interactionC.
4.S2
&et to 4.S1C.
lpt1
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t t#axi& at no(e 1. Af
D
R
A
F
T
2#1"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
&ft1
Scale factor for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation c-rve a9o-t t#axi& at no(e 1.
3efa-lt T 1.$.
lpt2
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t t#axi& at no(e 2.
3efa-lt) i& the &ame a& at no(e 1.
&ft2
4.T1
4iel( moment a9o-t t#axi& at no(e 1 for interaction calc-lation& B(efa-lt &et
to 1.$<^2$ to prevent interaction&C
4.T2
to 4.T1C
LP'
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic tor&ional moment ver&-& rotation. Af Hero, thi&
loa( c-rve i& ignore(.
S+'
Scale factor for pla&tic tor&ional moment ver&-& rotation B(efa-lt T 1.$C.
4.'
Tor&ional yiel( moment for interaction calc-lation& B(efa-lt &et to 1.$<^2$
to prevent interactionC
Re5arAs(
Thi& material mo(el i& availa9le for the Belyt&ch7o re&-ltant 9eam element only. Pla&tic hinge& form
at the en(& of the 9eam when the moment reache& the pla&tic moment. The moment ver&-& rotation
relation&hip i& &pecifie( 9y the -&er in the form of a loa( c-rve an( &cale factor. The point& of the
loa( c-rve are Bpla&tic rotation in ra(ian&, pla&tic momentC. Both :-antitie& &ho-l( 9e po&itive for all
point&, with the fir&t point 9eing BHero, initial pla&tic momentC. ,ithin thi& con&traint any form of
characteri&tic may 9e -&e(, incl-(ing flat or falling c-rve&. 3ifferent loa( c-rve& an( &cale factor&
may 9e &pecifie( at each no(e an( a9o-t each of the local & an( t axe&.
2xial collap&e occ-r& when the compre&&ive axial loa( reache& the collap&e loa(. Collap&e loa( ver#
&-& collap&e (eflection i& &pecifie( in the form of a loa( c-rve. The point& of the loa( c-rve are ei#
ther Btr-e &train, collap&e forceC or Bchange in length, collap&e forceC. Both :-antitie& &ho-l( 9e en#
tere( a& po&itive for all point&, an( will 9e interprete( a& compre&&ive. The fir&t point &ho-l( 9e BHe#
ro, initial collap&e loa(C.
The collap&e loa( may vary with en( moment a& well a& with (eflection&. An thi& ca&e &everal loa(#
(eflection c-rve& are (efine(, each corre&pon(ing to a (ifferent en( moment. <ach loa( c-rve
&ho-l( have the &ame n-m9er of point& an( the &ame (eflection val-e&. The en( moment i& (efine(
a& the average of the a9&ol-te moment& at each en( of the 9eam an( i& alway& po&itive.
Stiffne&&#proportional (amping may 9e a((e( -&ing the (amping factor . Thi& i& (efine( a& fol#
low&)
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#1"% B.2TC
z =
2-{
o

where i& the (amping factor at the reference fre:-ency Bin ra(ian& per &econ(C. +or example if
1c (amping at 2LH i& re:-ire(
z =
2-0.01
2n-2
= u.uu1S92
Af (amping i& -&e(, a &mall time&tep may 9e re:-ire(. LS#3452 (oe& not chec7 thi& &o to avoi(
in&ta9ility it may 9e nece&&ary to control the time&tep via a loa( c-rve. 2& a g-i(e, the time&tep re#
:-ire( for any given element i& m-ltiplie( 9y $.%Lpc when (amping i& pre&ent BL T element length,
c T &o-n( &pee(C.
Mo5ent Intera7tion(
Pla&tic hinge& can form (-e to the com9ine( action of moment& a9o-t the three axe&. Thi& facility i&
activate( only when yiel( moment& are (efine( in the material inp-t. 2 hinge form& when the fol#
lowing con(ition i& fir&t &ati&fie(.
_
M
r
M
rjicld
]
2
+_
M
s
M
sjicld
]
2
+_
M
t
M
tjicld
]
2
1
where,
.
r
, .
&
, .
t
T c-rrent moment
.
ryiel(
, .
&yiel(
, .
tyiel(
T yiel( moment
5ote that &cale factor& for hinge 9ehavior (efine( in the inp-t will al&o 9e applie( to the yiel( mo#
ment&) for example, .
&yiel(
in the a9ove form-la i& given 9y the inp-t yiel( moment a9o-t the local
axi& time& the inp-t &cale factor for the local & axi&. +or &train#&oftening characteri&tic&, the yiel(
moment &ho-l( generally 9e &et e:-al to the initial pea7 of the moment#rotation loa( c-rve.
On forming a hinge, -pper limit moment& are &et. The&e are given 9y
H
uppcr
= HAX _H
,
M
r
jicld
2
]
an( &imilar for .
&
an( .
t
.
Thereafter the pla&tic moment& will 9e given 9y
.
rp
, T min B.
r-pper
, .
rc-rve
C an( &imilar for & an( t
where
.
rp
T c-rrent pla&tic moment
.
rc-rve
T moment ta7en from loa( c-rve at the c-rrent rotation &cale( accor(ing to the
&cale factor.
The effect of thi& i& to provi(e an -pper limit to the moment that can 9e generate(D it repre&ent& the
&oftening effect of local 9-c7ling at a hinge &ite. Th-& if a mem9er i& 9ent a9o-t i& local &#axi& it
will then 9e wea7er in tor&ion an( a9o-t it& local t#axi&. +or moment&#&oftening c-rve&,
D
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2#1"! B.2TC LSDYNA
At i& not po&&i9le to ma7e the pla&tic moment vary with axial loa(.
axial
force
&train& or change in length B&ee 2OPTC
.
1
2
!
/
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
%
"
0
7
+ig-re 2#1". The force magnit-(e i& limite( 9y the applie( en( moment. +or an interme#
(iate val-e of the en( moment LS#3452 interpolate& 9etween the c-rve& to (etermine the
allowa9le force val-e the effect i& to trim off the initial pea7 Baltho-gh if the c-rve& &-9&e#
:-ently har(en, the final har(ening will al&o 9e trimme( offC
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LSDYNA 2#1"" B.2TC
;MA/=S1A3E=MEMORY
Thi& i& material type %$. Thi& material mo(el (e&cri9e& the &-perela&tic re&pon&e pre&ent in &hape#
memory alloy& BS.2C, that i& the pec-liar material a9ility to -n(ergo large (eformation& with a f-ll
recovery in loa(ing#-nloa(ing cycle& BSee +ig-re 2#10C. The material re&pon&e i& alway& character#
iHe( 9y a hy&tere&i& loop. See the reference& 9y 2-ricchio, Taylor an( L-9liner W17X an( 2-ricchio
an( Taylor W17X. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for &hell an( &oli( element&. +or L-ghe&#Li- 9eam ele#
ment& it i& availa9le &tarting in 'elea&e % of ver&ion 71.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P'
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=J2SS SA=J2S+ SA=JS2S SA=JS2+ <PSL 2LPL2 4.'T
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
3en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=J2SS
Starting val-e for the forwar( pha&e tran&formation Bconver&ion of a-&ten#
ite into marten&iteC in the ca&e of a -niaxial ten&ile &tate of &tre&&. 2 loa(
c-rve for SA=J2SS a& a f-nction of temperat-re i& &pecifie( 9y -&ing the
negative of the loa( c-rve A3 n-m9er.
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2#1"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
SA=J2S+
+inal val-e for the forwar( pha&e tran&formation Bconver&ion of a-&tenite
into marten&iteC in the ca&e of a -niaxial ten&ile &tate of &tre&&. SA=J2S+ a& a
f-nction of temperat-re i& &pecifie( 9y -&ing the negative of the loa( c-rve
A3 n-m9er.
SA=JS2S
Starting val-e for the rever&e pha&e tran&formation Bconver&ion of marten#
&ite into a-&teniteC in the ca&e of a -niaxial ten&ile &tate of &tre&&. SA=JS2S
a& a f-nction of temperat-re i& &pecifie( 9y -&ing the negative of the loa(
c-rve A3 n-m9er.
SA=JS2+
+inal val-e for the rever&e pha&e tran&formation Bconver&ion of marten&ite
into a-&teniteC in the ca&e of a -niaxial ten&ile &tate of &tre&&. SA=JS2+ a& a
f-nction of temperat-re i& &pecifie( 9y -&ing the negative of the loa( c-rve
A3 n-m9er.
<PSL
'ecovera9le &train or maxim-m re&i(-al &train. At i& a mea&-re of the max#
im-m (eformation o9taina9le all the marten&ite in one (irection.
2LPL2
Parameter mea&-ring the (ifference 9etween material re&pon&e& in ten&ion
an( compre&&ion B&et alpha T $ for no (ifferenceC. 2l&o, &ee the following
'emar7.
4.'T
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for the marten&ite if it i& (ifferent from the mo(-l-& for
the a-&tenite. 3efa-lt& to the a-&tenite mo(-l-& if it i& &et to Hero.
Re5arAs(
The material parameter alpha, , mea&-re& the (ifference 9etween material re&pon&e& in ten&ion an(
compre&&ion. An partic-lar, it i& po&&i9le to relate the parameter to the initial &tre&& val-e of the a-&#
tenite into marten&ite conver&ion, in(icate( re&pectively a& o
AS,+
an( o
AS,-
, accor(ing to the follow#
ing expre&&ion)
o =
o
AS,-
o
AS,+
o
AS,-
+o
AS,+

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LSDYNA 2#1"7 B.2TC

An the following, the re&-lt& o9taine( from a &imple te&t pro9lem i& reporte(. The material propertie&
are &et a&)

< 0$$$$ .Pa
5- $.%
&igJ2SJ& "2$ .Pa
&igJ2SJf 0$$ .Pa
&igJS2J& %$$ .Pa
&igJS2Jf 2$$ .Pa
ep&L $.$7
alpha $.12
ymrt "$$$$ .Pa
AX
f
AS
s
SA
s
SA
f
L
+ig-re 2#10. S-perela&tic Behavior for a Shape .emory .aterial
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2#1"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
The inve&tigate( pro9lem i& the complete loa(ing#-nloa(ing te&t in ten&ion an( compre&&ion. The
-niaxial Ca-chy &tre&& ver&-& the logarithmic &train i& plotte( in +ig-re 2#17.
+ig-re 2#17 Complete loa(ing#-nloa(ing te&t in ten&ion an( compre&&ion.
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LSDYNA 2#1" B.2TC
;MA/=.RAKER=NAS1=RU<<ER=MODEL
Thi& i& .aterial Type %1. Thi& mo(el (efine& r-99er from -niaxial te&t (ata. At i& a mo(ifie( form
of the hyperela&tic con&tit-tive law fir&t (e&cri9e( in @enchington W1//X. See al&o the note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P' C1$$ C2$$ C%$$ C!$$
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C11$ C21$ C$1$ C$2$ <MAT <.2M <.A5 '<+
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio. Pal-e& 9etween .! an( ."$ are &-gge&te(.
C1$$
C1$$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
C2$$
C2$$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
C%$$
C%$$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
C!$$
C!$$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
C11$
C11$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
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2#10$ B.2TC LSDYNA
C21$
C21$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
C$1$
C$1$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
C$2$
C$2$ B<R.1.$ if term i& in the lea&t &:-are& fit.C
<MAT
<xit option)
<R.$.$) &top if &train limit& are excee(e( Brecommen(e(C,
5<.$.$) contin-e if &train limit& are excee(e(. The c-rve i& then extrap#
olate(.
<.2M
.axim-m &train limit, B=reen#St, Penant StrainC.
<.A5
.inim-m &train limit, B=reen#St, Penant StrainC.
'<+
8&e reference geometry to initialiHe the &tre&& ten&or. The reference geome#
try i& (efine( 9y the 7eywor() IA5ATA2LJ+O2.J'<+<'<5C<
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
S=L
Specimen ga-ge length, &ee +ig-re 2#1%
S,
Specimen wi(th, &ee +ig-re 2#1%.
ST
Specimen thic7ne&&, &ee +ig-re 2#1%
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee 3<+A5<JC8'P<, giving the force ver&-& act-al
change in ga-ge length. See al&o +ig-re 2#1!2#1!for an alternative (efini#
tion.
Re5arAs(
The con&tant& can 9e (efine( (irectly or a lea&t &:-are& fit can 9e performe( if the -niaxial (ata
BS=L, S,, ST an( LCA3C i& availa9le. Af a lea&t &:-are& fit i& cho&en, then the term& to 9e incl-(e(
in the energy f-nctional are flagge( 9y &etting their corre&pon(ing coefficient& to -nity. Af all coeffi#
cient& are Hero the (efa-lt i& to -&e only the term& involving A
1
an( A
2
. C
1$$
(efa-lt& to -nity if the
lea&t &:-are fit i& -&e(.
The &train energy f-nctional, 8, i& (efine( in term& of the inp-t con&tant& a&)

u = C
100
I
1
+C
200
I
1
2
+C
300
I
1
3
+C
400
I
1
4
+C
110
I
1
I
2
+
C
210
I
1
2
I
2
+C
010
I
2
+C
020
I
2
2
+([)

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LSDYNA 2#101 B.2TC
where the invariant& can 9e expre&&e( in term& of the (eformation gra(ient matrix, F
i?
, an( the
=reen#St. Penant &train ten&or, E
i?
)
[ = |
]
|
I
1
= E
I
2
=
1
2!
o
q
]
E
E
q]

The (erivative of 8 with re&pect to a component of &train give& the corre&pon(ing component of
&tre&&
S
]
=
0
L
i]

here, S
iG
, i& the &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&& ten&or.
The loa( c-rve (efinition that provi(e& the -niaxial (ata &ho-l( give the change in ga-ge length, L,
an( the corre&pon(ing force. An compre&&ion 9oth the force an( the change in ga-ge length m-&t 9e
&pecifie( a& negative val-e&. An ten&ion the force an( change in ga-ge length &ho-l( 9e inp-t a&
po&itive val-e&. The principal &tretch ratio in the -niaxial (irection,
1
, i& then given 9y
z =
L
c
+AL
L
c

2lternatively, the &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve can al&o 9e inp-t 9y &etting the ga-ge length, thic7ne&&,
an( wi(th to -nity an( (efining the engineering &train in place of the change in ga-ge length an( the
nominal BengineeringC &tre&& in place of the force, &ee +ig-re 2#1! The lea&t &:-are fit to the experi#
mental (ata i& performe( (-ring the initialiHation pha&e an( i& a compari&on 9etween the fit an( the
act-al inp-t i& provi(e( in the printe( file. At i& a goo( i(ea to vi&-ally chec7 the fit to ma7e &-re it i&
accepta9le. The coefficient& C
1$$
# C
$2$
are al&o printe( in the o-tp-t file.
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;MA/="!$ ;MA/=LAMINA/ED=2LASS
2#102 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=LAMINA/ED=2LASS
Thi& i& .aterial Type %2. ,ith thi& material mo(el, a layere( gla&& incl-(ing polymeric layer& can
9e mo(ele(. +ail-re of the gla&& part i& po&&i9le. See note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <= P'= S4= <T= <+= <P
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P'P S4P <TP
Type + + +

DeBine %* 7ards :itH a 5aJi5u5 oB !$ nu59er8 IB less tHan * 7ards are in4ut# readinE is
sto44ed 9 a X;Y 7ontrol 7ard8
Car( %... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +1 +2 +% +! +" +0 +7 +/
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<=
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for gla&&
P'=
Poi&&on]& ratio for gla&&
S4=
4iel( &tre&& for gla&&
<T=
Pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-& for gla&&
<+=
Pla&tic &train at fail-re for gla&&
<P
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for polymer
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LSDYNA 2#10% B.2TC
P'P
Poi&&on]& ratio for polymer
S4P
4iel( &tre&& for polymer
<TP
Pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-& for polymer
+1,..+5
Antegration point material)
f
n
T $.$) gla&&,
f
n
T 1.$) polymer.
2 -&er#(efine( integration r-le m-&t 9e &pecifie(, &ee IA5T<='2TAO5
JSL<LL. See remar7& 9elow.
Re5arAs(
A&otropic har(ening for 9oth material& i& a&&-me(. The material to which the gla&& i& 9on(e( i& a&#
&-me( to &tretch pla&tically witho-t fail-re. 2 -&er (efine( integration r-le &pecifie& the thic7ne&& of
the layer& ma7ing -p the gla&&. +
i
(efine& whether the integration point i& gla&& B$.$C or polymer
B1.$C. The material (efinition, +
i
, ha& to 9e given for the &ame n-m9er of integration point& B5APTSC
a& &pecifie( in the r-le. 2 maxim-m of %2 layer& i& allowe(.
Af the recommen(e( -&er (efine( r-le i& not (efine(, the (efa-lt integration r-le& are -&e(. The loca#
tion of the integration point& in the (efa-lt r-le& are (efine( in the IS<CTAO5JSL<LL 7eywor( (e#
&cription.
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2#10! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<ARLA/=ANISO/RO3I0=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type %%. Thi& mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y Barlat, Lege, an( Brem W11X for mo(el#
ing ani&otropic material 9ehavior in forming proce&&e&. The finite element implementation of thi&
mo(el i& (e&cri9e( in (etail 9y Ch-ng an( Shah W12X an( i& -&e( here. At i& 9a&e( on a &ix parame#
ter mo(el, which i& i(eally &-ite( for %3 contin--m pro9lem&, &ee note& 9elow. +or &heet forming
pro9lem&, material %0 9a&e( on a %#parameter mo(el i& recommen(e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' @ <$ 5 .
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B C + = L LCA3
Type + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT O++25=
Type + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

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LSDYNA 2#10" B.2TC
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio, .
@
7, &trength coefficient, &ee note& 9elow.
<O
$
, &train corre&pon(ing to the initial yiel(, &ee note& 9elow.
5
n, har(ening exponent for yiel( &trength.
.
m, flow potential exponent in Barlat]& .o(el.
2
a, ani&otropy coefficient in Barlat]& .o(el.
B
9, ani&otropy coefficient in Barlat]& .o(el.
C
c ani&otropy coefficient in Barlat]& .o(el.
+
f, ani&otropy coefficient in Barlat]& .o(el.
=
g, ani&otropy coefficient in Barlat]& .o(el.
L
h, ani&otropy coefficient in Barlat]& .o(el.
LCA3
Option loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic
&train. Af nonHero, thi& c-rve will 9e -&e( to (efine the yiel( &tre&&. The
loa( c-rve i& implemente( for &oli( element& only.
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2#100 B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
.aterial axe& option)
no(e& a& &hown in +ig-re 2#%. 5o(e& 1, 2, an( ! of an element
are i(entical to the 5o(e& -&e( for the (efinition of a coor(inate
&y&tem a& 9y I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S.
&pace an( the glo9al location of the element center, thi& i& the a#
(irection.
<R.%.$) locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y off&etting the
material axe& 9y an angle, O++25=, from a line (etermine( 9y
B<T2
Off&et angle for 2OPT T %.
.2C+
MP 4P QP
Coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPT T 1.
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPT T %.
31 32 3%
Re5arAs(
The yiel( f-nction m i& (efine( a&)
m = |S
1
S
2
|
m
+|S
2
S
3
|
m
+|S
3
S
1
|
m
= 2o
m

where o i& the effective &tre&& an( S
=1,2,3
are the principal val-e& of the &ymmetric matrix S
u[
,
S
= |o
(o
zz
o
)] S
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LSDYNA 2#107 B.2TC
S
= |oo
o
zz
o
] S

S
zz
= |(o
zz
o
) oo
o
zz
] S

S
z
= o
z

S
z
= go
z

S
= bo

The material con&tant& a( 6( c( f( g an( 5 repre&ent ani&otropic propertie&. ,hen o = = = =
g = b = 1, the material i& i&otropic an( the yiel( &-rface re(-ce& to the Tre&ca yiel( &-rface for m71
an( von .i&e& yiel( &-rface for m72 or !.
+or face centere( c-9ic B+CCC material& m7/ i& recommen(e( an( for 9o(y centere( c-9ic BBCCC
material& m70 i% -&e(. The yiel( &trength of the material i&
o
= k(e
+e
0
)

where

e
0
i& the &train corre&pon(ing to the initial yiel( &tre&& an( e
i& the pla&tic &train.

D
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2#10/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD,)
Thi& i& .aterial Type %%. Thi& mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y Barlat, .ae(a, Ch-ng, 4anagawa, Brem,
Laya&hi(a, Lege, .at&-i, .-rtha, Lattori, Bec7er, an( .a7o&ey W17X for mo(eling ani&otropic
material 9ehavior in forming proce&&e& in partic-lar for al-min-m alloy&. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le
for &hell element& only.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' @
Type 2/ + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <$ 5 <S'$ . L2'3 2
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1 C2 C% C! 2M 24 2Q$ 2Q1
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT O++25=
Type + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

D
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LSDYNA 2#10 B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio,.
@
@, &trength coefficient or a in Poce, &ee note& 9elow.
<O
$
, &train corre&pon(ing to the initial yiel( or 6 in Poce, &ee note& 9elow.
5
n, har(ening exponent for yiel( &trength or c in Poce.
<S'$
S'$
, in powerlaw rate &en&itivity.
.
m, exponent for &train rate effect&
L2'3
Lar(ening option)
LT.$.$) a9&ol-te val-e (efine& the loa( c-rve A3.
<R.1.$) powerlaw
<R.2.$) Poce
2
+low potential exponent.
C1
c1, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
C2
c2, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
C%
c%, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
C!
c!, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
2M
ax, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
24
ay, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
D
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2#17$ B.2TC LSDYNA
2Q$
aH$, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
2Q1
aH1, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
2OPT
ta7ing the cro&& pro(-ct of the vector v with the normal to the
plane of the element.
O++25=
Off&et angle for 2OPT T %.
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
Re5arAs(
The yiel( &tre&& o
i& (efine( three way&. The fir&t, the Swift e:-ation, i& given in term& of the inp-t
con&tant& a&)
o
= k(e
0
+e
_
e
e
SR0
]
m

The &econ(, the Poce e:-ation, i& (efine( a&)
o
= o c
-cs
p

an( the thir( option i& to give a loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the yiel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of effective
pla&tic &train. The yiel( f-nction m i& (efine( a&)
m = o
1
|s
1
s
2
|
+o
2
|s
2
s
3
|
+o
3
|s
3
s
1
|
= 2o

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD,) ;MA/="!!=,)
LSDYNA 2#171 B.2TC
where s
i& a principle component of the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or where in vector notation)
s = Io
an( I i& given a&
I =
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

2
+
3
S

3
S

2
S
u
3
S

3
+
1
S

1
S
u
2
S

1
S
1
+
2
S
u
u u u
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2 coor(inate tran&formation relate& the material frame to the principle (irection& of s i& -&e( to o9#
tain the o
k
coefficient& con&i&tent with the rotate( principle axe&)
o
k
= o
p
1k
2
+o
p
2k
2
+o
z
p
3k
2

o
z
= o
z0
s
2
2 +o
z1
sn
2
2
where p
]
are component& of the tran&formation matrix. The angle (efine& a mea&-re of the rota#
tion 9etween the frame of the principal val-e of s an( the principal ani&otropy axe&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="!* ;MA/=.A<RI0
2#172 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=.A<RI0
Thi& i& .aterial Type %!. Thi& material i& e&pecially (evelope( for air9ag material&. The fa9ric
mo(el i& a variation on the layere( orthotropic compo&ite mo(el of material 22 an( i& vali( for % an(
! no(e mem9rane element& only. An a((ition to 9eing a con&tit-tive mo(el, thi& mo(el al&o invo7e&
a &pecial mem9rane element form-lation which i& more &-ite( to the (eformation experience( 9y
fa9ric& -n(er large (eformation. +or thin fa9ric&, 9-c7ling can re&-lt in an ina9ility to &-pport com#
pre&&ive &tre&&e&D th-& a flag i& incl-(e( for thi& option. 2 linearly ela&tic liner i& al&o incl-(e(
which can 9e -&e( to re(-ce the ten(ency for the&e element& to 9e cr-&he( when the no#compre&&ion
option i& invo7e(. An LS#3452 ver&ion& after %1 the i&otropic ela&tic option i& availa9le.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 CS< <L P'L L'2TAO 32.P
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7& 1 2 2 2

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT +LCEM2 +2CEM% <L2 L5'C +O'. +POPT TS'+2C
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7& % % ! $ $

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2% M$ M1
Type + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.A<RI0 ;MA/="!*
LSDYNA 2#17% B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 AS'<+=
Type + + + + + + + A

DeBine iB and onl iB .ORMO*# %* or %*8
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC2 LCB LC2B LC82 LC8B LC82B 'L
Type A A A A A A +

DeBine iB and onl iB .ORMO%*8
Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC22 LCBB L 3T <CO2T SCO2T TCO2T
Type A A A A + + +

.A3
.aterial i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / character&
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<2
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # longit-(inal (irection. +or an i&otopic ela&tic fa9ric material
only <2 an( P'B2 are (efine( an( are -&e( a& the i&otropic 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
an( Poi&&on]& ratio, re&pectively. The inp-t for the fi9er (irection& an( liner
&ho-l( 9e inp-t a& Hero for the i&otropic ela&tic fa9ric
<B
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # tran&ver&e (irection, &et to Hero for i&otropic ela&tic material.
B<CC
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # normal (irection, &et to Hero for i&otropic ela&tic material.
B5ot -&e(C
P'B2
9a
, Poi&&on]& ratio 9a (irection.
BP'C2C
ca
, Poi&&on]& ratio ca (irection, &et to Hero for i&otropic ela&tic material. B5ot
-&e(C
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="!* ;MA/=.A<RI0
2#17! B.2TC LSDYNA
BP'CBC
c9
, Poi&&on]& ratio c9 (irection, &et to Hero for i&otropic ela&tic material. B5ot
-&e(C
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9 (irection, &et to Hero for i&otropic ela&tic material.
B=BCC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c (irection, &et to Hero for i&otropic ela&tic material. B5ot
-&e(C
B=C2C
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca (irection, &et to Hero for i&otropic ela&tic material. B5ot
-&e(C
CS<
Compre&&ive &tre&& elimination option B(efa-lt $.$C)
<R.$.$) (on]t eliminate compre&&ive &tre&&e&,
<R.1.$) eliminate compre&&ive &tre&&e& BThi& option (oe& not apply to the lin#
erC.
<L
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for ela&tic liner BoptionalC.
P'L
Poi&&on]& ratio for ela&tic liner BoptionalC.
L'2TAO
'atio of liner thic7ne&& to total fa9ric thic7ne&&.
32.P
'ayleigh (amping coefficient. 2 $.$" coefficient i& recommen(e( corre&pon(ing
to "c of critical (amping. Sometime& larger val-e& are nece&&ary.
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee .2T=OPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a more com#
plete (e&criptionC)
<R.$.$) locally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y element no(e& 1,
2, an( !, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S, an( then ro#
tate( a9o-t the element normal 9y an angle B<T2.
<R.2.$) glo9ally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y vector& (efine(
9elow, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'.
<R.%.$) locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y rotating the material
axe& a9o-t the element normal 9y an angle, B<T2, from a line in the
plane of the element (efine( 9y the cro&& pro(-ct of the vector v with
the element normal.
LT.$.$) the a9&ol-te val-e of 2OPT i& a coor(inate &y&tem A3 n-m9er BCA3
on I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S, I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<
JS4ST<. or I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'C. 2vaila9le in
'% ver&ion of 71 an( later.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.A<RI0 ;MA/="!*
LSDYNA 2#17" B.2TC
+LCEM2
Af Xu = u, Xu = 1) Thi& i& M2 coefficient of the poro&ity e:-ation of 2nagonye
an( ,ang W1X. <l&e, thi& i& an optional con&tant, +LC, a fa9ric poro-& lea7age
flow coefficient.
LT.$.$) There are two po&&i9le (efinition&.
Af Xu = u, b+LCb i& the loa( c-rve A3 of the c-rve (efining +LC ver&-& time.
Af Xu = 1, b+LCb i& the loa( c-rve A3 (efining +LC ver&-& the &tretching ratio
(efine( a&
= AA
0
. See note& 9elow.
+2CEM%
Af Xu = u, Xu = 1) Thi& i& M% coefficient of the poro&ity e:-ation of 2nagonye
an( ,ang W1X. <l&e, thi& i& an optional con&tant, +2C, a fa9ric characteri&tic
parameter.
LT.$.$) There are three po&&i9le (efinition&.
Af +POPT > 7)
Af Xu = u, b+2Cb i& the loa( c-rve A3 of the c-rve (efining +2C ver&-& a9&o#
l-te pre&&-re.
Af Xu = 1, b+2Cb i& the loa( c-rve A3 (efining +2C ver&-& the pre&&-re ratio
(efine( a&
= P
P
bg
. See remar7 % 9elow.
Af +POPT T 7 or /)
+2C (efine& lea7age vol-me fl-x rate ver&-& a9&ol-te pre&&-re. The vol-me
fl-x Bper areaC rate Bper timeC ha& the -nit of :o l
]u

m
3
|m
2
s] m s , e:-ivalent to relative poro-& ga& &pee(.
<L2
<ffective lea7age area for 9loc7e( fa9ric, <L2
.
LT.$.$) b<L2b i& the loa( c-rve A3 of the c-rve (efining <L2 ver&-& time.
The (efa-lt val-e of Hero a&&-me& that no lea7age occ-r&. 2 val-e
of .1$ wo-l( a&&-me that 1$c of the 9loc7e( fa9ric i& lea7ing ga&.
L5'C
+lag to t-rn off compre&&ion in liner -ntil the reference geometry i& reache(, i.e.,
the fa9ric element 9ecome& ten&ile.

<R.$.$) off.
<R.1.$) on.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="!* ;MA/=.A<RI0
2#170 B.2TC LSDYNA
+O'.
+lag to mo(ify mem9rane form-lation for fa9ric material)
<R.$.$) (efa-lt. Lea&t co&tly an( very relia9le.
<R.1.$) invariant local mem9rane coor(inate &y&tem
<R.2.$) =reen#Lagrange &train form-lation
<R.%.$) large &train with nonorthogonal material angle&. See 'emar7 ".
<R.!.$) large &train with nonorthogonal material angle& an( nonlinear &tre&&
&train 9ehavior. 3efine optional loa( c-rve A3& on optional car(.
<R.12.$) 8p(ate( form 2. See 'emar7 1$.
<R.1%.$) 8p(ate( form %. See 'emar7 1$.
<R.1!.$) 8p(ate( form !. See 'emar7 1$.
<R.#1!.$) Same a& form 1!, 9-t invo7e& rea(ing of car( 7. See 'emar7 12.
+POPT
+a9ric venting option.
<R.1) ,ang#5ef&7e form-la& for venting thro-gh an orifice are -&e(. Bloc7#
age i& not con&i(ere(.
<R.2) ,ang#5ef&7e form-la& for venting thro-gh an orifice are -&e(. Bloc7#
age of venting area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
<R.%) Lea7age form-la& of =raefe, @r-mmhe-er, an( SieGa7 W1$X are -&e(.
<R.!) Lea7age form-la& of =raefe, @r-mmhe-er, an( SieGa7 W1$X are -&e(.
<R.") Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are -&e(.
<R.0) Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are -&e(.
<R.7) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa( c-rve
WLian, 2$$$X. Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(. 29&ol-te pre&&-re i& -&e( in
the poro-&#velocity#ver&-&#pre&&-re loa( c-rve, given a& +2C in the
I.2TJ+2B'AC car(.
<R./) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa( c-rve
WLian 2$$$X. Bloc7age of venting or poro-& area (-e to contact i& con#
&i(ere(. 29&ol-te pre&&-re i& -&e( in the poro-&#velocity#ver&-&#
pre&&-re loa( c-rve, given a& +2C in the I.2TJ+2B'AC car(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.A<RI0 ;MA/="!*
LSDYNA 2#177 B.2TC
TS'+2C
Ten&ile &tre&& c-toff re(-ction factor
LT.$) bTS'+2Cb i& the c-rve A3 of the c-rve (efining TS'+2C
ver&-& time.]
=T.$ an( LT.1) TS'+2C applie( from time $.
=<.1) TS'+2C i& a c-rve A3 for the new option.
21 22 2%
M$,M1
Coefficient& of 2nagonye an( ,ang W1X poro&ity e:-ation for the lea7age
area) A
ck
= A
0
X
0
+X
1
+X
2
+X
3

P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ an( %, may 9e overri((en on the element
car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2.
AS'<+=
Anitial &tre&& 9y reference geometry for +O'.T12
<R.$.$) (efa-lt. 5ot active.
<R.1.$) active
LC2
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3. Loa( c-rve A3 (efine& the &tre&& ver&-& -niaxial &train
along the a#axi& fi9er. Ta9le A3 (efine& for each &train rate a loa( c-rve repre#
&enting &tre&& ver&-& -niaxial &train along the a#axi& fi9er. 2vaila9le for
+O'.T!, 1! an( g1! only, ta9le allowe( only for formT#1!. Af Hero, <2 i& -&e(.
+or +O'.T1! an( #1! thi& c-rve can 9e (efine( in 9oth ten&ion an( compre&#
&ion, &ee remar7 0 9elow.
LCB
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3. Loa( c-rve A3 (efine& the &tre&& ver&-& -niaxial &train
along the 9#axi& fi9er. Ta9le A3 (efine& for each &train rate a loa( c-rve repre#
&enting &tre&& ver&-& -niaxial &train along the 9#axi& fi9er. 2vaila9le for
+O'.T!, 1! an( g1! only, ta9le allowe( only for formT#1!. Af Hero, <B i& -&e(.
+or +O'.T1! an( #1! thi& c-rve can 9e (efine( in 9oth ten&ion an( compre&#
&ion, &ee remar7 0 9elow.
LC2B
Loa( c-rve A3 for &hear &tre&& ver&-& &hear &train in the a9#planeD availa9le for
+O'.T! or 1! only. Af Hero, =2B

i& -&e(.
LC82
8nloa(Ereloa( c-rve A3 for &tre&& ver&-& &train along the a#axi& fi9erD availa9le
for +O'.T! or 1! only. Af Hero, LC2

i& -&e(.
LC8B
8nloa(Ereloa( c-rve A3 for &tre&& ver&-& &train along the 9#axi& fi9erD availa9le
for +O'.T! or 1! only. Af Hero, LCB

i& -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="!* ;MA/=.A<RI0
2#17/ B.2TC LSDYNA
LC82B
8nloa(Ereloa( c-rve A3 for &hear &tre&& ver&-& &hear &train in the a9#planeD avail#
a9le for +O'.T! or 1! only. Af Hero, LC2B

i& -&e(.
'L
Optional reloa(ing parameter for +O'.T1!. Pal-e& 9etween $.$ Breloa(ing on
-nloa(ing c-rve#(efa-ltC an( 1.$ Breloa(ing on a minim-m linear &lope 9etween
-nloa(ing c-rve an( loa(ing c-rveC are po&&i9le.
LC22
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3. Loa( c-rve A3 (efine& the &tre&& along the a#axi& fi9er
ver&-& 9iaxial &train. Ta9le A3 (efine& for each (irectional &train rate a loa( c-rve
repre&enting &tre&& along the a#axi& fi9er ver&-& 9iaxial &train. 2vaila9le for
+O'.Tg1! only, if Hero, LC2 i& -&e(.
LCBB
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3. Loa( c-rve A3 (efine& the &tre&& along the 9#axi& fi9er
ver&-& 9iaxial &train. Ta9le A3 (efine& for each (irectional &train rate a loa( c-rve
repre&enting &tre&& along the 9#axi& fi9er ver&-& 9iaxial &train. 2vaila9le for
+O'.Tg1! only, if Hero, LCB i& -&e(.
L
5ormaliHe( hy&tere&i& parameter 9etween $ an( 1.
3T
Strain rate averaging option.
<R.$.$) Strain rate i& eval-ate( -&ing a r-nning average.
LT.$.$) Strain rate i& eval-ate( -&ing average of la&t 11 time &tep&.
=T.$.$) Strain rate i& average( over the la&t 3T time -nit&.
<CO2T
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& of coat material, &ee remar7 1!.
SCO2T
4iel( &tre&& of coat material, &ee remar7 1!.
TCO2T
Thic7ne&& of coat material, &ee remar7 1!.
Re5arAs(
1. The no compre&&ion option allow& the &im-lation of air9ag inflation with far le&& element& than
wo-l( 9e nee(e( for the (i&cretiHation of the wrin7le& which wo-l( occ-r for the ca&e when
compre&&ive &tre&&e& are not eliminate(.
2. ,hen -&ing thi& material for the analy&i& of mem9rane& a& air9ag& it i& well 7nown from cla&#
&ical theory that only one layer ha& to 9e (efine(. The &o#calle( ela&tic liner ha& to 9e (efine(
for n-merical p-rpo&e& only when the no compre&&ion option i& invo7e(.
%. The parameter& +LC an( +2C are optional for the ,ang#5ef&7e inflation mo(el&. At i& po&&i#
9le for the air9ag to 9e con&tr-cte( of m-ltiple fa9ric& having (ifferent val-e& for poro&ity an(
permea9ility. The lea7age of ga& thro-gh the fa9ric in an air9ag then re:-ire& an acc-rate (e#
termination of the area& 9y part A3 availa9le for lea7age. The lea7age area may change over
time (-e to &tretching of the air9ag fa9ric or 9loc7age when the 9ag contact& the &tr-ct-re. LS#
3452 can chec7 the interaction of the 9ag with the &tr-ct-re an( &plit the area& into region&
that are 9loc7e( an( -n9loc7e( (epen(ing on whether the region& are in or not in contact, re#
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.A<RI0 ;MA/="!*
LSDYNA 2#17 B.2TC
&pectively. Typically, +LC an( +2C m-&t 9e (etermine( experimentally an( their variation&
in time or with pre&&-re are optional to allow for maxim-m flexi9ility.
!. The ela&tic 9ac7ing layer alway& act& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion &ince the ten&ion c-toff op#
tion, CS<, (oe& not apply. Thi& can &ometime& ca-&e (iffic-ltie& if the element& are very &mall
in relation&hip to their act-al &iHe a& (efine( 9y the reference geometry BSee I2A'B2=
J'<+<'<5C<J=<O.<T'4.C. Af the flag, L5'C, i& &et to 1.$ the ela&tic liner (oe& not
9egin to act -ntil the area of (efine( 9y the reference geometry i& reache(.
". +or +O'.T$, 1, an( 2, the a#axi& an( 9#axi& fi9er (irection& are a&&-me( to 9e orthogonal an(
are completely (efine( 9y the material axe& option, 2OPTT$, 2, or %. +or +O'.T%, !, 1%, or
1!, the fi9er (irection& are not a&&-me( orthogonal an( m-&t 9e &pecifie( -&ing the ACO.PT1
option on IS<CTAO5JSL<LL. Off&et angle& &ho-l( 9e inp-t into the B1 an( B2 fiel(& -&e(
normally for integration point& 1 an( 2. The a#axi& an( 9#axi& (irection& will then 9e off&et
from the a#axi& (irection a& (etermine( 9y the material axi& option, 2OPTT$, 2, or %.
0. +or +O'.T! or 1! or #1!, 2
n(
Piola#@irchhoff &tre&& v&. =reen]& &train c-rve& may 9e (efine(
for a#axi&, 9#axi&, an( &hear &tre&&e& for loa(ing an( al&o for -nloa(ing an( reloa(ing. The
&hear loa(ing c-rve& &ho-l( &tart at the origin an( 9e (efine( for po&itive &train& only. +or
+O'.T1! an( #1!, the -niaxial loa(ing c-rve& LC2 an( LCB may optionally 9e (efine( for
negative val-e& of &train, an( negative val-e& of &train &ho-l( then corre&pon( to negative val#
-e& of &tre&&, i.e., &traightforwar( exten(ing the c-rve& into the compre&&ive region. Thi& i&
availa9le in or(er to mo(el the compre&&ive &tre&&e& re&-lting from tight fol(ing of air9ag&.
The a#axi& an( 9#axi& &tre&& follow the c-rve& for the entire (efine( &train region an( if com#
pre&&ive 9ehavior i& (e&ire( the -&er &ho-l( prefera9ly ma7e &-re the c-rve cover& all &train& of
intere&t. +or &train& 9elow the fir&t point on the c-rve, the c-rve i& extrapolate( -&ing the &tiff#
ne&& from the con&tant val-e&, <2 or <B.

Shear &tre&&E&train 9ehavior i& a&&-me( &ymmetric.
Af a loa( c-rve i& omitte(, the &tre&& i& calc-late( from the appropriate con&tant mo(-l-&, <2,
<B, or =2B.
7. ,hen 9oth loa(ing an( -nloa(ing c-rve& are (efine(, the initial yiel( &train i& a&&-me( to 9e
e:-al to the &train at the fir&t point in the loa( c-rve with &tre&& greater than Hero. ,hen &train
excee(& the yiel( &train, the &tre&& contin-e& to follow the loa( c-rve an( the yiel( &train i& -p#
(ate( to the c-rrent &train. ,hen -nloa(ing occ-r&, the -nloa(Ereloa( c-rve i& &hifte( along
the x#axi& -ntil it inter&ect& the loa( c-rve at the c-rrent yiel( &train. Af the c-rve &hift i& to the
right, -nloa(ing an( reloa(ing will follow the &hifte( -nloa(Ereloa( c-rve. Af the c-rve &hift i&
Hero or to the left, -nloa(ing an( reloa(ing will occ-r along the loa( c-rve. ,hen -&ing -n#
loa(ing c-rve&, compre&&ive &tre&& elimination &ho-l( 9e active to prevent the fi9er& from (e#
veloping compre&&ive &tre&& (-ring -nloa(ing when the &train remain& ten&ile. Af LC82,
LC8B, or LC82B are inp-t with negative val-e&, then -nloa(ing i& han(le( (ifferently. An#
&tea( of &hifting the -nloa( c-rve along the x#axi&, the c-rve i& &tretche( in the x#(irection &-ch
that the fir&t point remain& at B$,$C an( the -nloa( c-rve inter&ect& with the loa( c-rve at the
c-rrent yiel( point. Thi& option g-arantee& the &tre&& remain& ten&ile while the &train i& ten&ile
&o compre&&ive &tre&& elimination i& not nece&&ary. To -&e thi& option the -nloa( c-rve &ho-l(
have an initial &lope le&& &teep than the loa( c-rve, an( &ho-l( &teepen &-ch that it inter&ect&
the loa( c-rve at &ome po&itive &train val-e.
/. The +POPT flag allow& an air9ag fa9ric venting e:-ation to 9e a&&igne( to an material. The
anticipate( -&e for thi& option i& to allow a vent to 9e (efine( -&ing +POPTT1 or 2 for one ma#
terial an( fa9ric lea7age to 9e (efine( for -&ing +POPTT%, !, ", or 0 for other material&. An
or(er to -&e +POPT, a venting option m-&t fir&t 9e (efine( for the air9ag -&ing the OPT pa#
rameter on I2A'B2=J,25=J5<+S@< or I2A'B2=JL4B'A3. Af OPTT$, then +POPT i&
ignore(. Af OPT i& (efine( an( +POPT i& omitte(, then +POPT i& &et e:-al to OPT.
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2#1/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
. The TS'+2C factor i& -&e( to a&&-re that air9ag& that have a reference geometry will open to
the correct geometry. 2ir9ag& that -&e a reference geometry might have an initial geometry
that re&-lt& in initial &train&. To prevent &-ch &train& from premat-rely opening an air9ag, the&e
&train& are eliminate( 9y (efa-lt. 2 &i(e effect of thi& 9ehavior i& that air9ag& that -&e a refer#
ence geometry an( that are initially &tretche( will never achieve the correct &hape. The TS'#
+2C factor i& -&e( to re&tore the ten&ile &train& over time &-ch that the correct geometry i&
achieve(. At i& recommen(e( that a loa( c-rve 9e -&e( to (efine TS'+2C a& f-nction of time.
Anitially the loa( c-rve or(inate val-e &ho-l( 9e $.$ which will allow the 9ag to remain -n#
&tre&&e(. 2t a time when the 9ag i& partially open, the val-e of TS'+2C &ho-l( ramp -p to a
&mall n-m9er of a9o-t $.$$$1. <ach cycle, the &tore( initial &train& are &cale( 9y B1.$#
TS'+2CC &-ch that they re(-ce to a very &mall n-m9er. 2 new option i& invo7e( 9y &etting
TS'+2C[1 in which ca&e TS'+2C i& a c-rve A3. The c-rve &ho-l( ramp from $.$ to 1.$.
,hen the c-rve or(inate val-e i& $.$, the &tore( initial &train i& &-9tracte( from the total &train.
+or val-e& 9etween $.$ an( 1.$, a fraction of the &tore( initial &train i& &-9tracte( from the total
&train where the fraction i& 1.$#TS'+2C. ,hen the c-rve val-e reache& or excee(& 1.$, the to#
tal &train i& -&e(. Thi& option give& the -&er 9etter control of the rate of re&toring the &train& a&
it i& in(epen(ent of the &ol-tion time &tep.
1$. .aterial form& 12, 1%, an( 1! are -p(ate( ver&ion& of form& 2, %, an( !, re&pectively. The&e
new form& are inten(e( to 9e le&& &-&cepti9le to time&tep collap&e an( al&o g-arantee Hero
&tre&& in the initial geometry when a reference geometry i& -&e(. The 9ehavior &ho-l( other#
wi&e 9e &imilar with one exception. The L5'C flag eliminate& not only initial compre&&ive
&train 9-t total initial &train. Therefore, the TS'+2C option i& recommen(e( B&ee 'emar7 C
when form& 12, 1%, an( 1! are -&e( with a reference geometry an( L5'CT1.
11. 2n option to calc-late the initial &tre&& 9y -&ing a reference geometry i& availa9le for material
+O'. 12 only.
12. Af ta9le& are -&e( the &train rate mea&-re i& the =reen#Lagrange &train rate of the =reen#
Lagrange &train in the (irection of intere&t. To &-ppre&& noi&e the &train rate i& average( ac#
cor(ing to the val-e of 3T. Af 3T?$, it i& recommen(e( to -&e a large eno-gh val-e to &-p#
pre&& the noi&e 9-t &mall eno-gh to not lo&e important fre:-ency content. Thi& option &eem& to
9e the mo&t ro9-&t averaging choice.
1%. The hy&tere&i& parameter L (efine& the fraction of (i&&ipate( energy (-ring a loa( cycle in
term& of the maxim-m po&&i9le (i&&ipate( energy. 'eferring to the +ig-re 2#1/ 9elow,
E A
1
(A
1
+A
2
)
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LSDYNA 2#1/1 B.2TC
1!. At i& po&&i9le to mo(el coating of the fa9ric -&ing a &heet of ela&tic#i(ealpla&tic material where
the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, yiel( &tre&& an( thic7ne&& i& &pecifie( for the coat material. Thi& will a((
rotational re&i&tance to the fa9ric for a more reali&tic 9ehavior of coate( fa9ric&. To rea( in
the&e three parameter& yo- nee( to p-t +O'.T#1! which rea(& the extra line incl-(ing the la&t
three parameter& <CO2T, SCO2T an( TCO2T, corre&pon(ing to the three coat material
propertie& mentione( a9ove. The thic7ne&& applie& to 9oth &i(e& of the fa9ric. The coat material
for a certain fa9ric element (eform& in accor(ance to the (eformation of thi& an( all element&
connecte( to thi& element, which i& how the rotation& are ncapt-re(n. 5ote that coating al&o
a((& to the mem9rane &tiffne&&. +or thi& feat-re to wor7, the fa9ric part& m-&t not have T#
inter&ection& an( the normal& of connecte( fa9ric element& m-&t point in the &ame (irection. 2
penalty in &pee( i& inc-rre( with thi& option.
+ig-re 2#1/.
2
1

2
2

<
S
loa(ing
-nloa(ing
reloa(ing
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2#1/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3LAS/I0=2REENNA21DI=RA/E
Thi& i& .aterial Type %". Thi& mo(el i& availa9le only for 9ric7 element& an( i& &imilar to mo(el %,
9-t -&e& the =reen#5agh(i 'ate form-lation rather than the Ka-mann rate for the &tre&& -p(ate. +or
&ome ca&e& thi& might 9e helpf-l. Thi& mo(el al&o ha& a &train rate (epen(ency following the Cow#
per#Symon(& mo(el.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=4 <T25 S'C S'P B<T2
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
3en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&
<T25
Pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-&
S'C
Strain rate parameter, C
S'P
Strain rate parameter, P
B<T2
Lar(ening parameter, $ > > 1
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LSDYNA 2#1/% B.2TC
;MA/=!3ARAME/ER=<ARLA/=FOPTAO5O
Thi& i& .aterial Type %0. Thi& mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y Barlat an( Lian W1/X for mo(eling &heet&
with ani&otropic material& -n(er plane &tre&& con(ition&. Thi& material allow& the -&e of the Lan7#
for( parameter& for the (efinition of the ani&otropy. Thi& partic-lar (evelopment i& (-e to Barlat an(
Lian W1/X. 2 ver&ion of thi& material mo(el which ha& a flow limit (iagram fail-re option i& I.2T
J+L3J%#P2'2.<T<'JB2'L2T.
S<LANKP
NL3
The option NL3 allow& for pre(iction of &heet metal fail-re -&ing the +orma9ility An(ex B+.A.C,
which acco-nt& for the non#linear &train path effect B&ee Re5arAs 9elowC. The varia9le 5LP in car(
_% nee(& to 9e (efine( when -&ing the option.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' L' P1 P2 AT<'
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le . '$$ E 2B '!" E CB '$ E LB LCA3 <$ SPA P%
Type + + + + A + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB and onl iB MS"
Car( opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C'C1 C'21 C'C2 C'22 C'C% C'2% C'C! C'2!
Type + + + + + + + +

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2#1/! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT C P PLCA3 PB 5LPELT2 LTB
Type + + + A + AE+ +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2% LTC LT3
Type + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 LT+L2=
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <
=T.$.$) Con&tant val-e,
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#<C which (efine& 4o-ng]& .o(-l-& a& a
f-nction of pla&tic &train. See 'emar7 1.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio,
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LSDYNA 2#1/" B.2TC
L'
Lar(ening r-le)
<R.1.$) linear B(efa-ltC,
<R.2.$) exponential BSwiftC
<R.%.$) loa( c-rve or ta9le with &train rate effect&
<R.!.$) exponential BPoceC
<R.".$) exponential B=o&hC
<R.0.$) exponential BLoc7et#Sher9yC
<R.7.$) loa( c-rve& in three (irection&
<R./.$) ta9le with temperat-re (epen(ence
<R..$) %( ta9le with temperat-re an( &train rate (epen(ence
P1
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.1.$) Tangent mo(-l-&,
L'.<R.2.$) 7, &trength coefficient for Swift exponential har(ening
L'.<R.!.$) a, coefficient for Poce exponential har(ening
L'.<R.".$) 7, &trength coefficient for =o&h exponential
har(ening
L'.<R.0.$) a, coefficient for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential
har(ening
L'.<R.7.$) loa( c-rve A3 for har(ening in !" (egree (irection. See
'emar7 2.
P2
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.1.$) 4iel( &tre&&
L'.<R.2.$) n, exponent for Swift exponential har(ening
L'.<R.!.$) c, coefficient for Poce exponential har(ening
L'.<R.".$) n, exponent for =o&h exponential har(ening
L'.<R.0.$) c. coefficient for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential
har(ening
L'.<R.7.$) loa( c-rve A3 for har(ening in $ (egree (irection.
See 'emar7 2.
AT<'
Ateration flag for &pee()
AT<'.<R.$.$) f-lly iterative
AT<'.<R.1.$) fixe( at three iteration&
=enerally, AT<'T$ i& recommen(e(. Lowever, AT<'T1 i& &omewhat fa&t#
er an( may give accepta9le re&-lt& in mo&t pro9lem&.
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.
m, exponent in Barlat]& yiel( &-rface, a9&ol-te val-e i& -&e( if negative.
C'C5
Cha9oche#'o-&&iler har(ening parameter, &ee remar7&.
C'C2
'$$
'
$$
, Lan7for( parameter in $ (egree (irection
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 T B#'$$C which (efine& ' val-e a& a
f-nction of pla&tic &train BC-rveC or a& a f-nction of temperat-re
an( pla&tic &train BTa9leC. See 'emar7 %.
'!"
'
!"
, Lan7for( parameter in !" (egree (irection
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 T B#'!"C which (efine& ' val-e a& a
an( pla&tic &train BTa9leC. See 'emar7& 2 an( %.
'$
'
$
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 T B#'$C which (efine& ' val-e a& a
2B
a, Barlat/ parameter, which i& rea( in&tea( of '$$ if PB?$.
CB
c, Barlat/ parameter, which i& rea( in&tea( of '!" if PB?$.
LB
h, Barlat/ parameter, which i& rea( in&tea( of '$ if PB?$.
LCA3
Loa( c-rveEta9le A3 for har(ening in the $ (egree (irection. See 'emar7 1.
<$
.aterial parameter
L'.<R.2.$) e
0
for (etermining initial yiel( &tre&& for Swift exponential
har(ening. B3efa-ltT$.$C
L'.<R.!.$) 9, coefficient for Poce exponential har(ening
L'.<R.".$) e
0
for (etermining initial yiel( &tre&& for =o&h exponential
L'.<R.0.$) 9, coefficient for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential har(ening
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LSDYNA 2#1/7 B.2TC
SPA
%pi, if e
0
i& Hero a9ove an( L'.<R.2.$. B3efa-ltT$.$C
<R.$.$) e
0
= (Ek) -- |1( 1)]
L<.$.$2) e
0
= sp
=T.$.$2) e
0
= (spk) -- |1]
Af L'.<R.".$ the &train at pla&tic yiel( i& (etermine( 9y an iterative pro#
ce(-re 9a&e( on the &ame principle& a& for L'.<R.2.$.
P%
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.".$) p, parameter for =o&h exponential har(ening
L'.<R.0.$) n, exponent for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential har(ening
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee .2TJOPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a more
no(e& 1, 2, an( !, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S,
an( then rotate( a9o-t the &hell element normal 9y an angle
B<T2.
JP<CTO'C. 2vaila9le with the '% relea&e of Per&ion 71 an(
later.
C
C in Cowper#Symon(& &train rate mo(el
P
p in Cowper#Symon(& &train rate mo(el, pT$.$ for no &train rate effect&
PLCA3
Pol-me correction c-rve A3 (efining the relative vol-me change Bchange in
vol-me relative to the initial vol-meC a& a f-nction of the effective pla&tic
&train. Thi& i& only -&e( when nonHero. See 'emar7 1.
PB
Barlat/ parameter, p. Af PB?$, parameter& 2B, CB, an( LB are rea( in#
&tea( of '$$, '!", an( '$. See 'emar7 !.
5LP
Loa( c-rve A3 of the +orming Limit 3iagram B+L3C -n(er linear &train
path& B&ee Re5arAs 9elowC. 3efine when optionJ5LP i& -&e(.
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LT2
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter 2 in heat treatment
LTB
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter B in heat treatment
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
LTC
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter C in heat treatment
LT3
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter 3 in heat treatment
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPTT$ an( %, may 9e overri((en on the el#
ement car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2.
LT+L2=
Leat treatment flag B&ee remar7&C)
LT+L2=.<R.$) Preforming &tage
LT+L2=.<R.1) Leat treatment &tage
LT+L2=.<R.2) Po&tforming &tage
Re5arAs(
1. The effective pla&tic &train -&e( in thi& mo(el i& (efine( to 9e pla&tic wor7 e:-ivalent. 2
con&e:-ence of thi& i& that for parameter& (efine( a& f-nction& of effective pla&tic &train, the
rolling B$$C (irection &ho-l( 9e -&e( a& reference (irection. +or in&tance, the har(ening c-rve
for L'T% i& the &tre&& a& f-nction of &train for -niaxial ten&ion in the rolling (irection,
PLCA3 c-rve &ho-l( give the relative vol-me change a& f-nction of &train for -niaxial ten#
&ion in the rolling (irection an( loa( c-rve given 9y #< &ho-l( give the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& a&
f-nction of &train for -niaxial ten&ion in the rolling (irection. Optionally the c-rve can 9e
&-9&tit-te( for a ta9le (efining har(ening a& f-nction of pla&tic &train rate BL'T%C or temper#
at-re BL'T/C.
2. <xception& from the r-le a9ove are c-rve& (efine( a& f-nction& of pla&tic &train in the !" an(
$ (irection&, i.e., P1 an( P2 for L'T7 an( negative '!" or '$. The har(ening c-rve& are
here (efine( a& mea&-re( &tre&& a& f-nction of mea&-re( pla&tic &train for -niaxial ten&ion in
the (irection of intere&t, i.e., a& (etermine( from experimental te&ting -&ing a &tan(ar( pro#
ce(-re. .oreover, the c-rve& (efining the ' val-e& are a& f-nction of the mea&-re( pla&tic
&train for -niaxial ten&ion in the (irection of intere&t. The&e c-rve& are tran&forme( internally
to 9e -&e( with the effective &tre&& an( &train propertie& in the act-al mo(el. The effective
pla&tic &train (oe& not coinci(e with the pla&tic &train component& in other (irection& than the
rolling (irection an( may 9e &omewhat conf-&ing to the -&er. Therefore the von .i&e& wor7
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LSDYNA 2#1/ B.2TC
e:-ivalent pla&tic &train i& o-tp-t a& hi&tory varia9le _2 if L'T7 or if any of the '#val-e& i&
(efine( a& f-nction of the pla&tic &train.
%. The '#val-e& in c-rve& are (efine( a& the ratio of in&tantaneo-& wi(th change to in&tantane#
o-& thic7ne&& change. That i&, a&&-me that the wi(th , an( thic7ne&& T are mea&-re( a&
f-nction of &train. Then the corre&pon(ing '#val-e i& given 9y)
R =
Jw
Je
w
JI
Je
I

!. The ani&otropic yiel( criterion m for plane &tre&& i& (efine( a&)
m = o|K
1
+K
2
|
m
+o|K
1
K
2
|
m
+|2K
2
|
m
= 2o
m

where o
i& the yiel( &tre&& an( @

iT1,2
are given 9y)
K
1
=
o
+bo
2
K
2
=
_
_
o
bo
2
_
2
+p
2
2

Af PBT$, the ani&otropic material con&tant& a, c, h, an( p are o9taine( thro-gh '
$$
, '
!"
, an(
'
$
)
o = 2 2_
R
00
1+R
00
R
90
1+R
90
= 2 o
b = _
R
00
1 +R
00
1 +R
90
R
90

The ani&otropy parameter p i& calc-late( implicitly. 2ccor(ing to Barlat an( Lian the ' val#
-e, wi(th to thic7ne&& &train ratio, for any angle can 9e calc-late( from)
R
q
=
2mo
m
_
om
oo
+
om
oo
] o
q
1
where o
q
i& the -niaxial ten&ion in the (irection. Thi& expre&&ion can 9e -&e( to iteratively
calc-late the val-e of p. Let T!" an( (efine a f-nction g a&
g(p) =
2mo
m
_
om
oo
+
om
oo
] o
q
1 R
45

2n iterative &earch i& -&e( to fin( the val-e of p.
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2#1$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Af PB?$, material parameter& a B2BC, c BCBC, h BLBC, an( p BPBC are -&e( (irectly.
+or face centere( c-9ic B+CCC material& mT/ i& recommen(e( an( for 9o(y centere( c-9ic
BBCCC material& mT0 may 9e -&e(. The yiel( &trength of the material can 9e expre&&e( in
term& of 7 an( n)
o
= ke
= ke
+e

where e

e
i& the effective pla&tic &train BlogarithmicC. Af

SA=4 i& &et to Hero, the &train to yiel( if fo-n( 9y &olving for the inter&ection of the linearly
ela&tic loa(ing e:-ation with the &train har(ening e:-ation)
o = Ee
o = ke

e
= _
E
k
]
j
1
-1
[

e
= [
o
k

j
1
[

The other availa9le har(ening mo(el& incl-(e the Poce e:-ation given 9y
o
Y
(e
) = o c
-cs
p
,
the =o&h e:-ation given 9y
o
Y
(e
) = k(e
0
+e
p,

an( finally the Loc7et#Sher9y e:-ation given 9y

o
Y
(e
) = o c
-cs
p
n
.
+or the =o&h har(ening law, the interpretation of the varia9le SPA i& the &ame, i.e., if &et to
Hero the &train at yiel( i& (etermine( implicitly from the inter&ection of the &train har(ening
e:-ation with the linear ela&tic e:-ation.
To incl-(e &train rate effect& in the mo(el we m-ltiply the yiel( &tre&& 9y a factor (epen(ing
on the effective pla&tic &train rate. ,e -&e the Cowper#Symon(&] mo(el, hence the yiel(
&tre&& can 9e written
o
Y
(e
, e
) = o
Y
(e
) _1 +_
e
C
]
1
_
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LSDYNA 2#11 B.2TC
where o
Y
(enote& the &tatic yiel( &tre&&, C an( p are material parameter&, e
i& the effective

". 2 7inematic har(ening mo(el i& implemente( following the wor7& of Cha9oche an( 'o-&&il#
ier. 2 9ac7 &tre&& Z i& intro(-ce( &-ch that the effective &tre&& i& comp-te( a&
o
cII
= o
cII
(o
11
2o
11
o
22
, o
22
2o
22
o
11
, o
12
o
12
)
The 9ac7 &tre&& i& the &-m of -p to fo-r term& accor(ing to
o
]
= o
]
k
4
k=1

an( the evol-tion of each 9ac7 &tre&& component i& a& follow&
oo
]
k
= C
k
_o
k
s
]
o
cII
o
]
k
] oe

where C
k
an( o
k
are material parameter&,s
]
i& the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or, o
cII
i& the effec#
tive &tre&& an( e
i& the effective pla&tic &train.

0. ,hen the optionJ5LP i& -&e(, a nec7ing fail-re criterion i& activate( to acco-nt for the non#
linear &train path effect in &heet metal forming. Ba&e( on the tra(itional +orming Limit 3ia#
gram B+L3C for the linear &train path, the +orma9ility An(ex B+.A.C i& calc-late( for every el#
ement in the mo(el thro-gho-t the &im-lation (-ration an( the entire hi&tory i& &tore( in hi&#
tory varia9le _ in 3%PLOT file&, acce&&i9le from Po%t/Ai%tory men- in LS#PrePo&t v%.1.
The time hi&tory of the in(ex can 9e plotte( for each element -n(er the men-. At i& therefore
nece&&ary to &et 5<APS to 1$, in the &econ( fiel( of car( 1 in 7eywor( I32T2B2S<
J<MT<5TJBA52'4, to o-tp-t the hi&tory varia9le to the 3%PLOT file&. The in(ex can al&o
9e plotte( a& a color conto-r map on the forme( &heet 9lan7, acce&&i9le from
Po%t/Fri#omp/$i%c men-. The in(ex ha& a val-e ranging from $.$ to 1.2, with the on&et of
nec7ing fail-re at 1.$. The +.A. i& calc-late( 9a&e( on critical effect &train metho(, a& ill-&#
trate( in the +ig-re 2#1 in Re5arAs in I.2TJ$%7. The theoretical 9ac7gro-n( can 9e
fo-n( in two paper& al&o reference( in Re5arAs &ection in I.2TJ$%7.
3%PLOT file& can 9e -&e( to plot the hi&tory varia9le _ Bthe +.A.C in color conto-r. The val#
-e in the U$a-V p-ll#(own men- in Po%t/Fri#omp nee(& to 9e &et to U$inV, meaning that the
nec7ing fail-re occ-r& only when all integration point& thro-gh the thic7ne&& have reache(
the critical val-e of 1.$. At i& &-gge&te( to &et the varia9le q.2MA5T] in I32T2B2S<
J<MT<5TJBA532'4 to the &ame val-e a& the varia9le q5AP] in IS<CTAO5JSL<LL. An
a((ition, the val-e in the UAvgV p-ll#(own men- in Po%t/Fri"ang nee(& to 9e &et to U5oneV.
The &train path hi&tory BmaGor v&. minor &trainC of each element can 9e plotte( with ra(ial (i#
al 9-tton Strain Pat5 in Po%t/F!1.
2n example of a partial inp-t for the material i& provi(e( 9elow, where the +L3 for the line#
ar &train path i& (efine( 9y the varia9le 5LP with loa( c-rve A3 211, where a9&ci&&a val-e&
repre&ent minor &train& an( or(inate val-e& repre&ent maGor &train&.
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2#12 B.2TC LSDYNA
*MAT_3PARAMETER_BARLAT_NLP
$+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8
$ MID RO E PR HR P1 P2 ITER
1 2.890E09 6.900E04 0.330 3.000
$ M R00 R45 R90 LCID E0 PI P3
8.000 0.800 0.600 0.550 99
$ AOPT C P !LCID NLP
2.000 211
$ A1 A2 A3
0.000 1.000 0.000
$ !1 !2 !3 D1 D2 D3 BETA

$+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8
$ H"#$%&'&( C)#*%
*DE+INE_C,R!E
99
0.000 130.000
0.002 134.400
0.006 143.000
0.010 151.300
0.014 159.300
...
0.900 365.000
1.000 365.000
$ +LD D%-'&'.'/&
*DE+INE_C,R!E
211
0.2 0.325
0.1054 0.2955
0.0513 0.2585
0.0000 0.2054
0.0488 0.2240
0.0953 0.2396
0.1398 0.2523
0.1823 0.2622
...
The following +L3 pre(iction of non#linear &train path& on a &ingle element wa& (one -&ing
thi& new option, for an 2l-min-m alloy with r
$$
T$./, r
!"
T$.0, r
$
T$."", an( yiel( at 1%$.$
.Pa. An each ca&e, the element i& f-rther &traine( in three (ifferent path& B-niaxial #8.2.,
plane &train # P.S., an( e:-i#9iaxial g <.B.C &eparately, following a pre#&training in -niaxial,
plane &train an( e:-i#9iaxial &train &tate, re&pectively. The forming limit& are (etermine( at
the en( of the f-rther &training for each path, when the +.A. ha& reache( the val-e of 1.$.

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LSDYNA 2#1% B.2TC
+ig-re 2#1. 5onlinear +L3 pre(iction with pre#&training in -niaxial &train &tate
Minor True Strain
M
a
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o
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T
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U.A.
U.A.
P.S.
E.B.
Unstrained
+ig-re 2#21. 5onlinear +L3 pre(iction with pre#&training in plane &train &tate.

P.S.
U.A.
P.S.
E.B.
Unstrained
Minor True Strain
M
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+ig-re 2#2$. 5onlinear +L3 pre(iction with pre#&training in e:-i#9iaxial mo(e.

E.B.
U.A.
P.S.
E.B.
Unstrained
Minor True Strain
M
i
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o
r

T
r
u
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S
t
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a
i
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2#1! B.2TC LSDYNA

Typically, to a&&e&& &heet forma9ility, +.A. conto-r of the entire part &ho-l( 9e plotte(. Ba&e(
on the conto-r plot, non#linear &train path an( the +.A. time hi&tory of a few element& in the
area of concern can 9e plotte( for f-rther &t-(y. The&e plot& are &imilar to tho&e &hown in
man-al page& of I.2TJ$%7.
At i& note( that the optionJ5LP i& implemente( for <xplicit 3ynamic analy&i& an( i& availa#
9le pen(ing a relea&e &oon.
7. Leat treatment for increa&ing the forma9ility of pre&traine( al-min-m &heet& can 9e &im-#
late( thro-gh the -&e of LT+L2=, where the intention i& to r-n a forming &im-lation in
&tep& involving preforming, &pring9ac7, heat treatment an( po&tforming. An each &tep the
hi&tory i& tran&ferre( to the next via the -&e of (ynain B&ee IA5T<'+2C<
JSP'A5=B2C@C. The fir&t two &tep& are performe( with LT+L2=T$ accor(ing to &tan(#
ar( proce(-re&, re&-lting in a pla&tic &train fiel( e
0
corre&pon(ing to the pre&train. The heat
treatment &tep i& performe( -&ing LT+L2=T1 in a co-ple( thermomechanical &im-lation,
where the 9lan7 i& heate(. The co-pling 9etween thermal an( mechanical i& only that the
maxim-m temperat-re I
0
i& &tore( a& a hi&tory varia9le in the material mo(el, thi& corre#
&pon(ing to the heat treatment temperat-re. Lere it i& important to export all hi&tory varia#
9le& to the (ynein file for the po&tforming &tep. An the final po&tforming &tep, LT+L2=T2,
the yiel( &tre&& i& then a-gmente( 9y the Loc7et#Sher9y li7e term
Ao = ( o)ex[|e
0
]
d

where a( 6( c an( & are given a& ta9le& a& f-nction& of the heat treatment tempera#
t-re I
0
an( pre&train e
0
. That i&, in the ta9le (efinition& each loa( c-rve corre#
&pon(& to a given pre&train an( the loa( c-rve val-e i& with re&pect to the heat
treatment temperat-re,
o = o(I
0
, e
0
) = (I
0
, e
0
) = (I
0
, e
0
) J = J(I
0
, e
0
)
The effect of heat treatment i& that the material &trength (ecrea&e& 9-t har(ening
increa&e&, th-& typically
o u o > u J > u
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;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0 ;MA/="!-
LSDYNA 2#1" B.2TC
;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0=NOPTIONO
2vaila9le option allow& the change of 4o-ng]& .o(-l-& (-ring the &im-lation)
S<LANKP
E01AN2E

2 new option i& availa9le to allow for the calc-lation of the +orma9ility An(ex B+.A.C which acco-nt&
for &heet metal forming pro9lem& with non#linear &train path)

NL3=.AILURE
Thi& i& .aterial Type %7. Thi& mo(el i& for &im-lating &heet forming proce&&e& with ani&otropic ma#
terial. Only tran&ver&e ani&otropy can 9e con&i(ere(. Optionally an ar9itrary (epen(ency of &tre&&
an( effective pla&tic &train can 9e (efine( via a loa( c-rve. Thi& pla&ticity mo(el i& f-lly iterative
an( i& availa9le only for &hell element&. 2l&o &ee the note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25 ' LLCA3
Type 2 + + + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB o4tion E01AN2E or NL3=.AILURE is used
Car( opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A3SC2L< <2 CO< AC+L3 ST'2A5LT
Type A + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
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;MA/="!- ;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
2#10 B.2TC LSDYNA
'
2ni&otropic har(ening parameter. ,hen it i& &et to a negative val-e, normal
&tre&&e& Beither from contact or applie( pre&&-reC are con&i(ere( an(
ILO23JS8'+2C<JST'<SS m-&t 9e -&e( to capt-re the &tre&&e&. At i&
fo-n( in &ome ca&e& thi& incl-&ion can improve forming &im-lation acc-ra#
cy, an( it applie& to <L+O'. of 2 an( 10. The re&-lt of an example of -&#
ing thi& feat-re i& provi(e( in 'emar7 _% an( +ig-re 2#2!.
LLCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train.
A3SC2L<
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the &cale factor for the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& change
with re&pect to effective &train Bif <2 an( CO< are (efine(C, thi& c-rve i&
not nece&&aryC.
<2, CO<
Coefficient& (efining the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& with re&pect to the effective
&train, <2 i& E
A
an( Coe i& Bif A3SC2L< i& (efine(, the&e two parameter&
are not nece&&aryC.
AC+L3
Loa( c-rve A3 for +orming Limit 3iagram B+L3C (efinition.
ST'2A5LT
Critical &train val-e at which &train averaging i& activate(
Re5arAs(
1. Con&i(er Carte&ian reference axe& which are parallel to the three &ymmetry plane& of ani&o#
tropic 9ehavior. Then, the yiel( f-nction &-gge&te( 9y Lill W1!/X can 9e written
(o
22
o
33
)
2
+0(o
33
o
11
)
2
+E(o
11
o
22
)
2
+2Io
23
2
+2Ho
31
2
+2No
12
2
1 = u
where o
1
, o
2
, an( o
3
, are the ten&ile yiel( &tre&&e& an( o
12
, o
23
, an( o
31
are the &hear yiel(
&tre&&e&. The con&tant& +, = L, L, ., an( 5 are relate( to the yiel( &tre&& 9y
2I =
1
o
23
2

2H =
1
o
31
2

2N =
1
o
12
2

2 =
1
o
2
2
+
1
o
3
2

1
o
1
2

20 =
1
o
3
2
+
1
o
1
2

1
o
2
2

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LSDYNA 2#17 B.2TC
2E =
1
o
1
2
+
1
o
2
2

1
o
3
2
.
The i&otropic ca&e of von .i&e& pla&ticity can 9e recovere( 9y &etting
= 0 = E =
1
2o
2

an(
I = H = N =
S
2o
2

+or the partic-lar ca&e of tran&ver&e ani&otropy, where propertie& (o not vary in the x
1
#x
2
plane, the
following relation& hol()
2 = 20 =
1
o
3
2

2E =
2
o
2

1
o
3
2

N =
2
o
2

1
2
1
o
3
2

where it ha& 9een a&&-me( that o
1
= o
2
= o
.
Letting K =
c
j
c
j3
, the yiel( criteria can 9e written
(o) = o
c
= o
,
where
(o) |o
11
2
+o
22
2
+K
2
o
33
2
K
2
o
33
(o
11
+o
22
) (2 K
2
)o
11
o
22
+2Io
2
(o
23
2
+o
31
2
) +2_2
1
2
K
2
] o
12
2
_
1
2
,

The rate of pla&tic &train i& a&&-me( to 9e normal to the yiel( &-rface &o e
]
i& fo-n( from

e
]
= z
o
oo
]
.
5ow con&i(er the ca&e of plane &tre&&, where
%%
T $. 2l&o, (efine the ani&otropy inp-t parameter,
', a& the ratio of the in#plane pla&tic &train rate to the o-t#of#plane pla&tic &train rate,
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2#1/ B.2TC LSDYNA
R =
e
22
e
33
.
At then follow& that
R =
2
K
2
1.
8&ing the plane &tre&& a&&-mption an( the (efinition of ', the yiel( f-nction may now 9e written
(o) = _o
11
2
+o
22
2

2R
R +1
o
11
o
22
+2
2R +1
R +1
o
12
2
_
1
2
,
.
5ote that there are &everal (ifference& 9etween thi& mo(el an( other pla&ticity mo(el& for &hell ele#
ment& &-ch a& the mo(el, .2TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4. +ir&t, the yiel( f-nction for
plane &tre&& (oe& not incl-(e the tran&ver&e &hear &tre&& component& which are -p(ate( ela&tically,
an(, &econ(ly, thi& mo(el i& alway& f-lly iterative. Con&e:-ently, in comparing re&-lt& for the i&o#
tropic ca&e where 'T1.$ with other i&otropic mo(el, (ifference& in the re&-lt& are expecte(, even
tho-gh they are -&-ally in&ignificant.
The 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& ha& 9een a&&-me( to 9e con&tant. 'ecently, &ome re&earcher& have fo-n( that
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& (ecrea&e& with re&pect to the increa&e of effective &train. To accommo(ate thi&
new o9&ervation, a new option ofJ<CL25=< i& a((e(. There are two metho(& (efining the change
of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& change)
The fir&t metho( i& to -&e a c-rve to (efine the &cale factor with re&pect to the effective &train. The
val-e of thi& &cale factor &ho-l( (ecrea&e from 1 to $ with the increa&e of effective &train.
The &econ( metho( i& to -&e a f-nction a& propo&e( 9y 4o&hi(a W2$$%X)
E = E
0
(E
0
E
A
)(1 ex(e)).
2. ,hen option 5LPJ+28L8'< i& -&e(, a nec7ing fail-re criterion in(epen(ent of &train path
change& i& activate(. An &heet metal forming, a& &train path hi&tory Bplotte( on in#plane maGor an(
minor &train &paceC of an element 9ecome& non#linear, the po&ition an( &hape of a tra(itional &train#
9a&e( +orming Limit 3iagram B+L3C change&. Thi& option provi(e& a &imple forma9ility in(ex B+.A.C
which remain& invariant regar(le&& of the pre&ence of the non#linear &train path, an( can 9e -&e( to
i(entify if the element ha& reache( it& nec7ing limit.

+orma9ility in(ex B+.AC i& calc-late(, a& ill-&trate( in +ig-re 2#22, for every element thro-gh#
o-t the &im-lation (-ration. The val-e of +.A. i& $.$ for virgin material an( reache& maxim-m of 1.$
when the material fail&. The theoretical 9ac7gro-n( can 9e fo-n( in two paper&) 1C T.B. Sto-ghton,
M. Qh-, U'eview of Theoretical .o(el& of the Strain#Ba&e( +L3 an( their 'elevance to the Stre&&#
Ba&e( +L3, Anternational Ko-rnal of Pla&ticityV, P. 2$, A&&-e& /#, P. 1!0%#1!/0, 2$$%D an( 2C 3an#
ielle Qeng, Minhai Qh-, La-rent B. Chapp-i&, Q. Ce(ric Mia, U2 Path An(epen(ent +orming Limite(
Criterion for Sheet .etal +orming Sim-lation&V, 2$$/ S2< Procee(ing&, 3etroit .A, 2pril, 2$$/.

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LSDYNA 2#1 B.2TC
Loa( c-rve inp-t for +L3 BAC+L3C follow& 7eywor( format in I3<+A5<JC8'P<, with a9#
&ci&&a val-e& a& minor &train& an( or(inate val-e& a& maGor &train&.

Anp-t of +L3 can al&o 9e (one -&ing 7eywor( I3<+A5<JC8'P<J+LC, where &heet metal
thic7ne&& an( &train har(ening val-e qn] are -&e(. 3etaile( -&age information can 9e fo-n( in the
man-al page& (e&cri9ing the 7eywor(.

The forma9ility in(ex i& o-tp-t a& a hi&tory varia9le _1 in 3%PLOT file&. At i& activate( 9y
&etting 5<APS to 1, in the &econ( fiel( of car( 1 in 7eywor( I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4.
The hi&tory varia9le can 9e plotte( in LS#PrePo&t2.!, acce&&i9le in F#O$P Bpage 1C, -n(er q+ringe
Component] $IS#.

,hen plotting the forma9ility in(ex, the p-ll#(own men- -n(er F#O$P can 9e -&e( to &e#
lect minim-m val-e q$in] for nec7ing fail-re (etermination. An "ANBE Bpage 1C, the option None i&
to 9e &electe( in the p-ll#(own men- next to Avg. The in(ex ha& a (efa-lt range 9etween $.$ an( 1.$.
The non#linear forming limit i& reache( when the in(ex reache& 1.$.

An a((ition, the evol-tion of the in(ex thro-gho-t the &im-lation can 9e plotte( in LS#PrePo&t
-n(er AISTO": Bpage 1C 9y Element, -&ing the &croll 9ar to roll (own the 9ottom to &elect 5i%tory
varC*. +-rthermore, the &train path of an element can 9e plotte( in +L3 Bpage 1C, -&ing option Trac.
er, 9y &electing corre&pon(ing integration point repre&enting the q$in] in(ex val-e in the Po%ition
p-ll#(own men-.

Strain& Ban( &train ratio&C can 9e average( to re(-ce noi&e&, which in t-rn affect the calc-la#
tion of the forma9ility in(ex. Thi& i& (one thro-gh the varia9le ST'2A5LT. 8n(er thi& -&er inp-t
val-e, vario-& &train& of every element are average( thro-gh the calc-lation time an( the&e average(
val-e& are -&e( to calc-late the in(ex. 2 rea&ona9le ST'2A5LT val-e co-l( 9e range( from ".$<#%

x
Y

Y
L

0.5 1.0 0 0.5
= d
2
/ d
1

E
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t

S
t
r
a
i
n

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0
FI = Y/Y
L
+ig-re 2#22. Calc-lation of +.A. 9a&e( on critical effective &train metho(.
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2#2$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
to 1.$<#2. 2verage( &train ratio& BminorEmaGorC for every element are o-tp-t thro-gh hi&tory varia9le
_2, acce&&i9le thro-gh LS#PrePo&t -n(er AISTO": Bpage 1C 9y Element, al&o thro-gh F#O$P Bpage
1C, -n(er q+ringe Component] $IS#. At i& therefore nece&&ary to &et the val-e of 5<APS to 2 to have
the varia9le written into 3%PLOT file&.

At i& &-gge&te( that varia9le q.2MA5T] in I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 i& &et to the
&ame val-e of varia9le q5AP] in IS<CTAO5JSL<LL.

2n example of the 7eywor( inp-t BpartialC -&ing thi& non#linear &train path fail-re criterion i&
provi(e( 9elow)

*MAT_TRAN!EREL0_ANIOTROPIC_ELATIC_PLATIC_NLP_+AIL,RE
$ MID RO E PR I10 ETAN R HLCID
1 7.830E09 2.070E+05 0.28 0.0 0.0 0.864 200
$ ID0 EA COE IC+LD TRAINLT
891 1.0E02
*DE+INE_C,R!E
891
$ 2'&/#3 2"4/# 5.#"'&5 -/# +LD $%-'&'.'/&
3.375000%01 4.965000%01
2.750000%01 4.340000%01
2.250000%01 3.840000%01
1.840909%01 3.430909%01
1.500000%01 3.090000%01
1.211539%01 2.801539%01
9.642858%02 2.554286%01
7.500000%02 2.340000%01
5.625001%02 2.152500%01
3.970589%02 1.987059%01
2.500000%02 1.840000%01
66
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ 7/"$ 8)#*% 2009 M"._037 :#/:%#.;3 DP600 N,MIHEET<05 =2>#3 P/?%# 7"? -'.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
*DE+INE_C,R!E
200
0.0003395.000
0.0013425.200
0.0033440.300
0.0043452.000
0.0053462.400
0.0063472.100
66

2& &hown in +ig-re 2#2% BtopC, typically, +.A conto-r can 9e plotte( in F#O$P/$i%c, in LS#
PrePo&t. Strain path& of an in(ivi(-al element, or element& in an area can 9e plotte( -&ing the UTrac.
erV feat-re in the F!1 men-. +inally, time hi&tory plot of the +.A. for element& &electe( can 9e plot#
te( in Ai%tory men-, +ig-re 2#2% B9ottomC.

The 5LPJ+2AL8'< option i& implemente( in explicit (ynamic an( i& availa9le in LS#
3452 '" 'evi&ion 0$2" an( later relea&e&. Thi& option i& al&o availa9le in implicit &tatic in '0
'evi&ion 7%2!1 an( later relea&e&.

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%. An +ig-re 2#2!, a compari&on of thinning conto-r i& &hown on a &imple 8#channel forming
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2#2$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
Bone#half mo(elC -&ing negative an( po&itive ' val-e&. .axim-m thinning on the (raw wall i& &light
D
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LSDYNA 2#2$% B.2TC
higher in the negative ' ca&e than that in the po&itive ' ca&e.
+ig-re 2#2%. Plotting +.A. val-e&
5on Linear Strain Path + A time hi&troy plot
$inor True Strain
$
a
?
o
r

T
r
u
e

S
t
r
a
i
n

A
i
%
t
o
r
y

'
a
r
i
a
6
l
e

C
*
(

I
P

C

$
i
n

Time %ec4
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;MA/="!? ;MA/=<LA/KKO=.OAM
2#2$! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<LA/KKO=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type %/. Thi& mo(el i& for the (efinition of r-99er li7e foam& of poly-rethane. At i&
a &imple one#parameter mo(el with a fixe( Poi&&on]& ratio of .2".

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = '<+
Type 2/ + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
Re5arAs(
The &train energy f-nctional for the compre&&i9le foam mo(el i& given 9y
w =
u
2
[
II
III
+2VIII S
BlatH an( @o W102X &-gge&te( thi& form for a !7 percent vol-me poly-rethane foam r-99er with a
Poi&&on]& ratio of $.2". An term& of the &train invariant&, A, AA, an( AAA, the &econ( Piola#@irchhoff
&tre&&e& are given a&
S
]
= 0 _Io
]
C
]
1
III
+_VIII
II
III
] C
]
-1
_
where C
iG
i& the right Ca-chy#=reen &train ten&or. Thi& &tre&& mea&-re i& tran&forme( to the Ca-chy
&tre&&,
iG,
accor(ing to the relation&hip
o
]
= III
-1
2
,

k
]
S
k

where +
iG
i& the (eformation gra(ient ten&or.
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;MA/=.LD=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0 ;MA/="!,
LSDYNA 2#2$" B.2TC
;MA/=.LD=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type %. Thi& mo(el i& for &im-lating &heet forming proce&&e& with ani&otropic ma#
terial. Only tran&ver&e ani&otropy can 9e con&i(ere(. Optionally, an ar9itrary (epen(ency of &tre&&
an( effective pla&tic &train can 9e (efine( via a loa( c-rve. 2 +orming Limit 3iagram B+L3C can 9e
(efine( -&ing a c-rve an( i& -&e( to comp-te the maxim-m &train ratio which can 9e plotte( in LS#
PrePo&t. Thi& pla&ticity mo(el i& f-lly iterative an( i& availa9le only for &hell element&. 2l&o &ee the
note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25 ' LLCA3
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3+L3
Type +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
Pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-&, &ee note& for mo(el %7.
'
2ni&otropic har(ening parameter, &ee note& for mo(el %7.
LLCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train. The
yiel( &tre&& an( har(ening mo(-l-& are ignore( with thi& option.
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;MA/="!, ;MA/=.LD=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0
2#2$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
LCA3+L3
a& or(inate val-e&. The forming limit (iagram i& &hown in +ig-re 2#2". An
(efining the c-rve li&t pair& of minor an( maGor &train& &tarting with the left
mo&t point an( en(ing with the right mo&t point, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<.
Re5arAs(
See material mo(el %7 for the theoretical 9a&i&. The fir&t hi&tory varia9le i& the maxim-m &train ratio
(efine( 9y)
e
m]o
wcrkpiccc
e
m]o
]ld

corre&pon(ing to e
mInor
wcrkpiccc
.

.
+ig-re 2#2". +orming limit (iagram.
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;MA/=NONLINEAR=OR/1O/RO3I0 ;MA/="*"
LSDYNA 2#2$7 B.2TC
;MA/=NONLINEAR=OR/1O/RO3I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type !$. Thi& mo(el allow& the (efinition of an orthotropic nonlinear ela&tic materi#
al 9a&e( on a finite &train form-lation with the initial geometry a& the reference. +ail-re i& optional
with two fail-re criteria availa9le. Optionally, &tiffne&& proportional (amping can 9e (efine(. An the
&tre&& initialiHation pha&e, temperat-re& can 9e varie( to impo&e the initial &tre&&e&. Thi& mo(el i& on#
ly availa9le for &hell an( &oli( element&. ,e (o not recommen( -&ing thi& mo(el at thi& time &ince it
can 9e -n&ta9le e&pecially if the &tre&&#&train c-rve& increa&e in &tiffne&& with increa&ing &train.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 3T T'2.P 2LPL2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA32 LCA3B <+2AL 3T+2AL C32.P 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

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;MA/="*" ;MA/=NONLINEAR=OR/1O/RO3I0
2#2$/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

O4tional 0ard ) &A44lies to Solid ele5ents onl+
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3C LCA32B LCA3BC LCA3C2
Type + + + +
3efa-lt optional optional optional optional

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
<C
<
c
P'B2
9a
P'C2
ca
P'CB
c9
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9.
D
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LSDYNA 2#2$ B.2TC
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c.
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca.
3T
Temperat-re increment for i&otropic &tre&& initialiHation. Thi& option can 9e
-&e( (-ring (ynamic relaxation.
T'2.P
Time to ramp -p to the final temperat-re.
2LPL2
Thermal expan&ion coefficient.
LCA32
Optional loa( c-rve A3 (efining the nominal &tre&& ver&-& &train along a#
axi&. Strain i& (efine( a&
a
#1 where
a
i& the &tretch ratio along the a axi&.
LCA3B
Optional loa( c-rve A3 (efining the nominal &tre&& ver&-& &train along 9#
axi&. Strain i& (efine( a&
9
#1 where
9
i& the &tretch ratio along the 9 axi&.
<+2AL
+ail-re &train, #1.
3T+2AL
Time &tep for a-tomatic element ero&ion
C32.P
3amping coefficient.
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;MA/="*" ;MA/=NONLINEAR=OR/1O/RO3I0
2#21$ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
no(e& a& &hown in +ig-re 2.1. 5o(e& 1, 2, an( ! of an element
are i(entical to the no(e& -&e( for the (efinition of a coor(inate
&y&tem a& 9y I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S, an( then,
for &hell& only, rotate( a9o-t the &hell element normal 9y an
angle B<T2.
.2C+
MP 4P QP
21,22,2%
a
1
a
2
a
%
, (efine component& of vector a for 2OPT T 2.
31,32,3%
(
1
(
2
(
%
, (efine component& of vector d for 2OPT T 2.
P1,P2,P%
v
1
v
2
v
%
, (efine component& of vector ' for 2OPT T % an( !.
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LSDYNA 2#211 B.2TC
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ B&hell& onlyC an( %. B<T2 may
9e overri((en on the element car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2 an(
I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO..
/He Bollo:inE in4ut is o4tional and a44lies to SOLID ELEMEN/S onl
LCA3C
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the nominal &tre&& ver&-& &train along c#axi&.
Strain i& (efine( a&
c
#1 where
c
i& the &tretch ratio along the c axi&.
LCA32B
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the nominal a9 &hear &tre&& ver&-& a9#&train in the
a9#plane. Strain i& (efine( a& the &inB
a9
C where
a9
i& the &hear angle.
LCA3BC
9c#plane. Strain i& (efine( a& the &inB
9c
C where
9c
i& the &hear angle.
LCA3C2
ca#plane. Strain i& (efine( a& the &inB
ca
C where
9c
i& the &hear angle.
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;MA/="*%">" ;MA/=USER=DE.INED=MA/ERIAL=MODELS
2#212 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=USER=DE.INED=MA/ERIAL=MODELS
The&e are .aterial Type& !1#"$. The -&er m-&t provi(e a material &-9ro-tine. See al&o 2ppen(ix 2.
Thi& 7eywor( inp-t i& -&e( to (efine material propertie& for the &-9ro-tine. A&otopic, ani&otropic,
thermal, an( hyperela&tic material mo(el& with fail-re can 9e han(le(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O .T L.C 5LP AO'TLOEASPOT AB8L@ A=
Type 2/ + A A A A A A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le AP<CT A+2AL ATL<'. AL4P<' A<OS L.C2
Type A A A A A A

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards iB and onl iB IOR/1OO%
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT .2C+ MP 4P QP 21 22 2%
Type + A + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 A<PTS
Type + + + + + + + A

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

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;MA/=USER=DE.INED=MA/ERIAL=MODELS ;MA/="*%">"
LSDYNA 2#21% B.2TC
DeBine LM0A 5aterial 4ara5eters usinE ? 4ara5eters 4er 7ard8
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
.T
8&er material type B!1#"$ incl-&iveC. 2 n-m9er 9etween !1 an( "$ ha& to
9e cho&en. Af .T>$, &-9ro-tine rw-mat in (yn21.f i& calle(, where the ma#
terial parameter rea(ing can 9e mo(ifie(.
L.C
Length of material con&tant array which i& e:-al to the n-m9er of material
con&tant& to 9e inp-t. B&ee remar7 !C
5LP
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& to 9e &tore(, &ee 2ppen(ix 2. ,hen the mo(el
i& to 9e -&e( with an e:-ation of &tate, 5LP m-&t 9e increa&e( 9y ! to allo#
cate the &torage re:-ire( 9y the e:-ation of &tate.
AO'TLOEASPOT
<R.1) if the material i& orthotropic.
<R.2) if material i& -&e( with &pot wel( thinning.
<R.%) if material i& orthotropic an( -&e( with &pot wel( thinning
AB8L@
2((re&& of 9-l7 mo(-l-& in material con&tant& array, &ee 2ppen(ix 2.
A=
2((re&& of &hear mo(-l-& in material con&tant& array, &ee 2ppen(ix 2.
AP<CT
PectoriHation flag BonT1C. 2 vectoriHe( -&er &-9ro-tine m-&t 9e &-pplie(.
A+2AL
+ail-re flag.
<R.$) 5o fail-re,
<R.1) 2llow& fail-re of &hell an( &oli( element&,
LT.$) bA+2ALb i& the a((re&& of 58.A5T in the material con&tant& array.
58.A5T i& (efine( a& the n-m9er of faile( integration point&
that will trigger element (eletion. Thi& option applie& only to
&hell an( &oli( element& Brelea&e " of v.71C.
ATL<'.
Temperat-re flag BonT1C. Comp-te element temperat-re.
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2#21! B.2TC LSDYNA
AL4P<'
3eformation gra(ient flag BonT1 or g1, or %C. Comp-te (eformation gra(i#
ent, &ee 2ppen(ix 2.
A<OS
<:-ation of &tate BonT1C.
L.C2
Length of a((itional material con&tant array.
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee I.2T=$$2 for a more complete (e&criptionC)
an( then, for &hell& only, rotate( a9o-t the &hell element normal
9y an angle B<T2.
.2C+
.aterial axe& change flag for 9ric7 element& for :-ic7 change&)
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
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;MA/=USER=DE.INED=MA/ERIAL=MODELS ;MA/="*%">"
LSDYNA 2#21" B.2TC
31 32 3%
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ B&hell& onlyC an( %. B<T2 may
9e overri((en on the element car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2 an(
I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO.
A<PTS
2((re&& of <BaC for orthotropic material in thic7 &hell form-lation " B&ee
remar7 0C.
P1
P2
Secon( material parameter.
P%
Thir( material parameter.
P!
+o-rth material parameter.
.
.
PL.C
Re5arAs(
1. The material mo(el for the cohe&ive element B&oli( element type 1C -&e& the fir&t two mate#
rial parameter& to &et flag& for the element form-lation. P1 control& how the (en&ity i& -&e(
to calc-late the ma&&. The cohe&ive element form-lation permit& the element to have Hero or
negative vol-me. Traction& are calc-late( on a &-rface mi(way 9etween the &-rface& (efine(
9y no(e& 1#2#%#! an( "#0#7#/. Af P1 i& &et to 1.$, then the (en&ity i& per -nit area of the mi(#
&-rface in&tea( of per -nit vol-me. The &econ( parameter, P2, &pecifie& the n-m9er of inte#
gration point& Bone to fo-rC that are re:-ire( to fail for the element to fail. Af it i& Hero, the el#
ement won]t fail regar(le&& of the val-e of A+2AL. The recommen(e( val-e of P2 i& 1.
2. The cohe&ive element c-rrently only -&e& .A3, 'O, .T, L.C, 5LP, A+2AL an( AP<CT in
a((ition to the material parameter&.
%. See 2ppen(ix ' for the &pecific& of the -mat &-9ro-tine re:-irement& for the cohe&ive ele#
ment.
!. Af AO'TLOT$, L.C m-&t 9e \ !/. Af AO'TLOT1, L.C m-&t 9e \ !$. Af more material
con&tant& are nee(e(, L.C2 may 9e -&e( to create an a((itional material con&tant array.
There i& no limit on the &iHe of L.C2.
". Af the -&er#(efine( material i& -&e( for 9eam or 9ric7 element &pot wel(& that are tie( to &hell
element&, an( SPOTLA5?$ on ICO5T'OLJCO5T2CT, then &pot wel( thinning will 9e
(one for tho&e &hell& if ASPOTT2. Otherwi&e, it will not 9e (one.
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2#210 B.2TC LSDYNA
0. A<PTS i& optional an( i& -&e( only 9y thic7 &hell form-lation ". At point& to the po&ition of
<BaC in the material con&tant& array. +ollowing <BaC, the next " material con&tant& m-&t 9e
<B9C, <BcC, B9aC, BcaC, an( Bc9C. Thi& (ata ena9le& thic7 &hell form-lation " to calc-late an
acc-rate thic7ne&& &train, otherwi&e the thic7ne&& &train will 9e 9a&e( on the ela&tic con&tant&
pointe( to 9y AB8L@ an( A=.
D
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;MA/=<AMMAN ;MA/=">%
LSDYNA 2#217 B.2TC
;MA/=<AMMAN
Thi& i& .aterial Type "1. At allow& the mo(eling of temperat-re an( rate (epen(ent pla&ticity with a
fairly complex mo(el that ha& many inp-t parameter& WBamman 1/X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' T LC
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1 C2 C% C! C" C0 C7 C/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C C1$ C11 C12 C1% C1! C1" C10
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C17 C1/ 21 22 2! 2" 20 @2PP2
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& Bp&iC
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
T
Anitial temperat-re B
o
'C
D
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T
;MA/=">% ;MA/=<AMMAN
2#21/ B.2TC LSDYNA
LC
Leat generation coefficient B
o
'
Ep&iC
C1
P&i
C2 o
'
C%
P&i

C! o
'
C"
1
E&

C0
o'

C7
1
Ep&i
C/
o'

C
P&i
C1$ o
'
C11
1
Ep&i#&

C12
o'

C1%
1
Ep&i
C1!
o'

C1"
p&i
C10 o
'
C17
1
Ep&i#&

C1/
o'

21
1
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le 1
22
2
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le 2. B5ote)
%
T #B
1
^
2
CC
2%
!
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le %
2!
"
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le !
D
R
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LSDYNA 2#21 B.2TC
2"
0
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le "
@2PP2

&ec#p&i#
o
' &ec#.Pa#
o
' &ec#.P2#
o
@
C
1

I
1
p1!" I
1
p1!"
C
2
r I
"
p
C
% I
1
p1!" I
1
p1!"
C
!
r I
"
p
C
"
r r
C
0
r I
"
E
C
7
I1!" I1!"
C
/
r I
"
p
C
I
1
p1!" I
1
p1!"
C
1$
r I
"
p
C
11
I1!" I1!"
C
12
r I
"
p
C
1%
I1!" I1!"
C
1!
r I
"
p
C
1"

I
1
p1!" I
1
p1!"
C
10
r I
"
p
C
17
I1!" I1!"
C
1/
r I
"
p
C$TLC I1!" I1!"I
"
p
< I
1
p1!" I
1
p1!"
r r
T r I
"
p
Re5arAs(
The 7inematic& a&&ociate( with the mo(el are (i&c-&&e( in reference& WLill 1!/, Bammann an(
2ifanti& 1/7, Bammann 1/X. The (e&cription 9elow i& ta7en nearly ver9atim from Bammann
W1/X.
,ith the a&&-mption of linear ela&ticity we can write,
o
o
= z t(
c
)1 +2p
c

where the Ca-chy &tre&& i& convecte( with the ela&tic &pin w
c
a&,
o
o
= o w
c
o +ow
c

D
R
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T
;MA/=">% ;MA/=<AMMAN
2#22$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Thi& i& e:-ivalent to writing the con&tit-tive mo(el with re&pect to a &et of (irector& who&e (irection
i& (efine( 9y the pla&tic (eformation WBammann an( 2ifanti& 1/7, Bammann an( Kohn&on 1/7X.
3ecompo&ing 9oth the &7ew &ymmetric an( &ymmetric part& of the velocity gra(ient into ela&tic an(
pla&tic part& we write for the ela&tic &tretching
c
an( the ela&tic &pin w
c
,

c
=

th
, w
c
= w = w
.
,ithin thi& &tr-ct-re it i& now nece&&ary to pre&cri9e an e:-ation for the pla&tic &pin w
in a((ition
to the normally pre&cri9e( flow r-le for
an( the &tretching (-e to the thermal expan&ion

th
. 2&
propo&e(, we a&&-me a flow r-le of the form,

= (I)snhj
|{|-k-(1)
v(1)
[
{i
|{i|
.
where T i& the temperat-re, i& the &calar har(ening varia9le, an( i& the (ifference 9etween the
(eviatoric Ca-chy &tre&& an( the ten&or varia9le ,
' = o' o'
an( fBTC, 4BTC, PBTC are &calar f-nction& who&e &pecific (epen(ence -pon the temperat-re i& given
9elow. 2&&-ming i&otropic thermal expan&ion an( intro(-cing the expan&ion coefficient A
, the ther#
mal &tretching can 9e written,

th
= A
1
The evol-tion of the internal varia9le& an( are pre&cri9e( in a har(ening min-& recovery format
a&,

o
o
= b(I)
|
d
(I)|
| +
(I)]|o|o,
= E(I)
|R
d
(I)|
| +R
(I)]
2

where h an( L are the har(ening mo(-li, r
&
BTC an( '
&
BTC are &calar f-nction& (e&cri9ing the (iff-#
&ion controlle( q&tatic] or qthermal] recovery, an( r
(
BTC an( '
(
BTC are the f-nction& (e&cri9ing (y#
namic recovery.
Af we a&&-me that ,
p
T $, we recover the Ka-mann &tre&& rate which re&-lt& in the pre(iction of an
o&cillatory &hear &tre&& re&pon&e in &imple &hear when co-ple( with a Prager 7inematic har(ening
a&&-mption WKohn&on an( Bammann 1/!X. 2lternatively we can choo&e,
w
= R
1
u
u
-1
R,
which recover& the =reen#5agh(i rate of Ca-chy &tre&& an( ha& 9een &hown to 9e e:-ivalent to
.an(el]& i&oclinic &tate WBammann an( 2ifanti& 1/7X. The mo(el employing thi& rate allow& a rea#
&ona9le pre(iction of (irectional &oftening for &ome material&, 9-t in general -n(er#pre(ict& the &of#
tening an( (oe& not acc-rately pre(ict the axial &tre&&e& which occ-r in the tor&ion of the thin walle(
t-9e.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#221 B.2TC
The final e:-ation nece&&ary to complete o-r (e&cription of high &train rate (eformation i& one which
allow& -& to comp-te the temperat-re change (-ring the (eformation. An the a9&ence of a co-ple(
thermo#mechanical finite element co(e we a&&-me a(ia9atic temperat-re change an( follow the em#
pirical a&&-mption that $ #"c of the pla&tic wor7 i& (i&&ipate( a& heat. Lence,
I
=
.9
pC
(o
),
where i& the (en&ity of the material an( C
v
the &pecific heat.
An term& of the inp-t parameter& the f-nction& (efine( a9ove 9ecome)

PBTC T C1 expB#C2ETC hBTC T C expBC1$ETC
4BTC T C% expBC!ETC r&BTC T C11expB#C12ETC
fBTC T C" expB#C0ETC '3BTC T C1%expB#C1!ETC
r(BTC T C7 expB#C/ETC LBTC T C1"expBC10ETC
'SBTC T C17expB#C1/ETC

an( the heat generation coefficient i&
EC =
.9
pC
.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=">$ ;MA/=<AMMAN=DAMA2E
2#222 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<AMMAN=DAMA2E
Thi& i& .aterial Type "2. Thi& i& an exten&ion of mo(el "1 which incl-(e& the mo(eling of (amage.
See Bamman et al. W1$X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' T LC
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C C1$ C11 C12 C1% C1! C1" C10
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C17 C1/ 21 22 2% 2! 2" 20
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 5 3$ +S
Type + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<AMMAN=DAMA2E ;MA/=">$
LSDYNA 2#22% B.2TC
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& Bp&iC
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
T
Anitial temperat-re B
o
'C
LC
Leat generation coefficient B
o
'
Ep&iC
C1
P&i
C2 o
'
C%
P&i

C! o
'
C"
1
E&

C0
o'

C7
1
Ep&i
C/
o'

C
P&i
C1$ o
'
C11
1
Ep&i#&

C12
o'

C1%
1
Ep&i
C1!
o'

C1"
p&i
C10 o
'
C17
1
Ep&i#&

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=">$ ;MA/=<AMMAN=DAMA2E
2#22! B.2TC LSDYNA
C1/
o'

21
1
22
2
2%
%
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le %
2!
!
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le !
2"
"
, initial val-e of internal &tate varia9le "
20
0
5
<xponent in (amage evol-tion
3$
Anitial (amage Bporo&ityC
+S
+ail-re &train for ero&ion.
Re5arAs(
The evol-tion of the (amage parameter, i& (efine( 9y Bammann et al. W1$X

= j
1
(1-q)
N
(1 )[
|
p
|

in which
= snhj
2(2N-1)
(2N-1)c
[
where p i& the pre&&-re an( o

i& the effective &tre&&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0LOSED=0ELL=.OAM ;MA/=">!
LSDYNA 2#22" B.2TC
;MA/=0LOSED=0ELL=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type "%. Thi& allow& the mo(eling of low (en&ity, clo&e( cell poly-rethane foam.
At i& for &im-lating impact limiter& in a-tomotive application&. The effect of the confine( air pre&#
&-re i& incl-(e( with the air 9eing treate( a& an i(eal ga&. The general 9ehavior i& i&otropic with -n#
co-ple( component& of the &tre&& ten&or.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < 2 B C P$ PLA
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2.2$ LCA3
Type + A

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
2
a, factor for yiel( &tre&& (efinition, &ee note& 9elow.
B
9, factor for yiel( &tre&& (efinition, &ee note& 9elow.
C
c, factor for yiel( &tre&& (efinition, &ee note& 9elow.
P$
Anitial foam pre&&-re, P
$

PLA
'atio of foam to polymer (en&ity,
=2.2$
Anitial vol-metric &train,
$.
The (efa-lt i& Hero.
LCA3
Optional loa( c-rve (efining the von .i&e& yiel( &tre&& ver&-& y. Af the
loa( c-rve A3 i& given, the yiel( &tre&& i& ta7en from the c-rve an( the con#
&tant& a, 9, an( c are not nee(e(. The loa( c-rve i& (efine( in the po&itive
:-a(rant, i.e., po&itive val-e& of y are (efine( a& negative val-e& on the a9#
&ci&&a.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=">! ;MA/=0LOSED=0ELL=.OAM
2#220 B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
2 rigi(, low (en&ity, clo&e( cell, poly-rethane foam mo(el (evelope( at San(ia La9oratorie&
W5eil&en, .organ an( @rieg 1/7X ha& 9een recently implemente( for mo(eling impact limiter& in
a-tomotive application&. 2 n-m9er of &-ch foam& were te&te( at San(ia an( rea&ona9le fit& to the
experimental (ata were o9taine(.
An &ome re&pect& thi& mo(el i& &imilar to the cr-&ha9le honeycom9 mo(el type 20 in that the compo#
nent& of the &tre&& ten&or are -nco-ple( -ntil f-ll vol-metric compaction i& achieve(. Lowever, -n#
li7e the honeycom9 mo(el thi& material po&&e&&e& no (irectionality 9-t incl-(e& the effect& of con#
fine( air pre&&-re in it& overall re&pon&e characteri&tic&.
o
]
= o
]
k
o
]
o

where o
]
k
i& the &7eletal &tre&& an( o
i& the air pre&&-re comp-te( from the e:-ation)

o
=

0
y
1+y-q

where p
$
i& the initial foam pre&&-re, -&-ally ta7en a& the atmo&pheric pre&&-re, an( (efine& the
vol-metric &train
y = I 1 +y
0

where P i& the relative vol-me, (efine( a& the ratio of the c-rrent vol-me to the initial vol-me, an(
$
i& the initial vol-metric &train, which i& typically Hero. The yiel( con(ition i& applie( to the prin#
cipal &7eletal &tre&&e&, which are -p(ate( in(epen(ently of the air pre&&-re. ,e fir&t o9tain the &7el#
etal &tre&&e&)
o
]
k
= o
]
+o
]
o

an( comp-te the trial &tre&&,
&7t

o
]
kt
= o
]
k
+E e
]
At
where < i& 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&. Since Poi&&on]& ratio i& Hero, the -p(ate of each &tre&& component i&
-nco-ple( an( 2=T< where = i& the &hear mo(-l-&. The yiel( con(ition i& applie( to the principal
&7eletal &tre&&e& &-ch that, if the magnit-(e of a principal trial &tre&& component, o
kt
, excee(& the
yiel( &tre&&,
y
, then
o
k
= mno
, |o
kt
|
c
i
skt
|c
i
skt
|

The yiel( &tre&& i& (efine( 9y
o
= o +(1 +y)
where a, 9, an( c are -&er (efine( inp-t con&tant& an( i& the vol-metric &train a& (efine( a9ove.
2fter &caling the principal &tre&&e& they are tran&forme( 9ac7 into the glo9al &y&tem an( the final
&tre&& &tate i& comp-te(
o
]
= o
]
k
o
]
o
.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=EN1AN0ED=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E ;MA/=">*">>
LSDYNA 2#227 B.2TC
;MA/=EN1AN0ED=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E
The&e are .aterial Type& "!#"" which are enhance( ver&ion& of the compo&ite mo(el material type
22. 2r9itrary orthotropic material&, e.g., -ni(irectional layer& in compo&ite &hell &tr-ct-re& can 9e
(efine(. Optionally, vario-& type& of fail-re can 9e &pecifie( following either the &-gge&tion& of
WChang an( Chang 1/79X or WT&ai an( ,- 171X. An a((ition &pecial mea&-re& are ta7en for fail-re
-n(er compre&&ion. See W.atHenmiller an( SchweiHerhof 11X. By -&ing the -&er (efine( integra#
tion r-le, &ee IA5T<='2TAO5JSL<LL, the con&tit-tive con&tant& can vary thro-gh the &hell thic7#
ne&&. +or all &hell&, except the 3@T form-lation, laminate( &hell theory can 9e activate( to properly
mo(el the tran&ver&e &hear (eformation. Lamination theory i& applie( to correct for the a&&-mption
of a -niform con&tant &hear &train thro-gh the thic7ne&& of the &hell. +or &an(wich &hell& where the
o-ter layer& are m-ch &tiffer than the inner layer&, the re&pon&e will ten( to 9e too &tiff -nle&& lami#
nation theory i& -&e(. To t-rn on lamination theory &ee ICO5T'OLJSL<LL. 2 (amage mo(el for
tran&ver&e &hear &train i& a((e( &ince ver&ion 71 relea&e '! to mo(el interlaminar &hear fail-re Bthin
&hell& onlyC. The (efinition of minim-m &tre&& limit& i& availa9le &ince ver&ion 71 '" Bthin &hell&
onlyC.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 B@+C 2OPT
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2% .25=L<
Type + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% 3+2AL. 3+2ALS
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=">*">> ;MA/=EN1AN0ED=0OM3OSI/E=DAMA2E
2#22/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T+2AL 2LPL SO+T +B'T 4C+2C 3+2ALT 3+2ALC <+S
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MC MT 4C 4T SC C'AT B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

O4tional 0ard - &startinE :itH 'ersion ,-% release R*# tHin sHells onl+
Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P+L <PS+ <PS' TS.3 SO+T2
Type + + + + +

O4tional 0ard ? &startinE :itH 'ersion ,-% release R># tHin sHells onl+
Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SLA.T1 SLA.C1 SLA.T2 SLA.C2 SLA.S 5C4'<3 SO+T=
Type + + + + + + +

O4tional 0ard , BC'ATT"! an( thin &hell& onlyC

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCMC LCMT LC4C LC4T LCSC 3T
Type A A A A A +

.A3
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#22 B.2TC
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<2
<
a
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # longit-(inal (irection
<B
<
9
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # tran&ver&e (irection
<C
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # normal (irection
P'B2
9a
, Poi&&on]& ratio 9a
P'C2
ca
, Poi&&on]& ratio ca
P'CB
c9
, Poi&&on]& ratio c9
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca
B@+C
B-l7 mo(-l-& of faile( material Bnot -&e(C
2OPT
9y an angle .25=L<.
terial axe& a9o-t the element normal 9y an angle B.25=L<C
from a line in the plane of the element (efine( 9y the cro&&
pro(-ct of the vector v with the element normal.
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
3efine component& of vector ' for 2OPT T %.
31 32 3%
D
R
A
F
T
2#2%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.25=L<
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ B&hell& onlyC an( %. .25=L<
may 9e overri((en on the element car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2
an( I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO. .
3+2AL.
.axim-m &train for matrix &training in ten&ion or compre&&ion Bactive only
for .2TJ$"! an( only if 3+2ALT ? $C. The layer in the element i& com#
pletely remove( after the maxim-m &train in the matrix (irection i&
reache(. The inp-t val-e i& alway& po&itive.
3+2ALS
.axim-m ten&orial &hear &train Bactive only for .2TJ$"! an( only if
3+2ALT ? $C. The layer in the element i& completely remove( after the
maxim-m &hear &train i& reache(. The inp-t val-e i& alway& po&itive.
T+2AL
Time &tep &iHe criteria for element (eletion)
\ $) no element (eletion 9y time &tep &iHe. The cra&hfront algorithm
only wor7& if t
fail
i& &et to a val-e a9ove Hero.
$ > t
fail
\ $.1) element i& (elete( when it& time &tep i& &maller than the
given val-e,
?.1) element i& (elete( when the :-otient of the act-al time &tep an(
the original time &tep (rop& 9elow the given val-e.
2LPL
Shear &tre&& parameter for the nonlinear term, &ee .aterial 22.
SO+T
Softening re(-ction factor for material &trength in cra&hfront element& B(e#
fa-lt T 1.$C. T+2AL m-&t 9e greater than Hero to activate thi& option.
+B'T
Softening for fi9er ten&ile &trength)
<R.$.$) ten&ile &trength T Mt

=T.$.$) ten&ile &trength T Mt, re(-ce( to X
t
- BRI after fail-re ha& oc#
c-rre( in compre&&ive matrix mo(e.
4C+2C
'e(-ction factor for compre&&ive fi9er &trength after matrix compre&&ive
fail-re B.2TJ$"! onlyC. The compre&&ive &trength in the fi9er (irection
after compre&&ive matrix fail-re i& re(-ce( to) X
c
=
CAC -
c
(Jcoult CAC = 2.u)
3+2ALT
.axim-m &train for fi9er ten&ion B.2TJ$"! onlyC. B.axim-m 1 T 1$$c
&trainC. The layer in the element i& completely remove( after the maxim-m
ten&ile &train in the fi9er (irection i& reache(. Af a nonHero val-e i& given
for 3+2ALT, a nonHero, negative val-e m-&t al&o 9e provi(e( for 3+2ALC.
3+2ALC
.axim-m &train for fi9er compre&&ion B.2TJ$"! onlyC. B.axim-m #1 T
1$$c compre&&ionC. The layer in the element i& completely remove( after
the maxim-m compre&&ive &train in the fi9er (irection i& reache(. The in#
p-t val-e &ho-l( 9e negative an( i& re:-ire( if 3+2ALT ? $.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#2%1 B.2TC
<+S
<ffective fail-re &train B.2TJ$"! onlyC.
MC
Longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength Ba9&ol-te val-e i& -&e(C.
=<.$.$) Poi&&on effect BP'B2C after fail-re i& active.
LT.$.$) Poi&&on effect after fail-re i& not active, i.e. P'B2T$.
MT
Longit-(inal ten&ile &trength, &ee 9elow.
4C
Tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength, 9#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC, &ee 9elow.
4T
Tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength, 9#axi&, &ee 9elow.
SC
Shear &trength, a9 plane, &ee 9elow.
C'AT
+ail-re criterion Bmaterial n-m9erC)
<R."!.$) Chang matrix fail-re criterion Ba& .aterial 22C B(efa-ltC,
<R."".$) T&ai#,- criterion for matrix fail-re.
B<T2
,eighting factor for &hear term in ten&ile fi9er mo(e B.2TJ$"! onlyC.
B$.$ \ B<T2 \ 1.$C
P+L
Percentage of layer& which m-&t fail -ntil cra&hfront i& initiate(. <.g.
bP+LbT/$.$, then /$ c of layer& m-&t fail -ntil &trength& are re(-ce( in
neigh9oring element&. 3efa-lt) all layer& m-&t fail. 2 &ingle layer fail& if 1
in#plane AP fail& BP+L?$C or if ! in#plane AP& fail BP+L>$C. B.2TJ$"! on#
ly, thin &hell& onlyC.
<PS+
3amage initiation tran&ver&e &hear &train. B.2TJ$"! only, thin &hell& on#
lyC.
<PS'
+inal r-pt-re tran&ver&e &hear &train. B.2TJ$"! only, thin &hell& onlyC.
TS.3
Tran&ver&e &hear maxim-m (amage, (efa-ltT$.$. B.2TJ$"! only, thin
&hell& onlyC.
SO+T2
Optional UorthogonalV &oftening re(-ction factor for material &trength in
cra&hfront element& B(efa-lt T 1.$C. See remar7& Bthin &hell& onlyC.
SLA.T1
+actor to (etermine the minim-m &tre&& limit after &tre&& maxim-m Bfi9er
ten&ionC. Similar to I.2TJ$"/ Bthin &hell& onlyC.
SLA.C1
compre&&ionC. Similar to I.2TJ$"/ Bthin &hell& onlyC.
SLA.T2
+actor to (etermine the minim-m &tre&& limit after &tre&& maxim-m Bmatrix
ten&ionC. Similar to I.2TJ$"/ Bthin &hell& onlyC.
D
R
A
F
T
2#2%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
SLA.T2
compre&&ionC. Similar to I.2TJ$"/ Bthin &hell& onlyC.
SLA.S
+actor to (etermine the minim-m &tre&& limit after &tre&& maxim-m B&hearC.
Similar to I.2TJ$"/ Bthin &hell& onlyC.
5C4'<3
5-m9er of cycle& for &tre&& re(-ction from maxim-m to minim-m Bthin
&hell& onlyC.
SO+T=
Softening re(-ction factor for tran&ver&e &hear mo(-li =BC an( =C2 in
cra&hfront element& B(efa-ltT1.$C Bthin &hell& onlyC.
LCMC
Loa( c-rve A3 for MC v&. &train rate BMC i& ignore( with that optionC
LCMT
Loa( c-rve A3 for MT v&. &train rate BMT i& ignore( with that optionC
LC4C
Loa( c-rve A3 for 4C v&. &train rate B4C i& ignore( with that optionC
LC4T
Loa( c-rve A3 for 4T v&. &train rate B4T i& ignore( with that optionC
LCSC
Loa( c-rve A3 for SC v&. &train rate BSC i& ignore( with that optionC
3T
Strain rate averaging option.
<R.$.$) Strain rate i& eval-ate( -&ing a r-nning average.
LT.$.$) Strain rate i& eval-ate( -&ing average of la&t 11 time
&tep&.
=T.$.$) Strain rate i& average( over the la&t 3T time -nit&.
Re5arAs(
The ChangEChang BmatJ"!C criteria i& given a& follow&)
for the ten&ile fi9er mo(e,
o
> u tbc c
]
2
= [
c
cc
X
t

2
+ [
c
cb
S
c
1 ]
u olcJ
< u clost
,
E
= E
b
= 0
b
=
b
=
b
= u,
for the compre&&ive fi9er mo(e,
o
< u tbc c
c
2
= [
c
cc
X
c

2
1 ]
u olcJ
< u clost
,
E
=
b
=
b
= u.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#2%% B.2TC
for the ten&ile matrix mo(e,
o
bb
> u tbc c
m
2
= [
c
bb
t

2
+[
c
cb
S
c

2
1 ]
u olcJ
< u clost
,
E
b
=
b
= u. 0
b
= u,
an( for the compre&&ive matrix mo(e,
o
bb
< u tbc c
d
2
= [
c
bb
2S
c
2
+_[
c
2S
c
2
1_
c
bb
c
+[
c
cb
S
c

2
1 ]
u olcJ
< u clost
,
b
=
b
=
b
= u. 0
b
= u
X
= 2
Su e lme.
An the T&ai#,- B.2TJ$""C criteria the ten&ile an( compre&&ive fi9er mo(e& are treate( a& in the
Chang#Chang criteria. The fail-re criterion for the ten&ile an( compre&&ive matrix mo(e i& given a&)
c
md
2
=
o
bb
2
t
+_
o
b
S
c
]
2
+
(
c

t
) o
bb
t
1 ]
u olcJ
< u clost

+or T1 we get the original criterion of La&hin W1/$X in the ten&ile fi9er mo(e. +or T$ we get the
maxim-m &tre&& criterion which i& fo-n( to compare 9etter to experiment&.
An .2TJ$"!, fail-re can occ-r in any of fo-r (ifferent way&)
1. Af 3+2ALT i& Hero, fail-re occ-r& if the Chang#Chang fail-re criterion i& &ati&fie( in the ten#
&ile fi9er mo(e.
2. Af 3+2ALT i& greater than Hero, fail-re occ-r& if the ten&ile fi9er &train i& greater than
3+2ALT or le&& than 3+2ALC.
%. Af <+S i& greater than Hero, fail-re occ-r& if the effective &train i& greater than <+S.
!. Af T+2AL i& greater than Hero, fail-re occ-r& accor(ing to the element time&tep a& (e&cri9e(
in the (efinition of T+2AL a9ove.
,hen fail-re ha& occ-rre( in all the compo&ite layer& Bthro-gh#thic7ne&& integration point&C, the el#
ement i& (elete(. <lement& which &hare no(e& with the (elete( element 9ecome Ucra&hfrontV ele#
ment& an( can have their &trength& re(-ce( 9y -&ing the SO+T parameter with T+2AL greater than
Hero. 2n earlier initiation of cra&hfront element& i& po&&i9le 9y -&ing parameter P+L.
2n optional (irection (epen(ent &trength re(-ction can 9e invo7e( 9y &etting $>SO+T2>1. Then,
SO+T e:-al& a &trength re(-ction factor for fi9er parallel fail-re an( SO+T2 e:-al& a &trength re(-c#
tion factor for fi9er orthogonal fail-re. Linear interpolation i& -&e( for angle& in 9etween. See +ig-re
2#27.
Anformation a9o-t the &tat-& in each layer Bintegration pointC an( element can 9e plotte( -&ing a((i#
tional integration point varia9le&. The n-m9er of a((itional integration point varia9le& for &hell&
written to the LS#3452 (ata9a&e i& inp-t 9y the I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 (efinition a&
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varia9le 5<APS. +or .o(el& "! an( "" the&e a((itional varia9le& are ta9-late( 9elow Bi T &hell inte#
gration pointC)

Li&tory
Paria9le
3e&cription Pal-e
LS#PrePo&t hi&#
tory varia9le
1. c() ten%ile fi6er mo&e *
2. c() compre%%ive fi6er mo&e * . ela%tic +
S. cm() ten%ile matri- mo&e ; . faile& >
. cJ() compre%%ive matri- mo&e D
S. col ma-Eefip4F G
6. Jom &amage parameter
.* . element intact
*;
.H
. element in cra%5front
I* J element faile&
K
The&e varia9le& can 9e plotte( in LS#PrePo&t element hi&tory varia9le& 1 to 0. The following com#
ponent&, (efine( 9y the &-m of fail-re in(icator& over all thro-gh#thic7ne&& integration point&, are
&tore( a& element component 7 in&tea( of the effective pla&tic &train.

3e&cription Antegration point

1
c()
=1

*
1
p
c()
=1

+
1
p
cm()
=1

>

An an optional (amage mo(el for tran&ver&e &hear &train, o-t#of#plane &tiffne&& B=BC an( =C2C can
get linearly (ecrea&e( to mo(el interlaminar &hear fail-re. 3amage &tart& when effective tran&ver&e
&hear &train
e
56
c]]
= _e
z
2
+e
z
2

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reache& <PS+. +inal r-pt-re occ-r& when effective tran&ver&e &hear &train reache& <PS'. 2 maxi#
m-m (amage of TS.3 B$.$>TS.3>$.C cannot 9e excee(e(. See +ig-re 2#20.

+ig-re 2#27. 3irection (epen(ent &oftening
'e(-ction
9y SO+T2
BorthogonalC
'e(-ction
9y $."BSO+T^SO+T2C
'e(-ction
9y SO+T BparallelC

<lement
(elete(
transverse shear stiffness
transverse shear strain
D=TSMD
D=0
EPSF EPSR
GBC,
GCA
+ig-re 2#20. Linear 3amage for tran&ver&e &hear 9ehavior
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2#2%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=LOW=DENSI/Y=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type "7 for mo(eling highly compre&&i9le low (en&ity foam&. At& main application&
are for &eat c-&hion& an( pa((ing on the Si(e Ampact 3-mmie& BSA3C. Optionally, a ten&ion c-t#off
fail-re can 9e (efine(. 2 ta9le can 9e (efine( if thermal effect& are con&i(ere( in the nominal &tre&&
ver&-& &train 9ehavior. 2l&o, &ee the note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < LCA3 TC L8 B<T2 32.P
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.<^2$ 1. $.$"
'emar7& % 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SL2P< +2AL BP+L2= <3 B<T21 @CO5 '<+
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7& % 2 " " 0

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& -&e( in ten&ion. +or implicit pro9lem& < i& &et to the ini#
tial &lope of loa( c-rve LCA3.
LCA3
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for the nominal &tre&& ver#
&-& &train c-rve (efinition. Af a ta9le i& -&e(, a family of c-rve& i& (efine(
each corre&pon(ing to a (i&crete temperat-re, &ee I3<+A5<JT2BL<.
TC
C-t#off for the nominal ten&ile &tre&&
i

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L8
Ly&teretic -nloa(ing factor 9etween $ an( 1 B(efa-ltT1, i.e., no energy (i&#
&ipationC, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#2/.
B<T2
, (ecay con&tant to mo(el creep in -nloa(ing
32.P
Pi&co-& coefficient B.$"> recommen(e( val-e >."$C to mo(el (amping ef#
fect&.
LT.$.$) b32.Pb i& the loa( c-rve A3, which (efine& the (amping con#
&tant a& a f-nction of the maxim-m &train in compre&&ion (e#
fine( a&)
e
max
= max(1 z
1
, 1 z
2
, 1. z
3
).
An ten&ion, the (amping con&tant i& &et to the val-e corre&pon(ing to the
&train at $. The a9&ci&&a &ho-l( 9e (efine( from $ to 1.
SL2P<
Shape factor for -nloa(ing. 2ctive for nonHero val-e& of the hy&teretic -n#
loa(ing factor. Pal-e& le&& than one re(-ce& the energy (i&&ipation an(
greater than one increa&e& (i&&ipation, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#2/.
+2AL
+ail-re option after c-toff &tre&& i& reache()
<R.$.$) ten&ile &tre&& remain& at c-t#off val-e,
<R.1.$) ten&ile &tre&& i& re&et to Hero.
BP+L2=
B-l7 vi&co&ity activation flag, &ee remar7 9elow)
<R.$.$) no 9-l7 vi&co&ity Brecommen(e(C,
<R.1.$) 9-l7 vi&co&ity active.
<3
Optional 4o-ngF& relaxation mo(-l-&, E
d
, for rate effect&. See comment&
9elow.
B<T21
Optional (ecay con&tant,
1
.
@CO5
Stiffne&& coefficient for contact interface &tiffne&&. Af -n(efine( the maxi#
m-m &lope in &tre&& v&. &train c-rve i& -&e(. ,hen the maxim-m &lope i&
ta7en for the contact, the time &tep &iHe for thi& material i& re(-ce( for &ta#
9ility. An &ome ca&e& t may 9e &ignificantly &maller, an( (efining a rea#
&ona9le &tiffne&& i& recommen(e(.
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
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2#2%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
The compre&&ive 9ehavior i& ill-&trate( in +ig-re "7.1 where hy&tere&i& on -nloa(ing i& &hown. Thi&
9ehavior -n(er -niaxial loa(ing i& a&&-me( not to &ignificantly co-ple in the tran&ver&e (irection&.
An ten&ion the material 9ehave& in a linear fa&hion -ntil tearing occ-r&. 2ltho-gh o-r implementation
may 9e &omewhat -n-&-al, it wa& motivate( 9y Stora7er& W1/0X.
The mo(el -&e& ta9-late( inp-t (ata for the loa(ing c-rve where the nominal &tre&&e& are (efine( a& a
f-nction of the elongation&,
i
, which are (efine( in term& of the principal &tretche&,
i
, a&)

i
T
i
g 1
The &tretch ratio& are fo-n( 9y &olving for the eigenval-e& of the left &tretch ten&or, P
iG
, which i&
o9taine( via a polar (ecompo&ition of the (eformation gra(ient matrix, +
iG
. 'ecall that,
+
iG
T '
i7
8
7G
T P
i7
'
7G

The -p(ate of P
iG
follow& the n-merically &ta9le approach of Taylor an( +lanagan W1/X. 2fter
&olving for the principal &tretche&, we comp-te the elongation& an(, if the elongation& are compre&#
&ive, the corre&pon(ing val-e& of the nominal &tre&&e&,
is
are interpolate(. Af the elongation& are
ten&ile, the nominal &tre&&e& are given 9y

i
T <
i

an( the Ca-chy &tre&&e& in the principal &y&tem 9ecome
o
=

i
x
]
x
k

The &tre&&e& can now 9e tran&forme( 9ac7 into the glo9al &y&tem for the no(al force calc-lation&.
Additional Re5arAs(
1. ,hen hy&teretic -nloa(ing i& -&e( the reloa(ing will follow the -nloa(ing c-rve if the (ecay
con&tant, , i& &et to Hero. Af i& nonHero the (ecay to the original loa(ing c-rve i& governe(
9y the expre&&ion)
1. # e
#t
2. The 9-l7 vi&co&ity, which generate& a rate (epen(ent pre&&-re, may ca-&e an -nexpecte(
vol-metric re&pon&e an(, con&e:-ently, it i& optional with thi& mo(el.
%.
The hy&teretic -nloa(ing factor re&-lt& in the -nloa(ing c-rve to lie 9eneath the loa(ing
c-rve a& &hown in +ig-re 2#2/ Thi& -nloa(ing provi(e& energy (i&&ipation which i& rea&ona#
9le in certain 7in(& of foam.
!. 5ote that &ince thi& material ha& no effective pla&tic &train, the internal energy per initial vol#
-me i& written into the o-tp-t (ata9a&e&.
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". 'ate effect& are acco-nte( for thro-gh linear vi&coela&ticity 9y a convol-tion integral of the
form
o
]
= _ g
]k
t
0
(t )
oe
k
o
J

where g
]k
(t ) i& the relaxation f-nction. The &tre&& ten&or, o
]
, a-gment& the &tre&&e&

(etermine( from the foam, o
]
]
D con&e:-ently, the final &tre&&, o
]
, i& ta7en a& the &-mmation
of the two contri9-tion&)
o
]
= o
]
]
+o
]
.
Since we wi&h to incl-(e only &imple rate effect&, the relaxation f-nction i& repre&ente( 9y
one term from the Prony &erie&)
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
N
m=1
c
-[ t

given 9y,
g(t) = E
d
c
-[
1
t

Thi& mo(el i& effectively a .axwell fl-i( which con&i&t& of a (amper an( &pring in &erie&.
,e characteriHe thi& in the inp-t 9y a 4o-ngF& mo(-l-&, E
d
, an( (ecay con&tant,
1
. The
form-lation i& performe( in the local &y&tem of principal &tretche& where only the principal
val-e& of &tre&& are comp-te( an( triaxial co-pling i& avoi(e(. Con&e:-ently, the one#
(imen&ional nat-re of thi& foam material i& -naffecte( 9y thi& a((ition of rate effect&. The
a((ition of rate effect& nece&&itate& twelve a((itional hi&tory varia9le& per integration point.
The co&t an( memory overhea( of thi& mo(el come& primarily from the nee( to Uremem9erV
the local &y&tem of principal &tretche&.

0. The time &tep &iHe i& 9a&e( on the c-rrent (en&ity an( the maxim-m of the in&tantaneo-&
loa(ing &lope, <, an( @CO5. Af @CO5 i& -n(efine( the maxim-m &lope in the loa(ing
c-rve i& -&e( in&tea(.
Typical -nloa(ing c-rve& (etermine(
9y the hy&teretic -nloa(ing factor with
a &hape factor e:-al to -nity.
Typical -nloa(ing for a large &hape fac#
tor, e.g., ".$ g /.$, an( a &mall hy&teretic
-nloa(ing factor, e.g., $.$1.
+ig-re 2#2/. Behavior of the low (en&ity -rethane foam mo(el
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2#2!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=LAMINA/ED=0OM3OSI/E=.A<RI0
Thi& i& .aterial Type "/. 3epen(ing on the type of fail-re &-rface, thi& mo(el may 9e -&e( to
mo(el compo&ite material& with -ni(irectional layer&, complete laminate&, an( woven fa9ric&. Thi&
mo(el i& implemente( for &hell an( thic7 &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <2 <B B<CC P'B2 T281 =2..21
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 SLA.T1 SLA.C1 SLA.T2 SLA.C2 SLA.S
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT TSAQ< <'O3S SO+T +S
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

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Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <11C <11T <22C <22T =.S
Type + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MC MT 4C 4T SC
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
B<CC
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # normal (irection Bnot -&e(C
P'B2
9a
T281
1, &tre&& limit of the fir&t &lightly nonlinear part

of the &hear &tre&& ver&-&
&hear &train c-rve. The val-e& 1 an( 1 are -&e( to (efine a c-rve of &hear
&tre&& ver&-& &hear &train. The&e val-e& are inp-t if +S, (efine( 9elow, i&
&et to a val-e of #1.
=2..21
1, &train limit of the fir&t &lightly nonlinear part of the &hear &tre&& ver&-&
engineering &hear &train c-rve.
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca
SLA.T1
ten&ionC.
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SLA.C1
compre&&ionC.
SLA.T2
ten&ionC.
SLA.C2
compre&&ionC.
SLA.S
2OPT
B<T2.
terial axe& a9o-t the element normal 9y an angle BB<T2C from
a line in the plane of the element (efine( 9y the cro&& pro(-ct
of the vector v with the element normal.
TSAQ<
Time &tep for a-tomatic element (eletion.
<'O3S
.axim-m effective &train for element layer fail-re. 2 val-e of -nity wo-l(
e:-al 1$$c &train.
=T.$.$) fail& when effective &train calc-late( a&&-ming material i& vol#
-me pre&erving excee(& <'O3S Bol( wayC.
LT.$.$) fail& when effective &train calc-late( from the f-ll &train ten&or
excee(& b<'O3Sb.
SO+T
Softening re(-ction factor for &trength in the cra&hfront.
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+S
+ail-re &-rface type)
<R.1.$) &mooth fail-re &-rface with a :-a(ratic criterion for 9oth the fi#
9er BaC an( tran&ver&e B9C (irection&. Thi& option can 9e -&e(
with complete laminate& an( fa9ric&.
<R.$.$) &mooth fail-re &-rface in the tran&ver&e B9C (irection with a lim#
iting val-e in the fi9er BaC (irection. Thi& mo(el i& appropriate
for -ni(irectional B83C layere( compo&ite& only.
<R.#1.) facete( fail-re &-rface. ,hen the &trength val-e& are reache(
then (amage evolve& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion for 9oth the
fi9er an( tran&ver&e (irection. Shear 9ehavior i& al&o con&i(#
ere(. Thi& option can 9e -&e( with complete laminate& an( fa9#
ric&.
MP 4P QP
3efine coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPT T 1.
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
ement car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2.
<11C
Strain at longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength, a#axi& Bpo&itiveC.
<11T
Strain at longit-(inal ten&ile &trength, a#axi&.
<22C
Strain at tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength, 9#axi&.
<22T
Strain at tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength, 9#axi&.
=.S
<ngineering &hear &train at &hear &trength, a9 plane.
MC
Longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength Bpo&itive val-eC.
MT
4C
Tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength, 9#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC, &ee 9elow.
4T
SC
Shear &trength, a9 plane, &ee 9elow.
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Re5arAs(
Parameter& to control fail-re of an element layer are) <'O3S, the maxim-m effective &train, i.e.,
maxim-m 1 T 1$$ c &training. The layer in the element i& completely remove( after the maxim-m
effective &train Bcompre&&ionEten&ion incl-(ing &hearC i& reache(.
The &tre&& limit& are factor& -&e( to limit the &tre&& in the &oftening part to a given val-e,
o
mIn
= SIIHxx stcgtb,
th-&, the (amage val-e i& &lightly mo(ifie( &-ch that ela&topla&tic li7e 9ehavior i& achieve( with the
thre&hol( &tre&&. 2& a factor for S!I$-- a n-m9er 9etween $.$ an( 1.$ i& po&&i9le. ,ith a factor of
1.$, the &tre&& remain& at a maxim-m val-e i(entical to the &trength, which i& &imilar to i(eal ela&to#
pla&tic 9ehavior. +or ten&ile fail-re a &mall val-e for S!I$T- i& often rea&ona9leD however, for com#
pre&&ion S!I$#- 7 *2; i& preferre(. Thi& i& al&o vali( for the corre&pon(ing &hear val-e. Af S!I$--
i& &maller than 1.$ then localiHation can 9e o9&erve( (epen(ing on the total 9ehavior of the lay#-p.
Af the -&er i& intentionally -&ing S!I$-- L *2;( it i& generally recommen(e( to avoi( a (rop to Hero
an( &et the val-e to &omething in 9etween $.$" an( $.1$. Then ela&topla&tic 9ehavior i& achieve( in
the limit which often lea(& to le&& n-merical pro9lem&. 3efa-lt& for SLA.MM T 1.$<#/.
The cra&hfront#algorithm i& &tarte( if an( only if a val-e for TSAQ< Btime &tep &iHe, with element
elimination after the act-al time &tep 9ecome& &maller than TSAQ<C i& inp-t.
The (amage parameter& can 9e written to the po&tproce&&ing (ata9a&e for each integration point a&
the fir&t three a((itional element varia9le& an( can 9e vi&-aliHe(.
.aterial mo(el& with +ST1 or +ST#1 are favora9le for complete laminate& an( fa9ric&, a& all (i#
rection& are treate( in a &imilar fa&hion.
+or material mo(el +ST1 an interaction 9etween normal &tre&&e& an( the &hear &tre&&e& i& a&&-me(
for the evol-tion of (amage in the a an( 9#(irection&. +or the &hear (amage i& alway& the maxim-m
val-e of the (amage from the criterion in a or 9#(irection i& ta7en.
+or material mo(el +ST#1 it i& a&&-me( that the (amage evol-tion i& in(epen(ent of any of the other
&tre&&e&. 2 co-pling i& only pre&ent via the ela&tic material parameter& an( the complete &tr-ct-re.
An ten&ile an( compre&&ion (irection& an( in a a& well a& in 9# (irection (ifferent fail-re &-rface& can
9e a&&-me(. The (amage val-e&, however, increa&e only al&o when the loa(ing (irection change&.
Special con!ol o" #$ea! %e$a&io! o" "a%!ic#
+or fa9ric material& a nonlinear &tre&& &train c-rve for the &hear part for fail-re &-rface +ST#1 can 9e
a&&-me( a& given 9elow. Thi& i& not po&&i9le for other val-e& of +S.
The c-rve, &hown in +ig-re 2#2 i& (efine( 9y three point&)
aC the origin B$,$C i& a&&-me(,
9C the limit of the fir&t &lightly nonlinear part Bm-&t 9e inp-tC, &tre&& BT281C an(
&train B=2..21C, &ee 9elow.
cC the &hear &trength at fail-re an( &hear &train at fail-re.
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An a((ition a &tre&& limiter can 9e -&e( to 7eep the &tre&& con&tant via the S!I$S parameter. Thi& val#
-e m-&t 9e le&& or e:-al 1.$ 9-t po&itive, an( lea(& to an ela&topla&tic 9ehavior for the &hear part.
The (efa-lt i& 1.$<#$/, a&&-ming almo&t 9rittle fail-re once the &trength limit SC i& reache(.
t
u
=2..21
SC
=.S
T281
SLA.S T 1.$
SLA.S T $.
SLA.S T $.0
+ig-re 2#2. Stre&&#&train (iagram for &hear
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2#2!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=.AILURE=NOPTIONO=MODEL
Thi& i& .aterial Type ".
S1ELL
SOLID
S31
(epen(ing on the element type the material i& to 9e -&e( with, &ee IP2'T.

.or 9otH o4tions deBine 7ards % to * 9elo:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 @+ 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + + A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=.AILURE=FO3/IONG=MODEL ;MA/=">,
LSDYNA 2#2!7 B.2TC
0ards > and ) Bor S1ELL o4tion
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TSAQ< 2LP SO+T +B'T S' S+
Type + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + +

0ards > and ) Bor SOLID and S31 o4tion
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SB2 SC2 SCB MMC 44C QQC
Type + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MMT 44T QQT
Type + + +

.A3
'O
3en&ity
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
<C
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # normal (irection
P'B2
9a
Poi&&on]& ratio 9a
D
R
A
F
T
2#2!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
P'C2
ca
Poi&&on]& ratio ca
P'CB
c9
Poi&&on]& ratio c9
=2B
=
a9
Shear .o(-l-&
=BC
=
9c
Shear .o(-l-&
=C2
=
ca
Shear .o(-l-&
@+
B-l7 mo(-l-& of faile( material
2OPT
complete (e&criptionC BSPL particle& only &-pport 2OPTT2.$C)
9y an angle B<T2.
.2C+
.aterial axe& change flag for 9ric7 element&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=.AILURE=FO3/IONG=MODEL ;MA/=">,
LSDYNA 2#2! B.2TC
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
3efine component& of vector d for 2OPT T 2)
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPTT$ B&hell& onlyC an( 2OPTT%, may 9e
overri((en on the element car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2 or
I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO.
TSAQ<
Time &tep for a-tomatic element (eletion
2LP
5onlinear &hear &tre&& parameter
SO+T
Softening re(-ction factor for &trength in cr-&h
+B'T
Softening of fi9er ten&ile &trength
S'
&
r
, re(-ction factor B(efa-ltT$.!!7C
S+
&
f
, &oftening factor B(efa-ltT$.$C
MC
Longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength, a#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC.
MT
Longit-(inal ten&ile &trength, a#axi&
4C
Tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength, 9#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC.
4T
Tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength, 9#axi&
SC
Shear &trength, a9 plane)
=T.$.$ facete( fail-re &-rface theory,
LT.$.$ ellip&oi(al fail-re &-rface theory.
SB2
An plane &hear &trength.
SC2
Tran&ver&e &hear &trength.
SCB
Tran&ver&e &hear &trength.
MMC
Longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength a#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC.
44C
Tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength 9#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC.
QQC
5ormal compre&&ive &trength c#axi& Bpo&itive val-eC.
D
R
A
F
T
2#2"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
MMT
Longit-(inal ten&ile &trength a#axi&.
44T
Tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength 9#axi&.
QQT
5ormal ten&ile &trength c#axi&.
D
R
A
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;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y ;MA/=")"

LSDYNA 2#2"1 B.2TC
;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0$ which wa& (evelope( to &im-late forming of gla&& pro(-ct& Be.g., car win(#
&hiel(&C at high temperat-re&. 3eformation i& 9y vi&co-& flow 9-t ela&tic (eformation& can al&o 9e
large. The material mo(el, in which the vi&co&ity may vary with temperat-re, i& &-ita9le for treating
a wi(e range of vi&co-& flow pro9lem& an( i& implemente( for 9ric7 an( &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P$ 2 B C LCA3
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P'1 P'2 P'% P'! P'" P'0 P'7 P'/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <1 <2 <% <! <" <0 <7 </
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")" ;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y

2#2"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
P$
Temperat-re in(epen(ent vi&co&ity coefficient, P
$
. Af (efine(, the tem#
perat-re (epen(ent vi&co&ity (efine( 9elow i& &7ippe(, &ee type BiC an( BiiC
(efinition& for vi&co&ity 9elow.
2
Pi&co&ity coefficient, &ee type BiC an( BiiC (efinition& for vi&co&ity 9elow.
B
C
LCA3
Loa( c-rve B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining vi&co&ity ver&-& temperat-re,
&ee type BiiiC. BOptionalC
T1, T2,...T5
Temperat-re&, (efine -p to / val-e&
P'1, P'2,...P'5
Poi&&on]& ratio& for the temperat-re& T
i

P1, P2,...P5
Corre&pon(ing vi&co&ity coefficient& B(efine only one if not varying with
temperat-reC
<1, <2,...<5
Corre&pon(ing 4o-ng]& mo(-li coefficient& B(efine only one if not varying
with temperat-reC
2LPL2....
Corre&pon(ing thermal expan&ion coefficient&
Re5arAs(
Pol-metric 9ehavior i& treate( a& linear ela&tic. The (eviatoric &train rate i& con&i(ere( to 9e the &-m
of ela&tic an( vi&co-& &train rate&)
total
i
=
ela&tic
i
+
vi&co-&
i
=
'
20
+
'
2

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y ;MA/=")"

LSDYNA 2#2"% B.2TC
where = i& the ela&tic &hear mo(-l-&, v i& the vi&co&ity coefficient, an( 9ol( in(icate& a ten&or. The
&tre&& increment over one time&tep (t i&
J
i
= 20
ttal
Jt
0
u
Jt '
The &tre&& 9efore the -p(ate i& -&e( for '. +or &hell element& the thro-gh#thic7ne&& &train rate i&
calc-late( a& follow&.
Jo
33
= u = K_e
11
+ e
22
+ e
33
] Jt +20e'
33
Jt
u
u
Jto'
33

where the &-9&cript iG T %% (enote& the thro-gh#thic7ne&& (irection an( @ i& the ela&tic 9-l7 mo(-l-&.
Thi& lea(& to)
e
33
= o _e
11
+ e
22
] +p
o =
[K-
2
3
u
[K+
4
3
u

=
udt
u[K+
4
3
u

in which p i& the pre&&-re (efine( a& the negative of the hy(ro&tatic &tre&&.
The variation of vi&co&ity with temperat-re can 9e (efine( in any one of the % way&.
BiC Con&tant, P T P
$
3o not (efine con&tant&, 2, B, an( C or the piecewi&e c-rve.Bleave
car( ! 9lan7C
BiiC P T P
$
1$II B2EBT#BC ^ CC
BiiiC Piecewi&e c-rve) (efine the variation of vi&co&ity with temperat-re.
Note( Pi&co&ity i& inactive (-ring (ynamic relaxation.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")"0 ;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y=0URVE
2#2"! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y=0URVE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0$ which wa& (evelope( to &im-late forming of gla&& pro(-ct& Be.g., car win(#
&hiel(&C at high temperat-re&. 3eformation i& 9y vi&co-& flow 9-t ela&tic (eformation& can al&o 9e
large. The material mo(el, in which the vi&co&ity may vary with temperat-re, i& &-ita9le for treating
a wi(e range of vi&co-& flow pro9lem& an( i& implemente( for 9ric7 an( &hell element&. Loa( c-rve&
are -&e( to repre&ent the temperat-re (epen(ence of Poi&&on]& ratio, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, the coeffi#
cient of expan&ion, an( the vi&co&ity.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P$ 2 B C LCA3
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P'JLC 4.JLC 2JLC PJLC PJLO=
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
P$
Temperat-re in(epen(ent vi&co&ity coefficient, P
$
. Af (efine(, the tempera#
t-re (epen(ent vi&co&ity (efine( 9elow i& &7ippe(, &ee type BiC an( BiiC (efi#
nition& for vi&co&ity 9elow.
2
B
C
LCA3
Loa( c-rve B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining factor on vi&co&ity ver&-&
temperat-re, &ee type BiiiC. BOptionalC.
P'JLC
Loa( c-rve B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining Poi&&on]& ratio a& a f-nction
of temperat-re.
D
R
A
F
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;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y=0URVE ;MA/=")"0
LSDYNA 2#2"" B.2TC
4.JLC
Loa( c-rve B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& a& a f-nc#
tion of temperat-re.
2JLC
Loa( c-rve B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining the coefficient of thermal
expan&ion a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
PJLC
Loa( c-rve B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining the vi&co&ity a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
PJLO=
+lag for the form of PJLC. Af PJLO=T1.$, the val-e &pecifie( in PJLC i&
the nat-ral logarithm of the vi&co&ity, lnBPC. The val-e interpolate( from
the c-rve i& then exponentiate( to o9tain the vi&co&ity. Af PJLO=T$.$, the
val-e i& the vi&co&ity. The logarithmic form i& -&ef-l if the val-e of the vi&#
co&ity change& 9y or(er& of magnit-(e over the temperat-re range of the
(ata.
Re5arAs(
Pol-metric 9ehavior i& treate( a& linear ela&tic. The (eviatoric &train rate i& con&i(ere( to 9e the &-m
of ela&tic an( vi&co-& &train rate&)

ttal
i
=
elast
i
+
ss
i
=
'
20
+
'
2

where = i& the ela&tic &hear mo(-l-&, v i& the vi&co&ity coefficient, an( 9ol(i in(icate& a ten&or. The
&tre&& increment over one time&tep (t i&
J
i
= 20
ttal
i
Jt
0
u
Jt '
The &tre&& 9efore the -p(ate i& -&e( for '. +or &hell element& the thro-gh#thic7ne&& &train rate i&
calc-late( a& follow&.
Jo
33
= u = K_e
11
+ e
22
+ e
33
] Jt +20e'
33
Jt
u
u
Jto'
33

where the &-9&cript iG T %% (enote& the thro-gh#thic7ne&& (irection an( @ i& the ela&tic 9-l7 mo(-l-&.
Thi& lea(& to)
e
33
= o _e
11
+ e
22
] +p
o =
[K-
2
3
u
[K+
4
3
u

=
udt
u[K+
4
3
u

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")"0 ;MA/=ELAS/I0=WI/1=VIS0OSI/Y=0URVE
2#2"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
in which p i& the pre&&-re (efine( a& the negative of the hy(ro&tatic &tre&&.
The variation of vi&co&ity with temperat-re can 9e (efine( in any one of the % way&.
BiC Con&tant, P T P
$
3o not (efine con&tant&, 2, B, an( C or the piecewi&e c-rve.Bleave car(
! 9lan7C
BiiC P T P
$
1$II B2EBT#BC ^ CC
BiiiC Piecewi&e c-rve) (efine the variation of vi&co&ity with temperat-re.
Note( Pi&co&ity i& inactive (-ring (ynamic relaxation.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=KELVINMATWELL=VIS0OELAS/I0 ;MA/=")%

LSDYNA 2#2"7 B.2TC
;MA/=KELVINMATWELL=VIS0OELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 01. Thi& material i& a cla&&ical @elvin#.axwell mo(el for mo(eling vi&coela&#
tic 9o(ie&, e.g., foam&. Thi& mo(el i& vali( for &oli( element& only. See al&o note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O B8L@ =$ =A 3C +O SO
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-& Bela&ticC
=$
Short#time &hear mo(-l-&, =
$

=A
e

3C
.axwell (ecay con&tant, W+OT$.$X or
@elvin relaxation con&tant, W+OT1.$X
+O
+orm-lation option)
<R.$.$) .axwell,
<R.1.$) @elvin.
SO
Strain BlogarithmicC o-tp-t option to control what i& written a& component 7
to the (%plot (ata9a&e. BLS#PrePo&t alway& 9lin(ly la9el& thi& component
a& effective pla&tic &train.C The maxim-m val-e& are -p(ate( for each ele#
ment each time &tep)
<R.$.$) maxim-m principal &train that occ-r& (-ring the calc-lation,
<R.1.$) maxim-m magnit-(e of the principal &train val-e& that occ-r&
(-ring the calc-lation,
<R.2.$) maxim-m effective &train that occ-r& (-ring the calc-lation.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")% ;MA/=KELVINMATWELL=VIS0OELAS/I0

2#2"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
The &hear relaxation 9ehavior i& (e&cri9e( for the .axwell mo(el 9y)
0(t) = 0 +(0
0
0
)c
-[t

o'
]
v
= 2] 0(t ) '
]
()Jt
t
0

v
]
, an( the &train rate 3
iG
. +or the
@elvin mo(el the &tre&& evol-tion e:-ation i& (efine( a&)
s
]
+
1
s
]
= 1 +o
]
0
0
c
]
+1 +o
]
c
]

The &train (ata a& written to the LS#3452 (ata9a&e may 9e -&e( to pre(ict (amage, &ee WBan(a7
11X.
D
R
A
F
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;MA/=VIS0OUS=.OAM ;MA/=")$
LSDYNA 2#2" B.2TC
;MA/=VIS0OUS=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 02. At wa& written to repre&ent the Confor +oam on the ri9& of <-roSA3 &i(e
impact (-mmy. At i& only vali( for &oli( element&, mainly -n(er compre&&ive loa(ing.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <1 51 P2 <2 52 P'
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<1
Anitial 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& B<
1
C
51
<xponent in power law for 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& Bn
1
C
P2
Pi&co-& coefficient BP
2
C
<2
<la&tic mo(-l-& for vi&co&ity B<
2
C, &ee note& 9elow.
52
<xponent in power law for vi&co&ity Bn
2
C
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio,
Re5arAs(
The mo(el con&i&t& of a nonlinear ela&tic &tiffne&& in parallel with a vi&co-& (amper. The ela&tic
&tiffne&& i& inten(e( to limit total cr-&h while the vi&co&ity a9&or9& energy. The &tiffne&& E
+
exi&t& to
prevent time&tep pro9lem&. At i& -&e( for time &tep calc-lation& a long a& E
1
t
i& &maller than E
+
. At
ha& to 9e caref-lly cho&en to ta7e into acco-nt the &tiffening effect& of the vi&co&ity. Both E
*
an( '
+

are nonlinear with cr-&h a& follow&)

E
1
t
= E
1
(I
-
1
)
I
2
t
= I
2
os(1 I)
2

where vi&co&ity generate& a &hear &tre&& given 9y
= I
2
y
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")$ ;MA/=VIS0OUS=.OAM
2#20$ B.2TC LSDYNA
y i& the engineering &hear &train rate, an( P i& the relative vol-me (efine( 9y the ratio of the c-rrent
to initial vol-me. Typical val-e& are B-nit& of 5, mm, &C)
<
1
T$.$$%0 n
1
T!.$ P
2
T$.$$1"
<
2
T1$$.$ n
2
T$.2 T$.$"
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM ;MA/=")!
LSDYNA 2#201 B.2TC
;MA/=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0% which i& (e(icate( to mo(eling cr-&ha9le foam with optional (amping an(
ten&ion c-toff. 8nloa(ing i& f-lly ela&tic. Ten&ion i& treate( a& ela&tic#perfectly#pla&tic at the ten&ion
c-t#off val-e. 2 mo(ifie( ver&ion of thi& mo(el, I.2TJ.O3A+A<3JC'8SL2BL<J+O2. in#
cl-(e& &train rate effect&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' LCA3 TSC 32.P
Type 2/ + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ $.1$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining yiel( &tre&& ver&-& vol-metric &train, , &ee +ig-re
2#%$.
TSC
Ten&ile &tre&& c-toff. 2 nonHero, po&itive val-e i& &trongly recommen(e(
for reali&tic 9ehavior.
32.P
'ate &en&itivity via (amping coefficient B.$">recommen(e( val-e>."$C.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")! ;MA/=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
2#202 B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
The vol-metric &train i& (efine( in term& of the relative vol-me, P, a&)
T 1.#P
The relative vol-me i& (efine( a& the ratio of the c-rrent to the initial vol-me. An place of the effec#
tive pla&tic &train in the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e, the integrate( vol-metric &train i& o-tp-t.
+ig-re 2#%$. Behavior of &train rate &en&itive cr-&ha9le foam. 8nloa(ing i& ela&tic to the
ten&ion c-toff. S-9&e:-ent reloa(ing follow& the -nloa(ing c-rve.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=3OWERLAW=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/=")*
LSDYNA 2#20% B.2TC
;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=3OWERLAW=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0! which will mo(el &train rate &en&itive ela&to#pla&tic material with a power
law har(ening. Optionally, the coefficient& can 9e (efine( a& f-nction& of the effective pla&tic &train.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' @ . 5 <$
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$$$1 none $.$$$2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PP <PS$
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& of ela&ticity
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
@
.aterial con&tant, 7. Af 7>$ the a9&ol-te val-e of 7 i& ta7en a& the loa(
c-rve n-m9er that (efine& 7 a& a f-nction of effective pla&tic &train.
.
Strain har(ening coefficient, m. Af m>$ the a9&ol-te val-e of m i& ta7en a&
the loa( c-rve n-m9er that (efine& m a& a f-nction of effective pla&tic
&train.
5
Strain rate &en&itivity coefficient, n. Af n>$ the a9&ol-te val-e of n i& ta7en
a& the loa( c-rve n-m9er that (efine& n a& a f-nction of effective pla&tic
&train.
<$
Anitial &train rate B(efa-lt T $.$$$2C
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")* ;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=3OWERLAW=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#20! B.2TC LSDYNA
PP
<R.$.$) Scale yiel( &tre&& B(efa-ltC
<PS$
R-a&i#&tatic thre&hol( &train rate. See (e&cription -n(er I.2TJ$1".
Re5arAs(
Thi& material mo(el follow& a con&tit-tive relation&hip of the form)
o = ke
m
e

where o i& the yiel( &tre&&, e i& the effective pla&tic &train, e i& the effective total &train rate BPPT$C,
re&pectively the effective pla&tic &train rate BPPT1C, an( the con&tant& @, m, an( n can 9e expre&&e( a&
f-nction& of effective pla&tic &train or can 9e con&tant with re&pect to the pla&tic &train. The ca&e of
no &train har(ening can 9e o9taine( 9y &etting the exponent of the pla&tic &train e:-al to a very &mall
po&itive val-e, i.e. $.$$$1.
Thi& mo(el can 9e com9ine( with the &-perpla&tic forming inp-t to control the magnit-(e of the
pre&&-re in the pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition& in or(er to limit the effective pla&tic &train rate &o that it
(oe& not excee( a maxim-m val-e at any integration point within the mo(el.
2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& optional. 2n a((itional co&t i& inc-rre( 9-t the improvement i&
re&-lt& can 9e (ramatic.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MODI.IED=KERILLI=ARMS/RON2 ;MA/=")>
LSDYNA 2#20" B.2TC
;MA/=MODI.IED=KERILLI=ARMS/RON2
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0" which i& a rate an( temperat-re &en&itive pla&ticity mo(el which i& &ome#
time& preferre( in or(nance (e&ign calc-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = <$ 5 T'OO. PC SP2LL
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1 C2 C% C! C" C0 <+2AL PP
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B1 B2 B% =1 =2 =% =! B8L@
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
=
Shear mo(-l-&
<$
e
0,
factor to normaliHe &train rate
5
n, exponent for 9cc metal

T'OO.
T
r(
room temperat-re
PC
pc, Pre&&-re c-toff
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")> ;MA/=MODI.IED=KERILLI=ARMS/RON2
2#200 B.2TC LSDYNA
SP2LL
Spall Type)
<R.1.$) minim-m pre&&-re limit,
<R.2.$) maxim-m principal &tre&&,
<R.%.$) minim-m pre&&-re c-toff.
C1
C
1
, coefficient& for flow &tre&&, &ee note& 9elow.
C2
C
2
C%
C
%
C!
C
!
C"
C
"
C0
C
0
<+2AL
+ail-re &train for ero&ion
PP
B1
B
1
, coefficient& for polynomial to repre&ent temperat-re (epen(ency of
flow &tre&& yiel(.
B2
B
2

B%
B
%

=1
=
1
, coefficient& for (efining heat capacity an( temperat-re (epen(ency of
heat capacity.
=2
=
2

=%
=
%

=!
=
!

B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-& (efine( for &hell element& only. 3o not inp-t for &oli( ele#
ment&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MODI.IED=KERILLI=ARMS/RON2 ;MA/=")>
LSDYNA 2#207 B.2TC
Re5arAs(
The 2rm&trong#Qerilli .aterial .o(el expre&&e& the flow &tre&& a& follow&.
+or fcc metal& BnT$C,
o = C
1
+]C
2
(e
)
1
2
,
|c
-C
3
+C
4
In(s
-
)1
] +C
5
[
(1)
(293)

e
T effective pla&tic &train

e
-
=
s
s
0
effective pla&tic &train rate where e
0
T 1, 1e#%, 1e#0 for time -nit& of
&econ(&, milli&econ(&, an( micro&econ(&, re&pectively.
+or 9cc metal& Bn?$C,
o = C
1
+C
2
c
-C
3
+C
4
In(s
-
)1
+|C
5
(e
+C
6
] [
(1)
(293)

where
[
(1)
(293)
= B
1
+B
2
I +B
3
I
2
.
The relation&hip 9etween heat capacity B&pecific heatC an( temperat-re may 9e characteriHe( 9y a
c-9ic polynomial e:-ation a& follow&)
C
= 0
1
+0
2
I +0
3
I
2
+0
4
I
3

2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& optional. 2n a((itional co&t i& inc-rre( 9-t the improvement i&
re&-lt& can 9e (ramatic.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")) ;MA/=LINEAR=ELAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#20/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=LINEAR=ELAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 00. Thi& material mo(el i& (efine( for &im-lating the effect& of a linear ela&tic
9eam 9y -&ing &ix &pring& each acting a9o-t one of the &ix local (egree&#of#free(om. The two no(e&
(efining a 9eam may 9e coinci(ent to give a Hero length 9eam, or off&et to give a finite length 9eam.
+or finite length (i&crete 9eam& the a9&ol-te val-e of the varia9le SCOO' in the S<CTAO5JB<2.
inp-t &ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e of 2.$, which ca-&e& the local r#axi& to 9e aligne( along the two no(e&
of the 9eam to give phy&ically correct 9ehavior. The (i&tance 9etween the no(e& of a 9eam &ho-l(
not affect the 9ehavior of thi& mo(el. 2 tria( i& -&e( to orient the 9eam for the (irectional &pring&.
Tran&lationalErotational &tiffne&& an( vi&co-& (amping effect& are con&i(ere( for a local carte&ian
&y&tem, &ee note& 9elow. 2pplication& for thi& element incl-(e the mo(eling of Goint &tiffne&&e&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O T@' T@S T@T '@' '@S '@T
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T3' T3S T3T '3' '3S '3T
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +O' +OS +OT .O' .OS .OT
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity, &ee al&o Uvol-meV in the IS<CTAO5JB<2. (efinition.
T@'
Tran&lational &tiffne&& along local r#axi&, &ee note& 9elow.
T@S
Tran&lational &tiffne&& along local &#axi&.
T@T
Tran&lational &tiffne&& along local t#axi&.
'@'
'otational &tiffne&& a9o-t the local r#axi&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=LINEAR=ELAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/="))
LSDYNA 2#20 B.2TC
'@S
'otational &tiffne&& a9o-t the local &#axi&.
'@T
'otational &tiffne&& a9o-t the local t#axi&.
T3'
Tran&lational vi&co-& (amper along local r#axi&. BOptionalC
T3S
Tran&lational vi&co-& (amper along local &#axi&. BOptionalC
T3T
Tran&lational vi&co-& (amper along local t#axi&. BOptionalC
'3'
'otational vi&co-& (amper a9o-t the local r#axi&. BOptionalC
'3S
'otational vi&co-& (amper a9o-t the local &#axi&. BOptionalC
'3T
'otational vi&co-& (amper a9o-t the local t#axi&. BOptionalC
+O'
Preloa( force in r#(irection. BOptionalC
+OS
Preloa( force in &#(irection. BOptionalC
+OT
Preloa( force in t#(irection. BOptionalC
.O'
Preloa( moment a9o-t r#axi&. BOptionalC
.OS
Preloa( moment a9o-t &#axi&. BOptionalC
.OT
Preloa( moment a9o-t t#axi&. BOptionalC
Re5arAs(
The form-lation of the (i&crete 9eam Btype 0C a&&-me& that the 9eam i& of Hero length an( re:-ire&
no orientation no(e. 2 &mall (i&tance 9etween the no(e& Goine( 9y the 9eam i& permitte(. The local
coor(inate &y&tem which (etermine& Br,&,tC i& given 9y the coor(inate A3, &ee I3<+A5<
JCOO'3A52T<JOPTION, in the cro&& &ectional inp-t, &ee IS<CTAO5JB<2., where the glo9al
&y&tem i& the (efa-lt. The local coor(inate &y&tem axe& can rotate with either no(e of the 9eam or an
average rotation of 9oth no(e& B&ee SCOO' varia9le in IS<CTAO5JB<2.C.
+or n-ll &tiffne&& coefficient&, no force& corre&pon(ing to the&e n-ll val-e& will (evelop. The vi&#
co-& (amping coefficient& are optional.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")- ;MA/=NONLINEAR=ELAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#27$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=NONLINEAR=ELAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 07. Thi& material mo(el i& (efine( for &im-lating the effect& of nonlinear ela&#
tic an( nonlinear vi&co-& 9eam& 9y -&ing &ix &pring& each acting a9o-t one of the &ix local (egree&#
of#free(om. The two no(e& (efining a 9eam may 9e coinci(ent to give a Hero length 9eam, or off&et
to give a finite length 9eam. +or finite length (i&crete 9eam& the a9&ol-te val-e of the varia9le
SCOO' in the S<CTAO5JB<2. inp-t &ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e of 2.$, which ca-&e& the local r#axi&
to 9e aligne( along the two no(e& of the 9eam to give phy&ically correct 9ehavior. The (i&tance 9e#
tween the no(e& of a 9eam &ho-l( not affect the 9ehavior of thi& material mo(el. 2 tria( i& -&e( to
orient the 9eam for the (irectional &pring&. 2r9itrary c-rve& to mo(el tran&itionalE rotational &tiff#
ne&& an( (amping effect& are allowe(. See note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O LCA3T' LCA3TS LCA3TT LCA3'' LCA3'S LCA3'T
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3T3' LCA3T3S LCA3T3T LCA3'3' LCA3'3S LCA3'3T
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

0ards * and > 5ust 9e deBined to 7onsider Bailure[ otHer:ise# tHe are o4tional8
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ++2AL' ++2ALS ++2ALT .+2AL' .+2ALS .+2ALT
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=NONLINEAR=ELAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=")-
LSDYNA 2#271 B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 8+2AL' 8+2ALS 8+2ALT T+2AL' T+2ALS T+2ALT
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity, &ee al&o vol-me in IS<CTAO5JB<2. (efinition.
LCA3T'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational force re&-ltant along local r#axi& ver#
&-& relative tran&lational (i&placement, &ee 'emar7& an( +ig-re 2#%1.
LCA3TS
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational force re&-ltant along local &#axi& ver#
&-& relative tran&lational (i&placement.
LCA3TT
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational force re&-ltant along local t#axi& ver#
LCA3''
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining rotational moment re&-ltant a9o-t local r#axi& ver#
&-& relative rotational (i&placement.
LCA3'S
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining rotational moment re&-ltant a9o-t local &#axi& ver#
LCA3'T
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining rotational moment re&-ltant a9o-t local t#axi& ver#
LCA3T3'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational (amping force re&-ltant along local
r#axi& ver&-& relative tran&lational velocity.
LCA3T3S
&#axi& ver&-& relative tran&lational velocity.
LCA3T3T
t#axi& ver&-& relative tran&lational velocity.
LCA3'3'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining rotational (amping moment re&-ltant a9o-t local
r#axi& ver&-& relative rotational velocity.
LCA3'3S
&#axi& ver&-& relative rotational velocity.
D
R
A
F
T
2#272 B.2TC LSDYNA
LCA3'3T
t#axi& ver&-& relative rotational velocity.
+O'
+OS
+OT
.O'
.OS
.OT
++2AL'
Optional fail-re parameter. Af Hero, the corre&pon(ing force, +
r
, i& not con#
&i(ere( in the fail-re calc-lation.
++2ALS
&
, i& not con#
++2ALT
t
, i& not con#
.+2AL'
Optional fail-re parameter. Af Hero, the corre&pon(ing moment, .
r
, i& not
con&i(ere( in the fail-re calc-lation.
.+2ALS
&
, i& not
.+2ALT
t
, i& not
8+2AL'
Optional fail-re parameter. Af Hero, the corre&pon(ing (i&placement, -
r
, i&
not con&i(ere( in the fail-re calc-lation.
8+2ALS
&
, i&
8+2ALT
t
, i&
T+2AL'
Optional fail-re parameter. Af Hero, the corre&pon(ing rotation,
r
, i& not
T+2ALS
&
, i& not
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=NONLINEAR=ELAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=")-
LSDYNA 2#27% B.2TC
T+2ALT
t
, i& not
Re5arAs(
+or n-ll loa( c-rve A3]&, no force& are comp-te(.
coor(inate &y&tem which (etermine& Br,&,tC i& given 9y the coor(inate A3, &ee I3<+A5<
JCOO'3A52T<JOPTION, in the cro&& &ectional inp-t, &ee IS<CTAO5JB<2., where the glo9al
Af (ifferent 9ehavior in ten&ion an( compre&&ion i& (e&ire( in the calc-lation of the force re&-ltant&,
the loa( c-rveB&C m-&t 9e (efine( in the negative :-a(rant &tarting with the mo&t negative (i&place#
ment then increa&ing monotonically to the mo&t po&itive. Af the loa( c-rve 9ehave& &imilarly in ten#
&ion an( compre&&ion, (efine only the po&itive :-a(rant. ,henever (i&placement val-e& fall o-t&i(e
of the (efine( range, the re&-ltant force& will 9e extrapolate(. +ig-re 2#%1 (epict& a typical loa(
c-rve for a force re&-ltant. Loa( c-rve& -&e( for (etermining the (amping force& an( moment re#
&-ltant& alway& act i(entically in ten&ion an( compre&&ion, &ince only the po&itive :-a(rant val-e&
are con&i(ere(, i.e., &tart the loa( c-rve at the origin W$,$X.

Cata&trophic fail-re 9a&e( on force re&-ltant& occ-r& if the following ine:-ality i& &ati&fie(.
+ig-re 2#%1. The re&-ltant force& an( moment& are (etermine( 9y a ta9le loo7-p. Af the
origin of the loa( c-rve i& at W$,$X a& in B9.C an( ten&ion an( compre&&ion re&pon&e& are
&ymmetric.
D
R
A
F
T
2#27! B.2TC LSDYNA
_

]
_
2
+_

]
_
2
+_

t
t
]
_
2
+_
H
]
_
2
+_
H
]
_
2
+_
H
t
H
t
]
_
2
1. u.
2fter fail-re the (i&crete element i& (elete(. Li7ewi&e, cata&trophic fail-re 9a&e( on (i&placement
re&-ltant& occ-r& if the following ine:-ality i& &ati&fie()
_
u
]
_
2
+_
u
]
_
2
+_
u
t
u
t
]
_
2
+_
0
]
_
2
+_
0
]
_
2
+_
0
t
0
t
]
_
2
1. u.
2fter fail-re the (i&crete element i& (elete(. Af fail-re i& incl-(e( either one or 9oth of the criteria
may 9e -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=NONLINEAR=3LAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=")?
LSDYNA 2#27" B.2TC
;MA/=NONLINEAR=3LAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0/. Thi& material mo(el i& (efine( for &im-lating the effect& of nonlinear ela&#
topla&tic, linear vi&co-& 9ehavior of 9eam& 9y -&ing &ix &pring& each acting a9o-t one of the &ix local
(egree&#of#free(om. The two no(e& (efining a 9eam may 9e coinci(ent to give a Hero length 9eam,
or off&et to give a finite length 9eam. +or finite length (i&crete 9eam& the a9&ol-te val-e of the vari#
a9le SCOO' in the S<CTAO5JB<2. inp-t &ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e of 2.$, which ca-&e& the local r#
axi& to 9e aligne( along the two no(e& of the 9eam to give phy&ically correct 9ehavior. The (i&tance
9etween the no(e& of a 9eam &ho-l( not affect the 9ehavior of thi& material mo(el. 2 tria( i& -&e( to
orient the 9eam for the (irectional &pring&. Tran&lationalErotational &tiffne&& an( (amping effect& can
9e con&i(ere(. The pla&tic 9ehavior i& mo(ele( -&ing forceEmoment c-rve& ver&-& (i&placement&E
rotation. Optionally, fail-re can 9e &pecifie( 9a&e( on a forceEmoment criterion an( a (i&placementE
rotation criterion. See al&o note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O T@' T@S T@T '@' '@S '@T
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T3' T3S T3T '3' '3S '3T
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCP3' LCP3S LCP3T LCP.' LCP.S LCP.T
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")? ;MA/=NONLINEAR=3LAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#270 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ++2AL' ++2ALS ++2ALT .+2AL' .+2ALS .+2ALT
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 8+2AL' 8+2ALS 8+2ALT T+2AL' T+2ALS T+2ALT
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity, &ee al&o vol-me on IS<CTAO5JB<2. (efinition.
T@'
Tran&lational &tiffne&& along local r#axi&
T@S
Tran&lational &tiffne&& along local &#axi&
T@T
Tran&lational &tiffne&& along local t#axi&
'@'
'otational &tiffne&& a9o-t the local r#axi&
'@S
'otational &tiffne&& a9o-t the local &#axi&
'@T
'otational &tiffne&& a9o-t the local t#axi&
T3'
Tran&lational vi&co-& (amper along local r#axi&
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#277 B.2TC
T3S
Tran&lational vi&co-& (amper along local &#axi&
T3T
Tran&lational vi&co-& (amper along local t#axi&
'3'
'otational vi&co-& (amper a9o-t the local r#axi&
'3S
'otational vi&co-& (amper a9o-t the local &#axi&
'3T
'otational vi&co-& (amper a9o-t the local t#axi&
LCP3'
Loa( c-rve A3#yiel( force ver&-& pla&tic (i&placement r#axi&. Af the c-rve
A3 i& Hero, an( if T@' i& nonHero, then ela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine( for thi&
component.
LCP3S
Loa( c-rve A3#yiel( force ver&-& pla&tic (i&placement &#axi&. Af the c-rve
A3 i& Hero, an( if T@S i& nonHero, then ela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine( for thi&
component.
LCP3T
Loa( c-rve A3#yiel( force ver&-& pla&tic (i&placement t#axi&. Af the c-rve
A3 i& Hero, an( if T@T i& nonHero, then ela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine( for thi&
component.
LCP.'
Loa( c-rve A3#yiel( moment ver&-& pla&tic rotation r#axi&. Af the c-rve A3
i& Hero, an( if '@' i& nonHero, then ela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine( for thi&
component.
LCP.S
Loa( c-rve A3#yiel( moment ver&-& pla&tic rotation &#axi&. Af the c-rve A3
i& Hero, an( if '@S i& nonHero, then ela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine( for thi&
component.
LCP.T
Loa( c-rve A3#yiel( moment ver&-& pla&tic rotation t#axi&. Af the c-rve A3
i& Hero, an( if '@T i& nonHero, then ela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine( for thi&
component.
++2AL'
r
, i& not con#
++2ALS
&
, i& not con#
++2ALT
t
, i& not con#
.+2AL'
r
, i& not
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=")? ;MA/=NONLINEAR=3LAS/I0=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#27/ B.2TC LSDYNA
.+2ALS
&
, i& not
.+2ALT
t
, i& not
8+2AL'
r
, i&
8+2ALS
&
, i&
8+2ALT
t
, i&
T+2AL'
r
, i& not
T+2ALS
&
, i& not
T+2ALT
t
, i& not
+O'
+OS
+OT
.O'
.OS
.OT
Re5arAs(
+or the tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free(om where ela&tic 9ehavior i& (e&ire(, &et the loa(
c-rve A3 to Hero.
The pla&tic (i&placement for the loa( c-rve& i& (efine( a&)
pla&tic (i&placement T total (i&placement # yiel( forceEela&tic &tiffne&&
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#27 B.2TC
coor(inate &y&tem which (etermine& Br,&,tC i& given 9y the coor(inate A3 B&ee I3<+A5<
JCOO'3A52T<JOPTIONC in the cro&& &ectional inp-t, &ee IS<CTAO5JB<2., where the glo9al
Cata&trophic fail-re 9a&e( on force re&-ltant& occ-r& if the following ine:-ality i& &ati&fie(.
_

]
_
2
+_

]
_
2
+_

t
t
]
_
2
+_
H
]
_
2
+_
H
]
_
2
+_
H
t
H
t
]
_
2
1. u.
2fter fail-re the (i&crete element i& (elete(. Li7ewi&e, cata&trophic fail-re 9a&e( on (i&placement
re&-ltant& occ-r& if the following ine:-ality i& &ati&fie()
_
u
]
_
2
+_
u
]
_
2
+_
u
t
u
t
]
_
2
+_
0
]
_
2
+_
0
]
_
2
+_
0
t
0
t
]
_
2
1. u.
2fter fail-re the (i&crete element i& (elete(. Af fail-re i& incl-(e( either one or 9oth of the criteria
may 9e -&e(.
+ig-re 2#%2. The re&-ltant force& an( moment& are limite( 9y the yiel( (efinition. The
initial yiel( point corre&pon(& to a pla&tic (i&placement of Hero.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="), ;MA/=SID=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#2/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=SID=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0. The &i(e impact (-mmy -&e& a (amper that i& not a(e:-ately treate( 9y
the nonlinear force ver&-& relative velocity c-rve& &ince the force characteri&tic& are (epen(ent on
the (i&placement of the pi&ton. See al&o note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O ST 3 ' L @ C
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C% ST+ 'LO+ C1 C2 LCA3+ LCA33 S$
Type + + + + + + + +

Read in u4 to %> oriBi7e lo7ations :itH oriBi7e lo7ation 4er 7ard8 In4ut is ter5inated :Hen a
X;Y 7ard is Bound8 On tHe Birst 7ard 9elo: tHe o4tional in4ut 4ara5eters S. and D. 5a 9e
s4e7iBied8
Car(& %... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le O'+LOC O'+'23 S+ 3C
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity, &ee al&o vol-me on IS<CTAO5JB<2. (efinition.
ST
S
t
, pi&ton &tro7e. S
t
m-&t e:-al or excee( the length of the 9eam element,
&ee +ig-re 2#%% 9elow.
3
(, pi&ton (iameter
'
', (efa-lt orifice ra(i-&
L
h, orifice controller po&ition
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SID=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/="),
LSDYNA 2#2/1 B.2TC
@
@, (amping con&tant
LT.$.$) b@b i& the loa( c-rve n-m9er A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efin#
ing the (amping coefficient a& a f-nction of the a9&ol-te val-e
of the relative velocity.
C
C, (i&charge coefficient
C%
Coefficient for fl-i( inertia term
ST+
7, &tiffne&& coefficient if pi&ton 9ottom& o-t
'LO+
]ud
, fl-i( (en&ity
C1
C
1
, coefficient for linear velocity term
C2
C
2
, coefficient for :-a(ratic velocity term
LCA3+
Loa( c-rve n-m9er A3 (efining force ver&-& pi&ton (i&placement, &, i.e.,
term (s +s
0
). Compre&&ive 9ehavior i& (efine( in the po&itive :-a(rant
of the force (i&placement c-rve. 3i&placement& falling o-t&i(e of the (e#
fine( force (i&placement c-rve are extrapolate(. Care m-&t 9e ta7en to en#
&-re that extrapolate( val-e& are rea&ona9le.
LCA33
Loa( c-rve n-m9er A3 (efining (amping coefficient ver&-& pi&ton (i&#
placement, &, i.e., g(s +s
0
). 3i&placement& falling o-t&i(e the (efine(
c-rve are extrapolate(. Care m-&t 9e ta7en to en&-re that extrapolate( val#
-e& are rea&ona9le.
S$
Anitial (i&placement &
$
, typically &et to Hero. 2 po&itive (i&placement cor#
re&pon(& to compre&&ive 9ehavior.
O'+LOC
(
i
, orifice location of ith orifice relative to the fixe( en(.
O'+'23
r
i
, orifice ra(i-& of ith orifice, if Hero the (efa-lt ra(i-& i& -&e(.
S+
Scale factor on calc-late( force. The (efa-lt i& &et to 1.$
3C
c, linear vi&co-& (amping coefficient -&e( after (amper 9ottom& o-t either
in ten&ion or compre&&ion.
Re5arAs(
2& the (amper move&, the fl-i( flow& thro-gh the open orifice& to provi(e the nece&&ary (amping
re&i&tance. ,hile moving a& &hown in +ig-re 2#%% the pi&ton gra(-ally 9loc7& off an( effectively
clo&e& the orifice&. The n-m9er of orifice& an( the &iHe of their opening control the (amper re#
&i&tance an( performance. The (amping force i& comp-te( from,
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="), ;MA/=SID=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#2/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
= S _KA
_
C
1
A
0
t
+C
2
|I
|p
]ud
_[
A
p
CA
0
t
2
1__ (s +s
0
) +I
g(s +s
0
)_
where @ i& a -&er (efine( con&tant or a ta9-late( f-nction of the a9&ol-te val-e of the relative veloci#
ty, P
p
i& the pi&ton velocity, C i& the (i&charge coefficient, 2
p
i& the pi&ton area, A
0
t
i& the total open
area& of orifice& at time t,
fl-i(
i& the fl-i( (en&ity, C
1
i& the coefficient for the linear term, an( C
2
i&
the coefficient for the :-a(ratic term.
An the implementation, the orifice& are a&&-me( to 9e circ-lar with partial covering 9y the orifice
controller. 2& the pi&ton clo&e&, the clo&-re of the orifice i& gra(-al. Thi& gra(-al clo&-re i& properly
ta7en into acco-nt to in&-re a &mooth re&pon&e. Af the pi&ton &tro7e i& excee(e(, the &tiffne&& val-e,
7, limit& f-rther movement, i.e., if the (amper 9ottom& o-t in ten&ion or compre&&ion the (amper
force& are calc-late( 9y replacing the (amper 9y a 9ottoming o-t &pring an( (amper, @ an( c, re&pec#
tively. The pi&ton &tro7e m-&t excee( the initial length of the 9eam element. The time &tep calc-la#
tion i& 9a&e( in part on the &tiffne&& val-e of the 9ottoming o-t &pring. 2 typical force ver&-& (i&#
placement c-rve at con&tant relative velocity i& &hown in +ig-re 2#%!.
The factor, SF, which &cale& the force (efa-lt& to 1.$ an( i& analogo-& to the a(G-&ting ring on the
(amper.

+ig-re 2#%%. .athematical mo(el for the Si(e Ampact 3-mmy (amper.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SID=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/="),
LSDYNA 2#2/% B.2TC

+ig-re 2#%!8 +orce ver&-& (i&placement a& orifice& are covere( at a con&tant relative velocity.
Only the linear velocity term i& active.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-" ;MA/=1YDRAULI0=2AS=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#2/! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=1YDRAULI0=2AS=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7$. Thi& &pecial p-rpo&e element repre&ent& a com9ine( hy(ra-lic an( ga&#
fille( (amper which ha& a varia9le orifice coefficient. 2 &chematic of the (amper i& &hown in +ig-re
2#%". 3amper& of thi& type are &ometime& -&e( on 9-ffer& at the en( of railroa( trac7& an( a& aircraft
-n(ercarriage &hoc7 a9&or9er&. Thi& material can 9e -&e( only a& a (i&crete 9eam element. See al&o
note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O CO 5 P$ P2 2P @L
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3 +' SCL+ CL<2'
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
CO
Length of ga& col-mn, C
o

5
2(ia9atic con&tant
P$
Anitial ga& pre&&-re, P
$

P2
2tmo&pheric pre&&-re, P
a

2P
Pi&ton cro&& &ectional area, 2
p

@L
Ly(ra-lic con&tant, @
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining the orifice area, a
$
, ver&-&
element (eflection.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1YDRAULI0=2AS=DAM3ER=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/="-"
LSDYNA 2#2/" B.2TC
+'
'et-rn factor on orifice force. Thi& act& a& a factor on the hy(ra-lic force
only an( i& applie( when -nloa(ing. At i& inten(e( to repre&ent a valve that
open& when the pi&ton -nloa(& to relieve hy(ra-lic pre&&-re. Set it to 1.$
for no &-ch relief.
SCL+
Scale factor on force. B3efa-lt T 1.$C
CL<2'
Clearance Bif nonHero, no ten&ile force (evelop& for po&itive (i&placement&
an( negative force& (evelop only after the clearance i& clo&e(.

Re5arAs(
2& the (amper i& compre&&e( two action& contri9-te to the force which (evelop&. +ir&t, the ga& i&
a(ia9atically compre&&e( into a &maller vol-me. Secon(ly, oil i& force( thro-gh an orifice. 2 pro#
file( pin may occ-py &ome of the cro&&#&ectional area of the orificeD th-&, the orifice area availa9le
for the oil varie& with the &tro7e. The force i& a&&-me( proportional to the &:-are of the velocity an(
inver&ely proportional to the availa9le area.
The e:-ation for thi& element i&)
= SCI _K
h
_
I
o
0
]
2
+_P
0
_
C
0
C
0
S
]
_ A
_
where S i& the element (eflection an( P i& the relative velocity acro&& the element.
+ig-re 2#%". Schematic of Ly(ra-licE=a& (amper.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-% ;MA/=0A<LE=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#2/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0A<LE=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 71. Thi& mo(el permit& ela&tic ca9le& to 9e reali&tically mo(ele(D th-&, no
force will (evelop in compre&&ion.
5ote) The following option& will 9e availa9le &tarting in relea&e % of ver&ion 71) T.2M+$, T'2.P,
A'<23, O8TP8T, TST2'T.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < LCA3 +$ T.2M+$ T'2.P A'<23
Type 2/ + + + + + + A
3efa-lt none none none none $ $ $ $

DeBine 0ard $ onl iB IREAD P "
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le O8TP8T TST2'T
Type A +
3efa-lt $ $

.A3
'O
<
=T.$.$) 4o-ngF& mo(-l-&
LT.$.$) Stiffne&&
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining the &tre&& ver&-& engi#
neering &train. BOptionalC.
+$
Anitial ten&ile force. Af +$ i& (efine(, an off&et i& not nee(e( for an initial
ten&ile force.
T.2M+$
Time for which pre#ten&ion force will 9e hel(
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0A<LE=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/="-%
LSDYNA 2#2/7 B.2TC
T'2.P
'amp#-p time for pre#ten&ion force
A'<23
Set to 1 to rea( &econ( line of inp-t
O8TP8T
+lag T1 to o-tp-t axial &train B&ee noteC
TST2'T
Time at which the ramp#-p of pre#ten&ion 9egin&
Re5arAs(
The force, F, generate( 9y the ca9le i& nonHero if an( only if the ca9le i& ten&ion. The force i& given
9y)
= max(
0
+KAI, u. )
where A i& the change in length
AI = uctlcgtb (tollcgtb osct)
an( the &tiffne&& B< ? $.$ only C i& (efine( a&)
K =
Lc
(tcgth-o]]ct)

5ote that a con&tant force element can 9e o9taine( 9y &etting)
0
> u anu K = u
altho-gh the application of &-ch an element i& -n7nown.
The area an( off&et are (efine( on either the cro&& &ection or element car(&. +or a &lac7 ca9le the
off&et &ho-l( 9e inp-t a& a negative length. +or an initial ten&ile force the off&et &ho-l( 9e po&itive.
Af a loa( c-rve i& &pecifie( the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& will 9e ignore( an( the loa( c-rve will 9e -&e( in#
&tea(. The point& on the loa( c-rve are (efine( a& engineering &tre&& ver&-& engineering &train, i.e.,
the change in length over the initial length. The -nloa(ing 9ehavior follow& the loa(ing.
By (efa-lt, ca9le preten&ion i& applie( only at the &tart of the analy&i&. Af the ca9le i& attache( to flex#
i9le &tr-ct-re, (eformation of the &tr-ct-re will re&-lt in relaxation of the ca9le&, which will therefore
lo&e &ome or all of the inten(e( preloa(.
Thi& can 9e overcome 9y -&ing T.2M+$. An thi& ca&e, it i& expecte( that the &tr-ct-re will (eform
-n(er the loa(ing from the ca9le& an( that thi& (eformation will ta7e time to occ-r (-ring the analy#
&i&. The -n&tre&&e( length of the ca9le will 9e contin-o-&ly a(G-&te( -ntil time T.2M+$ &-ch that
the force i& maintaine( at the -&er#(efine( pre#ten&ion force g thi& i& analogo-& to operation of the
pre#ten&ioning &crew& in real ca9le&. 2fter time T.2M+$, the -n&tre&&e( length i& fixe( an( the
force in the ca9le i& (etermine( in the normal way -&ing the &tiffne&& an( change of length.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-% ;MA/=0A<LE=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#2// B.2TC LSDYNA
S-((en application of the ca9le force& at time Hero may re&-lt in an exce&&ively (ynamic re&pon&e
(-ring pre#ten&ioning. 2 ramp#-p time T'2.P may optionally 9e (efine(. The ca9le force ramp&
-p from Hero at time TST2'T to the f-ll pre#ten&ion +$ at time TST2'T^T'2.P. T.2M+$, if &et
le&& than TST2'T^T'2.P 9y the -&er, will 9e internally re&et to TST2'T^T'2.P.
Af the mo(el (oe& not -&e (ynamic relaxation, it i& recommen(e( that (amping 9e applie( (-ring pre#
ten&ioning &o that the &tr-ct-re reache& a &tea(y &tate 9y time T.2M+$.
Af the mo(el -&e& (ynamic relaxation, TST2'T, T'2.P, an( T.2M+$ apply only (-ring (ynamic
relaxation. The ca9le preloa( at the en( of (ynamic relaxation carrie& over to the &tart of the &-9&e#
:-ent tran&ient analy&i&.
The ca9le ma&& will 9e calc-late( from length x area x (en&ity if POL i& &et to Hero on IS<CTAO5
JB<2.. Otherwi&e, POL x (en&ity will 9e -&e(.
Af O8TP8T i& &et in any ca9le material, extra varia9le& will 9e written to the (%plot an( (%th(t file&
for all 9eam element&. Po&t#proce&&or& &ho-l( interpret the extra (ata a& per 'e&-ltant 9eam&. Only
the fir&t extra (ata item, axial &train, i& comp-te( for .2TJC2BL< element&.
Af the &tre&&#&train loa( c-rve option, LCA3, i& com9ine( with preloa(, two type& of 9ehavior are
availa9le)
1. Af the preloa( i& applie( -&ing the T.2M+$ET'2.P metho(, the initial &train i& cal#
c-late( from the &tre&&#&train c-rve to achieve the (e&ire( preloa(.
2. Af T.2M+$ET'2.P are not -&e(, the preloa( force i& ta7en a& a((itional to the
force calc-late( from the &tre&&E&train c-rve. Th-&, the total &tre&& in the ca9le will
9e higher than in(icate( 9y the &tre&&E&train c-rve.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E ;MA/="-$
LSDYNA 2#2/ B.2TC
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 72. Thi& mo(el ha& 9een -&e( to analyHe 9-rie( &teel reinforce( concrete
&tr-ct-re& &-9Gecte( to imp-l&ive loa(ing&. 2 newer ver&ion of thi& mo(el i& availa9le a& I.2T
JCO5C'<T<J32.2=<J'<L%

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P'
Type 2/ + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=+ 2$ 21 22
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2$4 214 224 21+ 22+ B1 B2 B%
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P<' <' P'' SA=4 <T25 LCP LC'
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ none $.$ none none

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-$ ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E
2#2$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 1$ 11 12 1%
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 1$ 11 12 1%
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E ;MA/="-$
LSDYNA 2#21 B.2TC
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=+
.axim-m principal &tre&& for fail-re.
2$
Cohe&ion.
21
22
2$4
Cohe&ion for yiel(
214
Pre&&-re har(ening coefficient for yiel( limit
224
Pre&&-re har(ening coefficient for yiel( limit
21+
22+
B1
3amage &caling factor.
B2
3amage &caling factor for -niaxial ten&ile path.
B%
3amage &caling factor for triaxial ten&ile path.
P<'
Percent reinforcement.
<'
<la&tic mo(-l-& for reinforcement.
P''
Poi&&on]& ratio for reinforcement.
SA=4
<T25
Tangent mo(-l-&Epla&tic har(ening mo(-l-&.
LCP
Loa( c-rve A3 giving rate &en&itivity for principal material, &ee I3<+A5<
JC8'P<.
LC'
Loa( c-rve A3 giving rate &en&itivity for reinforcement, &ee I3<+A5<
JC8'P<.
1#1%
Ta9-late( (amage f-nction
1#1%
Ta9-late( &cale factor.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-$ ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E
2#22 B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
# Cohe&ion for faile( material a
$f
T $.$
# B% m-&t 9e po&itive or Hero.
#
n
>
n
^1. The fir&t point m-&t 9e Hero.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E=REL! ;MA/="-$R!
LSDYNA 2#2% B.2TC
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E=REL!
Thi& i& .aterial Type 72'%. The @aragoHian m Ca&e B@mCC Concrete .o(el # 'elea&e AAA i& a three#
invariant mo(el, -&e& three &hear fail-re &-rface&, incl-(e& (amage an( &train#rate effect&, an( ha&
origin& 9a&e( on the P&e-(o#T<5SO' .o(el B.aterial Type 10C. The mo&t &ignificant -&er im#
provement provi(e( 9y 'elea&e AAA i& a mo(el parameter generation capa9ility, 9a&e( &olely on the
-nconfine( compre&&ion &trength of the concrete. The implementation of 'elea&e AAA &ignificantly
change( the -&er inp-t, th-& previo-& inp-t file& -&ing .aterial Type 72, i.e. prior to LS#3452 Per#
&ion 71, are not compati9le with the pre&ent inp-t format.
2n open &o-rce reference, that prece(e& the parameter generation capa9ility, i& provi(e( in .alvar et
al. W17X. 2 wor7&hop procee(ing& reference, .alvar et al. W10X, i& -&ef-l, 9-t may 9e (iffic-lt to
o9tain. .ore recent, 9-t limite& &i%tri6ution reference material&, e.g. .alvar et al. W2$$$X, may 9e
o9taine( 9y contacting @aragoHian m Ca&e.
Seven car( image& are re:-ire( to (efine the complete &et of mo(el parameter& for the @mC Con#
crete .o(el. 2n <:-ation#of#State i& al&o re:-ire( for the pre&&-re#vol-me &train re&pon&e. Brief
(e&cription& of all the inp-t parameter& are provi(e( 9elow, however it i& expecte( that thi& mo(el
will 9e -&e( primarily with the option to a-tomatically generate the mo(el parameter& 9a&e( on the
-nconfine( compre&&ion &trength of the concrete. The&e generate( material parameter&, along with
the generate( parameter& for I<OSJT2B8L2T<3JCO.P2CTAO5, are written to the me&&ag Bor
me&$$$$C file.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P'
Type 2/ + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +T 2$ 21 22 B1 O.<=2 21+
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ none $.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-$R! ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E=REL!
2#2! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S 5O8T <3'OP 'SAQ< 8C+ LC'2T< LOC,A3 5PTS
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $1 $2 $% $! $" $0 $7 $/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $ 1$ 11 12 1% B% 2$4 214
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none $.$ $.$

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $1 $2 $% $! $" $0 $7 $/
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#2" B.2TC
Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $ 1$ 11 12 1% B2 22+ 224
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio, .
+T
8niaxial ten&ile &trength,
t
.
2$
.axim-m &hear fail-re &-rface parameter, o
0
or
c
i
for 4ara5eter Een
eration Brecommen(e(C.
21
1
.
22
2
.
B1
Compre&&ive (amage &caling parameter,
1

O.<=2
+ractional (ilatancy, .
21+
'e&i(-al fail-re &-rface coefficient, o
1]
.
S
&tretch factor, %.
5O8T
O-tp-t &elector for effective pla&tic &train B&ee ta9leC.
<3'OP Po&t pea7 (ilatancy (ecay, N
u
.
'SAQ<
8nit conver&ion factor for length Binche&E-&er#-nitC, e.g. %.%7 if -&er
length -nit in meter&.
8C+ 8nit conver&ion factor for &tre&& Bp&iE-&er#-nitC, e.g. 1!" if '
c
in .Pa.
LC'2T<
3efine Bloa(C c-rve n-m9er for &train#rate effect&D effective &train rate on
a9&ci&&a Bnegative T ten&ionC an( &trength enhancement on or(inate.
LOC,A3
Three time& the maxim-m aggregate (iameter Binp-t in -&er length -nit&C.
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2#20 B.2TC LSDYNA
5PTS 5-m9er of point& in z ver&-& p (amage relationD m-&t 9e 1% point&.
$1
1
&t
val-e of (amage f-nction, Ba.7.a., 1
&t
val-e of Umo(ifie(V effective pla&#
tic &trainD &ee reference& for (etail&C.
$2
2
n(
val-e of (amage f-nction,
$%
%
r(
$!
!
th
$"
"
th
$0
0
th
$7
7
th
$/
/
th
$
th
1$
1$
th
11
11
th
12
12
th
1%
1%
th
val-e of (amage f-nction..
B% 3amage &caling coefficient for triaxial ten&ion,
3
.
2$4 Anitial yiel( &-rface cohe&ion, o
0
.
214 Anitial yiel( &-rface coefficient, o
1
.
$1
1
&t
val-e of &cale factor,
$2
2
n(
$%
%
r(
$!
!
th
$"
"
th
$0
0
th
$7
7
th
$/
/
th
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LSDYNA 2#27 B.2TC
$
th
1$
1$
th
11
11
th
12
12
th
1%
1%
th
val-e of &cale factor.
B2 Ten&ile (amage &caling exponent,
2
.
22+ 'e&i(-al fail-re &-rface coefficient, o
2]
.
224 Anitial yiel( &-rface coefficient, o
2
.
, &ometime& referre( to a& Umo(ifie(V effective pla&tic &train, i& comp-te( internally a& a f-nction
of effective pla&tic &train, &train rate enhancement factor, an( pre&&-re. i& a f-nction of a& &peci#
fie( 9y the v&. c-rve. The val-e, which i& alway& 9etween $ an( 1, i& -&e( to interpolate 9e#
tween the yiel( fail-re &-rface an( the maxim-m fail-re &-rface, or 9etween the maxim-m fail-re
&-rface an( the re&i(-al fail-re &-rface, (epen(ing on whether i& to the left or right of the fir&t pea7
in the the v&. c-rve. The U&cale( (amage mea&-reV range& from $ to 1 a& the material tran&ition&
from the yiel( fail-re &-rface to the maxim-m fail-re &-rface, an( thereafter range& from 1 to 2 a&
the material range& from the maxim-m fail-re &-rface to the re&i(-al fail-re &-rface. See the refer#
ence& for (etail&.
O-tp-t of Selecte( Paria9le&
The :-antity la9ele( a& Upla&tic &trainV 9y LS#PrePo&t i& act-ally the :-antity (e&cri9e( in Ta9le
72.1, in accor(ance with the inp-t val-e of NO,T B&ee Car( % a9oveC.
NO,T +-nction 3e&cription
1 C-rrent &hear fail-re &-rface ra(i-&
2 o = 2z(z +z
m
) Scale( (amage mea&-re
% o
]
e
]
Strain energy BrateC
! o
]
e
]
Pla&tic &train energy BrateC

/a9le -$8% 3e&cription of :-antity la9ele( Upla&tic &trainV 9y LS#PrePo&t.
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2#2/ B.2TC LSDYNA
2n a((itional &ix extra hi&tory varia9le& a& &hown in Ta9le 72.2 may 9e 9e written 9y &etting
5<APLT0 on the 7eywor( I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4. The extra hi&tory varia9le& are la#
9ele( a& nhi&tory var_1n thro-gh nhi&tory var_0n in LS#PrePo&t.
La9el 3e&cription
hi&tory var_1 Anternal energy
hi&tory var_2 Pre&&-re from 9-l7 vi&co&ity
hi&tory var_% Pol-me in previo-& time &tep
hi&tory var_! Pla&tic vol-metric &train
hi&tory var_" Slope of (amage evol-tion B v&. C c-rve
hi&tory var_0 U.o(ifie(V effective pla&tic &train BC
/a9le -$8$ <xtra Li&tory Paria9le& for I.2TJ$72'%
Sample Anp-t for Concrete
2& an example of the @mC Concrete .o(el material parameter generation, the following &ample
inp-t for a !".! .Pa B0,"/$ p&iC -nconfine( compre&&ion &trength concrete i& provi(e(. The 9a&ic
-nit& for the provi(e( parameter& are length in millimeter& BmmC, time in milli&econ(& Bm&ecC, an(
ma&& in gram& BgC. Thi& 9a&e -nit &et yiel(& -nit& of force in 5ewton& B5C an( pre&&-re in .ega#
Pa&cal& B.PaC.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P'
Type 72 2.%<#%

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +T 2$ 21 22 B1 O.<=2 21+
Type #!".!

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S 5O8T <3'OP 'SAQ< 8C+ LC'2T< LOC,A3 5PTS
Type %.!<#2 1!".$ 72%.$

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LSDYNA 2#2 B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $1 $2 $% $! $" $0 $7 $/
Type

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $ 1$ 11 12 1% B% 2$4 214
Type

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $1 $2 $% $! $" $0 $7 $/
Type

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le $ 1$ 11 12 1% B2 22+ 224
Type
Shear &trength enhancement factor ver&-& effective &train rate i& given 9y a c-rve BI3<+A5<
JC8'P<C with LCA3 72%. The &ample inp-t val-e&, &ee .alvar m 'o&& W1/X, are given in Ta9le
72.%.
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2#%$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
StrainRate &%I5s+ EnHan7e5ent
#%.$<^$1 .7$
#%.$<#$1 .7$
#1.$<#$1 0.72
#%.$<#$2 !."$
#1.$<#$2 %.12
#%.$<#$% 2.$
#1.$<#$% 1.!"
#1.$<#$! 1.%0
#1.$<#$" 1.2/
#1.$<#$0 1.2$
#1.$<#$7 1.1%
#1.$<#$/ 1.$0
$.$<^$$ 1.$$
%.$<#$/ 1.$$
1.$<#$7 1.$%
1.$<#$0 1.$/
1.$<#$" 1.1!
1.$<#$! 1.2$
1.$<#$% 1.20
%.$<#$% 1.2
1.$<#$2 1.%%
%.$<#$2 1.%0
1.$<#$1 2.$!
%.$<#$1 2.!
%.$<^$1 2.!
/a9le -$8! <nhancement ver&-& effective &train rate for !".! .Pa concrete B&ampleC. ,hen
(efining c-rve LC'2T<, inp-t negative Bten&ileC val-e& of effective &train rate
fir&t. The enhancement &ho-l( 9e po&itive an( &ho-l( 9e 1.$ at a &train rate of Hero.
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;MA/=LOW=DENSI/Y=VIS0OUS=.OAM ;MA/="-!
LSDYNA 2#%$1 B.2TC
;MA/=LOW=DENSI/Y=VIS0OUS=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7% for .o(eling Low 3en&ity 8rethane +oam with high compre&&i9ility an(
with rate &en&itivity which can 9e characteriHe( 9y a relaxation c-rve. At& main application& are for
&eat c-&hion&, pa((ing on the Si(e Ampact 3-mmie& BSA3C, 9-mper&, an( interior foam&. Optionally,
a ten&ion c-t#off fail-re can 9e (efine(. 2l&o, &ee the note& 9elow an( the (e&cription of material "7)
I.2TJLO,J3<5SAT4J+O2..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < LCA3 TC L8 B<T2 32.P
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.<^2$ 1.
'emar7& % 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SL2P< +2AL BP+L2= @CO5 LCA32 BST2'T T'2.P 5P
Type + + + + + + + A
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ 0

IB L0ID$ O " tHen deBine tHe Bollo:inE 'is7oelasti7 7onstants8 U4 to ) 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A
Ae:ord 7ard &:itH a X;Y in 7olu5n %+ ter5inates tHis in4ut iB less tHan ) 7ards are used8
Optional
Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A '<+
Type + + +

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2#%$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
IB L0ID$ O % tHen deBine tHe Bollo:inE BreCuen7 de4endent 'is7oelasti7 data8
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3% LCA3! SC2L<, SC2L<2
Type A A A A

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& -&e( in ten&ion. +or implicit pro9lem& < i& &et to the ini#
tial &lope of loa( c-rve LCA3.
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for nominal &tre&& ver&-& &train.
TC
Ten&ion c-t#off &tre&&
L8
&ipationC, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#2/
B<T2
, (ecay con&tant to mo(el creep in -nloa(ing.
<R.$.$) 5o relaxation.
32.P
fect&.
fine( a&) e
max
= max(1 z
1
, 1 z
2
, 1. z
3
)
SL2P<
greater than one increa&e& (i&&ipation, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#2/.
+2AL
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LSDYNA 2#%$% B.2TC
BP+L2=
@CO5
Stiffne&& coefficient for contact interface &tiffne&&. .axim-m &lope in
&tre&& v&. &train c-rve i& -&e(. ,hen the maxim-m &lope i& ta7en for the
contact, the time &tep &iHe for thi& material i& re(-ce( for &ta9ility. An &ome
ca&e& t may 9e &ignificantly &maller, an( (efining a rea&ona9le &tiffne&& i&
recommen(e(.
LCA32
Loa( c-rve A3 of relaxation c-rve. Af con&tant&

are (etermine( via a
lea&t &:-are& fit. Thi& relaxation c-rve i& &hown in +ig-re 2#%7. Thi& mo(#
el ignore& the con&tant &tre&&.
BST2'T
+it parameter. An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T,
>
i& 1$
time&
+
,
D
i& 1$ time& greater than
> (
an( &o on. Af Hero, BST2'TT .$1.
T'2.P
Optional ramp time for loa(ing.
5P
5-m9er of term& in fit. Af Hero, the (efa-lt i& 0. C-rrently, the maxim-m
n-m9er i& &et to 0. Pal-e& of 2 are % are recommen(e(, &ince each term
-&e( a((& &ignificantly to the co&t. Ca-tion &ho-l( 9e exerci&e( when ta7#
ing the re&-lt& from the fit. Prefera9ly, all generate( coefficient& &ho-l( 9e
po&itive. 5egative val-e& may lea( to -n&ta9le re&-lt&. Once a &ati&factory
fit ha& 9een achieve( it i& recommen(e( that the coefficient& which are
written into the o-tp-t file 9e inp-t in f-t-re r-n&.
=A
Optional &hear relaxation mo(-l-& for the ith term
B<T2A
Optional (ecay con&tant if ith term
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
LCA3%
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the magnit-(e of the &hear mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of
the fre:-ency. LCA3% m-&t -&e the &ame fre:-encie& a& LCA3!.
LCA3!
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the pha&e angle of the &hear mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of
the fre:-ency. LCA3! m-&t -&e the &ame fre:-encie& a& LCA3%.
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2#%$! B.2TC LSDYNA
SC2L<,
+lag for the form of the fre:-ency (ata.
<R.$.$) +re:-ency i& in cycle& per -nit time.
<R.1.$) Circ-lar fre:-ency.
SC2L<2
+lag for the -nit& of the pha&e angle.
<R.$.$) 3egree&.
<R.1.$) 'a(ian&.
Re5arAs(
Thi& vi&coela&tic foam mo(el i& availa9le to mo(el highly compre&&i9le vi&co-& foam&. The hypere#
la&tic form-lation of thi& mo(el follow& that of .aterial "7.
'ate effect& are acco-nte( for thro-gh linear vi&coela&ticity 9y a convol-tion integral of the form
o
]
= ] g
]k
(t )
s
kl
J
t
0

where g
]k
(t ) i& the relaxation f-nction. The &tre&& ten&or, o
]
, a-gment& the &tre&&e& (eter#

mine( from the foam, o
]
]
D con&e:-ently, the final &tre&&, o
]
, i& ta7en a& the &-mmation of the two
contri9-tion&)
o
]
= o
]
]
+o
]
.
Since we wi&h to incl-(e only &imple rate effect&, the relaxation f-nction i& repre&ente( 9y -p to &ix
term& of the Prony &erie&)
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
c
-[t N
m=1

Thi& mo(el i& effectively a .axwell fl-i( which con&i&t& of a (amper& an( &pring& in &erie&. The
form-lation i& performe( in the local &y&tem of principal &tretche& where only the principal val-e& of
&tre&& are comp-te( an( triaxial co-pling i& avoi(e(. Con&e:-ently, the one#(imen&ional nat-re of
thi& foam material i& -naffecte( 9y thi& a((ition of rate effect&. The a((ition of rate effect& nece&&i#
tate& !2 a((itional hi&tory varia9le& per integration point. The co&t an( memory overhea( of thi&
mo(el come& primarily from the nee( to Uremem9erV the local &y&tem of principal &tretche& an( the
eval-ation of the vi&co-& &tre&& component&.
+re:-ency (ata can 9e fit to the Prony &erie&. 8&ing +o-rier tran&form& the relation&hip 9etween the
relaxation f-nction an( the fre:-ency (epen(ent (ata i&
0
() = o
0
+
o
m
(
m
)
2
1 +(
m
)
2
N
m=1

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LSDYNA 2#%$" B.2TC
0
() =
o
m
m
1 +
m
N
m=1

where the &torage mo(-l-& an( lo&& mo(-l-& are (efine( in term& of the fre:-ency (epen(ent magni#
t-(e B an( pha&e angle given 9y loa( c-rve& LCA3% an( LCA3! re&pectively,
0
() = 0()s(()), an( 0
() = 0()sn(()).
Additional Re5arAs(
1. ,hen hy&teretic -nloa(ing i& -&e( the reloa(ing will follow the -nloa(ing c-rve if the (ecay
con&tant, , i& &et to Hero. Af i& nonHero the (ecay to the original loa(ing c-rve i& governe(
9y the expre&&ion)
1 c
-[t

vol-metric re&pon&e an(, con&e:-ently, it i& optional with thi& mo(el.
%. The hy&teretic -nloa(ing factor re&-lt& in the -nloa(ing c-rve to lie 9eneath the loa(ing
c-rve a& &hown in +ig-re 2#2/. Thi& -nloa(ing provi(e& energy (i&&ipation which i& rea&on#
a9le in certain 7in(& of foam.
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2#%$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ELAS/I0=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7!. Thi& mo(el permit& ela&tic &pring& with (amping to 9e com9ine( an( rep#
re&ente( with a (i&crete 9eam element type 0. Linear &tiffne&& an( (amping coefficient& can 9e (e#
fine(, an(, for nonlinear 9ehavior, a force ver&-& (eflection an( force ver&-& rate c-rve& can 9e -&e(.
3i&placement 9a&e( fail-re an( an initial force are optional.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ +$ 3 C3+ T3+
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +LCA3 LLCA3 C1 C2 3L< =LCA3
Type + + + + + A

.A3
'O
@
Stiffne&& coefficient.
+$
Optional initial force. Thi& option i& inactive if thi& material i& reference(
in a part reference( 9y material type I.2TJ<L2STACJ03O+JSP'A5=
3
Pi&co-& (amping coefficient.
C3+
Compre&&ive (i&placement at fail-re. Anp-t a& a po&itive n-m9er. 2fter
fail-re, no force& are carrie(. Thi& option (oe& not apply to Hero length
&pring&.
<R.$.$) inactive.
T3+
Ten&ile (i&placement at fail-re. 2fter fail-re, no force& are carrie(.
+LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining force ver&-& (eflection
for nonlinear 9ehavior.
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LSDYNA 2#%$7 B.2TC
LLCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining force ver&-& relative ve#
locity for nonlinear 9ehavior BoptionalC. Af the origin of the c-rve i& at B$,$C
the force magnit-(e i& i(entical for a given magnit-(e of the relative veloc#
ity, i.e., only the &ign change&.
C1
3amping coefficient for nonlinear 9ehavior BoptionalC.
C2
3amping coefficient for nonlinear 9ehavior BoptionalC.
3L<
+actor to &cale time -nit&. The (efa-lt i& -nity.
=LCA3
Optional loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining a &cale factor
ver&-& (eflection for loa( c-rve A3, LLCA3. Af Hero, a &cale factor of -nity
i& a&&-me(.
Re5arAs(
Af the linear &pring &tiffne&& i& -&e(, the force, F, i& given 9y)
=
0
+KAI +AI

9-t if the loa( c-rve A3 i& &pecifie(, the force i& then given 9y)
=
0
+K(AI) _1 +C1 AI
+C2 snAI
ln _max _1. ,
AI
IE
___ +AI
+g(AI)bAI

An the&e e:-ation&, AI i& the change in length
AI = uctlcgtb tollcgtb
The cro&& &ectional area i& (efine( on the &ection car( for the (i&crete 9eam element&, See
IS<CTAO5JB<2.. The &:-are root of thi& area i& -&e( a& the contact thic7ne&& off&et if the&e ele#
ment& are incl-(e( in the contact treatment.
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;MA/="-> ;MA/=<ILK1UIDU<OIS=.OAM
2#%$/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<ILK1UIDU<OIS=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7". Thi& mo(el i& for the &im-lation of i&otropic cr-&ha9le foam&. 8niaxial
an( triaxial te&t (ata are -&e( to (e&cri9e the 9ehavior.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 4. LCP4 LC84S PC PC PPC
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TSC PTSC LC'2T< P' @CO5 AS+L=
Type A + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
4.
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& B<C
LCP4
Loa( c-rve A3 giving pre&&-re for pla&tic yiel(ing ver&-& vol-metric &train,
&ee +ig-re 2#%0.
LC84S
Loa( c-rve A3 giving -niaxial yiel( &tre&& ver&-& vol-metric &train, &ee
+ig-re 2#%0, all a9&ci&&a &ho-l( 9e po&itive if only the re&-lt& of a compre&#
&ion te&t are incl-(e(, optionally the re&-lt& of a ten&ile te&t can 9e a((e(
Bcorre&pon(ing to negative val-e& of the vol-metric &trainC, in the latter
ca&e PC, PPC, TC an( PTC will 9e ignore(
PC
Pi&co-& (amping coefficient B.$">recommen(e( val-e>."$C.
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff. Af Hero, the (efa-lt i& &et to one#tenth of p
$
, the yiel( pre&#
&-re corre&pon(ing to a vol-metric &train of Hero.
PPC
Paria9le pre&&-re c-toff a& a fraction of pre&&-re yiel( val-e. Af non#Hero
thi& will overri(e the pre&&-re c-toff val-e PC.
TC
Ten&ion c-toff for -niaxial ten&ile &tre&&. 3efa-lt i& Hero. 2 nonHero val-e
i& recommen(e( for 9etter &ta9ility.
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LSDYNA 2#%$ B.2TC
PTC
Paria9le ten&ion c-toff a& a fraction of the -niaxial compre&&ive yiel(
&trength, if non#Hero thi& will overri(e the ten&ion c-toff val-e TC.
LC'2T<
Loa( c-rve A3 giving a &cale factor for the previo-& yiel( c-rve&, (epen(#
ent -pon the vol-metric pla&tic &train.
P'
Poi&&on coefficient, which applie& to 9oth ela&tic an( pla&tic (eformation&,
m-&t 9e &maller then $."
@CO5
Stiffne&& coefficient for contact interface &tiffne&&. Af -n(efine( one#thir(
of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, 4., i& -&e(. @CO5 i& al&o con&i(ere( in the ele#
ment time &tep calc-lationD therefore, large val-e& may re(-ce the element
time &tep &iHe.
AS+L=
+lag for ten&ile re&pon&e Bactive only if negative a9&ci&&a are pre&ent in
loa( c-rve LC84SC
<R.$) loa( c-rve a9&ci&&a in ten&ile region corre&pon( to vol-metric
&train
<R.1) loa( c-rve a9&ci&&a in ten&ile region corre&pon( to effective &train
Re5arAs(
The logarithmic vol-metric &train i& (efine( in term& of the relative vol-me, I, a&)
y = ln(I)
Af -&e( BAS+L=#1C, the effective &train i& (efine( in the -&-al way)
e
c]]
= _
2
3

An (efining the loa( c-rve LCP4 the &tre&& an( &train pair& &ho-l( 9e po&itive val-e& &tarting with a
vol-metric &train val-e of Hero.
The loa( c-rve LC84S can optionally contain the re&-lt& of the ten&ile te&t Bcorre&pon(ing to nega#
tive val-e& of the vol-metric &trainC, if &o, then the loa( c-rve information will overri(e PC, PPC,
TC an( PTC

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-> ;MA/=<ILK1UIDU<OIS=.OAM
2#%1$ B.2TC LSDYNA

The yiel( &-rface i& (efine( a& an ellip&e in the e:-ivalent pre&&-re an( von .i&e& &tre&& plane.
+ig-re 2#%0. Behavior of cr-&ha9le foam. 8nloa(ing i& ela&tic
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2ENERAL=VIS0OELAS/I0 ;MA/="-)
LSDYNA 2#%11 B.2TC
;MA/=2ENERAL=VIS0OELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 70. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a general vi&coela&tic .axwell mo(el hav#
ing -p to 1/ term& in the prony &erie& expan&ion an( i& -&ef-l for mo(eling (en&e contin--m r-99er&
an( &oli( explo&ive&. <ither the coefficient& of the prony &erie& expan&ion or a relaxation c-rve may
9e &pecifie( to (efine the vi&coela&tic (eviatoric an( 9-l7 9ehavior.
The material mo(el can al&o 9e -&e( with laminate( &hell. <ither an ela&tic or vi&coela&tic layer can
9e (efine( with the laminate( form-lation. To activate laminate( &hell yo- nee( the laminate( for#
m-lation flag on ICO5T'OLJSL<LL. ,ith the laminate( option a -&er (efine( integration r-le i&
nee(e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O B8L@ PC+ <+ T'<+ 2 B
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
Insert a 9lanA 7ard Here iB 7onstants are deBined on 7ards !#*#888 9elo:8

IB an elasti7 laer is deBined in a la5inated sHell tHis 7ard 5ust 9e 9lanA8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3 5T BST2'T T'2.P LCA3@ 5T@ BST2'T@ T'2.P@
Type + A + + + A + +

0ard .or5at Bor 'is7oelasti7 7onstants8 U4 to %? 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH a
X;Y in 7olu5n %+ ter5inates tHis in4ut iB less tHan ) 7ards are used8 /Hese 7ards are not
needed iB relaJation data is deBined8 /He nu59er oB ter5s Bor tHe sHear 9eHa'ior 5a diBBer
Bro5 tHat Bor tHe 9ulA 9eHa'ior( si54l insert Dero iB a ter5 is not in7luded8IB an elasti7 laer
is deBined ou onl need to deBine 2I and KI &note in an elasti7 laer onl one 7ard is needed+
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A @A B<T2@A
Type + + + +

.A3
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-) ;MA/=2ENERAL=VIS0OELAS/I0
2#%12 B.2TC LSDYNA
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
B8L@
PC+
Ten&ile pre&&-re elimination flag for &oli( element& only. Af &et to -nity
ten&ile pre&&-re& are &et to Hero.
<+
<la&tic flag Bif e:-al 1, the layer i& ela&tic. Af $ the layer i& vi&coela&ticC.
T'<+
'eference temperat-re for &hift f-nction Bm-&t 9e greater than HeroC.
2
Coefficient for the 2rrheni-& an( the ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry &hift f-nc#
tion&.
B
Coefficient for the ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry &hift f-nction.
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 for (eviatoric 9ehavior if con&tant&, B
i
, an(
i
are (eter#
mine( via a lea&t &:-are& fit. Thi& relaxation c-rve i& &hown 9elow.
5T
5-m9er of term& in &hear fit. Af Hero the (efa-lt i& 0. +ewer than 5T term&
will 9e -&e( if the fit pro(-ce& one or more negative &hear mo(-li. C-r#
rently, the maxim-m n-m9er i& &et to 1/.
BST2'T
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i&
1$ time&
> (
an( &o on. Af Hero, BST2'T i& (etermine( 9y an iterative trial
an( error &cheme.
T'2.P
LCA3@
Loa( c-rve A3 for 9-l7 9ehavior if con&tant&, 0
i
, an(
i
are (etermine(
via a lea&t &:-are& fit. Thi& relaxation c-rve i& &hown 9elow.
5T@
5-m9er of term& (e&ire( in 9-l7 fit. Af Hero the (efa-lt i& 0. C-rrently, the
maxim-m n-m9er i& &et to 1/.
BST2'T@
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T@,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i& 1$$ time& greater than
> (
an( &o on. Af Hero, BST2'T@ i& (eter#
mine( 9y an iterative trial an( error &cheme.
T'2.P@
Optional ramp time for 9-l7 loa(ing.
=A
B<T2A
Optional &hear (ecay con&tant for the ith term
@A
Optional 9-l7 relaxation mo(-l-& for the ith term
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2ENERAL=VIS0OELAS/I0 ;MA/="-)
LSDYNA 2#%1% B.2TC
B<T2@A
Optional 9-l7 (ecay con&tant for the ith term
Re5arAs(
'ate effect& are ta7en into acco-nte( thro-gh linear vi&coela&ticity 9y a convol-tion integral of the
form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
(t )
s
kl
J
t
0

where g
]k(t-)
i& the relaxation f-nction& for the (ifferent &tre&& mea&-re&. Thi& &tre&& i& a((e( to
the &tre&& ten&or (etermine( from the &train energy f-nctional.
Af we wi&h to incl-(e only &imple rate effect&, the relaxation f-nction i& repre&ente( 9y &ix term&
from the Prony &erie&)
g(t) = 0
m
c
-[
m
t N
m=1

,e characteriHe thi& in the inp-t 9y &hear mo(-li, 0
, an( (ecay con&tant&,
. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er
of term&, -p to 1/, may 9e -&e( when applying the vi&coela&tic mo(el.
+or vol-metric relaxation, the relaxation f-nction i& al&o repre&ente( 9y the Prony &erie& in term& of
9-l7 mo(-li)
k(t) = K
m
c
-[
k
m
t N
m=1

The 2rrheni-& an( ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry B,L+C &hift f-nction& acco-nt for the effect& of the tem#
perat-re on the &tre&& relaxation. 2 &cale( time, tM,
t' = ] m(I)Jt
t
0

i& -&e( in the relaxation f-nction in&tea( of the phy&ical time. The 2rrheni-& &hift f-nction i&
m(I) = ex[A{
1
1

1
1
]
an( the ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry &hift f-nction i&
m(I) = ex[A
1-1
B+1-1

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-) ;MA/=2ENERAL=VIS0OELAS/I0
2#%1! B.2TC LSDYNA
Af all three val-e& BT'<+, 2, an( BC are not Hero, the ,L+ f-nction i& -&e(D the 2rrheni-& f-nction
i& -&e( if B i& HeroD an( no &caling i& applie( if all three val-e& are Hero.
+ig-re 2#%7. 'elaxation c-rve. Thi& c-rve (efine& &tre&& ver&-& time where time i& (e#
fine( on a logarithmic &cale. +or 9e&t re&-lt&, the point& (efine( in the loa( c-rve &ho-l(
9e e:-ally &pace( on the logarithmic &cale. 5ote the val-e& for the a9&ci&&a are inp-t a&
time, not logBtimeC. +-rthermore, the loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e &mooth an( (efine( in the po&i#
tive :-a(rant. Af nonphy&ical val-e& are (etermine( 9y lea&t &:-are& fit, LS#3452 will
terminate with an error me&&age after the initialiHation pha&e i& complete(. Af the ramp
time for loa(ing i& incl-(e(, then the relaxation which occ-r& (-ring the loa(ing pha&e i&
ta7en into acco-nt. Thi& effect may or may not 9e important.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1Y3ERELAS/I0=RU<<ER ;MA/="--=1
LSDYNA 2#%1" B.2TC
;MA/=1Y3ERELAS/I0=RU<<ER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 77. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a general hyperela&tic r-99er mo(el com#
9ine( optionally with linear vi&coela&ticity a& o-tline( 9y Chri&ten&en W1/$X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P' 5 5P = SA=+ '<+
Type 2/ + + A A + + +

EJtra 7ard to read ta9le Bor Mullins eBBe7t iB 3R8L/8"
Car( opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TBL4S
Type +

0ard $ iB N P "# a least sCuares Bit is 7o54uted Bro5 uniaJial data
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S=L S, ST LCA31 32T2 LCA32 BST2'T T'2.P
Type + + + + + + + +

0ard $ iB N O " deBine tHe Bollo:inE 7onstants
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1$ C$1 C11 C2$ C$2 C%$
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="--=1 ;MA/=1Y3ERELAS/I0=RU<<ER
2#%10 B.2TC LSDYNA
0ard .or5at Bor Vis7oelasti7 0onstants and Bri7tional da54inE 7onstants8 U4 to %$ 7ards 5a
9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH a X;Y in 7olu5n %+ ter5inates tHis in4ut iB less tHan %$ 7ards
are used8
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A =K SA=+K
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
P'
Poi&&on& ratio B?.! i& recommen(e(, &maller val-e& may not wor7 an(
&ho-l( not 9e -&e(C. Af thi& i& &et to a negative n-m9er, then the a9&ol-te
val-e i& -&e( an( an extra car( i& rea( for .-llin& effect.
TBL4S
Ta9le A3 for hy&tere&i&, &ee 'emar7&
5
5-m9er of con&tant& to &olve for)
<R.1) Solve for C1$ an( C$1
<R.2) Solve for C1$, C$1, C11, C2$, an( C$2
<R.%) Solve for C1$, C$1, C11, C2$, C$2, an( C%$
5P
5-m9er of Prony &erie& term& in fit. Af Hero, the (efa-lt i& 0. C-rrently, the
maxim-m n-m9er i& &et to 12. Pal-e& le&& than 12, po&&i9ly %#" are rec#
ommen(e(, &ince each term -&e( a((& &ignificantly to the co&t. Ca-tion
&ho-l( 9e exerci&e( when ta7ing the re&-lt& from the fit. Prefera9ly, all
generate( coefficient& &ho-l( 9e po&itive. 5egative val-e& may lea( to -n#
&ta9le re&-lt&. Once a &ati&factory fit ha& 9een achieve( it i& recommen(e(
that the coefficient& which are written into the o-tp-t file 9e inp-t in f-t-re
r-n&.
=
of = &ho-l( 9e 2"$#1$$$ time& greater than SA=+.
SA=+
Limit &tre&& for fre:-ency in(epen(ent frictional (amping.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%17 B.2TC
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
IB NP" test inBor5ation Bro5 a uniaJial test are used8
S=L
Specimen ga-ge length
S,
Specimen wi(th
ST
Specimen thic7ne&&
LCA31
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the force ver&-& act-al change in the ga-ge length
32T2
Type of experimental (ata.
<R.$.$) -niaxial (ata BOnly option for thi& mo(elC
LCA32
Loa( c-rve A3 of relaxation c-rve
Af con&tant&

are (etermine( via a lea&t &:-are& fit. Thi& relaxation
c-rve i& &hown in +ig-re 2#%7. Thi& mo(el ignore& the con&tant &tre&&.
BST2'T
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i&
1$ time&
> (
an( error &cheme.
T'2.P
IB NO"# tHe Bollo:inE 7onstants Ha'e to 9e deBined(
C1$
C
1$

C$1
C
$1

C11
C
11

C2$
C
2$

C$2
C
$2

C%$
C
%$

=A
B<T2A
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="--=1 ;MA/=1Y3ERELAS/I0=RU<<ER
2#%1/ B.2TC LSDYNA
=K
Optional &hear mo(-l-& for fre:-ency in(epen(ent (amping repre&ente( a&
the Gth &pring an( &li(er in &erie& in parallel to the re&t of the &tre&& contri#
9-tion&.
SA=+K
Limit &tre&& for fre:-ency in(epen(ent, frictional, (amping repre&ente( a&
the Gth &pring an( &li(er in &erie& in parallel to the re&t of the &tre&& contri#
9-tion&.
Re5arAs(
'-99er i& generally con&i(ere( to 9e f-lly incompre&&i9le &ince the 9-l7 mo(-l-& greatly excee(& the
&hear mo(-l-& in magnit-(e. To mo(el the r-99er a& an -ncon&traine( material a hy(ro&tatic wor7
term, w
H
([), i& incl-(e( in the &train energy f-nctional which i& f-nction of the relative vol-me, [,
WOg(en 1/!X)
w([
1
, [
2
, [) = C
q
([
1
S)
([
2
S)
q
+w
H
([)
,q=0

[
1
= I
1
I
3
-1
3
,
[
2
= I
2
I
3
-2
3
,

An or(er to prevent vol-metric wor7 from contri9-ting to the hy(ro&tatic wor7 the fir&t an( &econ(
invariant& are mo(ifie( a& &hown. Thi& proce(-re i& (e&cri9e( in more (etail 9y S-&&man an( Bathe
W1/7X.
'ate effect& are ta7en into acco-nt thro-gh linear vi&coela&ticity 9y a convol-tion integral of the
form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
(t )
s
kl
J
t
0

or in term& of the &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&&, S
]
, an( =reenF& &train ten&or, E
]
,
S
]
= ] 0
]k
(t )
L
kl
J
t
0

where g
]k
(t ) an( 0
]k
(t ) are the relaxation f-nction& for the (ifferent &tre&& mea&-re&.
Thi& &tre&& i& a((e( to the &tre&& ten&or (etermine( from the &train energy f-nctional.
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
c
-[t N
m=1

given 9y,
g(t) = 0
c
-[
i
t
=1

Thi& mo(el i& effectively a .axwell fl-i( which con&i&t& of a (amper& an( &pring& in &erie&. ,e
characteriHe thi& in the inp-t 9y &hear mo(-li, 0
. The vi&coela&tic 9ehavior

i& optional an( an ar9itrary n-m9er of term& may 9e -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%1 B.2TC
The .ooney#'ivlin r-99er mo(el Bmo(el 27C i& o9taine( 9y &pecifying nT1. An &pite of the (iffer#
ence& in form-lation& with .o(el 27, we fin( that the re&-lt& o9taine( with thi& mo(el are nearly
i(entical with tho&e of .aterial 27 a& long a& large val-e& of Poi&&on]& ratio are -&e(.
The fre:-ency in(epen(ent (amping i& o9taine( 9y the having a &pring an( &li(er in &erie& a& &hown
in the following &7etch)

Several &pring& an( &li(er& in &erie& can 9e (efine( that are p-t in parallel to the re&t of the &tre&&
contri9-tion& of thi& material mo(el.
Af a ta9le for hy&tere&i& i& (efine(, then thi& i& interprete( a& follow&. Let w
dc
9e the c-rrent val-e of
the (eviatoric &train energy (en&ity a& calc-late( a9ove. +-rthermore, let w
dc
9e the pea7 &train en#
ergy (en&ity reache( -p to thi& point in time. At i& then a&&-me( that the re&-lting &tre&& i& re(-ce( 9y
a factor (-e to (amage accor(ing to
= (w
dc
, w
dc
)
ow
dc
o
+
ow
oI
o

i.e., the (eviatoric &tre&& i& re(-ce( 9y (amage factor that i& given a& inp-t. The ta9le &ho-l( th-&
con&i&t of c-rve& for (ifferent val-e& of w
dc
, where each c-rve give& the &tre&& re(-ction Ba val-e
9etween ; an *C for a given val-e of w
dc
. The a9&ci&&a val-e& for a c-rve corre&pon(ing to a pea7
energy (en&ity of w
dc
&ho-l( range from ; to w
dc
, an( the or(inate val-e& &ho-l( prefera9ly in#
crea&e with increa&ing w
dc
an( m-&t ta7e the val-e * when w
dc
= w
dc
. Thi& ta9le can 9e e&ti#
mate( from a -niaxial :-a&i&tatic compre&&ion te&t. Let a te&t &pecimen of vol-me ' 9e loa(e( an(
-nloa(e( one cycle. ,e a&&-me (J) to 9e the loa(ing force a& f-nction of the (i&placement &, an(
u
(J) 9e the -nloa(ing c-rve. The &pecimen i& loa(e( to maxim-m (i&placement J
9efore -nloa(#
ing. The &train energy (en&ity i& then given a& a f-nction of the loa(e( (i&placement a&
w
dc
(J) =
1
I
_(s)Js
d
0

an( the pea7 energy i& of co-r&e given a& w
dc
= w
dc
(J
). +rom thi& energy c-rve we can al&o (e#

termine the inver&e, i.e., the (i&placement J(w
dc
). The c-rve to 9e inp-t to LS#3452 i& then
(w
dc
, w
dc
) =

u
(J(w
dc
))
(J(w
dc
))

Thi& proce(-re i& repeate( for (ifferent val-e& of J
.

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="--=O ;MA/=O2DEN=RU<<ER
2#%2$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=O2DEN=RU<<ER
Thi& i& al&o .aterial Type 77. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& the Og(en W1/!X r-99er mo(el com#
9ine( optionally with linear vi&coela&ticity a& o-tline( 9y Chri&ten&en W1/$X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P' 5 5P = SA=+ '<+
Type 2/ + + A A + + +

EJtra 7ard to read ta9le Bor Mullins eBBe7t iB 3R8L/8"
Car( opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TBL4S
Type +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S=L S, ST LCA31 32T2 LCA32 BST2'T T'2.P
Type + + + + + + +

0ards $#! iB N O " deBine tHe Bollo:inE 7onstants
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .81 .82 .8% .8! .8" .80 .87 .8/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=O2DEN=RU<<ER ;MA/="--=O
LSDYNA 2#%21 B.2TC
0ard .or5at Bor Vis7oelasti7 0onstants8 U4 to %$ 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH
a X;Y in 7olu5n %+ ter5inates tHis in4ut iB less tHan %$ 7ards are used8
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A P+L2=
Type + + A
3efa-lt $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
P'
Poi&&on& ratio B.! i& recommen(e(D &maller val-e& may not wor7 an(
&ho-l( not 9e -&e(C. Af thi& i& &et to a negative n-m9er, then the a9&ol-te
val-e i& -&e( an( an extra car( i& rea( for .-llin& effect.
5
Or(er of fit to the Og(en mo(el, Bc-rrently >, 2 generally wor7& o7ayC.
The con&tant& generate( (-ring the fit are printe( in the o-tp-t file an( can
9e (irectly inp-t in f-t-re r-n&, there9y, &aving the co&t of performing the
nonlinear fit. The -&er& nee( to chec7 the correction of the fit re&-lt& 9efore
procee(ing to comp-te.
5P
5-m9er of Prony &erie& term& in fit. Af Hero, the (efa-lt i& 0. C-rrently, the
maxim-m n-m9er i& &et to 12. Pal-e& le&& than 12, po&&i9ly %#" are rec#
&ho-l( 9e exerci&e( when ta7ing the re&-lt& from the fit. Prefera9ly, all
generate( coefficient& &ho-l( 9e po&itive. 5egative val-e& may lea( to -n#
&ta9le re&-lt&. Once a &ati&factory fit ha& 9een achieve( it i& recommen(e(
that the coefficient& which are written into the o-tp-t file 9e inp-t in f-t-re
r-n&.
=
ent (amping i& 9a&e( on a &pring an( &li(er in &erie&. The critical &tre&& for
SA=+
Limit &tre&& for fre:-ency in(epen(ent frictional (amping.
D
R
A
F
T
2#%22 B.2TC LSDYNA
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
TBL4S
Ta9le A3 for hy&tere&i&, &ee 'emar7& on .2TJL4P<'<L2STAC
J'8BB<'
IB NP" test inBor5ation Bro5 a uniaJial test are used(
S=L
S,
Specimen wi(th
ST
Specimen thic7ne&&
LCA31
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the force ver&-& act-al change in the ga-ge length
32T2
Type of experimental (ata.
<R.1.$) -niaxial (ata B(efa-ltC
<R.2.$) 9iaxial (ata
<R.%.$) p-re &hear (ata
LCA32
Loa( c-rve A3 of relaxation c-rve. Af con&tant&

are (etermine( via a
lea&t &:-are& fit. Thi& relaxation c-rve i& &hown in +ig-re 70.1. Thi& mo(#
el ignore& the con&tant &tre&&.
BST2'T
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i&
1$ time&
> (
an( error &cheme.
T'2.P
Af 5T$, the con&tant& .8i an( 2LPL2i have to 9e (efine()
.8i
i,
the ith &hear mo(-l-&, i varie& -p to /. See (i&c-&&ion 9elow.
2LPL2i
i,
the ith exponent, i varie& -p to /. See (i&c-&&ion 9elow.
=A
B<T2A
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=O2DEN=RU<<ER ;MA/="--=O
LSDYNA 2#%2% B.2TC
P+L2=
+lag for the vi&coela&ticity form-lation. Thi& appear& only on the fir&t line
(efining =A, B<T2A, an( P+L2=. Af P+L2=T$, the &tan(ar( vi&coela&tici#
ty form-lation i& -&e( Bthe (efa-ltC, an( if P+L2=T1, the vi&coela&ticity
form-lation -&ing the in&tantaneo-& ela&tic &tre&& i& -&e(.
Re5arAs(
term i& incl-(e( in the &train energy f-nctional which i& f-nction of the relative vol-me, [, WOg(en
1/!X)
w
-
=
p
]
o
]
]=1
S
=1
[z
-o
]
1 +K([ 1 ln[)
The a&teri&7 BIC in(icate& that the vol-metric effect& have 9een eliminate( from the principal &tretch#
e&, z
]
-
.. The n-m9er of term&, n, may vary 9etween 1 to / incl-&ive, an( @ i& the 9-l7 mo(-l-&.
form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
(t )
t
0
s
kl
J

or in term& of the &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&&, {S
0
], an( =reenF& &train ten&or, {S
R1
],
S
]
= ] 0
]k
(t )
L
kl
J
t
0

where g
]k
(t ) an( 0
]k
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
c
-[t N
m=1

given 9y,
g(t) = 0
c
-[
i
t
=1


+or P+L2=T1, the vi&coela&tic term i&
o
]
= _ g
]kl
(t )
t
u
oo
kl
E
o
J
D
R
A
F
T
2#%2! B.2TC LSDYNA
where o
kl
E
i& the in&tantaneo-& &tre&& eval-ate( from the internal energy f-nctional. The coefficient&
in the Prony &erie& therefore corre&pon( to normaliHe( relaxation mo(-li in&tea( of ela&tic mo(-li.
The .ooney#'ivlin r-99er mo(el Bmo(el 27C i& o9taine( 9y &pecifying nT1. An &pite of the (iffer#
ence& in form-lation& with .o(el 27, we fin( that the re&-lt& o9taine( with thi& mo(el are nearly
i(entical with tho&e of .aterial 27 a& long a& large val-e& of Poi&&on]& ratio are -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SOIL=0ON0RE/E ;MA/="-?
LSDYNA 2#%2" B.2TC
;MA/=SOIL=0ON0RE/E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7/. Thi& mo(el permit& concrete an( &oil to 9e efficiently mo(ele(. See the
explanation& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = @ LCPP LC4P LC+P LC'P
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PC O8T B +2AL
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
=
Shear mo(-l-&
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&
LCPP
Loa( c-rve A3 for pre&&-re ver&-& vol-metric &train. The pre&&-re ver&-&
vol-metric &train c-rve i& (efine( in compre&&ion only. The &ign conven#
tion re:-ire& that 9oth pre&&-re an( compre&&ive &train 9e (efine( a& po&i#
tive val-e& where the compre&&ive &train i& ta7en a& the negative val-e of
the nat-ral logarithm of the relative vol-me.
LC4P
Loa( c-rve A3 for yiel( ver&-& pre&&-re)
=T.$) von .i&e& &tre&& ver&-& pre&&-re,
LT.$) Secon( &tre&& invariant, K2, ver&-& pre&&-re. Thi& c-rve m-&t 9e
(efine(.
LC+P
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic &train at which fract-re 9egin& ver&-& pre&&-re.
Thi& loa( c-rve A3 m-&t 9e (efine( if B?$.$.
LC'P
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic &train at which re&i(-al &trength i& reache( ver&-&
pre&&-re. Thi& loa( c-rve A3 m-&t 9e (efine( if B?$.$.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-? ;MA/=SOIL=0ON0RE/E
2#%20 B.2TC LSDYNA
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff for ten&ile fract-re
O8T
O-tp-t option for pla&tic &train in (ata9a&e)
<R.$) vol-metric pla&tic &train,
<R.1) (eviatoric pla&tic &train.
B
'e&i(-al &trength factor after crac7ing, &ee +ig-re 2#%/.
+2AL
+lag for fail-re)
<R.$) no fail-re,
<R.1) ,hen pre&&-re reache& fail-re pre&&-re element i& ero(e(,
<R.2) ,hen pre&&-re reache& fail-re pre&&-re element lo&e& it a9ility to
carry ten&ion.
Re5arAs(
Pre&&-re i& po&itive in compre&&ion. Pol-metric &train i& (efine( a& the nat-ral log of the relative
vol-me an( i& po%itive in compre&&ion where the relative vol-me, P, i& the ratio of the c-rrent vol#
-me to the initial vol-me. The ta9-late( (ata &ho-l( 9e given in or(er of increa&ing compre&&ion. Af
the pre&&-re (rop& 9elow the c-toff val-e &pecifie(, it i& re&et to that val-e an( the (eviatoric &tre&&
&tate i& eliminate(.
Af the loa( c-rve A3 BLC4PC i& provi(e( a& a po&itive n-m9er, the (eviatoric, perfectly pla&tic, pre&#
&-re (epen(ent, yiel( f-nction , i& given a&
= S}
2
(p) = o
(p)
where , Fp4 i& a ta9-late( f-nction of yiel( &tre&& ver&-& pre&&-re, an( the &econ( invariant, K
2
, i&
(efine( in term& of the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or a&)
[
2
=
1
2
S
]
S
]

a&&-ming that if the A3 i& given a& negative then the yiel( f-nction 9ecome&)
= [
2
(p)
9eing the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or.
Af crac7ing i& invo7e( 9y &etting the re&i(-al &trength factor, B, on car( 2 to a val-e 9etween $.$ an(
1.$, the yiel( &tre&& i& m-ltiplie( 9y a factor f which re(-ce& with pla&tic &train accor(ing to a triline#
ar law a& &hown in +ig-re 2#%/.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SOIL=0ON0RE/E ;MA/="-?
LSDYNA 2#%27 B.2TC

9 T re&i(-al &trength factor

1
T pla&tic &tain at which crac7ing 9egin&.

2
T pla&tic &tain at which re&i(-al &trength i& reache(.
1
an(
2
are ta9-late( f-nction& of pre&&-re that are (efine( 9y loa( c-rve&, &ee +ig-re 2#%. The
val-e& on the c-rve& are pre&&-re ver&-& &train an( &ho-l( 9e entere( in or(er of increa&ing pre&&-re.
The &train val-e& &ho-l( alway& increa&e monotonically with pre&&-re.
By properly (efining the loa( c-rve&, it i& po&&i9le to o9tain the (e&ire( &trength an( (-ctility over a
range of pre&&-re&, &ee +ig-re 2#!$.

+ig-re 2#%. Crac7ing &train ver&-& pre&&-re.

+ig-re 2#%/. Strength re(-ction factor.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-? ;MA/=SOIL=0ON0RE/E
2#%2/ B.2TC LSDYNA

+ig-re 2#!$.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1YS/ERE/I0=SOIL ;MA/="-,
LSDYNA 2#%2 B.2TC
;MA/=1YS/ERE/I0=SOIL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7. Thi& mo(el i& a ne&te( &-rface mo(el with -p to ten &-perpo&e( Ulayer&V
of ela&to#perfectly pla&tic material, each with it& own ela&tic mo(-li an( yiel( val-e&. 5e&te( &-rface
mo(el& give hy&teric 9ehavior, a& the (ifferent Ulayer&V yiel( at (ifferent &tre&&e&. See 'emar7& 9e#
low.
5ote) Thi& .aterial Type will 9e availa9le &tarting in relea&e % of ver&ion 71.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @$ P$ B 2$ 21 22
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3+ 'P LCA3 S+LC 3ALJ2 3ALJB 3ALJC 3ALJ3
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2.1 =2.2 =2.% =2.! =2." PA5AT
Type + + + + + A

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T281 T282 T28% T28! T28"
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
@$
B-l7 mo(-l-& at the reference pre&&-re
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="-, ;MA/=1YS/ERE/I0=SOIL
2#%%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
P$
C-t#offE(at-m pre&&-re Bm-&t 9e $\ i.e. ten&ileC. Below thi& pre&&-re, &tiff#
ne&& an( &trength (i&appear&D thi& i& al&o the UHeroV pre&&-re for pre&&-re#
varying propertie&.
B
<xponent for pre&&-re#&en&itive mo(-li, 9)
0 = 0
0
(p p
o
)
b
K = K
0
(p p
o
)
b
. 9, m-&t lie in
the range $\9>1. Pal-e& clo&e to 1 are not recommen(e( 9eca-&e the pre&#
&-re 9ecome& in(eterminate.
2$
4iel( f-nction con&tant a
$
B3efa-lt T 1.$C, &ee .aterial Type ".
21
1
B3efa-lt T $.$C, &ee .aterial Type ".
22
2
B3efa-lt T $.$C, &ee .aterial Type ".
3+
3amping factor. .-&t 9e in the range $\(f\1)
<R.$) no (amping,
<R.1) maxim-m (amping.
'P
'eference pre&&-re for following inp-t (ata.
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining &hear &train ver&e& &hear &tre&&. 8p to ten point&
may 9e (efine( in the loa( c-rve. See I3<+A5<JC8'P<.
S+L3
Scale factor to apply to &hear &tre&& in LCA3.
3ALJ2
3ilation parameter 2
3ALJB
3ilation parameter B
3ALJC
3ilation parameter C
3ALJ3
3ilation parameter 3
=2.1
1
, &hear &train Bignore( if LCA3 i& non HeroC.
=2.2
2
=2.%
%
=2.!
!
=2."
"
T281
1
, &hear &tre&& at
1
Bignore( if LCA3 i& non HeroC.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%%1 B.2TC
T282
2
, &hear &tre&& at
2
T28%
%
, &hear &tre&& at
%
T28!
!
, &hear &tre&& at
!
T28"
"
, &hear &tre&& at
"
PA5AT
+lag for pre&&-re &en&itivity BB an( 2$, 21, 22 e:-ation&C)
<R.$) 8&e c-rrent pre&&-re Bwill vary (-ring the analy&i&C
<R.1) 8&e pre&&-re from initial &tre&& &tate
<R.2) 8&e initial Uplane &tre&&V pre&&-re (o
+o
h
)2

<R.%) 8&e Bcompre&&iveC initial vertical &tre&&
Re5arAs(
The ela&tic mo(-li = an( @ are pre&&-re &en&itive)

0(p) =
0
0
(p p
0
)
b
p
c]
p
0
b
K(p) =
K
0
(p p
0
)
b
p
c]
p
0
b

where =
$
an( @
$
are the inp-t val-e&, p i& the c-rrent pre&&-re, p
$
the c-t#off or (at-m pre&&-re
Bm-&t 9e Hero or negativeC. Af p attempt& to fall 9elow p
$
Bi.e., more ten&ileC the &hear &tre&&e& are &et
to Hero an( the pre&&-re i& &et to p
$
. Th-&, the material ha& no &tiffne&& or &trength in ten&ion. The
pre&&-re in compre&&ion i& calc-late( a& follow&)

p = |K
0
ln(I)]
1
(1-b)
,

where P i& the relative vol-me, i.e., the ratio 9etween the original an( c-rrent vol-me.
The con&tant& a
$
, a
1
, a
2
govern the pre&&-re &en&itivity of the yiel( &tre&&. Only the ratio& 9etween
the&e val-e& are important # the a9&ol-te &tre&& val-e& are ta7en from the &tre&&#&train c-rve.
The &tre&& &train pair& (efine a &hear &tre&& ver&-& &hear &train c-rve. The fir&t point on the c-rve i&
a&&-me( 9y (efa-lt to 9e B$,$C an( (oe& not nee( to 9e entere(. The &lope of the c-rve m-&t (e#
crea&e with increa&ing . Thi& c-rve& applie& at the reference pre&&-reD at other pre&&-re& the c-rve i&
&cale( 9y
D
R
A
F
T
2#%%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
(p, y)
p
c]
, y
=
_
|o
0
+o
1
(p p
0
) +o
2
(p p
0
)
2
]
jo
0
+o
1
p
c]
p
0
+o
2
p
c]
p
0
2
[

The &hear &tre&&#&train c-rve Bwith point& B
1
,
1
), B
2
,
2
)...B
5
,
5
)) i& converte( into a &erie& of 5 ela&#
tic perfectly#pla&tic c-rve& &-ch that
, (y) = (y), a& &hown in the fig-re 9elow.

<ach ela&tic perfectly#pla&tic c-rve repre&ent& one UlayerV in the material mo(el. 3eviatoric &tre&&e&
are &tore( an( calc-late( &eparately for each layer. The yiel( &-rface for each layer i& (efine( in
term& of &tre&& invariant K
2
D thi& i& converte( internally from the inp-t val-e& of maxim-m &hear
&tre&&, a&&-ming a -niaxial &tre&& &tate)
[
2
= _o'
o'
2
_ <
(
max
)
2
S

where &-9&cript i (enote& layer i an(
maxi
i& the pla&tic &hear &tre&& of the layer.
An ca&e& where the (eviatoric &tre&& &tate i& clo&er to p-re &hear, the maxim-m &hear &tre&& reache(
9y the material will 9e -p to _
4
3
time& higher than the inp-t c-rve. 8&er& may wi&h to allow for thi&
9y re(-cing the inp-t c-rve 9y thi& factor. ,hen performing chec7& on the o-tp-t, the following re#
lation&hip& may 9e -&ef-l)
+ig-re 2#!1.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%%% B.2TC
Anp-t &hear &tre&& i& treate( 9y the material mo(el a& u.S - Io Hscs Stcss = _[So'
ci
i

Anp-t &hear &train i& treate( 9y the material mo(el a& 1.S - Io Hscs Sto = _[Se'
si
i
2

The total (eviatoric &tre&& i& the &-m of the (eviatoric &tre&&e& in each layer. By thi& metho(, hy&ter#
etic Benergy#a9&or9ingC &tre&&#&train c-rve& are generate( in re&pon&e to any &train cycle of amplit-(e
greater than the lowe&t yiel( &train of any layer. The example 9elow &how& re&pon&e to &mall an(
large &train cycle& B9l-e an( pin7 line&C &-perpo&e( on the inp-t c-rve Bthic7 re( lineC.

3ressure Sensiti'it
The yiel( &tre&&e& of the layer&, an( hence the &tre&& at each point on the &hear &tre&&#&train inp-t
c-rve, vary with pre&&-re accor(ing to con&tant& 2$, 21 an( 22. The ela&tic mo(-li, an( hence al&o
the &lope of each &ection of &hear &tre&&#&train c-rve, vary with pre&&-re accor(ing to con&tant B.
The&e effect& com9ine to mo(ify the &hear &tre&&#&train c-rve accor(ing to pre&&-re)

Pre&&-re &en&itivity can ma7e the &ol-tion &en&itive to n-merical noi&e. An ca&e& where the expecte(
pre&&-re change& are &mall compare( to the initial &tre&& &tate, it may 9e prefera9le to -&e pre&&-re
from the initial &tre&& &tate in&tea( of c-rrent pre&&-re a& the 9a&i& for the pre&&-re &en&itivity Boption
PA5ATC. Thi& ca-&e& the 9-l7 mo(-l-& an( &hear &tre&&#&train c-rve to 9e calc-late( once for each
element at the &tart of the analy&i& an( to remain fixe( thereafter. PA5AT affect& 9oth &tiffne&& Bcalc-#
late( -&ing BC an( &trength Bcalc-late( -&ing 2$, 21 an( 22C. Af PA5AT option& 2 BUplane &tre&&V
pre&&-reC or % Bvertical &tre&&C are -&e(, the&e :-antitie& &-9&tit-te for pre&&-re p in the e:-ation&
+ig-re 2#!2.
+ig-re 2#!%.
Stre&& varie& with
pre&&-re accor(ing
to 2$, 21, 22
Slope varie&
with pre&&-re
accor(ing to B
2t (ifferent pre&&-re&, the &ame point
on the inp-t &tre&&#&train c-rve will
9e reache( at (ifferent &train val-e&.
SHear stressstrain re
s4onse at 4ressure 3%
SHear stressstrain re
s4onse at 4ressure 3$
D
R
A
F
T
2#%%! B.2TC LSDYNA
a9ove. Anp-t val-e& of p
ref
an( p
$
&ho-l( then al&o 9e Uplane &tre&&V pre&&-re or vertical &tre&&, re#
&pectively.
Af PA5AT i& -&e(, B i& allowe( to 9e a& high a& 1.$ B&tiffne&& proportional to initial pre&&-reCD other#
wi&e, val-e& of B higher than a9o-t $." are not recommen(e(.
Dilatan7
Parameter& 3ALJ2, 3ALJB, 3ALJC an( 3ALJ3 control the compaction an( (ilatancy that occ-r in
&an(y &oil& a& a re&-lt of &hearing motion. The (ilatancy i& expre&&e( a& a vol-me &train
v
)

e
= e
r
+e
e
r
= II A(I)
IL B
e
=
0 -
II C +II - 0 -
I = (y
z
2
+y
z
2
)
1
2
,
0 -= _(Jy
z
2
+Jy
z
2
)
1
2
,
y
z
, y
z
= 2e
z
, 2e
z

r
(e&cri9e& the (ilation of the &oil (-e to the magnit-(e of the &hear &train&D thi& i& ca-&e( 9y the &oil
particle& having to clim9 over each other to (evelop &hear &train.
g
(e&cri9e& compaction of the &oil (-e to collap&e of wea7 area& an( voi(&, ca-&e( 9y contin-o-&
&hear &training.
'ecommen(e( inp-t& for &an(y &oil)

3ALJ2 1$
3ALJB 1.0
3ALJC #1$$
3ALJ3 #2."
3ALJ2 an( 3ALJB may ca-&e in&ta9ilitie& in &ome mo(el&. Af thi& facility i& -&e( with pore water
pre&&-re, li:-efaction can 9e mo(ele(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=RAM<ER2OS2OOD ;MA/="?"
LSDYNA 2#%%" B.2TC
;MA/=RAM<ER2OS2OOD
Thi& i& .aterial Type /$. Thi& mo(el i& inten(e( a& a &imple mo(el of &hear 9ehavior an( can 9e
-&e( in &ei&mic analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O =2.4 T284 2LPL2 ' B8L@
Type 2/ + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=2.4
'eference &hear &train B
y
C
T284
'eference &hear &tre&& B
y
C
2LPL2
Stre&& coefficient BC
'
Stre&& exponent BrC
B8L@
<la&tic 9-l7 mo(-l-&
Re5arAs(
The 'am9erg#O&goo( e:-ation i& an empirical con&tit-tive relation to repre&ent the one#(imen&ional
ela&tic#pla&tic 9ehavior of many material&, incl-(ing &oil&. Thi& mo(el allow& a &imple rate in(e#
pen(ent repre&entation of the hy&teretic energy (i&&ipation o9&erve( in &oil& &-9Gecte( to cyclic &hear
(eformation. +or monotonic loa(ing, the &tre&&#&train relation&hip i& given 9y)
y
y
+o

y u
y
y
y < u
where y i& the &hear an( i& the &tre&&. The mo(el approache& perfect pla&ticity a& the &tre&& expo#
nent . The&e e:-ation& m-&t 9e a-gmente( to correctly mo(el -nloa(ing an( reloa(ing mate#
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="?" ;MA/=RAM<ER2OS2OOD
2#%%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
rial 9ehavior. The fir&t loa( rever&al i& (etecte( 9y yy < u. 2fter the fir&t rever&al, the &tre&&#&train
relation&hip i& mo(ifie( to
(y y
0
)
2y
=
(
0
)
2
+o
(
0
)
2

i
y u
(y y
0
)
2y
=
(
0
)
2
o
(
0
)
2

i
y < u

where y
0
an(
0
repre&ent the val-e& of &train an( &tre&& at the point of loa( rever&al. S-9&e:-ent
loa( rever&al& are (etecte( 9y (y y
0
)y < u.
The 'am9erg#O&goo( e:-ation& are inherently one#(imen&ional an( are a&&-me( to apply to &hear
component&. To generaliHe thi& theory to the m-lti(imen&ional ca&e, it i& a&&-me( that each compo#
nent of the (eviatoric &tre&& an( (eviatoric ten&orial &train i& in(epen(ently relate( 9y the one#
(imen&ional &tre&&#&train e:-ation&. 2 proGection i& -&e( to map the re&-lt 9ac7 into (eviatoric &tre&&
&pace if re:-ire(. The vol-metric 9ehavior i& ela&tic, an(, therefore, the pre&&-re p i& fo-n( 9y
p = Ke

where e
i& the vol-metric &train.

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=WI/1=DAMA2E ;MA/="?%"?$
LSDYNA 2#%%7 B.2TC
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=WI/1=DAMA2E=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type& /1 an( /2. 2n ela&to#vi&co#pla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-&
&train c-rve an( ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. 3amage i& con&i(ere( 9efore r-p#
t-re occ-r&. 2l&o, fail-re 9a&e( on a pla&tic &train or a minim-m time &tep &iHe can 9e (efine(.
S<LANKP
OR/1O
OR/1O=R0D0
S/O01AS/I0
Ancl-(ing O'TLO invo7e& an orthotropic (amage mo(el, an exten&ion fir&t a((e( a& a mean& of
treating fail-re in al-min-m panel&. 3irectional (amage 9egin& after a (efine( fail-re &train i&
reache( in ten&ion an( contin-e& to evolve -ntil a ten&ile r-pt-re &train i& reache( in either one of the
two orthogonal (irection&. 2fter r-pt-re i& (etecte( at all integration point&, the element i& (elete(.
The option O'TLOJ'C3C invo7e& the (amage mo(el (evelope( 9y ,il7in& W,il7in&, et al. 177X.
2 nonlocal form-lation, which re:-ire& a((itional &torage, i& -&e( if a characteri&tic length i& (e#
fine(. The 'C3C option, which wa& a((e( at the re:-e&t of Toyota, wor7& well in pre(icting fail#
-re in ca&t al-min-m, &ee 4ama&a7i, et al., W2$$0X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25 <PP+ T3<L
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ 1$.<^2$ 1$.<^2$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C P LCSS LCS' <PP+' PP LC3. 58.A5T
Type + + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="?%"?$ ;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=WI/1=DAMA2E
2#%%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Read tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB tHe o4tion OR/1O=R0D0 is a7ti'e8
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 B<T2 =2..2 3$ B L2.B32 3S L
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
<PP+
Pla&tic &train, f%( at which material &oftening 9egin& BlogarithmicC.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%% B.2TC
T3<L
C
P
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. Loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-&
effective pla&tic &train. Af (efine( <PS1#<PS/ an( <S1#<S/ are ignore(.
The ta9le A3 (efine& for each &train rate val-e a loa( c-rve A3 giving the
&tre&& ver&-& effectivepla&tic &train for that rate, See +ig-re 2#1$ The &tre&&
ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the lowe&t val-e of &train rate i&
-&e( if the &train rate fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e. Li7ewi&e, the &tre&&
ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the highe&t val-e of &train rate i&
-&e( if the &train rate excee(& the maxim-m val-e. The &train rate parame#
ter&) C an( PD the c-rve A3, LCS'D <PS1#<PS/ an( <S1#<S/ are ignore( if
a Ta9le A3 i& (efine(.
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining &train rate &caling effect on yiel( &tre&&.
<PP+'
Pla&tic &train at which material r-pt-re& BlogarithmicC.
PP
LC3.
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining nonlinear (amage c-rve.
58.A5T
element i& (elete(. BAf Hero, all point& m-&t fail.C The (efa-lt of all integra#
tion point& i& not recommen(e( &ince element& -n(ergoing large &train are
often not (elete( (-e to no(al fi9er rotation& which limit &train& at active
integration point& after mo&t point& have faile(. Better re&-lt& are o9taine(
if 58.A5T i& &et to 1 or a n-m9er le&& than one half of the n-m9er of
thro-gh thic7ne&& point&. +or example, if fo-r thro-gh thic7ne&& point& are
-&e(, 58.A5T &ho-l( not excee( 2, even for f-lly integrate( &hell& which
have 10 integration point&.
<PS1#<PS/
<ffective pla&tic &train val-e& Boptional if SA=4 i& (efine(C. 2t lea&t 2
point& &ho-l( 9e (efine(.
<S1#<S/
2LPL2
Parameter o. for the 'c#3c mo(el
B<T2
Parameter. for the 'c#3c mo(el
=2..2
Parameter y. for the 'c#3c mo(el
D
R
A
F
T
2#%!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
3$
Parameter
u
. for the 'c#3c mo(el
B
Parameter . for the 'c#3c mo(el
L2.B32
Parameter z. for the 'c#3c mo(el
3S
Parameter
s
L
Optional characteri&tic element length for thi& material. ,e recommen(
that the (efa-lt of $ alway& 9e -&e(, e&pecially in parallel r-n&. Af Hero,
no(al val-e& of the (amage f-nction are -&e( to comp-te the (amage gra(i#
ent. See (i&c-&&ion 9elow.
Re5arAs(
mo(-l-&, <T25. 2lternately, a c-rve &imilar to that &hown in +ig-re 2#1$ i& expecte( to 9e (efine(
9y B<PS1,<S1C # B<PS/,<S/CD however, an effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve BLCSSC
may 9e inp-t in&tea( if eight point& are in&-fficient. The co&t i& ro-ghly the &ame for either ap#
proach. The mo&t general approach i& to -&e the ta9le (efinition BLCSSC (i&c-&&e( 9elow.
Three option& to acco-nt for &train rate effect& are po&&i9le)
1 +_
e
C
]
1
6
,

where e i& the &train rate, e =

e
]
e
]
.
Af the vi&copla&tic option i& active, PPT1.$, an( if SA=4 i& ? $ then the (ynamic yiel( &tre&&
i& comp-te( from the &-m of the &tatic &tre&&, o
e
e
, which i& typically given 9y a loa(

c-rve A3, an( the initial yiel( &tre&&, SA=4, m-ltiplie( 9y the Cowper#Symon(& rate term a&
follow&)
o
e
e
, e
e
= o
e
e
+SI0 _
e
c]]
C
_
1

,

where the pla&tic &train rate i& -&e(. ,ith thi& latter approach &imilar re&-lt& can 9e o9taine(
9etween thi& mo(el an( material mo(el) I.2TJ25ASOT'OPACJPASCOPL2STAC. Af SA#
=4T$, the following e:-ation i& -&e( in&tea( where the &tatic &tre&&, o
e
e
, m-&t 9e (e#
fine( 9y a loa( c-rve)
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%!1 B.2TC
o
e
e
, e
e
= o
e
e
_1 +_
e
c]]
C
_
1

,
_
Thi& latter e:-ation i& alway& -&e( if the vi&copla&tic option i& off.
ing the reference to a ta9le BLCSSC can 9e -&e(. Then the ta9le inp-t in I3<+A5<JT2BL< i&
expecte(, &ee +ig-re 2#1$.
The con&tit-tive propertie& for the (amage( material are o9taine( from the -n(amage( material
propertie&. The amo-nt of (amage evolve( i& repre&ente( 9y the con&tant, , which varie& from Hero
if no (amage ha& occ-rre( to -nity for complete r-pt-re. +or -niaxial loa(ing, the nominal &tre&& in
the (amage( material i& given 9y
o
nomInaI
=
P
A

where P i& the applie( loa( an( 2 i& the &-rface area. The tr-e &tre&& i& given 9y)
o
te
=
P
A A
lss

where A
lss
i& the voi( area. The (amage varia9le can then 9e (efine()
=
A
lss
A
u 1
An thi& mo(el (amage i& (efine( in term& of pla&tic &train after the fail-re &train i& excee(e()
=
e
e
e
ale
e
te
e
ale
e
ale
e
e
e
te

2fter excee(ing the fail-re &train &oftening 9egin& an( contin-e& -ntil the r-pt-re &train i& reache(.
The 'c#3c mo(el i& (efine( a& the following)
The (amage 3 i& given 9y
= _
1
2
Je

where e
i& the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train,
1
= _
1
1 yo
m
]
u

D
R
A
F
T
2#%!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
i& a triaxial &tre&& weighting term an(
2
= (2 A
)
[

i& a a&ymmetric &train weighting term. An the a9ove o
m
i& the mean &tre&& an(
A
= mn_
S
2
S
3
,
S
3
S
2
]
+ract-re i& initiate( when the acc-m-lation of (amage i&
c
> 1
where
c
i& the a critical (amage given 9y
c
=
0
1 +|v|
x

2 fract-re fraction,
=

c

(efine& the (egra(ation& of the material 9y the 'c#3c mo(el.
+or the 'c#3c mo(el the gra(ient of (amage nee(& to 9e e&timate(. The (amage i& connecte( to the
integration point&, an(, th-&, the comp-tation of the gra(ient re:-ire& &ome manip-lation of the LS#
3452 &o-rce co(e. Provi(e( that the (amage i& connecte( to no(e&, it can 9e &een a& a &tan(ar( 9i#
linear fiel( an( the gra(ient i& ea&ily o9taine(. To ena9le thi&, the (amage at the integration point&
are tran&ferre( to the no(e& a& follow&. Let E
9e the &et of element& &haring no(e , E
the n-m9er
of element& in that &et, P
c
the &et of integration point& in element c an( |P
c
| the n-m9er of point& in
that &et. The average (amage
c
in element c i& comp-te( a&
c
=

eP
c
|P
c
|

where
i& the (amage in integration point p. +inally, the (amage val-e in no(e i& e&timate( a&
c ce
n
|L
n
|
.
Thi& comp-tation i& performe( in each time &tep an( re:-ire& a((itional &torage. C-rrently we -&e
three time& the total n-m9er of no(e& in the mo(el for thi& calc-lation, 9-t thi& co-l( 9e re(-ce( 9y a
con&i(era9le factor if nece&&ary. There i& an 'c#3c option for the =-r&on (ilatational#pla&tic mo(el.
An the implementation of thi& mo(el, the norm of the gra(ient i& comp-te( (ifferently. Let E
]
9e the
&et of element& from within a (i&tance l of element, f not incl-(ing the element it&elf, an( let |E
]
| 9e
the n-m9er of element& in that &et. The norm of the gra(ient of (amage i& e&timate( ro-ghly a&
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%!% B.2TC
v
]

1
L
]
l
|
c
-
]
|
d
c]
ceL
]
l
where J
c]
i& the (i&tance 9etween element f an( e.
The rea&on for ta7ing the fir&t approach i& that it &ho-l( 9e a 9etter approximation of the gra(ient, it
can for one integration point in each element 9e &een a& a wea7 gra(ient of an elementwi&e con&tant
fiel(. The memory con&-mption a& well a& comp-tational wor7 &ho-l( not 9e m-ch higher than for
the other approach.

+ig-re 2#!!. Stre&& &train 9ehavior when (amage i& incl-(e(
D
R
A
F
T
2#%!! B.2TC LSDYNA
.
+ig-re 2#!". 2 nonlinear (amage c-rve i& optional. 5ote that the origin of the c-rve i& at
B$,$C. At i& permi&&i9le to inp-t the fail-re &train, f%, a& Hero for thi& option. The nonlinear
(amage c-rve i& -&ef-l for controlling the &oftening 9ehavior after the fail-re &train i&
reache(
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.U=01AN2=.OAM ;MA/="?!
LSDYNA 2#%!" B.2TC
;MA/=.U=01AN2=.OAM_{OPTION}
Thi& i& .aterial Type /%.
DAMA2E=DE0AY
LO2=LO2=IN/ER3OLA/ION
'ate effect& can 9e mo(ele( in low an( me(i-m (en&ity foam&, &ee +ig-re /%.1. Ly&teretic -nloa(#
ing 9ehavior in thi& mo(el i& a f-nction of the rate &en&itivity with the mo&t rate &en&itive foam&
provi(ing the large&t hy&tere&i& an( vice ver&a. The -nifie( con&tit-tive e:-ation& for foam material&
9y Chang W1"X provi(e the 9a&i& for thi& mo(el. The mathematical (e&cription given 9elow i& ex#
cerpte( from the reference. +-rther improvement& have 9een incorporate( 9a&e( on wor7 9y Lirth,
3- Boi&, an( ,eimar W1/X. Their improvement& permit) loa( c-rve& generate( 9y (rop tower te&t
to 9e (irectly inp-t, a choice of principal or vol-metric &train rate&, loa( c-rve& to 9e (efine( in ten#
&ion, an( the vol-metric 9ehavior to 9e &pecifie( 9y a loa( c-rve.
The -nloa(ing re&pon&e wa& generaliHe( 9y @olling, Lirth, <rhart an( 3- Boi& W2$$0X to allow the
.-llin]& effect to 9e mo(ele(, i.e., after the fir&t loa(ing an( -nloa(ing, f-rther reloa(ing occ-r& on
the -nloa(ing c-rve. Af it i& (e&ire( to reloa( on the loa(ing c-rve& with the new generaliHe( -nloa(#
ing, the 32.2=< (ecay option i& availa9le which allow& the reloa(ing to :-ic7ly ret-rn to the
loa(ing c-rve a& the (amage parameter (ecay& 9ac7 to Hero in ten&ion an( compre&&ion.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < @CO5 TC +2AL 32.P TBA3
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none 1.<^2$ none none none
'emar7& "

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="?! ;MA/=.U=01AN2=.OAM
2#%!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le BP+L2= S+L2= '+L2= T+L2= PPA3 S'2+ '<+ L8
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$
'emar7& 1 2 % ! "

DeBine t:o additional 7ards# 7ards ! and *# iB and onl iB tHe DAMA2E=DE0AY o4tion is
ina7ti'e8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3$ 5$ 51 52 5% C$ C1 C2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C% C! C" 2AK SAK .A5' .2M' SL2P<
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

DeBine one additional 7ard# 7ard !# iB and onl iB tHe DAMA2E=DE0AY o4tion is a7ti'e8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A5' .2M' SL2P< B<T2T B<T2C
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.U=01AN2=.OAM ;MA/="?!
LSDYNA 2#%!7 B.2TC
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
@CO5
Optional 4o-ngF& mo(-l-& -&e( in the comp-tation of &o-n( &pee(. Thi&
will infl-ence the time &tep, contact force&, ho-rgla&& &ta9iliHation force&,
an( the n-merical (amping B32.PC.
<R.$.$) @CO5 i& &et e:-al to the maxB<, c-rrent tangent to &tre&&&#
&train c-rveC if TBA3.ne.$. Af TBA3.e:.$, @CO5 i& &et e:-al to
the maxim-m &lope of the &tre&&#&train c-rve.
TC
+2AL
32.P
fect&.
TBA3
Ta9le A3, &ee I3<+A5<JT2BL<, for nominal &tre&& v&. &train (ata a& a
f-nction of &train rate. Af the ta9le A3 i& provi(e(, car(& % an( ! may 9e left
9lan7 an( the fit will 9e (one internally. The Ta9le A3 can 9e po&itive or
negative B&ee remar7 " 9elowC.
BP+L2=
S+L2=
Strain rate flag B&ee remar7 2 9elowC)
<R.$.$) tr-e con&tant &train rate,
<R.1.$) engineering &train rate.
'+L2=
Strain rate eval-ation flag)
<R.$.$) fir&t principal (irection,
<R.1.$) principal &train rate& for each principal (irection,
<R.2.$) vol-metric &train rate.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="?! ;MA/=.U=01AN2=.OAM
2#%!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
T+L2=
Ten&ile &tre&& eval-ation)
<R.$.$) linear in ten&ion.
<R.1.$) inp-t via loa( c-rve& with the ten&ile re&pon&e corre&pon(& to
negative val-e& of &tre&& an( &train.
PPA3
Optional loa( c-rve A3 (efining pre&&-re ver&-& vol-metric &train.
S'2+
Strain rate averaging flag.
<R.$.$) -&e weighte( r-nning average.
<R.1.$) average the la&t twelve val-e&.
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
L8
&ipationC, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#!
3$
material con&tant, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
5$
51
52
5%
C$
C1
C2
C%
C!
C"
2AK,
SAK
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.U=01AN2=.OAM ;MA/="?!
LSDYNA 2#%! B.2TC
.A5'
'atemin, minim-m &train rate of intere&t.
.2M'
'atemax, maxim-m &train rate of intere&t.
SL2P<
loa(ing factor L8. Pal-e& le&& than one re(-ce& the energy (i&&ipation an(
greater than one increa&e& (i&&ipation, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#!7.
B<T2T
3ecay con&tant for (amage in ten&ion. The (amage (ecay& after loa(ing in
cea&e& accor(ing to c
-BL1A1tmc
.
B<T2C
3ecay con&tant for (amage in compre&&ion. . The (amage (ecay& after
loa(ing in cea&e& accor(ing to c
-BL1ACtmc
.
Re5arAs(
The &train i& (ivi(e( into two part&) a linear part an( a non#linear part of the &train

E(t) = E
L
(t) +E
N
(t)
an( the &train rate 9ecome
E
(t) = E
L
(t) +E
N
(t)
E
N
i& an expre&&ion for the pa&t hi&tory of E
N
. 2 po&t-late( con&tit-tive e:-ation may 9e written a&)
o(t) = ]
|E
t
N
(), S(t)]
=0
J
where S(t) i& the &tate varia9le an( ]
.=0
i& a f-nctional of all val-e& of in I
u an(

E
t
N
() = E
N
(t )
where i& the hi&tory parameter)

E
t
N
( = ) = the n mateal
At i& a&&-me( that the material remem9er& only it& imme(iate pa&t, i.e., a neigh9orhoo( a9o-t = u.
Therefore, an expan&ion of E
t
N
() in a Taylor &erie& a9o-t = u yiel(&)

E
t
N
() = E
N
(u) +
oE
t
N
ot
(u)Jt
Lence, the po&t-late( con&tit-tive e:-ation 9ecome&)

o(t) = o
-
[E
N
(t), E
N
(t), S(t)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/="?! ;MA/=.U=01AN2=.OAM
2#%"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
where we have replace(
L
t
N
t
9y E
N
, an( o
-
i& a f-nction of it& arg-ment&.
+or a &pecial ca&e,
o(t) = o
-
E
N
(t), S(t)
we may write
E
t
N
= S(t), s(t)
which &tate& that the nonlinear &train rate i& the f-nction of &tre&& an( a &tate varia9le which repre#
&ent& the hi&tory of loa(ing. Therefore, the propo&e( 7inetic e:-ation for foam material& i&)
E
t
N
=
o
o
0
ex
0
_
t(oS)
(o)
2
_
2
0

where 3
$
, c
$
, an( n
$
are material con&tant&, an( S i& the overall &tate varia9le. Af either
0
= u or
0
then the nonlinear &train rate vani&he&.
S
]
= |
1
o
]
R
2
S
]
P +
3
w
1
[E
N
[
2
I
]
]R
R = 1 +
4
_
[E
N
[
5
1_
3

P = toE
w = _to(JE)

where c
1
, c
2
, c
%
, c
!
, c
"
, n
1
, n
2
, n
%
, an( a
iG
are material con&tant& an()
o = o
]
o
]
1
2
[E
[ = E
]
E
1
2
[E
N
[ = E
N
]
E
N
]
1
2

An the implementation 9y +- Chang the mo(el wa& &implifie( &-ch that the inp-t con&tant& o
]
an(
the &tate varia9le& S
]
are &calar&.
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LSDYNA 2#%"1 B.2TC

+ig-re 2#!0. 5ominal &tre&& ver&-& engineering &train c-rve&, which are -&e( to mo(el rate effect&
in +- Chang]& foam mo(el.
Additional Re5arAs(
vol-metric re&pon&e an( con&e:-ently, it i& optional with thi& mo(el.
2. 3ynamic compre&&ion te&t& at the &train rate& of intere&t in vehicle cra&h are -&-ally per#
forme( with a (rop tower. An thi& te&t the loa(ing velocity i& nearly con&tant 9-t the tr-e
&train rate, which (epen(& on the in&tantaneo-& &pecimen thic7ne&&, i& not. Therefore, the
engineering &train rate inp-t i& optional &o that the &tre&& &train c-rve& o9taine( at con&tant
velocity loa(ing can 9e -&e( (irectly.
%. To f-rther improve the re&pon&e -n(er m-ltiaxial loa(ing, the &train rate parameter can either
9e 9a&e( on the principal &train rate& or the vol-metric &train rate.
!. Correlation -n(er triaxial loa(ing i& achieve( 9y (irectly inp-tting the re&-lt& of hy(ro&tatic
te&ting in a((ition to the -niaxial (ata. ,itho-t thi& a((itional information which i& f-lly op#
tional, triaxial re&pon&e ten(& to 9e -n(ere&timate(.
". Several option& are availa9le to control -nloa(ing re&pon&e in .2TJ$/%)

Optional Tensile Curves
(TFLAG=1)
Compressive
%
% 2 1
> >
e!ault Tensile "e#avior
(TFLAG=$)
2
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2#%"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
1C L8T$ an( TBA3?$
Thi& i& the ol( way. An thi& ca&e the -nloa(ing re&pon&e will follow the c-rve with the lowe&t
&train rate an( i& rate#in(epen(ent. The c-rve with lowe&t &train rate val-e Btypically HeroC in
TBA3 &ho-l( corre&pon( to the -nloa(ing path of the material a& mea&-re( in a :-a&i&tatic
te&t. The :-a&i&tatic loa(ing path then corre&pon(& to a reali&tic B&mallC val-e of the &train
rate.
2C L8T$ an( TBA3>$
An thi& ca&e the c-rve with lowe&t &train rate val-e Btypically HeroC in TBA3 m-&t corre&pon(
to the -nloa(ing path of the material a& mea&-re( in a :-a&i&tatic te&t. The :-a&i&tatic loa(ing
path then corre&pon(& to a reali&tic B&mallC val-e of the &train rate. The :-a&i&tatic loa(ing
an( -nloa(ing path Bth-& the fir&t two c-rve& of the ta9leC &ho-l( form a clo&e( loop. The -n#
loa(ing re&pon&e i& given 9y a (amage form-lation for the principal &tre&&e& a& follow&)
o
= (1 J)o

The (amage parameter ( i& comp-te( internally in &-ch a way that the -nloa(ing path -n(er
-niaxial ten&ion an( compre&&ion i& fitte( exactly in the &im-lation. The -nloa(ing re&pon&e
i& rate (epen(ent in thi& ca&e.

+ig-re 2#!7
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LSDYNA 2#%"% B.2TC

%C L8?$ an( TBA3?$
5o -nloa(ing c-rve &ho-l( 9e provi(e( in the ta9le an( the c-rve with the lowe&t &train rate
val-e in TBA3 &ho-l( corre&pon( to the loa(ing path of the material a& mea&-re( in a :-a#
&i&tatic te&t. An thi& ca&e the -nloa(ing re&pon&e i& given 9y a (amage form-lation for the
principal &tre&&e& a& follow&)
o
= (1 J)o
J = (1 Eu) _1 [
cur
max
SHAPL
]
,

where , corre&pon(& to the c-rrent val-e of the hyperela&tic energy per -nit -n(eforme(
vol-me. The -nloa(ing re&pon&e i& rate (epen(ent in thi& ca&e.

+ig-re 2#!/.
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2#%"! B.2TC LSDYNA
The LO=JLO=JA5T<'POL2TAO5 option -&e& log#log interpolation for ta9le TBA3 in the
&train rate (irection.
+ig-re 2#!.
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LSDYNA 2#%"" B.2TC
;MA/=WIN.RI/1=0ON0RE/E
Thi& i& .aterial Type /! an( .aterial Type /", only the former of which incl-(e& rate effect&. The
,infrith concrete mo(el i& a &meare( crac7 B&ometime& 7nown a& p&e-(o crac7C, &meare( re9ar
mo(el, implemente( in the /#no(e &ingle integration point contin--m element. Thi& mo(el wa& (e#
velope( 9y Broa(ho-&e an( 5eil&on W1/7X, an( Broa(ho-&e W1"X over many year& an( ha& 9een
vali(ate( again&t experiment&. The inp-t (oc-mentation given here i& ta7en (irectly form the report
9y Broa(ho-&e. The +ortran &-9ro-tine& an( :-ality a&&-rance te&t pro9lem& were al&o provi(e( to
LSTC 9y the ,infrith Technology Center. The re9ar i& (efine( in the &ection) I.2TJ,A5+'ATL
JCO5C'<T<J'<A5+O'C<.<5T which follow&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O T. P' 8CS 8TS +< 2SAQ<
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le < 4S <L 8<LO5= '2T< CO5. CO5L CO5T
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
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2#%"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
T.
Anitial tangent mo(-l-& of concrete.
P'
Poi&&onF& ratio.
8CS
8niaxial compre&&ive &trength.
8TS
8niaxial ten&ile &trength.
+<
3epen(& on val-e of '2T< 9elow.
'2T<.<R.$) +ract-re energy Benergy per -nit area (i&&ipate( in open#
ing crac7C.
'2T<.<R.1) Crac7 wi(th at which crac7#normal ten&ile &tre&& goe& to
Hero.
2SAQ<
2ggregate &iHe Bra(i-&C.
<
4o-ngF& mo(-l-& of re9ar.
4S
4iel( &tre&& of re9ar.
<L
Lar(ening mo(-l-& of re9ar
8<LO5=
8ltimate elongation 9efore re9ar fail&.
'2T<
'ate effect&)
<R.$.$) &train rate effect& are incl-(e( Bmat /! g may not con&erve en#
ergyC.
<R.1.$) &train rate effect& are t-rne( off Bmat /"C.
CO5.
=T.$) +actor to convert mo(el ma&& -nit& to 7g.
<R.#1.) .a&&, length, time -nit& in mo(el are l9fI&ec2Ein, inch, &ec.
<R.#2.) .a&&, length, time -nit& in mo(el are g, cm, micro&ec.
<R.#%.) .a&&, length, time -nit& in mo(el are g, mm, m&ec.
<R.#!.) .a&&, length, time -nit& in mo(el are metric ton, mm, &ec.
<R.#".) .a&&, length, time -nit& in mo(el are 7g, mm, m&ec.
CO5L
Af CO5..=T.$, factor to convert mo(el length -nit& to meter&D other#
wi&e CO5L i& ignore(.
CO5T
Af CO5..=T.$, factor to convert mo(el time -nit& to &econ(&D otherwi&e
CO5T i& ignore(.
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LSDYNA 2#%"7 B.2TC
<PS1, <PS2, a
Pol-metric &train val-e& Bnat-ral logarithmic val-e&C, &ee 'emar7& 9elow.
2 maxim-m of / val-e& are allowe(.
P1, P2, a
Pre&&-re& corre&pon(ing to vol-metric &train val-e& given on Car( %.
Re5arAs(
Pre&&-re i& po&itive in compre&&ionD vol-metric &train i& given 9y the nat-ral log of the relative vol#
-me an( i& negative in compre&&ion. The ta9-late( (ata are given in or(er of increa&ing compre&#
&ion, with no initial Hero point.
Af the vol-me compaction c-rve i& omitte(, the following &cale( c-rve i& a-tomatically -&e( where
p
1
i& the pre&&-re at -niaxial compre&&ive fail-re from)
p
1
=
o
c
S

an( K i& the 9-l7 -nloa(ing mo(-l-& comp-te( from
K =
E
S(1 2:)

where E
i& the inp-t tangent mo(-l-& for concrete an( : i& Poi&&onF& ratio.
Volu5etri7 Strain 3ressure
.p
*
/0 1.$$xp
*

#$.$$2 1."$xp
*

#$.$$! %.$$xp
*

#$.$1$ !./$xp
*

#$.$2$ 0.$$xp
*

#$.$%$ 7."$xp
*

#$.$!1 .!"xp
*

#$.$"1 11.""xp
*

#$.$02 1!.2"xp
*

#$.$! 2".$"xp
*

/a9le ?*?>8% 3efa-lt pre&&-re ver&-& vol-metric &train c-rve for concrete
if the c-rve i& not (efine(.
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The ,infrith concrete mo(el generate& an a((itional 9inary o-tp-t (ata9a&e containing information
on crac7 location&, (irection&, an( wi(th&. An or(er to generate the crac7 (ata9a&e, the LS#3452
exec-tion line i& mo(ifie( 9y a((ing)
COc!" where crf i& the name of the crac7 (ata9a&e Be.g., :T345C'C@C.
LS#PrePo&t can (i&play the crac7& on the (eforme( me&h plot&. To (o &o, rea( the (%plot (ata9a&e
into LS#PrePo&t an( then &elect +ile ? Open ? Crac7 from the top men- 9ar. Or, open the crac7 (a#
ta9a&e 9y a((ing the following to the LS#PrePo&t exec-tion line)
COc!" where crf i& the name of the crac7 (ata9a&e Be.g., :T345C'C@C.
By (efa-lt, all the crac7& in vi&i9le element& are &hown. 4o- can eliminate narrow crac7& from the
(i&play 9y &etting a minim-m crac7 wi(th for (i&playe( crac7&. 3o thi& 9y choo&ing Setting ? Con#
crete Crac7 ,i(th. +rom the top men- 9ar of LS#PrePo&t, choo&ing .i&c ? .o(el Anfo will reveal
the n-m9er of crac7e( element& an( the maxim-m crac7 wi(th in a given plot &tate.
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;MA/=WIN.RI/1=0ON0RE/E=REIN.OR0EMEN/
Thi& i& .aterial Type /! re9ar reinforcement. 'einforcement may 9e (efine( in &pecific gro-p& of
element&, 9-t it i& -&-ally more convenient to (efine a two#(imen&ional mat in a &pecifie( layer of a
&pecifie( material. 'einforcement :-antity i& (efine( a& the ratio of the cro&&#&ectional area of &teel
relative to the cro&&#&ectional area of concrete in the element Bor layerC. The&e car(& may follow ei#
ther one of two format& 9elow an( may al&o 9e (efine( in any or(er.

O4tion % &ReinBor7e5ent Cuantities in ele5ent Erou4s+8
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <A31 <A32 A5C M' 4' Q'
Type A A A + + +

O4tion $ &/:o di5ensional laers 9 4art ID+8
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PA3 2MAS COO' 'R2 'RB
Type 9lan7 A A + + +

<A31
+ir&t element A3 in gro-p.
<A32
La&t element A3 in gro-p
A5C
<lement increment for generation.
M'
M#reinforcement :-antity Bfor 9ar& r-nning parallel to glo9al x#axi&C.
4'
4#reinforcement :-antity Bfor 9ar& r-nning parallel to glo9al y#axi&C.
Q'
Q#reinforcement :-antity Bfor 9ar& r-nning parallel to glo9al H#axi&C.
PA3
Part A3 of reinforce( element&.
2MAS
2xi& normal to layer.
<R.1) 2 an( B are parallel to glo9al 4 an( Q, re&pectively.
<R.2) 2 an( B are parallel to glo9al M an( Q, re&pectively.
<R.%) 2 an( B are parallel to glo9al M an( 4, re&pectively.
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2#%0$ B.2TC LSDYNA
COO'
Coor(inate location of layer BM#coor(inate if 2MAS.<R.1D 4#coor(inate if
2MAS.<R.2D Q#coor(inate if 2MAS.<R.%.
'R2
'einforcement :-antity B2C.
'RB
'einforcement :-antity BBC.
Re5arAs(
1. 'einforcement :-antity i& the ratio of area of reinforcement in an element to the elementF&
total cro&&#&ectional area in a given (irection. Thi& (efinition i& tr-e for 9oth Option& 1 an(
2. ,here the option& (iffer i& in the manner in which it i& (eci(e( which element& are rein#
force(. An Option 1, the reinforce( element A3& are &pelle( o-t. An Option 2, element& of
part A3 PA3 which are c-t 9y a plane BlayerC (efine( 9y 2MAS an( COO' are reinforce(.
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LSDYNA 2#%01 B.2TC
;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=VIS0OELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type /0. At allow& the (efinition of an orthotropic material with a vi&coela&tic part.
Thi& mo(el applie& to &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <2 <B <C P+ @
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =$ =A5+ B<T2 P'B2 P'C2 P'CB
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 2OPT .25=L<
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
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2#%02 B.2TC LSDYNA
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<2
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& <
a

<B
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& <
9

<C
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& <
c

P+
Pol-me fraction of vi&coela&tic material
@
=$
=
$
, &hort#time &hear mo(-l-&
=A5+
=
e
, long#time &hear mo(-l-&
B<T2
, (ecay con&tant
P'B2
Poi&&on]& ratio,
9a

P'C2
Poi&&on]& ratio,
ca

P'CB
Poi&&on]& ratio,
c9

=2B
Shear mo(-l-&, =
a9

=BC
Shear mo(-l-&, =
9c

=C2
Shear mo(-l-&, =
ca

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LSDYNA 2#%0% B.2TC
2OPT
.25=L<.
(efine( 9elow, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J<CTO'.
terial axe& a9o-t the element normal 9y an angle, .25=L<,
from a line in the plane of the element (efine( 9y the cro&&
pro(-ct of the vector v with the element normal.
.25=L<
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ an( %, may 9e overri((en on the
element car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2.
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
Re5arAs(
+or the orthotropic (efinition it i& referre( to .aterial Type 2 an( 21.
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2#%0! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0ELLULAR=RU<<ER
Thi& i& .aterial Type /7. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a cell-lar r-99er mo(el with confine( air
pre&&-re com9ine( with linear vi&coela&ticity a& o-tline( 9y Chri&ten&en W1/$X. See +ig-re 2#"$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P' 5
Type 2/ + + A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +

0ard $ iB N O "# deBine tHe Bollo:inE 7onstants
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1$ C$1 C11 C2$ C$2
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P$ PLA APS = B<T2
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio, typical val-e& are 9etween .$ to .2. 3-e to the large com#
pre&&i9ility of air, large val-e& of Poi&&on]& ratio generate& phy&ically
meaningle&& re&-lt&.
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5
Or(er of fit Bc-rrently > %C. Af n?$ then a lea&t &:-are fit i& comp-te( with
-niaxial (ata. The parameter& given on car( 2 &ho-l( 9e &pecifie(. 2l&o
&ee I.2TJ.OO5<4J'APLA5J'8BB<' Bmaterial mo(el 27C. 2 Poi&#
&on]& ratio of ." i& a&&-me( for the voi( free r-99er (-ring the fit. The
Poi&&on]& ratio (efine( on Car( 1 i& for the cell-lar r-99er. 2 voi( fraction
form-lation i& -&e(.
DeBine# iB N P "(
S=L
Specimen ga-ge length l
$

S,
Specimen wi(th
ST
Specimen thic7ne&&
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the force ver&-& act-al change L in the ga-ge
length.
DeBine# iB N O "(
C1$
Coefficient, #
1$

C$1
Coefficient, #
$1

C11
Coefficient, #
11

C2$
Coefficient, #
2$

C$2
Coefficient, #
$2

P$
Anitial air pre&&-re, P
$

PLA
'atio of cell-lar r-99er to r-99er (en&ity,
APS
Anitial vol-metric &train,
$

=
Optional &hear relaxation mo(-l-&, 0, for rate effect& Bvi&co&ityC
B<T2
1

Re5arAs(
term, w
H
([), i& incl-(e( in the &train energy f-nctional which i& f-nction of the relative vol-me, [,
WOg(en 1/!X)
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2#%00 B.2TC LSDYNA
w([
1
, [
2
, [) = C
q
([
1
S)
,q=0
([
2
S)
q
+w
H
([)
[
1
+I
1
I
3
-1
3
,
[
2
+I
2
I
3
-2
3
,

An or(er to prevent vol-metric wor7 from contri9-ting to the hy(ro&tatic wor7 the fir&t an( &econ(
invariant& are mo(ifie( a& &hown. Thi& proce(-re i& (e&cri9e( in more (etail 9y S-&&man an( Bathe
W1/7X.
The effect& of confine( air pre&&-re in it& overall re&pon&e characteri&tic& i& incl-(e( 9y a-gmenting
the &tre&& &tate within the element 9y the air pre&&-re.
o
]
= o
]
k
o
]
o

where o
]
k
i& the 9-l7 &7eletal &tre&& an( o
i& the air pre&&-re comp-te( from the e:-ation)

o
=

0
y
1+y-q

where p
$
i& the initial foam pre&&-re -&-ally ta7en a& the atmo&pheric pre&&-re an( (efine& the vol#
-metric &train
y = I 1 +y
0

where ' i& the relative vol-me of the voi(& an(
$
i& the initial vol-metric &train which i& typically
Hero. The r-99er &7eletal material i& a&&-me( to 9e incompre&&i9le.
form)
o
]
= _ g

i]kl
(t )
oe
k
o
J
t
0

]
]
,
S
]
= ] 0

i]kl
(t )
s
kl
J
t
0

where g

i]kl
(t ) an( 0

i]kl
(t )are the relaxation f-nction& for the (ifferent &tre&& mea&-re&.
Since we wi&h to incl-(e only &imple rate effect&, the relaxation f-nction i& repre&ente( 9y one term
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
c
-[t N
m=1

given 9y,
g(t) = E
d
c
-[
1
t

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LSDYNA 2#%07 B.2TC
Thi& mo(el i& effectively a .axwell fl-i( which con&i&t& of a (amper an( &pring in &erie&. ,e char#
acteriHe thi& in the inp-t 9y a &hear mo(-l-&, 0, an( (ecay con&tant,
1
.
The .ooney#'ivlin r-99er mo(el Bmo(el 27C i& o9taine( 9y &pecifying nT1 witho-t air pre&&-re an(
vi&co&ity. An &pite of the (ifference& in form-lation& with .o(el 27, we fin( that the re&-lt& o9taine(
with thi& mo(el are nearly i(entical with tho&e of material type 27 a& long a& large val-e& of Poi&#
&on]& ratio are -&e(.
+ig-re 2#"$. Cell-lar r-99er with entrappe( air. By &etting the initial air pre&&-re to Hero,
an open cell, cell-lar r-99er can 9e &im-late(.
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2#%0/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=M/S
Thi& i& .aterial Type //. The .TS mo(el i& (-e to .a-l(in, 3avi(&on, an( Lenninger W1$X an(
i& availa9le for application& involving large &train&, high pre&&-re& an( &train rate&. 2& (e&cri9e( in
the foregoing reference, thi& mo(el i& 9a&e( on (i&location mechanic& an( provi(e& a 9etter -n(er#
&tan(ing of the pla&tic (eformation proce&& for (-ctile material& 9y -&ing an internal &tate varia9le
call the mechanical thre&hol( &tre&&. Thi& 7inematic :-antity trac7& the evol-tion of the material]&
micro&tr-ct-re along &ome ar9itrary &train, &train rate, an( temperat-re#(epen(ent path -&ing a (if#
ferential form that 9alance& (i&location generation an( recovery proce&&e&. =iven a val-e for the
mechanical thre&hol( &tre&&, the flow &tre&& i& (etermine( -&ing either a thermal#activation#
controlle( or a (rag#controlle( 7inetic& relation&hip. 2n e:-ation#of#&tate i& re:-ire( for &oli( ele#
ment& an( a 9-l7 mo(-l-& m-&t 9e (efine( 9elow for &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O SA=2 SA=A SA=S SA=$ B8L@
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L+$ L+1 L+2 SA=S$ <3OTS$ B8'= C2P2 BOLTQ
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S.$ S.1 S.2 <3OT$ =O PA5P RA5P <3OTA
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =$A PA5PA RA5PA <3OTS =$S PA5PS RA5PS
Type + + + + + + +

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LSDYNA 2#%0 B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 'LOCP' T<.P'+ 2LPL2 <PS$
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
SA=2
o
, (i&location interaction& with long#range 9arrier& BforceEareaC.

SA=A
o
, (i&location interaction& with inter&titial atom& BforceEareaC.

SA=S
o
, (i&location interaction& with &ol-te atom& BforceEareaC.

SA=$
o
0
, initial val-e of o at Hero pla&tic &train BforceEareaC 5OT 8S<3.

L+$
o
0
, (i&location generation material con&tant BforceEareaC.

L+1
o
1

L+2
o
2

SA=S$
o
so
, &at-ration thre&hol( &tre&& at $
o
@ BforceEareaC.

B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-& (efine( for &hell element& only. 3o not inp-t for &oli( ele#
ment&.

<3OTS$
e
so
, reference &train#rate Btime
#1
C.
B8'=
.agnit-(e of B-rger& vector Binteratomic &lip (i&tanceC, B(i&tanceC

C2P2
.aterial con&tant, 2.
BOLTQ
BoltHmann]& con&tant, 7 BenergyE(egreeC.
S.$
0
0
, &hear mo(-l-& at Hero (egree& @elvin BforceEareaC.
S.1
1
, &hear mo(-l-& con&tant BforceEareaC.

S.2
2
, &hear mo(-l-& con&tant B(egreeC.

<3OT$
e
o
#1
C.

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2#%7$ B.2TC LSDYNA
=$
g
0
, normaliHe( activation energy for a (i&locationE(i&location interaction.
PA5P
1
, material con&tant.

RA5P
1
q
<3OTA
e
o,
#1
C.
=$A
g
0,
, normaliHe( activation energy for a (i&locationEinter&titial interaction.
PA5PA
1
i

RA5PA
1
q
i
<3OTS
e
o,
#1
C.
=$S
g
0,
normaliHe( activation energy for a (i&locationE&ol-te interaction.

PA5PS
1
s

RA5PS
1
q
s
'LOCP'
p
, pro(-ct of (en&ity an( &pecific heat.

T<.P'+
I
c]
, initial element temperat-re in (egree& @.

2LPL2
o, material con&tant Btypical val-e i& 9etween $ an( 2C.

<PS$
e
o
, factor to normaliHe &train rate in the calc-lation of 0
o
. Btime
#1
C.

Re5arAs(
The flow &tre&& o i& given 9y)
o = o
+
0
0
0
|s
th
o +s
th,
o
+s
th,
o
]
The fir&t pro(-ct in the e:-ation for

contain& a micro#&tr-ct-re evol-tion varia9le, i.e.,o, calle( the
$ec5anical T5re%5ol& Stre%% B.TSC, that i& m-ltiplie( 9y a con&tant#&tr-ct-re (eformation varia9le
s
th
s
th
i& a f-nction of a9&ol-te temperat-re T an( the pla&tic &train#rate& e
p
. The evol-tion e:-a#
tion for o i& a (ifferential har(ening law repre&enting (i&location#(i&location interaction&)
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LSDYNA 2#%71 B.2TC
o
oe
0
o
_1
tanh_o
o
o
s
]
tanh(o)
_
The term,
c
s
p
, repre&ent& the har(ening (-e to (i&location generation an( the &tre&& ratio,
c
c
ss
, repre#
&ent& &oftening (-e to (i&location recovery. The thre&hol( &tre&& at Hero &train#har(ening o
s
i&
calle( the &at-ration thre&hol( &tre&&. 'elation&hip& for 0
o
, o
s
are)
0
o
= o
o
+o
1
ln_
e
e
0
] +o
2
_
e
e
0

which contain& the material con&tant&, o
o
, o
1
, an( o
2
. The con&tant, o
s
, i& given a&)
o
s
= o
so
_
e
e
so
]
k1ub
3
A

which contain& the inp-t con&tant&) o
so
, e
so
, , 2, an( 7. The &hear mo(-l-& = appearing in the&e
e:-ation& i& a&&-me( to 9e a f-nction of temperat-re an( i& given 9y the correlation.
0 = 0
0

1
c
b
2
1
1
which contain& the con&tant&) 0
0
,
1
, an(
2
. +or thermal#activation controlle( (eformation s
th
i&
eval-ate( via an 2rrheni-& rate e:-ation of the form)
s
th
=
l
l
l
l
l
1 _
kI1 [
e
0
e
0
3
g
0
_
1
q
1
1
1
1
1
1

The a9&ol-te temperat-re i& given a&)
I = I
c]
+
E
p

where < i& the internal energy (en&ity per -nit initial vol-me.
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2#%72 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=3OLYMER
Thi& i& .aterial Type /. 2n ela&to#pla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve an(
ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. At i& inten(e( for application& where the ela&tic an(
pla&tic &ection& of the re&pon&e are not a& clearly (i&ting-i&ha9le a& they are for metal&. 'ate (e#
pen(ency of fail-re &train i& incl-(e(. .any polymer& &how a more 9rittle re&pon&e at high rate& of
&train.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C P LCSS LCS'
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+TM 32.P '2T<+2C LC+2AL
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
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LSDYNA 2#%7% B.2TC
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
C
Strain rate parameter, C, BCowper Symon(&C.
P
Strain rate parameter, P, BCowper Symon(&C.
LCSS
total effective &train. The ta9le A3 (efine& for each &train rate val-e a loa(
c-rve A3 giving the &tre&& ver&-& total effective &train for that rate.
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining &train rate &caling effect on yiel( &tre&&. Af LCS' i&
negative, the loa( c-rve i& eval-ate( -&ing a 9inary &earch for the correct
interval for the &train rate. The 9inary &earch i& &lower than the (efa-lt in#
cremental &earch, 9-t in ca&e& where large change& in the &train rate may
occ-r over a &ingle time &tep, it i& more ro9-&t.
<+TM
+ail-re flag.
<R.$.$) fail-re (etermine( 9y maxim-m ten&ile &train B(efa-ltC,
<R.1.$) fail-re (etermine( only 9y ten&ile &train in local x (irection,
<R.2.$) fail-re (etermine( only 9y ten&ile &train in local y (irection.
32.P
Stiffne&&#proportional (amping ratio. Typical val-e& are 1e#% or 1e#!. Af
&et too high in&ta9ilitie& can re&-lt.
'2T<+2C
+iltering factor for &train rate effect&. .-&t 9e 9etween $ Bno filteringC an(
1 Binfinite filteringC. The filter i& a &imple low pa&& filter to remove high
fre:-ency o&cillation from the &train rate& 9efore they are -&e( in rate effect
calc-lation&. The c-t off fre:-ency of the filter i& WB1 # '2T<+2CC E
time&tepX ra(E&ec.
LC+2AL
Loa( c-rve A3 giving variation of fail-re &train with &train rate. The point&
on the x#axi& &ho-l( 9e nat-ral log of &train rate, the y#axi& &ho-l( 9e the
tr-e &train to fail-re. Typically thi& i& mea&-re( 9y -niaxial ten&ile te&t, an(
the &train val-e& converte( to tr-e &train.
Re5arAs(
1. 8nli7e other LS#3452 material mo(el&, 9oth the inp-t &tre&&#&train c-rve an( the &train to
fail-re are (efine( a& total tr-e &train, not pla&tic &train. The inp-t can 9e (efine( from -niaxial
ten&ile te&t&D nominal &tre&& an( nominal &train from the te&t& m-&t 9e converte( to tr-e &tre&&
an( tr-e &train. The ela&tic component of &train m-&t not 9e &-9tracte( o-t.
2. The &tre&&#&train c-rve i& permitte( to have &ection& &teeper Bi.e. &tifferC than the ela&tic mo(-#
l-&. ,hen the&e are enco-ntere( the ela&tic mo(-l-& i& increa&e( to prevent &p-rio-& energy
generation.
%. Sixty#fo-r 9it preci&ion i& recommen(e( when -&ing thi& material mo(el, e&pecially if the
&train& 9ecome high.
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2#%7! B.2TC LSDYNA
!. Anvariant &hell n-m9ering i& recommen(e( when -&ing thi& material mo(el. See ICO5T'OL
J2CC8'2C4.
". 3amage in the material 9egin& when the Ufail-re &trainV i& reache(, i.e., when extra hi&tory var#
ia9le / reache& a val-e of 1.$. The element i& then progre&&ively &oftene( via a (amage mo(el
-ntil hi&tory varia9le / reache& a val-e of 1.1 at which point the element i& (elete(. An other
wor(&, the element i& (elete( at 1.1 time& the fail-re &train.
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LSDYNA 2#%7" B.2TC
;MA/=A0OUS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type $. Thi& mo(el i& appropriate for trac7ing low pre&&-re &tre&& wave& in an
aco-&tic me(ia &-ch a& air or water an( can 9e -&e( only with the aco-&tic pre&&-re element form-la#
tion. The aco-&tic pre&&-re element re:-ire& only one -n7nown per no(e. Thi& element i& very co&t
effective. Optionally, cavitation can 9e allowe(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O C B<T2 C+ 2T.OS ='2P
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MP 4P QP M5 45 Q5
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
C
So-n( &pee(
B<T2
3amping factor. 'ecommen( val-e& are 9etween $.1 an( 1.$.
C+
Cavitation flag)
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
2T.OS
2tmo&pheric pre&&-re BoptionalC
='2P
=ravitational acceleration con&tant BoptionalC
MP
x#coor(inate of free &-rface point
4P
y#coor(inate of free &-rface point
QP
H#coor(inate of free &-rface point
M5
x#(irection co&ine of free &-rface normal vector
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2#%70 B.2TC LSDYNA
45
y#(irection co&ine of free &-rface normal vector
Q5
H#(irection co&ine of free &-rface normal vector
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LSDYNA 2#%77 B.2TC
;MA/=SO./=/ISSUE=NOPTIONO
S<LANKP
VIS0O
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1 BOPTIONT>BL25@?C or .aterial Type 2 BOPTIONTPASCOC. Thi& ma#
terial i& a tran&ver&ely i&otropic hyperela&tic mo(el for repre&enting 9iological &oft ti&&-e& &-ch a&
ligament&, ten(on&, an( fa&cia. The repre&entation provi(e& an i&otropic .ooney#'ivlin matrix rein#
force( 9y fi9er& having a &train energy contri9-tion with the :-alitative material 9ehavior of colla#
gen. The mo(el ha& a vi&coela&ticity option which activate& a &ix#term Prony &erie& 7ernel for the
relaxation f-nction. An thi& ca&e, the hyperela&tic &train energy repre&ent& the ela&tic Blong#timeC re#
&pon&e. See ,ei&& et al. W10X an( P-&o an( ,ei&& W1/X for a((itional (etail&. The material i&
availa9le for -&e with 9ric7 an( &hell element&. ,hen -&e( with &hell element&, the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay
form-lation B_2C m-&t 9e &electe(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O C1 C2 C% C! C"
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le M@ ML2. +25= ML2.$ +2ALS+ +2ALS. +2ALSL'
Type + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT 2M 24 2Q BM B4 BQ
Type + + + + + + +

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2#%7/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L21 L22 L2% .2C+
Type + + + A

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards onl Bor tHe VIS0O o4tion(
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S1 S2 S% S! S" S0
Type + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T1 T2 T% T! T" T0
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
C1 # C"
Lyperela&tic coefficient& B&ee e:-ation& 9elowC
M@
B-l7 .o(-l-&
ML2.
Stretch ratio at which fi9er& are &traightene(
+25=
+i9er angle in local &hell coor(inate &y&tem B&hell& onlyC
ML2.$
Anitial fi9er &tretch BoptionalC
+2ALS+
Stretch ratio for ligament fi9er& at fail-re Bapplie& to &hell element& onlyC.
Af Hero, fail-re i& not con&i(ere(.
+2ALS.
Stretch ratio for &-rro-n(ing matrix material at fail-re Bapplie& to &hell el#
ement& onlyC. Af Hero, fail-re i& not con&i(ere(.
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LSDYNA 2#%7 B.2TC
+2ALSL'
Shear &train at fail-re at a material point Bapplie& to &hell element& onlyC. Af
Hero, fail-re i& not con&i(ere(. Thi& fail-re val-e i& in(epen(ent of +2ALS+
an( +2ALS..
2OPT
.aterial axe& option, &ee +ig-re 2#% B9ric7& onlyC)
<R.%.$) locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y a line in the
plane of the element (efine( 9y the cro&& pro(-ct of the vector
v with the element normal. The plane of a &oli( element i& the
mi(&-rface 9etween the inner &-rface an( o-ter &-rface (efine(
9y the fir&t fo-r no(e& an( the la&t fo-r no(e& of the connectivi#
ty of the element, re&pectively.
2M, 24, 2Q
<:-al to MP,4P,QP for 2OPTT1,
<:-al to 21,22,2% for 2OPTT2,
<:-al to P1,P2,P% for 2OPTT% or !.
BM, B4, BQ
<:-al to 31,32,3% for 2OPTT2
<:-al to MP,4P,QP for 2OPTT!
L2M, L24, L2Q
Local fi9er orientation vector B9ric7& onlyC
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2#%/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.2C+
T1 # T0
Characteri&tic time& for Prony &erie& relaxation 7ernel BOPTIONTVIS0OC
Re5arAs(
The overall &train energy , i& n-nco-ple(n an( incl-(e& two i&otropic (eviatoric matrix term&, a fi#
9er term +, an( a 9-l7 term)
w = C
1
_I
1
S_ +C
2
_I
2
S_ +(z) +
1
2
K|ln([)]
2

Lere, I
1
an( I
2
are the (eviatoric invariant& of the right Ca-chy (eformation ten&or, z i& the (evia#
toric part of the &tretch along the c-rrent fi9er (irection, an( [ = uetF i& the vol-me ratio. The mate#
rial coefficient& C
1
an( C
2
are the .ooney#'ivlin coefficient&, while @ i& the effective 9-l7 mo(-l-&
of the material Binp-t parameter M@C.
The (erivative& of the fi9er term are (efine( to capt-re the 9ehavior of crimpe( collagen. The fi#
9er& are a&&-me( to 9e -na9le to re&i&t compre&&ive loa(ing # th-& the mo(el i& i&otropic when z <
1. 2n exponential f-nction (e&cri9e& the &traightening of the fi9er&, while a linear f-nction (e&cri9e&
the 9ehavior of the fi9er& once they are &traightene( pa&t a critical fi9er &tretch level z z
-
Binp-t
parameter ML2.C)
o
oz
=
`
1
1
1
1
u z < 1
C
3
z
|exC
4
(z 1) 1] z < z
-
1
z
(C
5
z +C
6
) z z
-
1
1
1
1
1

Coefficient& C
3
, C
4
, an( C
5
m-&t 9e (efine( 9y the -&er. C
6
i& (etermine( 9y LS#3452 to en&-re
&tre&& contin-ity at z = z
-
. Sample val-e& for the material coefficient& C
1
C
5
an( z
-
for ligament
ti&&-e can 9e fo-n( in R-app an( ,ei&& W1/X. The 9-l7 mo(-l-& K &ho-l( 9e at lea&t % or(er& of
magnit-(e larger than C
1
to en&-re near#incompre&&i9le material 9ehavior.
Pi&coela&ticity i& incl-(e( via a convol-tion integral repre&entation for the time#(epen(ent &econ(
Piola#@irchoff &tre&& (C, t))
(C, t) =
c
(C) +_20(t s)
t
0
ow
oC(s)
Js
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LSDYNA 2#%/1 B.2TC
Lere,
c
i& the ela&tic part of the &econ( P@ &tre&& a& (erive( from the &train energy, an( 0(t s) i&
the re(-ce( relaxation f-nction, repre&ente( 9y a Prony &erie&)
0(t) = S
6
=1
ex_
t
I
]

P-&o an( ,ei&& W1/X (e&cri9e a graphical metho( to fit the Prony &erie& coefficient& to relaxation
(ata that approximate& the 9ehavior of the contin-o-& relaxation f-nction propo&e( 9y 4#C. +-ng, a&
:-a&ilinear vi&coela&ticity.
Re5arAs on In4ut 3ara5eters(
Car(& 1 thro-gh ! m-&t 9e incl-(e( for 9oth &hell an( 9ric7 element&, altho-gh for &hell& car(& % an(
! are ignore( an( may 9e 9lan7 line&.
+or &hell element&, the fi9er (irection lie& in the plane of the element. The local axi& i& (efine( 9y a
vector 9etween no(e& n1 an( n2, an( the fi9er (irection may 9e off&et from thi& axi& 9y an angle
+25=.
+or 9ric7 element&, the local coor(inate &y&tem i& (efine( -&ing the convention (e&cri9e( previo-&ly
for I.2TJO'TLOT'OPACJ<L2STAC. The fi9er (irection i& oriente( in the local &y&tem -&ing
inp-t parameter& L2M, L24, an( L2Q. By (efa-lt, BL2M,L24,L2QC T B1,$,$C an( the fi9er i&
aligne( with the local x#(irection.
2n optional initial fi9er &tretch can 9e &pecifie( -&ing ML2.$. The initial &tretch i& applie( (-ring
the fir&t time &tep. Thi& create& preloa( in the mo(el a& &oft ti&&-e contact& an( e:-ili9ri-m i& e&ta9#
li&he(. +or example, a ligament ti&&-e n-ncrimping &trainn of %c can 9e repre&ente( with initial
&tretch val-e of 1.$%.
Af the VIS0O option i& &electe(, at lea&t one Prony &erie& term BS1,T1C m-&t 9e (efine(.
D
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2#%/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ELAS/I0=)DO.=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type %. Thi& material mo(el i& (efine( for &im-lating the effect& of nonlinear ela&#
tic an( nonlinear vi&co-& 9eam& 9y -&ing &ix &pring& each acting a9o-t one of the &ix local (egree&#
of#free(om. The inp-t con&i&t& of part A3F& that reference material type, I.2TJ<L2STACJSP'A5=
J3ASC'<T<JB<2. a9ove Btype 7! a9oveC. =enerally, the&e reference( part& are -&e( only for the
(efinition of thi& material mo(el an( are not reference( 9y any element&. The two no(e& (efining a
9eam may 9e coinci(ent to give a Hero length 9eam, or off&et to give a finite length 9eam. +or finite
length (i&crete 9eam& the a9&ol-te val-e of the varia9le SCOO' in the S<CTAO5JB<2. inp-t
&ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e of 2.$, which ca-&e& the local r#axi& to 9e aligne( along the two no(e& of the
9eam to give phy&ically correct 9ehavior. The (i&tance 9etween the no(e& of a 9eam &ho-l( not af#
fect the 9ehavior of thi& material mo(el. 2 tria( i& -&e( to orient the 9eam for the (irectional
&pring&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O TPA3' TPA3S TPA3T 'PA3' 'PA3S 'PA3T

.A3
'O
TPA3'
Tran&lational motion in the local r#(irection i& governe( 9y part A3 TPA3'.
Af Hero, no force i& comp-te( in thi& (irection.
TPA3S
Tran&lational motion in the local &#(irection i& governe( 9y part A3 TPA3S.
TPA3T
Tran&lational motion in the local t#(irection i& governe( 9y part A3 TPA3T.
'PA3'
'otational motion a9o-t the local r#axi& i& governe( 9y part A3 'PA3'. Af
Hero, no moment i& comp-te( a9o-t thi& axi&.
'PA3S
'otational motion a9o-t the local &#axi& i& governe( 9y part A3 'PA3S. Af
'PA3T
'otational motion a9o-t the local t#axi& i& governe( 9y part A3 'PA3T. Af
D
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;MA/=INELAS/I0=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=",*
LSDYNA 2#%/% B.2TC
;MA/=INELAS/I0=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type !. Thi& mo(el permit& ela&topla&tic &pring& with (amping to 9e repre&ente(
with a (i&crete 9eam element type 0. 2 yiel( force ver&-& (eflection c-rve i& -&e( which can vary in
ten&ion an( compre&&ion.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ +$ 3 C3+ T3+
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + A

.A3
'O
@
<la&tic loa(ingE-nloa(ing &tiffne&&. Thi& i& re:-ire( inp-t.
+$
Optional initial force. Thi& option i& inactive if thi& material i& reference( in
a part reference( 9y material type I.2TJA5<L2STACJ03O+JSP'A5=
3
Optional vi&co-& (amping coefficient.
C3+
&pring&.
<R.$.$) inactive.
T3+
<R.$.$) inactive.
D
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;MA/=",* ;MA/=INELAS/I0=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#%/! B.2TC LSDYNA
+LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining the yiel( force ver&-&
pla&tic (eflection. Af the origin of the c-rve i& at B$,$C the force magnit-(e
i& i(entical in ten&ion an( compre&&ion, i.e., only the &ign change&. Af not,
the yiel( &tre&& in the compre&&ion i& -&e( when the &pring force i& nega#
tive. The pla&tic (i&placement increa&e& monotonically in thi& implementa#
tion. The loa( c-rve i& re:-ire( inp-t.
LLCA3
locity BOptionalC. Af the origin of the c-rve i& at B$,$C the force magnit-(e
i& i(entical for a given magnit-(e of the relative velocity, i.e., only the &ign
change&.
C1
C2
3amping coefficient
3L<
+actor to &cale time -nit&.
=LCA3
i& a&&-me(.
Re5arAs(
The yiel( force i& ta7en from the loa( c-rve)
AI
last

where I
last
i& the pla&tic (eflection. 2 trial force i& comp-te( a&)
1
=
+KAI
(At)
an( i& chec7e( again&t the yiel( force to (etermine )
= _

1
>
1

1

The final force, which incl-(e& rate effect& an( (amping, i& given 9y)
+1
= _1 +C1 AI
+C2 snAI
ln_max _1. ,
|AI
|
IE
___ +AI
+g(AI)bAI

8nle&& the origin of the c-rve &tart& at B$,$C, the negative part of the c-rve i& -&e( when the &pring
force i& negative where the negative of the pla&tic (i&placement i& -&e( to interpolate,
. The po&i#
tive part of the c-rve i& -&e( whenever the force i& po&itive. An the&e e:-ation&, AI i& the change in
length
D
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;MA/=INELAS/I0=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=",*
LSDYNA 2#%/" B.2TC
AI = ent lenth - ntal lenth
D
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;MA/=",> ;MA/=INELAS/I0=)DO.=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#%/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=INELAS/I0=)DO.=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type ". Thi& material mo(el i& (efine( for &im-lating the effect& of nonlinear ine#
la&tic an( nonlinear vi&co-& 9eam& 9y -&ing &ix &pring& each acting a9o-t one of the &ix local (e#
gree&#of#free(om. The inp-t con&i&t& of part A3F& that reference material type, I.2TJA5<L2STAC
JSP'A5=J3ASC'<T<JB<2. a9ove Btype !C. =enerally, the&e reference( part& are -&e( only for
the (efinition of thi& material mo(el an( are not reference( 9y any element&. The two no(e& (efin#
ing a 9eam may 9e coinci(ent to give a Hero length 9eam, or off&et to give a finite length 9eam. +or
finite length (i&crete 9eam& the a9&ol-te val-e of the varia9le SCOO' in the S<CTAO5JB<2. in#
p-t &ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e of 2.$, which ca-&e& the local r#axi& to 9e aligne( along the two no(e& of
the 9eam to give phy&ically correct 9ehavior. The (i&tance 9etween the no(e& of a 9eam &ho-l( not
affect the 9ehavior of thi& material mo(el. 2 tria( m-&t 9e -&e( to orient the 9eam for Hero length
9eam&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O TPA3' TPA3S TPA3T 'PA3' 'PA3S 'PA3T

.A3
'O
TPA3'
Tran&lational motion in the local r#(irection i& governe( 9y part A3 TPA3'.
TPA3S
Tran&lational motion in the local &#(irection i& governe( 9y part A3 TPA3S.
TPA3T
Tran&lational motion in the local t#(irection i& governe( 9y part A3 TPA3T.
'PA3'
'otational motion a9o-t the local r#axi& i& governe( 9y part A3 'PA3'. Af
'PA3S
'otational motion a9o-t the local &#axi& i& governe( 9y part A3 'PA3S. Af
'PA3T
'otational motion a9o-t the local t#axi& i& governe( 9y part A3 'PA3T. Af
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;MA/=<RI//LE=DAMA2E ;MA/=",)
LSDYNA 2#%/7 B.2TC
;MA/=<RI//LE=DAMA2E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' TLA.AT SLA.AT +TO8=L S'<T<5
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PASC +'2J'+ <J'+ 4SJ'+ <LJ'+ +SJ'+ SA=4
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ngF& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&onF& ratio.
TLA.AT
Ten&ile limit.
SLA.AT
Shear limit.
+TO8=L
+ract-re to-ghne&&.
S'<T<5
Shear retention.
PASC
Pi&co&ity.
+'2J'+
+raction of reinforcement in &ection.
<J'+
4o-ngF& mo(-l-& of reinforcement.
4SJ'+
4iel( &tre&& of reinforcement.
<LJ'+
Lar(ening mo(-l-& of reinforcement.
+SJ'+
+ail-re &train Btr-eC of reinforcement.
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;MA/=",) ;MA/=<RI//LE=DAMA2E
2#%// B.2TC LSDYNA
SA=4
Compre&&ive yiel( &tre&&.
<R.$) no compre&&ive yiel(
Re5arAs(
2 f-ll (e&cription of the ten&ile an( &hear (amage part& of thi& material mo(el i& given in =ovin(Gee,
@ay an( Simo W1!,1"X. At i& an ani&otropic 9rittle (amage mo(el (e&igne( primarily for con#
crete tho-gh it can 9e applie( to a wi(e variety of 9rittle material&. At a(mit& progre&&ive (egra(ation
of ten&ile an( &hear &trength& acro&& &meare( crac7& that are initiate( -n(er ten&ile loa(ing&. Com#
pre&&ive fail-re i& governe( 9y a &impli&tic K2 flow correction that can 9e (i&a9le( if not (e&ire(.
3amage i& han(le( 9y treating the ran7 ! ela&tic &tiffne&& ten&or a& an evolving internal varia9le for
the material. Softening in(-ce( me&h (epen(encie& are han(le( 9y a characteri&tic length metho(
WOliver 1/X.
3e&cription of propertie&)
1. < i& the 4o-ngF& mo(-l-& of the -n(amage( material al&o 7nown a& the virgin mo(-l-&.
2. i& the Poi&&onF& ratio of the -n(amage( material al&o 7nown a& the virgin Poi&&onF& ratio.
%.
i& the initial principal ten&ile &trength B&tre&&C of the material. Once thi& &tre&& ha& 9een
reache( at a point in the 9o(y a &meare( crac7 i& initiate( there with a normal that i& co#
linear with the 1&t principal (irection. Once initiate(, the crac7 i& fixe( at that location,
tho-gh it will convect with the motion of the 9o(y. 2& the loa(ing progre&&e& the allowe(
ten&ile traction normal to the crac7 plane i& progre&&ively (egra(e( to a &mall machine (e#
pen(ent con&tant.
The (egra(ation i& implemente( 9y re(-cing the materialF& mo(-l-& normal to the &meare(
crac7 plane accor(ing to a maxim-m (i&&ipation law that incorporate& exponential &oftening.
The re&triction on the normal traction& i& given 9y
t
= (n n)
+(1 e)
(1 ex|Eo]) u
where n i& the &meare( crac7 normal, e i& the &mall con&tant, E i& the &oftening mo(-l-&,
an( o i& an internal varia9le. E i& &et a-tomatically 9y the programD &ee g
c
9elow. o
mea&-re& the crac7 fiel( inten&ity an( i& o-tp-t in the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train fiel(, e
, in a
normaliHe( fa&hion.
The evol-tion of alpha i& governe( 9y a maxim-m (i&&ipation arg-ment. ,hen the normal#
iHe( val-e reache& -nity it mean& that the materialF& &trength ha& 9een re(-ce( to 2c of it&
original val-e in the normal an( parallel (irection& to the &meare( crac7. 5ote that for plot#
ting p-rpo&e& it i& never o-tp-t greater than ".
!.
i& the initial &hear traction that may 9e tran&mitte( acro&& a &meare( crac7 plane. The
&hear traction i& limite( to 9e le&& than or e:-al to
(1 )(1 ex|Eo]), thro-gh the

-&e of two orthogonal &hear (amage &-rface&. 5ote that the &hear (egra(ation i& co-ple( to
D
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;MA/=<RI//LE=DAMA2E ;MA/=",)
LSDYNA 2#%/ B.2TC
the ten&ile (egra(ation thro-gh the internal varia9le alpha which mea&-re& the inten&ity of
the crac7 fiel(. i& the &hear retention factor (efine( 9elow. The &hear (egra(ation i& ta7en
care of 9y re(-cing the materialF& &hear &tiffne&& parallel to the &meare( crac7 plane.
". g
c
i& the fract-re to-ghne&& of the material. At &ho-l( 9e entere( a& fract-re energy per -nit
area crac7 a(vance. Once entere( the &oftening mo(-l-& i& a-tomatically calc-late( 9a&e(
on element an( crac7 geometrie&.
0. i& the &hear retention factor. 2& the (amage progre&&e& the &hear traction& allowe( acro&&
the &meare( crac7 plane a&ymptote to the pro(-ct
.
7. p repre&ent& the vi&co&ity of the material. Pi&co-& 9ehavior i& implemente( a& a &imple
PerHyna reg-lariHation metho(. Thi& allow& for the incl-&ion of fir&t or(er rate effect&. The
-&e of &ome vi&co&ity i& recommen( a& it &erve& a& reg-lariHing parameter that increa&e& the
&ta9ility of calc-lation&.
/. o
i& a -niaxial compre&&ive yiel( &tre&&. 2 chec7 on compre&&ive &tre&&e& i& ma(e -&ing the
K2 yiel( f-nction s s _
2
3
o
u, where s i& the &tre&& (eviator. Af violate(, a K2 ret-rn

mapping correction i& exec-te(. Thi& chec7 i& exec-te( when B1C no (amage ha& ta7en place
at an integration point yet, B2C when (amage ha& ta7en place at a point 9-t the crac7 i& c-r#
rently clo&e(, an( B%C (-ring active (amage after the (amage integration Bi.e. a& an operator
&plitC. 5ote that if the crac7 i& open the pla&ticity correction i& (one in the plane#&tre&& &-9#
&pace of the crac7 plane.
2 variety of experimental (ata ha& 9een replicate( -&ing thi& mo(el from :-a&i#&tatic to explo&ive
&it-ation&. 'ea&ona9le propertie& for a &tan(ar( gra(e concrete wo-l( 9e <T%.1"x1$v0 p&i,
T!"$
p&i,
T21$$ p&i, T $.2, g

c
T $./ l9&Ein, T$.$%, p T $.$ p&i#&ec, o
T !2$$ p&i. +or &ta9ility, val#

-e& of p 9etween 1$! to 1$0 p&iE&ec are recommen(e(. O-r limite( experience th-& far ha& &hown
that many pro9lem& re:-ire nonHero val-e& of p to r-n to avoi( error termination&.
Pario-& other internal varia9le& &-ch a& crac7 orientation& an( (egra(e( &tiffne&& ten&or& are inter#
nally calc-late( 9-t c-rrently not availa9le for o-tp-t.
D
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;MA/=",- ;MA/=2ENERAL=JOIN/=DIS0RE/E=<EAM

2#%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=2ENERAL=JOIN/=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7. Thi& mo(el i& -&e( to (efine a general Goint con&training any com9ination
of (egree& of free(om 9etween two no(e&. The no(e& may 9elong to rigi( or (eforma9le 9o(ie&. An
mo&t application& the en( no(e& of the 9eam are coinci(ent an( the local coor(inate &y&tem Br,&,t ax#
e&C i& (efine( 9y CA3 B&ee IS<CTAO5JB<2.C.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O T' TS TT '' 'S 'T
Type 2/ + A A A A A
'emar7& 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 'PST 'PS'
Type + +
'emar7& 2

.A3
'O
T'
Tran&lational con&traint co(e along the r#axi& B$ T? free, 1 T? con&traine(C
TS
Tran&lational con&traint co(e along the &#axi& B$ T? free, 1 T? con&traine(C
TT
Tran&lational con&traint co(e along the t#axi& B$ T? free, 1 T?con&traine(C
''
'otational con&traint co(e a9o-t the r#axi& B$ T? free, 1 T? con&traine(C
'S
'otational con&traint co(e a9o-t the &#axi& B$ T? free, 1 T? con&traine(C
'T
'otational con&traint co(e a9o-t the t#axi& B$ T? free, 1 T? con&traine(C
'PST
Penalty &tiffne&& &cale factor for tran&lational con&traint&.
'PS'
Penalty &tiffne&& &cale factor for rotational con&traint&.
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;MA/=2ENERAL=JOIN/=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=",-

LSDYNA 2#%1 B.2TC
Re5arAs(
1. +or explicit calc-lation&, the a((itional &tiffne&& (-e to thi& Goint may re:-ire a((ition ma&&
an( inertia for &ta9ility. .a&& an( rotary inertia for thi& 9eam element i& 9a&e( on the (efine(
ma&& (en&ity, the vol-me, an( the ma&& moment of inertia (efine( in the IS<CTAO5JB<2.
inp-t.
2. The penalty &tiffne&& applie& to explicit calc-lation&. +or implicit calc-lation&, con&traint e:-a#
tion& are generate( an( impo&e( on the &y&tem e:-ation&D therefore, the&e con&tant&, 'PST an(
'PS', are not -&e(.
D
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;MA/=",? ;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK
2#%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK=NOPTIONO
><LANK?
S/O01AS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type /. The Kohn&onECoo7 &train &en&itive pla&ticity i& -&e( for pro9lem& where
the &train rate& vary over a large range. An thi& &implifie( mo(el, thermal effect& an( (amage are ig#
nore(, an( the maxim-m &tre&& i& (irectly limite( &ince thermal &oftening which i& very &ignificant in
re(-cing the yiel( &tre&& -n(er a(ia9atic loa(ing i& not availa9le. 2n iterative plane &tre&& -p(ate i&
-&e( for the &hell element&, 9-t (-e to the &implification& relate( to thermal &oftening an( (amage,
thi& mo(el i& "$c fa&ter than the f-ll Kohn&onECoo7 implementation. To compen&ate for the lac7 of
thermal &oftening, limiting &tre&& val-e& are -&e( to 7eep the &tre&&e& within rea&ona9le limit&. 2
re&-ltant form-lation for the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay, the C$ Triangle, an( the f-lly integrate( type 10 &hell
element& i& activate( 9y &pecifying either Hero or one thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point on the
ISL<LLJS<CTAO5 car(. Thi& latter option i& le&& acc-rate than thro-gh thic7ne&& integration 9-t i&
&omewhat fa&ter. Since the &tre&&e& are not comp-te( in the re&-ltant form-lation, the &tre&& o-tp-t
to the (ata9a&e& for the re&-ltant element& are Hero. Thi& mo(el i& al&o availa9le for the L-ghe&#Li-
9eam, the Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam, an( the tr-&& element. +or the re&-ltant 9eam form-lation, the
rate effect& are approximate( 9y the axial rate &ince the thic7ne&& of the 9eam a9o-t it 9en(ing axe&
i& -n7nown. The linear 9-l7 mo(-l-& i& -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re in the element&, &ince the -&e
of thi& mo(el i& primarily for &tr-ct-ral analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' PP
Type 2/ + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B 5 C PS+2AL SA=.2M SA=S2T <PSO
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$<^17 SA=S2T 1.$<^2/ 1.$

D
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;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK ;MA/=",?
LSDYNA 2#%% B.2TC
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
PP
Thi& option applie& only to the !#no(e &hell an( /#no(e thic7 &hell if an(
only if thro-gh thic7ne&& integration i& -&e(.
2
B
5
C
PS+2AL
<ffective pla&tic &train at fail-re. Af Hero fail-re i& not con&i(ere(.
SA=.2M
.axim-m &tre&& o9taina9le from wor7 har(ening 9efore rate effect& are
a((e( BoptionalC. Thi& option i& ignore( if PPT1.$
SA=S2T
Sat-ration &tre&& which limit& the maxim-m val-e of effective &tre&& which
can (evelop after rate effect& are a((e( BoptionalC.
<PS$
Re5arAs(
Kohn&on an( Coo7 expre&& the flow &tre&& a&
o
= [A + B e

p
n

_1 + ln e -]
where

2, B, C an( n are inp-t con&tant&
e
effective pla&tic &train

e -=
s
LPS0
normaliHe( effective &train rate
D
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;MA/=",? ;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK
2#%! B.2TC LSDYNA
The maxim-m &tre&& i& limite( 9y %igma- an( %ig%at 9y)
o
= m _mnjA +Be

p
n
, sgmox[ _1 + lne -] , sgsot_
+ail-re occ-r& when the effective pla&tic &train excee(& p%fail.
Af the vi&copla&tic option i& active, PPT1.$, the parameter& SA=.2M an( SA=S2T are ignore( &ince
the&e parameter& ma7e convergence of the vi&copla&tic &train iteration loop (iffic-lt to achieve. The
vi&copla&tic option replace& the pla&tic &train in the forgoing e:-ation& 9y the vi&copla&tic &train an(
the &train rate 9y the vi&copla&tic &train rate. 5-merical noi&e i& &-9&tantially re(-ce( 9y the vi&co#
pla&tic form-lation.
The STOCL2STAC option allow& &patially varying yiel( an( fail-re 9ehavior. See I3<+A5<
JSTOCL2STACJP2'A2TAO5 for a((itional information.
D
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;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK=OR/1O/RO3I0=DAMA2E ;MA/=",,
LSDYNA 2#%" B.2TC
;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK=OR/1O/RO3I0=DAMA2E
Thi& i& .aterial Type . Thi& mo(el, which i& implemente( with m-ltiple thro-gh thic7ne&& inte#
gration point&, i& an exten&ion of mo(el / to incl-(e orthotropic (amage a& a mean& of treating fail#
-re in al-min-m panel&. 3irectional (amage 9egin& after a (efine( fail-re &train i& reache( in ten#
&ion an( contin-e& to evolve -ntil a ten&ile r-pt-re &train i& reache( in either one of the two orthogo#
nal (irection&. 2fter r-pt-re i& (etecte( at 58.A5T integration point&, the element i& (elete(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' PP <PP+' LC3. 58.A5T
Type 2/ + + + + + A A
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ 1.e^10 optional all intg. pt

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B 5 C PS+2AL SA=.2M SA=S2T <PSO
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$<^17 SA=S2T 1.$<^2/ 1.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
PP
Thi& option applie& only to the !#no(e &hell an( /#no(e thic7 &hell if an(
only if thro-gh thic7ne&& integration i& -&e(.
<PP+'
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2#%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
LC3.
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining nonlinear (amage c-rve. See +ig-re 2#!!.
58.A5T
element i& (elete(. BAf Hero, all point& m-&t fail.C The (efa-lt of all integra#
tion point& i& not recommen(e( &ince element& -n(ergoing large &train are
often not (elete( (-e to no(al fi9er rotation& which limit $&train& at active
integration point& after mo&t point& have faile(. Better re&-lt& are o9taine(
if 58.A5T i& &et to 1 or a n-m9er le&& than one half of the n-m9er of
thro-gh thic7ne&& point&. +or example, if fo-r thro-gh thic7ne&& point& are
-&e(, 58.A5T &ho-l( not excee( 2, even for f-lly integrate( &hell& which
have 10 integration point&.
2
B
5
C
PS+2AL
Principal pla&tic &train at fail-re. Af Hero fail-re i& not con&i(ere(.
SA=.2M
.axim-m &tre&& o9taina9le from wor7 har(ening 9efore rate effect& are
a((e( BoptionalC. Thi& option i& ignore( if PPT1.$
SA=S2T
Sat-ration &tre&& which limit& the maxim-m val-e of effective &tre&& which
can (evelop after rate effect& are a((e( BoptionalC.
<PS$
Re5arAs(
See the (e&cription for the SA.PLA+A<3JKOL5SO5JCOO@ mo(el a9ove.
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;MA/=S3O/WELD ;MA/=%""
LSDYNA 2#%7 B.2TC
;MA/=S3O/WELD=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$$. The material mo(el applie& to 9eam element type an( to &oli( element
type 1 with type 0 ho-rgla&& control&. The fail-re mo(el& apply to 9oth 9eam an( &oli( element&
The 9eam element&, 9a&e( on the L-ghe&#Li- 9eam form-lation, may 9e place( 9etween any two
(eforma9le &hell &-rface& an( tie( with con&traint contact, ICO5T2CTJSPOT,<L3, which elimi#
nate& the nee( to have a(Gacent no(e& at &pot wel( location&. Beam &pot wel(& may 9e place( 9e#
tween rigi( 9o(ie& an( rigi(E(eforma9le 9o(ie& 9y ma7ing the no(e on one en( of the &pot wel( a
rigi( 9o(y no(e which can 9e an extra no(e for the rigi( 9o(y, &ee ICO5ST'2A5<3J<MT'2
J5O3<SJOPTION. An the &ame way rigi( 9o(ie& may al&o 9e tie( together with thi& &pot wel( op#
tion. Thi& wel( option &ho-l( not 9e -&e( with rigi( 9o(y &witching. The foregoing a(vice i& vali(
if &oli( element &pot wel(& are -&e(D however, &ince the &oli( element& have G-&t three (egree&#of#
free(om at each no(e, ICO5T2CTJTA<3JS8'+2C<JTOJS8'+2C< m-&t 9e -&e( in&tea( of
ICO5T2CTJSPOT,<L3.
An flat topologie& the &hell element& have an -ncon&traine( (rilling (egree#of#free(om which pre#
vent& tor&ional force& from 9eing tran&mitte(. Af the tor&ional force& are (eeme( to 9e important,
9ric7 element& &ho-l( 9e -&e( to mo(el the &pot wel(&.
Beam an( &oli( element force re&-ltant& for .2TJSPOT,<L3 are written to the &pot wel( force
file, S,+O'C, an( the file for element &tre&&e& an( re&-ltant& for (e&ignate( element&, <LO8T.
It is ad'isa9le to in7lude all s4ot :elds# :Hi7H 4ro'ide tHe sla'e nodes# and s4ot :elded 5ateri
als# :Hi7H deBine tHe 5aster seE5ents# :itHin a sinEle ;0ON/A0/=S3O/WELD interBa7e Bor
9ea5 ele5ent s4ot :elds or a ;0ON/A0/=/IED=SUR.A0E=/O=SUR.A0E interBa7e Bor
solid ele5ent s4ot :elds8 2& a con&traint metho( the&e interface& are treate( in(epen(ently which
can lea( to &ignificant pro9lem& if &-ch interface& &hare common no(al point&. 2n a((e( 9enefit i&
that memory -&age can 9e &-9&tantially le&& with a &ingle interface.
S<LANKP
DAMA2E.AILURE
The 32.2=<#+2AL8'< option ca-&e& one a((itional line to 9e rea( with the (amage parameter
an( a flag that (etermine& how fail-re i& comp-te( from the re&-ltant&. On thi& line the parameter,
'S, if nonHero, invo7e& (amage mechanic& com9ine( with the pla&ticity mo(el to achieve a &mooth
(rop off of the re&-ltant force& prior to the removal of the &pot wel(. The parameter OPT (etermine&
the metho( -&e( in comp-ting re&-ltant 9a&e( fail-re, which i& -nrelate( to (amage.

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;MA/=%"" ;MA/=S3O/WELD
2#%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T 3T T+2AL
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

DeBine tHis 7ard $ iB tHe DAMA2E.AILURE o4tion is ina7ti'e# and o5it 7ard !8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL 5'' 5'S 5'T .'' .SS .TT 5+
Type + + + + + + + +
IB DAMA2E.AILURE o4tion is a7ti'e# tHe 7ard $ Bor5at de4ends on tHe 'alue oB O3/8

O3/O%8" and "8"# Resultant 9ased Bailure8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL 5'' 5'S 5'T .'' .SS .TT 5+
Type + + + + + + + +

O3/O%8"# Stress 9ased Bailure8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL SA=2M SA=T28 5+
Type + + + +

O3/O%8"# Stress 9ased Bailure :itH strain rate eBBe7ts8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL #LC2M #LCT28 5+
Type + + + +

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LSDYNA 2#% B.2TC
O3/O$8"# User su9routine Bor Bailure
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL 8S<'P1 8S<'P2 8S<'P% 8S<'P! 8S<'P" 8S<'P0 5+
Type + + + + + + + +

O3/O!8"# *8"
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL Q3 QT Q2LP1 Q2LP2 Q2LP% Q''23 5+
Type + + + + + + + +

O3/O>8"
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL Q3 QT QT2
Type + + + +

O3/O)8"# -8"# ,8"# and %"8"
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL 5+
Type + +

0ard ! is deBined onl Bor tHe DAMA2E.AILURE o4tion8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 'S OPT +P2L T'8<JT 2S++ B<T2 3.=OPT
Type + + + + A + +

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2#!$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.A3
.aterial i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / character&
m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
SA=4.=T.$) Anitial yiel( &tre&&.
SA=4.LT.$) 2 yiel( c-rve or ta9le i& a&&igne( 9y bSA=4b. Thi&
option i& availa9le for 9eam& an( &tarting with relea&e 71 '".
<T
Lar(ening mo(-l-&, <
t

3T
Time &tep &iHe for ma&& &caling, t
T+2AL
+ail-re time if nonHero. Af Hero thi& option i& ignore(.
<+2AL
<ffective pla&tic &train in wel( material at fail-re. Af the (amage option i& inac#
tive, the &pot wel( element i& (elete( when the pla&tic &train at each integration
point excee(& <+2AL. Af the (amage option i& active, the pla&tic &train m-&t ex#
cee( the r-pt-re &train B'SC at each integration point 9efore (eletion occ-r&.
5''
2xial force re&-ltant N
or maxim-m axial &tre&& o
P
at fail-re (epen(ing on
the val-e of OPT B&ee 9elowC. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i& not con#
&i(ere(. Af negative, b5''b i& the loa( c-rve A3 (efining the maxim-m axial
&tre&& at fail-re a& a f-nction of the effective &train rate.
5'S
+orce re&-ltant N
or maxim-m &hear &tre&&

P
at fail-re (epen(ing on the
val-e of OPT B&ee 9elowC. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i& not con&i(#
ere(. Af negative, b5'Sb i& the loa( c-rve A3 (efining the maxim-m &hear &tre&&
at fail-re a& a f-nction of the effective &train rate.
5'T
+orce re&-ltant N
t
at fail-re. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i& not con#

&i(ere(.
.''
Tor&ional moment re&-ltant H
at fail-re. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& compo#

nent i& not con&i(ere(.
.SS
.oment re&-ltant H
at fail-re. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i& not

con&i(ere(.
.TT
.oment re&-ltant H
tt
at fail-re. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i& not

con&i(ere(.
5+
5-m9er of force vector& &tore( for filtering B9eam element& onlyC.
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LSDYNA 2#!$1 B.2TC
SA=2M
.axim-m axial &tre&& o
P
at fail-re. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i&
not con&i(ere(.
SA=T28
.axim-m &hear &tre&&
P
at fail-re. Af Hero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i&
not con&i(ere(.
LC2M
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the maxim-m axial &tre&& at fail-re a& a f-nction of the
effective &train rate. Anp-t a& a negative n-m9er.
LCT28
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the maxim-m &hear &tre&& at fail-re a& a f-nction of the
effective &train rate. Anp-t a& a negative n-m9er.
8S<'Pn
+ail-re con&tant& for -&er fail-re &-9ro-tine, nT1,2,...0.
Q3
5otch (iameter
QT
Sheet thic7ne&&.
Q2LP1
Correction factor alpha1
Q2LP2
Correction factor alpha2
Q2LP%
Correction factor alpha%
Q''23
5otch root ra(i-& BOPTT%.$ onlyC.
QT2
Secon( &heet thic7ne&& BOPT T ".$ onlyC
'S
'-pt-re &train. 3efine if an( only if (amage i& active.
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2#!$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
OPT
+ail-re option)
<R.#) OPTT fail-re i& eval-ate( an( written to the S,+O'C file, 9-t el#
ement fail-re i& &-ppre&&e(.
<R.#2) &ame a& option g1 9-t in a((ition, the pea7 val-e of the fail-re crite#
ria an( the time it occ-r& i& &tore( an( i& written into the S,+O'C
(ata9a&e. Thi& information may 9e nece&&ary &ince the in&tantaneo-&
val-e& written at &pecifie( time interval& may mi&& the pea7&. 2((i#
tional &torage i& allocate( to &tore thi& information.
<R.#1) OPTT$ fail-re i& eval-ate( an( written into the S,+O'C file, 9-t
element fail-re i& &-ppre&&e(
<R.$) re&-ltant 9a&e( fail-re
<R.1) &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re comp-te( from re&-ltant& BToyotaC
<R.2) -&er &-9ro-tine -wel(fail to (etermine fail-re
<R.%) notch &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re. B9eam an( hex a&&em9ly wel(& onlyC.
<R.!) &tre&& inten&ity factor at fail-re. B9eam an( hex a&&em9ly wel(& onlyC.
<R.") &tr-ct-ral &tre&& at fail-re B9eam an( hex a&&em9ly wel(& onlyC.
<R.0) &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re comp-te( from re&-ltant& BToyotaC. An thi& option
a &hell &train rate (epen(ent fail-re mo(el i& -&e( B9eam an( hex a&#
&em9ly wel(& onlyC. The &tatic fail-re &tre&&e& are (efine( 9y part A3
-&ing the 7eywor( I3<+A5<JSPOT,<L3J'8PT8'<JST'<SS.
<R.7) &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re for &oli( element& BToyotaC with pea7 &tre&&e&
comp-te( from re&-ltant&, an( &trength val-e& inp-t for pair& of part&,
&ee I3<+A5<JSPOT,<L3J+2AL8'<J'<S8LT25TS. Strain rate
effect& are optional.
<R./) not -&e(.
<R.) &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re from re&-ltant& BToyotaC. An thi& option a &hell
&train rate (epen(ent fail-re mo(el i& -&e( B9eam wel(& onlyC. The
&tatic fail-re &tre&&e& are (efine( 9y part A3 -&ing the 7eywor(
I3<+A5<JSPOT,<L3J'8PT8'<JP2'2.<T<'.
<R.12. -&er &-9ro-tine -wel(fail12 with 22 material con&tant& to (etermine
(amage an( fail-re.
<R.22. -&er &-9ro-tine -wel(fail22 with 22 material con&tant& to (etermine
fail-re.
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LSDYNA 2#!$% B.2TC
+P2L
+ail-re parameter. Af OPT)
<R.#2) 5ot -&e(.
<R.#1) 5ot -&e(.
<R.$) 5ot -&e(.
<R.1) 5ot -&e(.
<R.2) 5ot -&e(.
<R.%) 5otch &tre&& val-e at fail-re BY@+C.
<R.!) Stre&& inten&ity factor val-e at fail-re B@e:+C.
<R.") Str-ct-ral &tre&& val-e at fail-re BY&+C.
<R.0) 5-m9er of cycle& that fail-re con(ition m-&t 9e met to trigger 9eam
(eletion.
<R.7) 5ot -&e(.
<R.) 5-m9er of cycle& that fail-re con(ition m-&t 9e met to trigger 9eam
(eletion.
T'8<JT
Tr-e wel( thic7ne&&. Thi& optional val-e i& availa9le for &oli( element fail-re
9y OPTT$,1,7, #1 or g2. T'8<JT i& -&e( to re(-ce the moment contri9-tion to
the fail-re calc-lation from artificially thic7 wel( element& &o &hear fail-re can
9e mo(ele( more acc-rately. See comment& -n(er the remar7& for I.2T
JSPOT,<L3J32A.L<' CL'4SL<'
2S++
,el( a&&em9ly &im-ltaneo-& fail-re flag
<R.$) 3amage( element& fail in(ivi(-ally.
<R.1) 3amage( element& fail when fir&t reache& fail-re criterion.
B<T2
3amage mo(el (ecay rate.
3.=OPT
3amage option flag. Af 3.=OPT)
<R.$) Pla&tic &train 9a&e( (amage.
<R.1) Pla&tic &train 9a&e( (amage with po&t (amage &tre&& limit
<R.2) Time 9a&e( (amage with po&t (amage &tre&& limit
<R.1$) Li7e 3.=OPTT$, 9-t fail-re option will initiate (amage
<R.11) Li7e 3.=OPTT1, 9-t fail-re option will initiate (amage
<R.12) Li7e 3.=OPTT2, 9-t fail-re option will initiate (amage
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2#!$! B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
Spot wel( material i& mo(ele( with i&otropic har(ening pla&ticity co-ple( to fail-re mo(el&. .
<+2AL &pecifie& a fail-re &train which fail& each integration point in the &pot wel( in(epen(ently.
The OPT parameter i& -&e( to &pecify a fail-re criterion that fail& the entire wel( element when the
criterion i& met. 2lternatively, <+2AL an( OPT option may 9e -&e( to initiate (amage when the
32.2=<#+2AL8'< option i& active -&ing 'S, B<T2, an( 3.=OPT a& (e&cri9e( 9elow.
Beam &pot wel( element& can -&e any OPT val-e except 7. Bric7 &pot wel( element& can -&e any
OPT val-e except %, !, ", 0, , an( #. Lex a&&em9ly &pot wel(& can -&e any OPT val-e except
an( #.
OPTT$ an( OPTT#1 invo7e a re&-ltant#9a&e( fail-re criterion that fail& the wel( if the re&-ltant& are
o-t&i(e of the fail-re &-rface (efine( 9y)
_
mox(N
, u)
N
_
2
+_
N
_
2
+_
N
t
N
t
_
2
+_
H
_
2
+_
H
_
2
+_
H
tt
H
tt
_
2
1 = u
where the numerator% in the e:-ation are the re&-ltant& calc-late( in the local coor(inate& of the
cro&& &ection, an( the deno5inators are the val-e& &pecifie( in the inp-t. Af OPTT#1, the fail-re &-r#
face e:-ation i& eval-ate(, 9-t element fail-re i& &-ppre&&e(. Thi& allow& ea&y i(entification of v-l#
nera9le &pot wel(& when po&t#proce&&ing. +ail-re i& li7ely to occ-r if F# ?1.$
OPTT1 invo7e& a &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re mo(el, which wa& (evelope( 9y Toyota $otor #orporation
an( i& 9a&e( on the pea7 axial an( tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&e&. The wel( fail& if the &tre&&e& are o-t&i(e
of the fail-re &-rface (efine( 9y
_
o
P
]
2
+[

2
1 = u
Af &train rate& are con&i(ere( then the fail-re criteria 9ecome&)
_
o
P
(e
e
)
]
2
+_

P
(e
e
)
]
2
1 = u
where o
P
(e
e
) an(
P
(e
e
) are (efine( 9y loa( c-rve& LC2M an( LCT28. The pea7 &tre&&e& are
calc-late( from the re&-ltant& -&ing &imple 9eam theory.
o
=
N
A
+
H
2
+H
tt
2
=
H
2
+
N
2
+N
t
2
A

where the area an( &ection mo(-l-& are given 9y)
A = n
J
2
= n
J
3
S2

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LSDYNA 2#!$" B.2TC
an( & i& the e:-ivalent (iameter of the 9eam element or &oli( element -&e( a& a &pot wel(.
OPTT2 invo7e& a -&er#written &-9ro-tine u,el&fail, (oc-mente( in 2ppen(ix R.
OPTT12 an( OPTT22 invo7e &imilar -&er#written &-9ro-tine&, u,el&fail*+, or, u,el&fail++ re&pec#
tively. Both allow -p to 22 fail-re parameter& to 9e -&e( rather than the 0 allowe( with OPTT2.
OPTT12 al&o allow& -&er control of wel( (amage.
OPTT% invo7e& a fail-re 9a&e( on notch &tre&&, &ee Qhang W1X. +ail-re occ-r& when the fail-re
criterion)
o
k
o
kP
u
i& &ati&fie(. The notch &tre&& i& given 9y the e:-ation)
o
k
= o
1

nJt
_1 +
VS +V19
8Vn
_
t
p
_ +o
2
6H
nJt
2
_1 +
2
VSn
_
t
p
_ +o
3
nJ
2
_1 +
S
SV2n
J
t
_
t
p
_
Lere,
= _
2
+
t
2
H = _H
2
+H
tt
2

an( o
= 1,2,S are inp-t correction& factor& with (efa-lt val-e& of -nity. Af &pot wel(& are 9e#
tween &heet& of -ne:-al thic7ne&&, the minim-m thic7ne&& of the &pot wel(e( &heet& may 9e intro#
(-ce( a& a cr-(e approximation.

OPTT! invo7e& fail-re 9a&e( on &tr-ct-ral &tre&& inten&ity, &ee Qhang W1X. +ail-re occ-r& when
the fail-re criterion)
K
cq
K
cqP
u
i& &ati&fie( where
K
cq
= _K
I
2
+K
II
2

an(
K
I
= o
1
VS
2nJVt
+o
2
2VSH
nJtVt
+o
3
SV2
SnJVt
K
II
= o
1
2
nJVt

Lere, + an( . are a& (efine( a9ove for the notch &tre&& form-la& an( again, o
= 1,2,S are inp-t

correction& factor& with (efa-lt val-e& of -nity. Af &pot wel(& are 9etween &heet& of -ne:-al thic7#
ne&&, the minim-m thic7ne&& of the &pot wel(e( &heet& may 9e -&e( a& a cr-(e approximation.
The maxim-m &tr-ct-ral &tre&& at the &pot wel( wa& -tiliHe( &-cce&&f-lly for pre(icting the fatig-e
fail-re of &pot wel(&, &ee '-pp, et. al2 W1!X an( Sheppar( W1%X. The corre&pon(ing re&-lt& ac#
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2#!$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
cor(ing to '-pp, et. al. are li&te( 9elow where it i& a&&-me( that they may 9e &-ita9le for cra&h con#
(ition&.
OPTT" invo7e& fail-re 9y
max(o
1
, o
2
, o
3
) o
P
= u
where o
P
i& the critical val-e of &tr-ct-ral &tre&& at fail-re. At i& note( that the force& an( moment&
in the e:-ation& 9elow are referre( to the 9eam no(e& 1, 2, an( to the mi(point, re&pectively. The
three &tre&& val-e&, o
1
, o
2
, o
3
, are (efine( 9y)
o
1
() =
P
rs1
ndt
1
s +
P
rt1
ndt
1
sn
1.046[
1
P
rr1
t
1V
t
1

1.123M
ss1
dt
1V
t
1
sn +
1.123M
tt1
dt
1V
t
1
s with

1
= u
1
u
1
= 1
1
> u

o
2
() =
P
rs2
ndt
2
s +
P
rt2
ndt
2
sn
1.046[
1
P
rr2
t
2V
t
2
+
1.123M
ss2
dt
2V
t
2
sn
1.123M
tt2
dt
2V
t
2
s with

2
= u
2
u
2
= 1
2
> u

o
3
() = u.So() +u.So()s(2o) +u.S()sn(2o)
where
o() =
4[
3
P
rr
nd
2
+
32M
ss
nd
3
sn
32M
tt
nd
3
s
() =
16P
rs
3nd
2
sn
2
+
16P
rt
3nd
2
s
2
o =
1
2
tan
-1
2()
c()
with
3
= u
3
= 1
> u

The &tre&&e& are calc-late( for all (irection&, u 9u, in or(er to fin( the maxim-m.
+or all OPT fail-re criteria, if a Hero i& inp-t for a fail-re parameter on car( 2, the corre&pon(ing
term will 9e omitte( from the e:-ation. +or example, if for OPTT$, only N
i& nonHero, the fail-re

&-rface i& re(-ce( to |N
| = N
.
Similarly, if the fail-re &train <+2AL i& &et to Hero, the fail-re &train mo(el i& not -&e(. Both <+2AL
an( OPT fail-re may 9e active at the &ame time.
5+ &pecifie& the n-m9er of term& -&e( to filter the &tre&&e& or re&-ltant& -&e( in the OPT fail-re cri#
terion. 5+ cannot excee( %$. The (efa-lt val-e i& &et to Hero which i& generally recommen(e( -n#
le&& o&cillatory re&-ltant force& are o9&erve( in the time hi&tory (ata9a&e&. 2ltho-gh wel(& &ho-l(
not o&cillate &ignificantly, thi& option wa& a((e( for con&i&tency with the other &pot wel( option&.
5+ affect& the &torage &ince it i& nece&&ary to &tore the re&-ltant force& a& hi&tory varia9le&. The 5+
parameter i& availa9le only for 9eam element wel(&.
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LSDYNA 2#!$7 B.2TC
The inertia& of the &pot wel(& are &cale( (-ring the fir&t time &tep &o that their &ta9le time &tep &iHe i&
t. 2 &trong compre&&ive loa( on the &pot wel( at a later time may re(-ce the length of the &pot
wel( &o that &ta9le time &tep &iHe (rop& 9elow t. Af the val-e of t i& Hero, ma&& &caling i& not per#
forme(, an( the &pot wel(& will pro9a9ly limit the time &tep &iHe. 8n(er mo&t circ-m&tance&, the
inertia& of the &pot wel(& are &mall eno-gh that &caling them will have a negligi9le effect on the
&tr-ct-ral re&pon&e an( the -&e of thi& option i& enco-rage(.
Spot wel( force hi&tory (ata i& written into the S,+O'C a&cii file. An thi& (ata9a&e the re&-ltant
moment& are not availa9le, 9-t they are in the 9inary time hi&tory (ata9a&e an( in the 2SCAA elo-t
file.
,hen the 32.2=<#+2AL8'< option i& invo7e(, the con&tit-tive propertie& for the (amage( mate#
rial are o9taine( from the -n(amage( material propertie&. The amo-nt of (amage evolve( i& repre#
&ente( 9y the con&tant, , which varie& from Hero if no (amage ha& occ-rre( to -nity for complete
r-pt-re. +or -niaxial loa(ing, the nominal &tre&& in the (amage( material i& given 9y
o
nmnal
=
P
A

where P i& the applie( loa( an( 2 i& the &-rface area. The tr-e &tre&& i& given 9y)
o
te
=
P
A A
lss

where A
lss
i& the voi( area. The (amage varia9le can then 9e (efine()
=
A
lss
A
u 1
An thi& mo(el, (amage i& initiate( when the effective pla&tic &train in the wel( excee(& the fail-re
&train, <+2AL. Af 3.=OPTT1$, 11, or 12, (amage will initiate when the effective pla&tic &train ex#
cee(& <+2AL, or when the fail-re criterion i& met, which ever occ-r& fir&t. The fail-re criterion i&
&pecifie( 9y OPT parameter. 2fter (amage initiate&, the (amage varia9le i& eval-ate( 9y one of two
way&. +or 3.=OPTT$, 1, 1$, or 11, the (amage varia9le i& a f-nction of effective pla&tic &train in
the wel()
=
e
e
e
ale
e
te
e
ale
e
ale
e
e
e
te

,here e
ale
T <+2AL an( e
te
T 'S. +or 3.=OPTT2 or 12, the (amage varia9le i& a f-nction

of time)
=
t-t
ale
t
te
t
ale
t t
te

where t
ale
i& the time at which (amage initiate&, an( t
te
T 'S. +or thi& criteria, t
ale
i& &et to
either the time when e
e
excee(& <+2AL, or the time when the fail-re criterion i& met.
+or 3.=OPTT1, the (amage 9ehavior i& the &ame a& for 3.=OPTT$, 9-t an a((itional (amage
varia9le i& calc-late( to prevent &tre&& growth (-ring &oftening. Similarly, 3.=OPTT11 9ehave&
li7e 3.=OPTT1$ except for the a((itional (amage varia9le. Thi& a((itional f-nction i& al&o -&e(
with 3.=OPTT2 an( 12. The affect of thi& a((itional (amage f-nction i& notice( only in 9ric7 an(
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9ric7 a&&em9ly wel(& in ten&ion loa(ing where it prevent& growth of the ten&ile force in the wel( af#
ter (amage initiate&.
Af B<T2 i& &pecifie(, the &tre&& i& m-ltiplie( 9y an exponential -&ing (efine( in the previo-& e:-a#
tion&,
o
d
= o ex().
+or wel( element& in an a&&em9ly B&ee 'PBLM on ICO5T'OLJSPOT,<L3JB<2. or I3<+A5<
JL<MJSPOT,<L3J2SS<.BL4C, the fail-re criterion i& eval-ate( -&ing the a&&em9ly cro&& &ec#
tion. Af (amage i& not active, all element& will 9e (elete( when the fail-re criterion i& met. Af (am#
age i& active, then (amage i& calc-late( in(epen(ently in each element of the a&&em9ly. By (efa-lt,
element& of the a&&em9ly are (elete( a& (amage in each element i& complete. Af 2S++T1, then fail#
-re an( (eletion of all element& in the a&&em9ly will occ-r &im-ltaneo-&ly when (amage i& complete
in any one of the element&.
+ig-re 2#"1. 2 &oli( element -&e( a& &pot wel( i& &hown. ,hen re&-ltant 9a&e( fail-re i&
-&e( orientation i& very important. 5o(e& n1#n! attach to the lower &hell mi(#&-rface an(
no(e& n"#n/ attach to the -pper &hell mi(#&-rface. The re&-ltant force& an( moment& are
comp-te( 9a&e( on the a&&-mption that the 9ric7 element i& properly oriente(.
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;MA/=S3O/WELD=DAIMLER01RYSLER ;MA/=%""=DA
LSDYNA 2#!$ B.2TC
;MA/=S3O/WELD=DAIMLER01RYSLER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$$. The material mo(el applie& to &oli( element type 1 with type 0 ho-rgla&&
control. Spot wel( element& may 9e place( 9etween any two (eforma9le &hell &-rface& an( tie( with
con&traint contact, ICO5T2CTJTA<3JS8'+2C<JTOJS8'+2C<, which eliminate& the nee( to
have a(Gacent no(e& at &pot wel( location&. Spot wel( fail-re i& mo(ele( -&ing thi& car( an(
I3<+A5<JCO55<CTAO5JP'OP<'TA<S (ata. 3etail& of the fail-re mo(el can 9e fo-n( in See#
ger, +e-cht, +ran7, La-fe, an( @e(ing W2$$"X.
It is ad'isa9le to in7lude all s4ot :elds# :Hi7H 4ro'ide tHe sla'e nodes# and s4ot :elded 5ateri
als# :Hi7H deBine tHe 5aster seE5ents# :itHin a sinEle ;0ON/A0/=/IED=SUR.A0E=/O
=SUR.A0E interBa7e8 Thi& contact type -&e& con&traint e:-ation&. Af m-ltiple interface& are treate(
in(epen(ently, &ignificant pro9lem& can occ-r if &-ch interface& &hare common no(e&. 2n a((e(
9enefit i& that memory -&age can 9e &-9&tantially le&& with a &ingle interface.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 3T T+2AL
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <+2AL 5+
Type + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 'S 2S++ T'8<JT CO5JA3
Type + A + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
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2#!1$ B.2TC LSDYNA
3T
Time &tep &iHe for ma&& &caling, t.
T+2AL
+ail-re time if nonHero. Af Hero thi& option i& ignore(.
<+2AL
<ffective pla&tic &train in wel( material at fail-re. See remar7 9elow.
5+
5-m9er of fail-re f-nction eval-ation& &tore( for filtering 9y time averag#
ing. The (efa-lt val-e i& &et to Hero which i& generally recommen(e( -n#
le&& o&cillatory re&-ltant force& are o9&erve( in the time hi&tory (ata9a&e&.
<ven tho-gh the&e wel(& &ho-l( not o&cillate &ignificantly, thi& option wa&
a((e( for con&i&tency with the other &pot wel( option&. 5+ affect& the
&torage &ince it i& nece&&ary to &tore the fail-re term&. ,hen 5+ i& nonHero,
the re&-ltant& in the o-tp-t (ata9a&e& are filtere(. 5+ cannot excee( %$.
'S
'-pt-re &train. See 'emar7& 9elow.
2S++
,el( a&&em9ly &im-ltaneo-& fail-re flag
<R.$) 3amage( element& fail in(ivi(-ally.
<R.1) 3amage( element& fail when fir&t reache& fail-re criterion.
T'8<JT
Tr-e wel( thic7ne&& for &ingle hexahe(ron &oli( wel( element&. See com#
ment& 9elow.
CO5JA3
Connection A3 of I3<+A5<JCO55<CTAO5 car(.
Re5arAs(
Thi& wel( material i& mo(ele( with i&otropic har(ening pla&ticity. The yiel( &tre&& an( con&tant
har(ening mo(-l-& are a&&-me( to 9e tho&e of the wel(e( &hell element& a& (efine( in a I3<+A5<
JCO55<CTAO5JP'OP<'TA<S ta9le. 2 fail-re f-nction an( (amage type i& al&o (efine( 9y
I3<+A5<JCO55<CTAO5JP'OP<'TA<S (ata. The interpretation of <+2AL an( 'S i& (etermine(
9y the choice of (amage type. Thi& i& (i&c-&&e( in remar7 ! on I3<+A5<JCO55<CTAO5
JP'OP<'TA<S.
Soli( wel( element& are tie( to the mi(#plane of &hell material& an( &o typically have a thic7ne&& that
i& half the &-m of the thic7ne&&e& of the wel(e( &hell &ection&. 2& a re&-lt, a wel( -n(er &hear loa(#
ing can 9e &-9Gect to an artificially large moment which will 9e 9alance( 9y normal force& tran&#
ferre( thro-gh the tie( contact. The&e normal force& will ca-&e the normal term in the fail-re calc-#
lation to 9e artificially high. Anp-tting a T'8<JT that i& &maller than the mo(ele( thic7ne&&, for ex#
ample, 1$c#%$c of tr-e thic7ne&& will &cale (own the normal force that re&-lt& from the 9alancing
moment an( provi(e more reali&tic fail-re calc-lation&. T'8<JT effect& only the fail-re calc-lation,
not the wel( element 9ehavior. Af T'8<JTT$ or (ata i& omitte(, the mo(ele( wel( element thic7#
ne&& i& -&e(.
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LSDYNA 2#!11 B.2TC
+or wel( element& in an a&&em9ly B&ee 'PBLM on ICO5T'OLJSPOT,<L3JB<2. or I3<+A5<
JL<MJSPOT,<L3J2SS<.BL4C, the fail-re criterion i& eval-ate( -&ing the a&&em9ly cro&& &ec#
tion. Af (amage i& not active, all element& will 9e (elete( when the fail-re criterion i& met. Af (am#
age i& active, then (amage i& calc-late( in(epen(ently in each element of the a&&em9ly. By (efa-lt,
element& of the a&&em9ly are (elete( a& (amage in each element i& complete. Af 2S++T1, then fail#
-re an( (eletion of all element& in the a&&em9ly will occ-r &im-ltaneo-&ly when (amage i& complete
in any one of the element&.
Soli( element force re&-ltant& for .2TJSPOT,<L3 are written to the &pot wel( force file,
S,+O'C, an( the file for element &tre&&e& an( re&-ltant& for (e&ignate( element&, <LO8T. 2l&o,
&pot wel( fail-re (ata i& written to the file, 3C+2AL.
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;MA/=%"% ;MA/=2E3LAS/I0=SRA/E=$"""a
2#!12 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=2E3LAS/I0=SRA/E=$"""a
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$1. The =<PL2STACJS'2T<J2$$$a material mo(el characteriHe& =eneral
<lectricF& commercially availa9le engineering thermopla&tic& &-9Gecte( to high &train rate event&.
Thi& material mo(el feat-re& the variation of yiel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of &train rate, cavitation ef#
fect& of r-99er mo(ifie( material& an( a-tomatic element (eletion of either (-ctile or 9rittle materi#
al&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' '2T<S+ <3OT$ 2LPL2
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCSS LC+<PS LC+SA= LC<
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ngF& .o(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&onF& ratio.
'2T<S+
Con&tant in pla&tic &train rate e:-ation.
<3OT$
'eference &train rate
2LPL2
Pre&&-re &en&itivity factor
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3 that (efine& the po&t yiel( material 9ehavior.
The val-e& of thi& &tre&&#&train c-rve are the (ifference of the yiel( &tre&&
an( &train re&pectively. Thi& mean& the fir&t val-e& for 9oth &tre&& an(
&train &ho-l( 9e Hero. 2ll &-9&e:-ent val-e& will (efine &oftening or har(#
ening.
LC+<PS
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the pla&tic fail-re &train a& a f-nction of &train
rate.
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LSDYNA 2#!1% B.2TC
LC+SA=
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the .axim-m principal fail-re &tre&& a& a f-nc#
tion of &train rate.
LC<
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the 8nloa(ing mo(-li a& a f-nction of pla&tic
&train.
Re5arAs(
The con&tit-tive mo(el for thi& approach i&)
e
= e
0
ex(A{o S(e
)]) ex(poA)
where e
0
an( 2 are rate (epen(ent yiel( &tre&& parameter&, Se
internal re&i&tance B&train har(en#

ingC an( o i& a pre&&-re (epen(ence parameter.
An thi& material the yiel( &tre&& may vary thro-gho-t the finite element mo(el a& a f-nction of
&train rate an( hy(ro&tatic &tre&&. Po&t yiel( &tre&& 9ehavior i& capt-re( in material &oftening an(
har(ening val-e&. +inally, (-ctile or 9rittle fail-re mea&-re( 9y pla&tic &train or maxim-m princi#
pal &tre&& re&pectively i& acco-nte( for 9y a-tomatic element (eletion.
2ltho-gh thi& may 9e applie( to a variety of engineering thermopla&tic&, =< Pla&tic& have con#
&tant& availa9le for -&e in a wi(e range of commercially availa9le gra(e& of their engineering
thermopla&tic&.
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2#!1! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=INV=1Y3ER<OLI0=SIN
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$2. At allow& the mo(eling of temperat-re an( rate (epen(ent pla&ticity,
Sheppar( an( ,right W17X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' T LC PP
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 5 2 R = <PS$
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ngF& .o(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&onF& ratio
T
Anitial Temperat-re.
LC
Leat generation coefficient.
PP
2LPL2
See 'emar7&.
5
See 'emar7&.
2
See 'emar7&.
R
See 'emar7&.
=
See 'emar7&.
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LSDYNA 2#!1" B.2TC
<PS$
.inim-m &train rate con&i(ere( in calc-lating Q.
Re5arAs(
'e&i&tance to (eformation i& 9oth temperat-re an( &train rate (epen(ent. The flow &tre&& e:-ation i&)
o =
1
o
snh
-1
__
A
_
1
N
_
where , the Qener#Lolloman temperat-re compen&ate( &train rate, i&)
= max(e, EPSu)ex_

0I
]
The -nit& of the material con&tit-tive con&tant& are a& follow&) A B1E&ecC, N B(imen&ionle&&C, o
B1E.PaC, the activation energy for flow, BKEmolC, an( the -niver&al ga& con&tant, 0 BKEmol @C. The
val-e of 0 will only vary with the -nit &y&tem cho&en. Typically it will 9e either /.%1!! KEmol @,
or !$.//2" l9 inEmol '.
The final e:-ation nece&&ary to complete o-r (e&cription of high &train rate (eformation i& one that
allow& -& to comp-te the temperat-re change (-ring the (eformation. An the a9&ence of a co-ple&
thermo#mechanical finite element co(e we a&&-me a(ia9atic temperat-re change an( follow the em#
pirical a&&-mption that $#"c of the pla&tic wor7 i& (i&&ipate( a& heat. Th-& the heat generation co#
efficient i&
EC
u.9
pC

where p i& the (en&ity of the material an( C
i& the &pecific heat.

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2#!10 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=VIS0O3LAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$%. Thi& ani&otropic#vi&copla&tic material mo(el applie& to &hell an( 9ric7
element&. The material con&tant& may 9e fit (irectly or, if (e&ire(, &tre&& ver&-& &train (ata may 9e
inp-t an( a lea&t &:-are& fit will 9e performe( 9y LS#3452 to (etermine the con&tant&. @inematic
or i&otopic or a com9ination of 7inematic an( i&otropic har(ening may 9e -&e(. 2 (etaile( (e&crip#
tion of thi& mo(el can 9e fo-n( in the following reference&) Ber&ta(, Lang&eth, an( Lopper&ta(
W1!XD Lopper&ta( an( 'em&eth W1"XD an( Ber&ta( W10X. +ail-re i& 9a&e( on effective pla&tic
&train or 9y a -&er (efine( &-9ro-tine.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 +L2= LCSS 2LPL2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le R'1 C'1 R'2 C'2 RM1 CM1 RM2 CM2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P@ P. '$$ or + '!" or = '$ or L L . 5
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT +2AL 58.A5T .2C+
Type + + + A

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LSDYNA 2#!17 B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
Anitial yiel( &tre&&
+L2=
+lag
<R.$) =ive all material parameter&
<R.1) .aterial parameter& are fit in LS#3452 to Loa( c-rve or Ta9le
given 9elow. The parameter&
1
, C
1
,
2
, an( C
2
for i&otropic
har(ening are (etermine( 9y the fit an( tho&e for 7inematic har(#
ening are fo-n( 9y &caling tho&e for i&otropic har(ening 9y .(1
o) where o i& (efine( 9elow in col-mn& "1#0$.
<R.2) 8&e loa( c-rve (irectly, i.e., no fitting i& re:-ire( for the parame#
ter&
1
, C
1
,
2
, an( C
2
. 2 ta9le i& not allowe(.
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. The loa( c-rve A3 (efine& effective &tre&& ver#
&-& effective pla&tic &train. Car( 2 i& ignore( with thi& option. The ta9le
A3, &ee +ig-re 2#1$, (efine& for each &train rate val-e a loa( c-rve A3 giv#
ing the &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that rate. Af the loa( c-rve
only i& -&e(, then the coefficient& I
k
an( I
m
m-&t 9e given if vi&copla&tic
9ehavior i& (e&ire(. Af a Ta9le A3 i& given the&e coefficient& are (etermine(
internally (-ring initialiHation.
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2LPL2
o (i&tri9-tion of har(ening -&e( in the c-rve#fitting. o = u p-re 7inematic
har(ening an( o = 1 provi(e& p-re i&otropic har(ening
R'1
A&otropic har(ening parameter
1
C'1
A&otropic har(ening parameter C
1

R'2
2

C'2
2

RM1
@inematic har(ening parameter
1

CM1
@inematic har(ening parameter C
1

RM2
2

CM2
2

P@
Pi&co-& material parameter I
k

P.
Pi&co-& material parameter

I
m

'$$
R
00
for &hell B3efa-ltT1.$C
'!"
R
45
'$
R
90
+
for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T1E2C
=
0 for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T1E2C
L
E for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T1E2C
L
I for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T%E2C
.
H for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T%E2C
5
N for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T%E2C
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!1 B.2TC
2OPT
9y an angle B<T2.
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
LT.$.$) 8&er (efine( fail-re &-9ro-tine i& calle( to (etermine fail-re.
Thi& i& &-9ro-tine name(, .2T8S'J1$%, in 34521.+.
=T.$.$) Pla&tic &train to fail-re. ,hen the pla&tic &train reache& thi&
val-e, the element i& (elete( from the calc-lation.
58.A5T
5-m9er of integration point& which m-&t fail 9efore element (eletion. Af
Hero, all point& m-&t fail. Thi& option applie& to &hell element& only. +or
the ca&e of one point &hell&, 58.A5T &ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e that i& le&&
than the n-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point&. 5onphy&ical
&tretching can &ometime& appear in the re&-lt& if all integration point& have
faile( except for one point away from the mi(&-rface. Thi& i& (-e to the
fact that -ncon&traine( no(al rotation& will prevent &train& from (eveloping
at the remaining integration point. An f-lly integrate( &hell&, &imilar pro9#
lem& can occ-r.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!2$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.2C+
MP,4P,QP
x
p
y
p
H
p,
(efine coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPT T 1 an( !.
21,22,2%
a
1
a
2
a
%
P1,P2,P%
v
1
v
2
v
%
31,32,3%
(
1
(
2
(
%
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPTT$ B&hell& onlyC an( 2OPTT%. B<T2
an( I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO.
Re5arAs(
The -niaxial &tre&&#&train c-rve i& given on the following form
o(e
e
, e
e
) = o
0
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
e
e
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
e
e
))
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
e
e
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
e
e
))
+I
k
e
e
v
m

+or 9ric7& the following yiel( criteria i& -&e(
(o
22
o
33
)
2
+0(o
33
o
11
)
2
+E(o
11
o
22
)
2
+2Io
23
2
+2Ho
31
2
+2No
12
2
= o(e
e
, e
e
)
2

where e
e
i& the effective pla&tic &train an( e

e
i& the effective pla&tic &train rate. +or &hell& the ani#
&otropic 9ehavior i& given 9y R
00
, R
45
an( R
90
. The mo(el will wor7 when the three fir&t parame#
ter& in car( % are given val-e&. ,hen I
k
= u the material will 9ehave ela&to#pla&tically. 3efa-lt
val-e& are given 9y)

= 0 = E =
1
2

I = H = N =
S
2

R
00
= R
45
= R
90
= 1
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!21 B.2TC
Strain rate of acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which, e.g., mo(el %, &cale& the
yiel( &tre&& with the factor)

1 + _
s
e
p
C
]
1

,

To convert the&e con&tant& &et the vi&coela&tic con&tant&, I
k
an( I
m
, to the following val-e&)
I
k
= o _
1
C
]
1
I
m
=
1
p

Thi& mo(el properly treat& rate effect&. The vi&copla&tic rate form-lation i& an option in other pla&#
ticity mo(el& in LS#3452, e.g., matJ% an( matJ2!, invo7e( 9y &etting the parameter PP to 1.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"!=3 ;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=3LAS/I0
2#!22 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=3LAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$%JP. Thi& ani&otropic#pla&tic material mo(el i& a &implifie( ver&ion of the
.2TJ25ASOT'OPACJPASCOPL2STAC a9ove. Thi& material mo(el applie& only to &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 LCSS
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le R'1 C'1 R'2 C'2
Type + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '$$ '!" '$ S11 S22 S%% S12
Type + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT
Type +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=3LAS/I0 ;MA/=%"!=3
LSDYNA 2#!2% B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3. The loa( c-rve A3 (efine& effective &tre&& ver&-& effective
pla&tic &train. Car( 2 i& ignore( with thi& option.
R'1
1

C'1
1

R'2
2

C'2
2

'$$
R
00
for ani&otropic har(ening
'!"
R
45
'$
R
90
S11
4iel( &tre&& in local x#(irection. Thi& inp-t i& ignore( if (R
00
, R
45
, R
90
) >
u.
S22
4iel( &tre&& in local y#(irection. Thi& inp-t i& ignore( if (R
00
, R
45
, R
90
) >
u.
S%%
4iel( &tre&& in local H#(irection. Thi& inp-t i& ignore( if (R
00
, R
45
, R
90
) >
u.
S12
4iel( &tre&& in local xy#(irection. Thi& inp-t i& ignore( if (R
00
, R
45
, R
90
) >
u.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"!=3 ;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=3LAS/I0
2#!2! B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
B<T2.
MP,4P,QP
x
p
y
p
H
p,
21,22,2%
a
1
a
2
a
%
31,32,3%
(
1
(
2
(
%
P1,P2,P%
v
1
v
2
v
%
B<T2
Re5arAs(
Af no loa( c-rve i& (efine( for the effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train, the -niaxial &tre&&#
&train c-rve i& given on the following form
o(e
e
) = o
0
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
e
e
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
e
e
))

where e
e
i& the effective pla&tic &train. +or &hell& the ani&otropic 9ehavior i& given 9y R
00
, R
45
an(
R
90
, or the yiel( &tre&& in the (ifferent (irection. 3efa-lt val-e& are given 9y)
R
00
= R
45
= R
90
= 1
if the varia9le& '$$, '!", '$, S11, S22, S%% an( S12 are &et to Hero.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=DAMA2E=% ;MA/=%"*
LSDYNA 2#!2" B.2TC
;MA/=DAMA2E=%
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$!. Thi& i& a contin--m (amage mechanic& BC3.C mo(el which incl-(e&
ani&otropy an( vi&copla&ticity. The C3. mo(el applie& to &hell, thic7 &hell, an( 9ric7 element&. 2
more (etaile( (e&cription of thi& mo(el can 9e fo-n( in the paper 9y Ber&ta(, Lopper&ta(, La(emo,
an( .alo W1X. Thi& material mo(el can al&o mo(el ani&otropic (amage 9ehavior 9y &etting the
+L2= to #1 in Car( 2.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 LCSS LC3S
Type 2/ + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le R1 C1 R2 C2 <PS3 S or <PS' 3C +L2=
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P@ P. '$$ or + '!" or = '$ or L L . 5
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT .2C+
Type + A

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"* ;MA/=DAMA2E=%
2#!20 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
Anitial yiel( &tre&&, o
0
.
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3. Loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& effective
pla&tic &train. +or +L2= T #1.
LC3S
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining nonlinear (amage c-rve. +or +L2= T #1.
R1
1

C1
1

R2
2

C2
2

<PS3
3amage thre&hol(
d

3amage effective pla&tic &train when material &often#
ing 9egin&. B3efa-ltT$.$C
S
3amage material con&tant S. B3efa-ltT
c
0
200
C. +or +L2=$.
<PS'
3C
Critical (amage val-e
C
. ,hen the (amage val-e reache& thi& val-e, the
element i& (elete( from the calc-lation. B3efa-ltT$."C +or +L2=$.
+L2=
+lag
<R.#1) 2ni&otropic (amage
<R.$) 5o calc-lation of localiHation (-e to (amage
<R.1) The mo(el flag& element where &train localiHation occ-r
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!27 B.2TC
P@
Pi&co-& material parameter I
k

P.

I
m

'$$
R
00
'!"
R
45
'$
R
90
+
F for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T1E2C
=
B for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T1E2C
L
A for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T1E2C
L
! for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T%E2C
.
$ for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T%E2C
5
N for 9ric7 B3efa-lt T%E2C
D
R
A
F
T
2#!2/ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
9y an angle B<T2.
.2C+
MP,4P,QP
x
p
y
p
H
p,
21,22,2%
a
1
a
2
a
%
31,32,3%
(
1
(
2
(
%
P1,P2,P%
v
1
v
2
v
%
B<T2
aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPTT$ B&hell& onlyC an( 2OPTT%. B<T2
an( I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!2 B.2TC
Re5arAs(
2ni&otropic 3amage mo(el B+L2= T #1C. 2t each thic7ne&& integration point&, an ani&otropic (am#
age law act& on the plane &tre&& ten&or in the (irection& of the principal total &hell &train&, e
1
an( e
2
,
a& follow&)
o
11
= (1
1
(e
1
))o
110
o
22
= (1
2
(e
2
))o
220
o
12
= (1 (
1
+
2
)2)o
120

The tran&ver&e plate &hear &tre&&e& in the principal &train (irection& are a&&-me( to 9e (amage( a&
follow&)
o
13
= (1
1
2)o
130
o
23
= (1
2
2)o
230

An the ani&otropic (amage form-lation,
1
(e
1
) an(
2
(e
2
) are ani&otropic (amage f-nction& for the
loa(ing (irection& 1 an( 2, re&pectively. Stre&&e& o
110
,o
220
,o
120
,o
130
an( o
230
are &tre&&e& in the
principal &hell &train (irection& a& calc-late( from the -n(amage( ela&tic#pla&tic material 9ehavior.
The &train& e
1
an( e
2
are the magnit-(e of the principal &train& calc-late( -pon reaching the (amage
thre&hol(&. 3amage can only (evelop for ten&ile &tre&&e&, an( the (amage f-nction&
1
(e
1
) an(
2
(e
2
)are i(entical to Hero for negative &train& e
1
an( e
2
. The principal &train (irection& are fixe(
within an integration point a& &oon a& either principal &train excee(& the initial thre&hol( &train in
ten&ion. 2 more (etaile( (e&cription of the (amage evol-tion for thi& material mo(el i& given in the
(e&cription of .aterial /1.
The Contin--m 3amage .echanic& BC3.C mo(el B+L2=$C i& 9a&e( on a C3. mo(el propo&e(
9y Lemaitre W12X. The effective &tre&& o, which i& the &tre&& calc-late( over the &ection that effec#
tively re&i&t the force& an( rea(&.
o =
o
1

where i& the (amage varia9le. The evol-tion e:-ation for the (amage varia9le i& (efine( a&
= _
u
S(1 )
>
anu o
1
> u
where
i& the (amage thre&hol(,

i& a po&itive material con&tant , S i& the &o#calle( &train energy relea&e rate an( o
1
i& the maximal
principal &tre&&. The &train energy (en&ity relea&e rate i&
=
1
2
e
e
C e
e
=
o
m
2
R
2E(1 )
2

where o
m
i& the e:-ivalent von .i&e& &tre&&. The triaxiality f-nction R
i& (efine( a&

D
R
A
F
T
2#!%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
R
=
2
S
(1 +) +S(1 2) _
o
H
o
m
]
2

The -niaxial &tre&&#&train c-rve i& given in the following form
o(, e
e
) = o
0
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
))
+I
k
e
e
v
m

where i& the (amage acc-m-late( pla&tic &train, which can 9e calc-late( 9y
= e
e
(1 )

+or 9ric7& the following yiel( criteria i& -&e(
(o
22
o
33
)
2
+0(o
33
o
11
)
2
+E(o
11
o
22
)
2
+2Io
23
2
+2Ho
31
2
+2No
12
2
= o(, e
e
)

where i& the (amage effective vi&copla&tic &train an( e
e
i& the effective vi&copla&tic &train rate.

+or &hell& the ani&otropic 9ehavior i& given 9y the '#val-e&) R
00
, R
45
, an( R
90
. ,hen I
k
= u the
material will 9ehave a& an ela&topla&tic material witho-t rate effect&. 3efa-lt val-e& for the ani&o#
tropic con&tant& are given 9y)

= 0 = E =
1
2

I = H = N =
S
2

R
00
= R
45
= R
90
= 1
&o that i&otropic 9ehavior i& o9taine(.
the factor)

1 +_
s
C
_
1

,

To convert the&e con&tant&, &et the vi&coela&tic con&tant&, I
k
an( I
m
, to the following val-e&)
I
k
= o _
1
C
]
1
I
m
=
1
p
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=DAMA2E=$ ;MA/=%">
LSDYNA 2#!%1 B.2TC
;MA/=DAMA2E=$
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$". Thi& i& an ela&tic vi&copla&tic material mo(el com9ine( with contin--m
(amage mechanic& BC3.C. Thi& material mo(el applie& to &hell, thic7 &hell, an( 9ric7 element&.
The ela&topla&tic 9ehavior i& (e&cri9e( in the (e&cription of material mo(el 2!. 2 more (etaile( (e#
&cription of the C3. mo(el i& given in the (e&cription of material mo(el 1$! a9ove.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS3 S 3C
Type + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"> ;MA/=DAMA2E=$
2#!%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + w+ + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
<R.$.$) +ail-re (-e to pla&tic &train i& not con&i(ere(.
T3<L
C
P
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=DAMA2E=$ ;MA/=%">
LSDYNA 2#!%% B.2TC
LCSS
&tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that rate, See +ig-re 2#1$. The
&tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the lowe&t val-e of &train rate
i& -&e( if the &train rate fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e. Li7ewi&e, the
&tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the highe&t val-e of &train rate
i& -&e( if the &train rate excee(& the maxim-m val-e. The &train rate pa#
rameter&) C an( PD the c-rve A3, LCS'D <PS1#<PS/ an( <S1#<S/ are ig#
nore( if a Ta9le A3 i& (efine(.
LCS'
<PS3
3amage thre&hol(
d
3amage effective pla&tic &train when material &often#
ing 9egin. B3efa-ltT$.$C
S
3amage material con&tant S. [Bealt =
c
0
200

3C
C
. ,hen the (amage val-e reache& thi& val-e, the
element i& (elete( from the calc-lation. B3efa-ltT$."C
<PS1#<PS/
point& &ho-l( 9e (efine(.
<S1#<S/
Re5arAs(
The &tre&&#&train 9ehavior may 9e treate( 9y a 9ilinear c-rve 9y (efining the tangent mo(-l-&, <T25.
2lternately, a c-rve &imilar to that &hown in +ig-re 2#0 i& expecte( to 9e (efine( 9y B<PS1,<S1C #
B<PS/,<S/CD however, an effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve A3 BLCSSC may 9e inp-t
in&tea( if eight point& are in&-fficient. The co&t i& ro-ghly the &ame for either approach. The mo&t
general approach i& to -&e the ta9le (efinition with ta9le A3, LCS', (i&c-&&e( 9elow.
A. Strain rate may 9e acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the yiel(
&tre&& with the factor
1 +_
e
C
_
1

,


e
]
e
]

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"> ;MA/=DAMA2E=$
2#!%! B.2TC LSDYNA
ha& to 9e -&e(, &ee +ig-re 2#1$.
2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& -&e( in thi& mo(el.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ELAS/I0=VIS0O3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL ;MA/=%")
LSDYNA 2#!%" B.2TC
;MA/=ELAS/I0=VIS0O3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$0. Thi& i& an ela&tic vi&copla&tic material with thermal effect&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 2LPL2 LCSS +2AL
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C P LC< LCP' LCSA=4 LC' LCM LC2LPL
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCC LCP T'<+
Type + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%") ;MA/=ELAS/I0=VIS0O3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL
2#!%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
LCSS
&-& effective pla&tic &train. The ta9le A3 (efine& for each temperat-re val-e
a loa( c-rve A3 giving the &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that tem#
perat-re B3<+A5<JT2BL<C or it (efine& for each temperat-re val-e a ta9le
A3 which (efine& for each &train rate a loa( c-rve A3 giving the &tre&& ver#
&-& effective pla&tic &train B3<+A5<JT2BL<J%3C. The &tre&& ver&-& effec#
tive pla&tic &train c-rve for the lowe&t val-e of temperat-re or &train rate i&
-&e( if the temperat-re or &train rate fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e. Li7e#
wi&e, maxim-m val-e& cannot 9e excee(e(. Car( 2 i& ignore( with thi& op#
tion.
+2AL
<ffective pla&tic fail-re &train for ero&ion of thin &hell element&.
2LPL2
Coefficient of thermal expan&ion.
R'1
1

C'1
1

R'2
2

C'2
2

RM1
1

CM1
1

RM2
2

CM2
2

C
Pi&co-& material parameter C
P

P
LC<
Loa( c-rve (efining 4o-ngF& mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
< on car( 1 i& ignore( with thi& option.
LCP'
Loa( c-rve (efining Poi&&onF& ratio a& a f-nction of temperat-re. P' on
car( 1 i& ignore( with thi& option.
LCSA=4
Loa( c-rve (efining the initial yiel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
SA=4 on car( 1 i& ignore( with thi& option.
LC'
Loa( c-rve for &caling the i&otropic har(ening parameter& R'1 an( R'2
or the &tre&& given 9y the loa( c-rve LCSS a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ELAS/I0=VIS0O3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL ;MA/=%")
LSDYNA 2#!%7 B.2TC
LCM
Loa( c-rve for &caling the 7inematic har(ening parameter& RM1 an( RM2
a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
LC2LPL
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining the in&tantaneo-& coefficient of thermal expan&ion
a& a f-nction of temperat-re)

Je
]
themal
= o(I)JIo
]

2LPL2 on car( 1 i& ignore( with thi& option. Af LC2LPL i& (efine( a& the
negative of the loa( c-rve A3, the c-rve i& a&&-me( to (efine the coefficient
relative to a reference temperat-re, T'<+ 9elow, &-ch that the total thermal
&train i& give 9y

e
]
themal
= o(I)I I
c]
o
]

LCC
Loa( c-rve for &caling the vi&co-& material parameter C a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
LCP
Loa( c-rve for &caling the vi&co-& material parameter P a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
T'<+
'eference temperat-re re:-ire( if an( only if LC2LPL i& given with a
negative c-rve A3.
Re5arAs(
Af LCSS i& not given any val-e the -niaxial &tre&&#&train c-rve ha& the form
o(e
e
) = o
0
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
e
e
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
e
e
))
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
e
e
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
e
e
))

Pi&co-& effect& are acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el, which &cale& the yiel(
&tre&& with the factor)
1 +_
s
e
p
C
_
1

,
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"- ;MA/=MODI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK
2#!%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=MODI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$7.

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards :itH Eeneral 5aterial 4ara5eters
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' B<T2 MS1 CP 2LPL2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <$3OT Tr Tm T$ +L2=1 +L2=2
Type + + + + + +

0ard ! is tHe 5odiBied JoHnson0ooA 7onstituti'e relation &.LA2%O"+
DeBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards iB and onl iB .LA2%O"8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B 5 C m
Type + + + + +

0ard * is tHe 5odiBied JoHnson0ooA 7onstituti'e relation :itH Vo7e HardeninE &.LA2O"+
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le R1 C1 R2 C2
Type + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MODI.IED=JO1NSON=0OOK ;MA/=%"-
LSDYNA 2#!% B.2TC
0ard ! is tHe KerilliAr5stronE 7onstituti'e relation &.LA2%O%+
DeBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards iB and onl iB .LA2%O%(
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=2 B B<T2$ B<T21
Type + + + +

0ard * is tHe KerilliAr5stronE 7onstituti'e relation &.LA2%O%+
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 5 2LPL2$ 2LPL21
Type + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB and onl iB .LA2$O"(
0ard > is tHe 5odiBied JoHnson0ooA Bra7ture 7riterion &.LA2$O"+
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3C P3 31 32 3% 3! 3"
Type + + + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB and onl iB .LA2$O%
0ard > is tHe 0o7A7roBtLatHa5 Bra7ture 7riterion &.LA2$O%+
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3C ,C
Type + +

D
R
A
F
T
2#!!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
0ard ) in7ludes additional ele5ent erosion 7riteria
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TC T28C
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio, :.
B<T2
3amage co-pling parameterD &ee <:. B1$7.%C.
<R.$.$) 5o co-pling 9etween (-ctile (amage an( the con&tit-tive rela#
tion.
<R.1.$) +-ll co-pling 9etween (-ctile (amage an( the con&tit-tive rela#
tion.
MS1
Taylor#R-inney coefficient _, &ee <:. B1$7.2$C. =ive& the portion of pla&#
tic wor7 converte( into heat Bnormally ta7en to 9e $.C
CP
Specific heat C
, &ee <:. B1$7.2$C

2LPL2
Thermal expan&ion coefficient, o.
<PS$
R-a&i#&tatic thre&hol( &train rate (e
0
= p
0
=
0
),
&ee <R.B1$7.12C) Set (e&cription -n(er I.2TJ$1".
Tr
'oom temperat-re, &ee <:. B1$7.1%C
Tm
.elt temperat-re, &ee <:. B1$7.1%C
T$
Anitial temperat-re
+L2=1
Con&tit-tive relation flagD &ee <:. B1$7.11C an( B1$7.1!C
<R.$.$) .o(ifie( Kohn&on#Coo7 con&tit-tive relation, &ee <:. B1$7.11C.
<R.1.$) Qerilli#2rm&trong con&tit-tive relation, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!!1 B.2TC
+L2=2
+ract-re criterion flagD &ee <:. B1$7.1"C an( B1$7.1C.
<R.$.$) .o(ifie( Kohn&on#Coo7 fract-re criterionD &ee <:. B1$7.1"C.
<R.1.$) Coc7croft#Latham fract-re criterionD &ee <:. B1$7.1C.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&
=
Shear mo(-l-&
2
Kohn&on#Coo7 yiel( &tre&& 2, &ee <:. B1$7.11C.
B
Kohn&on#Coo7 har(ening parameter B, &ee <:. B1$7.11C.
5
Kohn&on#Coo7 har(ening parameter n, &ee <:. B1$7.11C.
C
Kohn&on#Coo7 &train rate &en&itivity parameter C, &ee <:. B1$7.11C.
.
Kohn&on#Coo7 thermal &oftening parameter m, &ee <:. B1$7.11C.
R1
Poce har(ening parameter
1
Bwhen B T n T $C, &ee <:. B1$7.11C.
C1
Poce har(ening parameter C
1
R2
Poce har(ening parameter
2
C2
Poce har(ening parameter C
2
SA=2
Qerilli#2rm&trong parameter o
, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.

B
Qerilli#2rm&trong parameter B, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
B<T2$
Qerilli#2rm&trong parameter
0
, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
B<T21
Qerilli#2rm&trong parameter
1
, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
2
Qerilli#2rm&trong parameter A, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
5
Qerilli#2rm&trong parameter , &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
2LPL2$
0
, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
2LPL21
1
, &ee <:. B1$7.1!C.
3C
Critical (amage parameter
c
, &ee <:. B1$7.1"C an( B1$7.21C. ,hen the
(amage val-e reache& thi& val-e, the element i& ero(e( from the calc-la#
tion.
P3
3amage thre&hol(, &ee <:. B1$7.1"C.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
31#3"
+ract-re parameter& in the Kohn&on#Coo7 fract-re criterion, &ee <:.
B1$7.10C.
,C
Critical Coc7croft#Latham parameter w
c
, &ee <:. B1$7.1C. ,hen the pla&#
tic wor7 per vol-me reache& thi& val-e, the element i& ero(e( from the &im#
-lation.
TC
Critical temperat-re parameter I
c
, &ee <:. B1$7.2%C. ,hen the temperat-re
I, reache& thi& val-e, the element i& ero(e( from the &im-lation.
T28C
Critical &hear &tre&& parameter
c
. ,hen the maxim-m &hear &tre&&
reache& thi& val-e, the element i& ero(e( from the &im-lation.
Re5arAs(
2n a((itive (ecompo&ition of the rate#of#(eformation ten&or d i& a&&-me(, i.e.

d = d
c
+d
+d
t
B1$7.1C

,here d
c
i& the ela&tic part, d
i& the pla&tic part an( d

t
i& the thermal part.

The ela&tic rate#of#(eformation d
c
i& (efine( 9y a linear hypo#ela&tic relation

v]
= [K
2
3
0 t(d
c
)I +20d
c
B1$7.2C

,here I i& the -nit ten&or, K i& the 9-l7 mo(-l-& an( 0 i& the &hear mo(-l-&. The effective &tre&&
ten&or i& (efine( 9y

=
o
1-[
B1$7.%C

,here i& the Ca-chy#&tre&& an( i& the (amage varia9le, while the Ka-mann rate of the effective
&tre&& rea(&

v]
=
W W
1
B1$7.!C

,here W i& the &pin ten&or. The parameter i& e:-al to -nity for co-ple( (amage an( e:-al to
Hero for -nco-ple( (amage.

The thermal rate#of#(eformation d
1
i& (efine( 9y

d
1
= oI
I B1$7."C

,here o i& the linear thermal expan&ion coefficient an( I i& the temperat-re.

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!!% B.2TC
The pla&tic rate#of#(eformation i& (efine( 9y the a&&ociate( flow r-le a&

d
=
]
o
=
3
2

1-[
oi
c
eq
B1$7.0C

,here ()
i
mean& the (eviatoric part of the ten&or, i& the (amage#e:-ivalent pla&tic &train, i&
the (ynamic yiel( f-nction, i.e.

= _
3
2
'
'
(, , I) u, u, = u B1$7.7C

2n( o
eq
i& the (amage#e:-ivalent &tre&&.

o
eq
= _
3
2
'
'
B1$7./C

The following pla&tic wor7 conG-gate pair& are i(entifie(

w

= d
= o
eq
= o
eq
p B1$7.C

,here w

i& the &pecific pla&tic wor7 rate, an( the e:-ivalent &tre&& o
eq
an( the e:-ivalent pla&tic
&train p are (efine( a&

o
eq
= _
3
2
'
'
= (1 )o
eq
, p = _
2
3
d
=

(1-[)
B1$7.1$C

The material &trength o
i& (efine( 9y

1. The mo(ifie( Kohn&on#Coo7 con&tit-tive relation

o
= A +B
1 ex(C
)
2
=1
(1 +
-
)
C
(1 I
m
) B1$7.11C

,here A, B, C, m, ,
1
, C
1
,
2
, C
2
are material parameter&D the normaliHe( (amage#
e:-ivalent pla&tic &train rate
-
i& (efine( 9y

-
=

s
0
B1$7.12C

An which e
0
i& a -&er#(efine( reference &train rateD an( the homologo-& temperat-re rea(&

I
-
=
1-1
r
1
m
-1
r
B1$7.1%C

An which I
i& the room temperat-re Bor initial temperat-reC an( I

m
i& the melting tempera#
t-re.

2. The Qerilli#2rm&trong con&tit-tive relation

D
R
A
F
T
2#!!! B.2TC LSDYNA
o
= |o
+Bex((
0

1
ln )I) +A
ex((o
0
o
1
ln )I)] B1$7.1!C

,here o
, B,
0
,
1
, A, , o
0
, o
1
are material parameter&.

3amage evol-tion i& (efine( 9y)

1. The exten(e( Kohn&on#Coo7 (amage evol-tion r-le)

= _
u p p
d
]
-
d
p p > p
d
B1$7.1"C

,here the c-rrent e:-ivalent fract-re &train p
]
= p
]
(o
-
, p
-
, I
-
) i& (efine( a&

p
]
=
1
+
2
ex(
3
o
-
)(1 +p
-
)
4
(1 +
5
I
-
) B1$7.10C

2n(
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
C
, p
d
are material parameter&D the normaliHe( e:-ivalent pla&tic
&train rate p
-
i& (efine( 9y

p
-
=

s
0
B1$7.17C

2n( the &tre&& triaxiality o
-
rea(&

o
-
=
c
H
c
eq
, o
H
=
1
3
t() B1$7.1/C
2. The Coc7croft#Latham (amage evol-tion r-le)

=

C
C
max(o
1
, u)p B1$7.1C

,here
C
, w
C
are material parameter&.

2(ia9atic heating i& calc-late( a&

I
= _
od
p
pC
p
= _
c
cq
pC
p
B1$7.2$C

,here _ i& the Taylor#R-inney parameter, p i& the (en&ity an( C
i& the &pecific heat. The initial

val-e of the temperat-re I
0
may 9e &pecifie( 9y the -&er.

<lement ero&ion occ-r& when one of the following &everal criteria are f-lfille()

1. The (amage i& greater than the critical val-e

C
B1$7.21C

2. The maxim-m &hear &tre&& i& greater than a critical val-e
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!!" B.2TC

max
=
1
2
max{|o
1
o
2
|, |o
2
o
3
|, |o
3
o
1
|]
C
B1$7.22C

%. The temperat-re i& greater than a critical val-e

I I
C
B1$7.2%C

Ai%tory 'aria6le 1e%cription
1 <val-ation of (amage 3
2 <val-ation of &tre&& triaxiality o
-

% <val-ation of (amage( pla&tic &train r
! <val-ation of temperat-re T
" <val-ation of (amage( pla&tic &train rate
/ <val-ation of pla&tic wor7 per vol-me ,
<val-ation of maxim-m &hear &tre&&
max

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"? ;MA/=OR/1O=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
2#!!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=OR/1O=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$/. Thi& mo(el com9ine& orthotropic ela&tic pla&tic 9ehavior with an ani&o#
tropic yiel( criterion. Thi& mo(el i& implemente( only for &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <11 <22 =12 P'12 P'2% P'%1
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=.2$ LC R'1 C'1 R'2 C'2
Type + A + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '11 '22 '%% '12
Type + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OP4 B<T2
Type + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=OR/1O=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0 ;MA/=%"?
LSDYNA 2#!!7 B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& 3en&ity
<11
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& in 11#(irection
<22
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& in 22#(irection
=12
Shear mo(-l-& in 12#(irection
P'12
Poi&&on]& ratio 12
P'2%
Poi&&on]& ratio
P'%1
Poi&&on]& ration
LC
pla&tic &train. Pal-e& on Car( 2 are ignore( if thi& val-e i& (efine(.
SA=.2$
0

R'1
A&otropic har(ening parameter,
R1

C'1
A&otropic har(ening parameter, C
R1

R'2
R2

C'2
R2

'11
4iel( criteria parameter, R
11

'22
22

'%%
33

'12
12

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%"? ;MA/=OR/1O=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
2#!!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
complete (e&criptionC
<R.$.$) Locally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y element
no(e& a& &hown in +ig-re 2#%. 5o(e& 1, 2 an( ! of an element
are i(entical to the no(e -&e( for the (efinition of a coor(inate
&y&tem a& 9y I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S, an( then ro#
tate( a9o-t the &hell element normal 9y an angle B<T2.
<R.2.$) =lo9ally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y vector&
<R.%.$) Locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y off&etting the
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ an( %. B<T2 may 9e overri((en
on the element car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2.
MP 4P QP
Coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPTT1.
21 22 2%
Component& of vector a for 2OPTT2.
P1 P2 P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPTT%.
31 32 3%
Component& of vector d for 2OPTT2.
Re5arAs(
The yiel( f-nction i& (efine( a&
=
() |o
0
+R(e
)]
where the e:-ivalent &tre&& o
eq
i& (efine( a& an ani&otropic yiel( criterion
o
eq
= _(o
22
o
33
)
2
+0(o
33
o
11
)
2
+E(o
11
o
22
)
2
+2Io
23
2
+2Ho
31
2
+2No
12
2

,here +, =, L, L, . an( 5 are con&tant& o9taine( 9y te&t of the material in (ifferent orientation&.
They are (efine( a&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=OR/1O=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0 ;MA/=%"?
LSDYNA 2#!! B.2TC
=
1
2
_
1
R
22
2
+
1
R
33
2

1
R
11
2
_
0 =
1
2
_
1
R
33
2
+
1
R
11
2

1
R
22
2
_
E =
1
2
_
1
R
11
2
+
1
R
22
2

1
R
33
2
_
I =
S
2R
23
2
H =
S
2R
13
2
N =
S
2R
31
2

The yiel( &tre&& ratio& are (efine( a& follow&
R
11
=
o
11
o
0
R
22
=
o
22
o
0
R
33
=
o
33
o
0
R
12
=
o
12
0
R
23
=
o
23
0
R
31
=
o
31
0

where o
]
i& the mea&-re( yiel( &tre&& val-e&, o
0
i& the reference yiel( &tre&& an(
0
= o
0
VS.
The &train har(ening i& either (efine( 9y the loa( c-rve or the &train har(ening " i& (efine( 9y the
exten(e( Poce law,
R(e
) =
R
1 ex(C
R
e
)
2
=1

where e
i& the effective Bor acc-m-late(C pla&tic &train, an(

R
an( C
R
are &train har(ening param#
eter&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%" ;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ERAMI0S
2#!"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ERAMI0S
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11$. Thi& Kohn&on#Lolm:-i&t Pla&ticity 3amage .o(el i& -&ef-l for mo(eling
ceramic&, gla&& an( other 9rittle material&. 2 more (etaile( (e&cription can 9e fo-n( in a paper 9y
Kohn&on an( Lolm:-i&t W1%X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = 2 B C . 5
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PSA T S+.2M L<L PL<L B<T2
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 @1 @2 @% +S
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
3en&ity
=
Shear mo(-l-&
2
Antact normaliHe( &trength parameter
B
+ract-re( normaliHe( &trength parameter
C
Strength parameter Bfor &train rate (epen(enceC
.
+ract-re( &trength parameter Bpre&&-re exponentC
5
Antact &trength parameter Bpre&&-re exponentC.
<PS$
R-a&i#&tatic thre&hol( &train rate. See I.2TJ$1".
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ERAMI0S ;MA/=%%"
LSDYNA 2#!"1 B.2TC
T
.axim-m ten&ile pre&&-re &trength.
S+.2M
.axim-m normaliHe( fract-re( &trength Bif <:.$, (efa-lt& to 1e2$C.
L<L
L-goniot ela&tic limit.
PL<L
Pre&&-re component at the L-goniot ela&tic limit.
B<T2
+raction of ela&tic energy lo&& converte( to hy(ro&tatic energy Baffect&
9-l7ing pre&&-re Bhi&tory varia9le 1C that accompanie& (amageC.
31
Parameter for pla&tic &train to fract-re.
32
Parameter for pla&tic &train to fract-re BexponentC.
@1
+ir&t pre&&-re coefficient Be:-ivalent to the 9-l7 mo(-l-&C.
@2
Secon( pre&&-re coefficient.
@%
Thir( pre&&-re coefficient.
+S
+ail-re criteria.
+S > $ $ fail if pI ^ tI > $ Bten&ile fail-reC.
+S T $ no fail-re B(efa-ltC.
+S ? $ fail if the effective pla&tic &train ? +S.
Re5arAs(
The e:-ivalent &tre&& for a ceramic#type material i& given 9y
o
-
= o
-
o
-
o
]
-

where
o
-
= o(p
-
+t
-
)
(1 +lne
-
)
repre&ent& the intact, -n(amage( 9ehavior,
= Ae
e
]

repre&ent& the acc-m-late( (amage Bhi&tory varia9le 2C 9a&e( -pon the increa&e in pla&tic &train per
comp-tational cycle an( the pla&tic &train to fract-re
e
]
= J
1
(p
-
+t -)
d
2

an(
o
]
-
= (p
-
)
m
(1 + lne) SHAX
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%" ;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ERAMI0S
2#!"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
repre&ent& the (amage( 9ehavior. An each ca&e, the FIF in(icate& a normaliHe( :-antity, the &tre&&e&
9eing normaliHe( 9y the e:-ivalent &tre&& at the L-goniot ela&tic limit B&ee 9elowC, the pre&&-re& 9y
the pre&&-re at the L-goniot ela&tic limit B&ee 9elowC an( the &train rate 9y the reference &train rate.
The parameter (1 control& the rate at which (amage acc-m-late&. Af it i& ma(e $, f-ll (amage occ-r&
in one time &tep i.e. in&tantaneo-&ly. At i& al&o the 9e&t parameter to vary if one attempt& to repro(-ce
re&-lt& generate( 9y another finite element program.
An -n(amage( material, the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re i& given 9y
P = k
1
p +k
2
p
2
+k
3
p
3

in compre&&ion an(
P = k
1
p
in ten&ion where p = p p
0
1 . ,hen (amage &tart& to occ-r, there i& an increa&e in pre&&-re. 2
fraction, 9etween $ an( 1, of the ela&tic energy lo&&, , i& converte( into hy(ro&tatic potential energy
Bpre&&-reC. The (etail& of thi& pre&&-re increa&e are given in the reference.
=iven 5el an( g, p
hel
can 9e fo-n( iteratively from
hel = k
1
p
hel
+k
2
p
hel
2
+k
3
p
hel
3
+( S )g(p
hel
(1 +p
hel
)
an(, &-9&e:-ently, for normaliHation p-rpo&e&,
P
hel
= k
1
p
hel
+k
2
p
hel
2
+k
3
p
hel
3
3

an(
o
hel
= 1.S(hel p
hel
)
The&e are calc-late( a-tomatically 9y LS#3452 if p
]0
i& Hero on inp-t.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ON0RE/E ;MA/=%%%
LSDYNA 2#!"% B.2TC
;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ON0RE/E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 111. Thi& mo(el can 9e -&e( for concrete &-9Gecte( to large &train&, high &train
rate& an( high pre&&-re&. The e:-ivalent &trength i& expre&&e( a& a f-nction of the pre&&-re, &train
rate, an( (amage. The pre&&-re i& expre&&e( a& a f-nction of the vol-metric &train an( incl-(e& the
effect of permanent cr-&hing. The (amage i& acc-m-late( a& a f-nction of the pla&tic vol-metric
&train, e:-ivalent pla&tic &train an( pre&&-re. 2 more (etaile( (e&cription of thi& mo(el can 9e fo-n(
in the paper 9y Lolm:-i&t, Kohn&on, an( Coo7 W1%X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = 2 B C 5 +C
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T <PS$ <+.A5 S+.2M PC 8C PL 8L
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 @1 @2 @% +S
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
2
5ormaliHe( cohe&ive &trength.
B
5ormaliHe( pre&&-re har(ening.
C
Strain rate coefficient.
5
Pre&&-re har(ening exponent.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%% ;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ON0RE/E
2#!"! B.2TC LSDYNA
+C
R-a&i#&tatic -niaxial compre&&ive &trength.
T
.axim-m ten&ile hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re.
<PS$
<+.A5
2mo-nt of pla&tic &train 9efore fract-re.
S+.2M
5ormaliHe( maxim-m &trength.
PC
Cr-&hing pre&&-re.
8C
Cr-&hing vol-metric &train.
PL
Loc7ing pre&&-re.
8L
Loc7ing vol-metric &train.
31
3amage con&tant.
32
3amage con&tant.
@1
Pre&&-re con&tant.
@2
Pre&&-re con&tant.
@%
Pre&&-re con&tant.
+S
+ail-re type)
+S > $ fail if (amage &trength L ;
+S T $ fail if P
-
+I
-
u Bten&ile fail-reC.
+S ? $ fail if the effective pla&tic &train ? +S.
Re5arAs(
The normaliHe( e:-ivalent &tre&& i& (efine( a&
o
-
=
o
'
c

where o i& the act-al e:-ivalent &tre&&, an( ' i& the :-a&i#&tatic -niaxial compre&&ive &trength. The
expre&&ion i& (efine( a&)
o
-
= |A(1 ) +BP
-
N
]|1 +Cln(e
-
)]
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=0ON0RE/E ;MA/=%%%
LSDYNA 2#!"" B.2TC
where i& the (amage parameter, P
-
= P '
c
i& the normaliHe( pre&&-re an( e
-
= e e
0
i& the (i#
men&ionle&& &train rate. The mo(el incrementally acc-m-late& (amage, 1, 9oth from e:-ivalent pla&#
tic &train an( pla&tic vol-metric &train, an( i& expre&&e( a&
=
Ae
+Ap
1
(P
-
+I
-
)
2

where Ae
an( Ap
are the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train an( pla&tic vol-metric &train,

1
an(
2
are mate#
rial con&tant& an( I
-
= I '
c
i& the normaliHe( maxim-m ten&ile hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re.
The (amage &trength, 1S, i& (efine( in compre&&ion when P
-
? $ a&
S =
c
i
HIN|SHAX, A(1 ) +BP
-
N
]|1 +C - ln(e
-
)]
Or in ten&ion if P
-
> $, a&
S =
c
i
HAX _u, A(1 ) A_
P
-
I
]_ |1 +C - ln(e
-
)]
The pre&&-re for f-lly (en&e material i& expre&&e( a&
P = K
1
p +K
2
p
2
+K
3
p
3

where K
1
, K
2
an( K
3
are material con&tant& an( the mo(ifie( vol-metric &train i& (efine( a&
p =
p p
lk
1 +p
lk

where p
lk
i& the loc7ing vol-metric &train.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%$ ;MA/=.INI/E=ELAS/I0=S/RAIN=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#!"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=.INI/E=ELAS/I0=S/RAIN=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 112. 2n ela&to#pla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve an(
ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. The ela&tic re&pon&e of thi& mo(el -&e& a finite
&train form-lation &o that large ela&tic &train& can (evelop 9efore yiel(ing occ-r&. Thi& mo(el i&
availa9le for &oli( element& only. See 'emar7& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 <T25
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.INI/E=ELAS/I0=S/RAIN=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/=%%$
LSDYNA 2#!"7 B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
C
P
LCSS
rameter&) C an( PD the c-rve A3, LCS'D <PS1#<PS/ an( <S1#<S/ are ig#
nore( if a Ta9le A3 i& (efine(.
LCS'
<PS1#<PS/
point& &ho-l( 9e (efine(. The fir&t point m-&t 9e Hero corre&pon(ing to the
initial yiel( &tre&&. ,2'5A5=) Af the fir&t point i& nonHero the yiel( &tre&&
i& extrapolate( to (etermine the initial yiel(. Af thi& option i& -&e( SA=4
an( <T25 are ignore( an( may 9e inp-t a& Hero.
<S1#<S/
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%$ ;MA/=.INI/E=ELAS/I0=S/RAIN=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#!"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
mo(-l-&, <T25. 2lternately, a c-rve &imilar to that &hown in +ig-re 2#0 i& expecte( to 9e (efine( 9y
B<PS1,<S1C # B<PS/,<S/CD however, an effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve BLCSSC may
9e inp-t in&tea( if eight point& are in&-fficient. The co&t i& ro-ghly the &ame for either approach.
The mo&t general approach i& to -&e the ta9le (efinition BLCSSC (i&c-&&e( 9elow.
1 +[
s
C
1

,


e
]
e
]
.
ha& to 9e -&e(, &ee +ig-re 2#1$.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/RI3 ;MA/=%%!
LSDYNA 2#!" B.2TC
;MA/=/RI3
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11%. Thi& i&otropic ela&to#pla&tic material mo(el applie& to &hell element& on#
ly. At feat-re& a &pecial har(ening law aime( at mo(elling the temperat-re (epen(ent har(ening 9e#
havior of a-&tenitic &tainle&& T'AP#&teel&. T'AP &tan(& for Tran&formation An(-ce( Pla&ticity. 2 (e#
taile( (e&cription of thi& material mo(el can 9e fo-n( in Lxn&el, Lora, an( 'ei&&ner W1/X an(
Sche(in, PrentHa&, an( Lil(ing W2$$!X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' CP T$ T'<+ T2$
Type 2/ + +
3efa-lt

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B C 3 P R <$.2'T P.$
Type + +
3efa-lt

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LS BLS . 5 <PS$ L.2'T @1 @2
Type
3efa-lt

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%! ;MA/=/RI3
2#!0$ B.2TC LSDYNA
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
CP
2(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation option)
<R.$.$) 2(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation i& (i&a9le(.
=T.$.$) CP i& the &pecific heat Cp. 2(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation i&
ena9le(.
T$
Anitial temperat-re T
$
of the material if a(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation i&
ena9le(.
T'<+
'eference temperat-re for o-tp-t of the yiel( &tre&& a& hi&tory varia9le 1.
T2$
'eference temperat-re T
2$
, the a9&ol-te Hero for the -&e( temperat-re
&cale, e.g. #27%.1" if the Cel&i-& &cale i& -&e( an( $.$ if the @elvin &cale i&
-&e(.
2
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter A, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
B
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter ), &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
C
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter #, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
3
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter 1, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
P
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter p, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
R
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter Q, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
<$.2'T
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter E
;mart4
, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
P.$
The initial vol-me fraction of marten&ite $.$>'
m$
>1.$

may 9e initiali&e(
-&ing two (ifferent metho(&)
=T.$.$) Pm$ i& &et to P.$.
LT.$.$) Can 9e -&e( only when there are initial pla&tic &train& p pre#
&ent, e.g. when -&ing IA5ATA2LJST'<SSJSL<LL. The a9&o#
l-te val-e of P.$ i& then the loa( c-rve A3 for a f-nction f that
&et& I
m0
= (e
). The f-nction f m-&t 9e a monotonically non#

(ecrea&ing f-nction of e
.
2LS
Lar(ening law parameter A
AS
BLS
Lar(ening law parameter )
AS
.
Lar(ening law parameter m, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
5
Lar(ening law parameter n, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/RI3 ;MA/=%%!
LSDYNA 2#!01 B.2TC
<PS$
Lar(ening law parameter
$
L.2'T
!]
@1
Lar(ening law parameter 0
1
@2
2
Re5arAs(
Lere a &hort (e&cription i& given of the T'AP#material mo(el. The material mo(el -&e& the von .i&e&
yiel( &-rface in com9ination with i&otropic har(ening. The har(ening i& temperat-re (epen(ent an(
therefore thi& material mo(el m-&t 9e r-n either in a co-ple( thermo#mechanical &ol-tion, -&ing pre#
&cri9e( temperat-re& or -&ing the a(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation option. Setting the parameter CP
to the &pecific heat #
p
of the material activate& the a(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation that calc-late&
the temperat-re rate from the e:-ation
I
=
c
p
pC
p
,
where o
i& the pla&tically (i&&ipate( heat. 8&ing the @elvin &cale i& recommen(e(, even tho-gh
other &cale& may 9e -&e( witho-t pro9lem&.
The har(ening 9ehavior i& (e&cri9e( 9y the following e:-ation&. The .arten&ite rate e:-ation i&
v
m
s
p
=
`
1
1
u, e < E
0(mt)
B
A
ex [

1-1
A0
[
1-v
m
v
m

B+1
B
I
m
1
2
1 tanh(C + I), e
E
0(mt)
,
where
e
T effective pla&tic &train an(

T T temperat-re.
The marten&ite fraction i& integrate( from the a9ove rate e:-ation)
I
m
= ]
v
m
s
p
s
0
Je
.
At alway& hol(& that $.$>'
m
>1.$. The initial marten&ite content i& '
m$
an( m-&t 9e greater than Hero
an( le&& than 1.$. 5ote that '
m$
i& not -&e( (-ring a re&tart or when initialiHing the '
m
hi&tory varia#
9le -&ing IA5ATA2LJST'<SSJSL<LL.
The yiel( &tre&&
y
i&
o
= {B
HS
(B
HS
A
HS
)ex(m|e
+e
0
]
)](K
1
+K
2
I) +AE
yui
I
m
.
The parameter& p an( B &ho-l( f-lfill the following con(ition
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%! ;MA/=/RI3
2#!02 B.2TC LSDYNA
B1^BCEB>p,
if not f-lfille( then the marten&ite rate will approach infinity a& I
m
approache& Hero. Setting the pa#
rameter e
0
larger than Hero, typical range $.$$1#$.$2 i& recommen(e(. 2 part from the effective tr-e
&train a few a((itional hi&tory varia9le& are o-tp-t, &ee 9elow.
Li&tory varia9le& that are o-tp-t for po&t#proce&&ing)
1 4iel( &tre&& of material at temperat-re T'<+. 8&ef-l to eval-ate the &trength of the
material after e.g., a &im-late( forming operation.
2 Pol-me fraction marten&ite, '
m

% CP <R.$.$) 5ot -&e(
CP =T.$.$) Temperat-re from a(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=LAYERED=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/=%%*

LSDYNA 2#!0% B.2TC
;MA/=LAYERED=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11!. 2 layere( ela&topla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-& &train
c-rve an( an ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. Thi& material m-&t 9e -&e( with the
-&er (efine( integration r-le&, &ee IA5T<='2TAO5#SL<LL, for mo(eling laminate( compo&ite an(
&an(wich &hell& where each layer can 9e repre&ente( 9y ela&topla&tic 9ehavior with con&tit-tive con#
&tant& that vary from layer to layer. Lamination theory i& applie( to correct for the a&&-mption of a
-niform con&tant &hear &train thro-gh the thic7ne&& of the &hell. 8nle&& thi& correction i& applie(, the
&tiffne&& of the &hell can 9e gro&&ly incorrect lea(ing to poor re&-lt&. =enerally, witho-t the correc#
tion the re&-lt& are too &tiff. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for &hell element& only. 2l&o, &ee 'emar7& 9e#
low.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%* ;MA/=LAYERED=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y

2#!0! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
T3<L
C
P
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=LAYERED=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/=%%*

LSDYNA 2#!0" B.2TC
LCSS
&tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the
highe&t val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the &train rate excee(& the maxim-m
val-e. The &train rate parameter&) C an( PD the c-rve A3, LCS'D <PS1#
<PS/ an( <S1#<S/ are ignore( if a Ta9le A3 i& (efine(.
LCS'
<PS1#<PS/
<S1#<S/
Re5arAs(
mo(-l-&, <T25. 2lternately, a c-rve &imilar to that &hown in +ig-re 2#0 i& expecte( to 9e (efine( 9y
B<PS1,<S1C # B<PS/,<S/CD however, an effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve BLCSSC may
9e inp-t in&tea( if eight point& are in&-fficient. The co&t i& ro-ghly the &ame for either approach.
The mo&t general approach i& to -&e the ta9le (efinition BLCSSC (i&c-&&e( 9elow.
1 +[
s
C
1

,


e
]
e
]
.
ha& to 9e -&e(, &ee +ig-re 2#1$.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%> ;MA/=UNI.IED=0REE3
2#!00 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=UNI.IED=0REE3
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11". Thi& i& an ela&tic creep mo(el for mo(eling creep 9ehavior when pla&tic
9ehavior i& not con&i(ere(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 2 5 .
Type 2/ + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
2
Stre&& coefficient.
5
Stre&& exponent.
.
Time exponent.
Re5arAs(
The effective creep &train, e
c
, given a&)
e
c
= Ao
m

where A, n, an( m are con&tant& an( t
i& the effective time. The effective &tre&&, o, i& (efine( a&)
o =
_
S
2
o
]
o
]

The creep &train, therefore, i& only a f-nction of the (eviatoric &tre&&e&. The vol-metric 9ehavior for
thi& material i& a&&-me( to 9e ela&tic. By varying the time con&tant m primary creep BmL*C, &econ(#
ary creep Bm7*C, an( tertiary creep Bm9*C can 9e mo(ele(. Thi& mo(el i& (e&cri9e( 9y ,hirley an(
Len&hall W12X.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=LAYU3 ;MA/=%%)
LSDYNA 2#!07 B.2TC
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=LAYU3
Thi& i& .aterial Type 110. Thi& material i& for mo(eling the ela&tic re&pon&e& of compo&ite lay-p&
that have an ar9itrary n-m9er of layer& thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&. 2 pre#integration i& -&e( to
comp-te the exten&ional, 9en(ing, an( co-pling &tiffne&& for -&e with the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay re&-ltant
&hell form-lation. The angle& of the local material axe& are &pecifie( from layer to layer in the
IS<CTAO5JSL<LL inp-t. Thi& material mo(el m-&t 9e -&e( with the -&er (efine( integration r-le
for &hell&, &ee IA5T<='2TAO5JSL<LL, which allow& the ela&tic con&tant& to change from integra#
tion point to integration point. Since the &tre&&e& are not comp-te( in the re&-ltant form-lation, the
&tre&&e& o-tp-t to the 9inary (ata9a&e& for the re&-ltant element& are Hero. 5ote that thi& &hell &oe%
not u%e laminate& %5ell t5eory an( that &torage i& allocate( for G-&t one integration point Ba& reporte(
in 3%LSPC regar(le&& of the layer& (efine( in the integration r-le.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 2OPT
Type + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%) ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=LAYU3
2#!0/ B.2TC LSDYNA
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
<C
<
c
P'B2
9a
P'C2
ca
P'CB
c9
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9.
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c.
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca.
2OPT
.aterial axe& option, &ee +ig-re 2#%)
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=LAYU3 ;MA/=%%)
LSDYNA 2#!0 B.2TC
B<T2
Re5arAs(
Thi& material law i& 9a&e( on &tan(ar( compo&ite lay#-p theory. The implementation, WKone& 17"X,
allow& the calc-lation of the force, N, an( moment, $, &tre&& re&-ltant& from)
_
N
x
N
y
N
xy
_ =
A
11
A
12
A
16
A
21
A
22
A
26
A
16
A
26
A
66
_
e
0
e
0
e
z
0
_ +
B
11
B
12
B
16
B
21
B
22
B
26
B
16
B
26
B
66
_
K
x
K
y
K
z
_
_
H
N
y
N
xy
_ =
B
11
B
12
B
16
B
21
B
22
B
26
B
16
B
26
B
66
_
e
0
e
0
e
z
0
_ +
11

12

16
21

22

26
16

26

66
_
K
x
K
y
K
z
_
where A
]
i& the exten&ional &tiffne&&,
]
i& the 9en(ing &tiffne&&, an( B
]
i& the co-pling &tiffne&&
which i& a n-ll matrix for &ymmetric lay#-p&. The mi(#&-rface &tain& an( c-rvat-re& are (enote( 9y
e
]
0
an(
]
re&pectively. Since the&e &tiffne&& matrice& are &ymmetric, 1/ term& are nee(e( per &hell
element in a((ition to the &hell re&-ltant& which are integrate( in time. Thi& i& con&i(era9ly le&&
&torage than wo-l( typically 9e re:-ire( with thro-gh thic7ne&& integration which re:-ire& a mini#
m-m of eight hi&tory varia9le& per integration point, e.g., if 1$$ layer& are -&e( /$$ hi&tory varia9le&
wo-l( 9e &tore(. 5ot only i& memory m-ch le&& for thi& mo(el, 9-t the CP8 time re:-ire( i& al&o
con&i(era9ly re(-ce(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%- ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MA/RIT
2#!7$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MA/RIT
Thi& i& .aterial Type 117. Thi& material i& -&e( for mo(eling the ela&tic re&pon&e& of compo&ite&
where a pre#integration i& -&e( to comp-te the exten&ional, 9en(ing, an( co-pling &tiffne&& coeffi#
cient& for -&e with the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay re&-ltant &hell form-lation. Since the &tre&&e& are not com#
p-te( in the re&-ltant form-lation, the &tre&&e& o-tp-t to the 9inary (ata9a&e& for the re&-ltant ele#
ment& are Hero.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O
Type 2/ +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C11 C12 C22 C1% C2% C%% C1! C2!
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C%! C!! C1" C2" C%" C!" C"" C10
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C20 C%0 C!0 C"0 C00 2OPT
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MA/RIT ;MA/=%%-
LSDYNA 2#!71 B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
CAK
C
]
coefficient& of &tiffne&& matrix.
2OPT
.aterial axe& option, &ee +ig-re 2#%)
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ an( %, may 9e overri((en on the
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%- ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MA/RIT
2#!72 B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
The calc-lation of the force, N
]
, an( moment, H
]
, &tre&& re&-ltant& i& given in term& of the mem#
9rane &train&, e
0
, an( &hell c-rvat-re&C,
, a&)
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
N
H
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
C
11
C
12
C
13
C
14
C
15
C
16
C
21
C
22
C
23
C
24
C
25
C
26
C
31
C
32
C
33
C
34
C
35
C
36
C
41
C
42
C
43
C
44
C
45
C
46
C
51
C
52
C
53
C
54
C
55
C
56
C
61
C
62
C
63
C
64
C
65
C
66
1
1
1
1
1
1
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
e
0
e
0
e
z
0
x
x
z
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

where C
]
= C
]
. An thi& mo(el thi& &ymmetric matrix i& tran&forme( into the element local &y&tem
an( the coefficient& are &tore( a& element hi&tory varia9le&. An mo(el type I.2TJCO.POSAT<
J3A'<CT 9elow, the re&-ltant& are alrea(y a&&-me( to 9e given in the element local &y&tem which
re(-ce& the &torage &ince the 21 coefficient& are not &tore( a& hi&tory varia9le& a& part of the ele#
ment (ata.
The &hell thic7ne&& i& 9-ilt into the coefficient matrix an(, con&e:-ently, within the part A3, which
reference& thi& material A3, the thic7ne&& m-&t 9e -niform.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DIRE0/ ;MA/=%%?
LSDYNA 2#!7% B.2TC
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DIRE0/
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11/. Thi& material i& -&e( for mo(eling the ela&tic re&pon&e& of compo&ite&
where a pre#integration i& -&e( to comp-te the exten&ional, 9en(ing, an( co-pling &tiffne&& coeffi#
cient& for -&e with the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay re&-ltant &hell form-lation. Since the &tre&&e& are not com#
p-te( in the re&-ltant form-lation, the &tre&&e& o-tp-t to the 9inary (ata9a&e& for the re&-ltant ele#
ment& are Hero.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O
Type 2/ +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C11 C12 C22 C1% C2% C%% C1! C2!
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C%! C!! C1" C2" C%" C!" C"" C10
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C20 C%0 C!0 C"0 C00
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
CAK
C
]
coefficient& of the &tiffne&& matrix.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%? ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=DIRE0/
2#!7! B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
The calc-lation of the force, N
]
, an( moment, H
]
, &tre&& re&-ltant& i& given in term& of the mem#
9rane &train&, e
0
, an( &hell c-rvat-re&,
, a&)
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
N
H
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
C
11
C
12
C
13
C
14
C
15
C
16
C
21
C
22
C
23
C
24
C
25
C
26
C
31
C
32
C
33
C
34
C
35
C
36
C
41
C
42
C
43
C
44
C
45
C
46
C
51
C
52
C
53
C
54
C
55
C
56
C
61
C
62
C
63
C
64
C
65
C
66
1
1
1
1
1
1
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
e
0
e
0
e
z
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

where C
]
= C
]
. An thi& mo(el the &tiffne&& coefficient& are alrea(y a&&-me( to 9e given in the ele#
ment local &y&tem which re(-ce& the &torage. =reat care in the element orientation an( choice of the
local element &y&tem, &ee ICO5T'OLJ2CC8'2C4, m-&t 9e o9&erve( if thi& mo(el i& -&e(.
The &hell thic7ne&& i& 9-ilt into the coefficient matrix an(, con&e:-ently, within the part A3, which
reference& thi& material A3, the thic7ne&& m-&t 9e -niform.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR=)DO.=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=%%,
LSDYNA 2#!7" B.2TC
;MA/=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR=)DO.=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 11. Thi& i& a very general &pring an( (amper mo(el. Thi& 9eam i& 9a&e( on
the .2TJSP'A5=J=<5<'2LJ5O5LA5<2' option. 2((itional -nloa(ing option& have 9een
incl-(e(. The two no(e& (efining the 9eam may 9e coinci(ent to give a Hero length 9eam, or off&et
to give a finite length 9eam. +or finite length (i&crete 9eam& the a9&ol-te val-e of the varia9le
SCOO' in the S<CTAO5JB<2. inp-t &ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e of 2.$ or %.$ to give phy&ically cor#
rect 9ehavior. 2 tria( i& -&e( to orient the 9eam for the (irectional &pring&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @T @' 85L3OPT O++S<T 32.P+ A+L2=
Type 2/ + + + A + + A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3T' LCA3TS LCA3TT LCA3'' LCA3'S LCA3'T
Type A A A A A A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type A A A A A A

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type A A A A A A

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3T<' LCA3T<S LCA3T<T LCA3'<' LCA3'<S LCA3'<T
Type A A A A A A

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%%, ;MA/=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR=)DO.=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#!70 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 8T+2AL' 8T+2ALS 8T+2ALT ,T+2AL' ,T+2ALS ,T+2ALT
Type + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 8C+2AL' 8C+2ALS 8C+2ALT ,C+2AL' ,C+2ALS ,C+2ALT
Type + + + + + +

Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A8' A8S A8T A,' A,S A,T
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
@T
Tran&lational &tiffne&& for -nloa(ing option 2.$.
@'
'otational &tiffne&& for -nloa(ing option 2.$.
32.P+
ommen(e(. Thi& (amping factor i& properly &cale( to eliminate time &tep
&iHe (epen(ency. 2l&o, it i& active if an( only if the local &tiffne&& i& (e#
fine(.
A+L2=
+lag for &witching 9etween the (i&placement B(efa-lt A+L2=T$C an( linear
&train BA+L2=T1C form-lation&. The (i&placement form-lation i& the one
-&e( in all other mo(el&. +or the linear &train form-lation, the (i&place#
ment& an( velocitie& are (ivi(e( 9y the initial length of the 9eam.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!77 B.2TC
85L3OPT
8nloa(ing option B2l&o &ee +ig-re 2#"2.C)
ing c-rve.
&tiffne&&, @T or @', to the -nloa(ing c-rve. The loa(ing an(
-nloa(ing c-rve& may only inter&ect at the origin of the axe&.
nent off&et.
O++S<T
Off&et factor 9etween $ an( 1.$ to (etermine permanent &et -pon -nloa(ing
if the 85L3OPTT%.$. The permanent &et& in compre&&ion an( ten&ion are
e:-al to the pro(-ct of thi& off&et val-e an( the maxim-m compre&&ive an(
ten&ile (i&placement&, re&pectively.
LCA3T'
&-& relative tran&lational (i&placement. Af Hero, no &tiffne&& relate( force&
are generate( for thi& (egree of free(om. The loa(ing c-rve& m-&t 9e (e#
fine( from the mo&t negative (i&placement to the mo&t po&itive (i&place#
ment. The force (oe& not nee( to increa&e monotonically. The c-rve& in
thi& inp-t are linearly extrapolate( when the (i&placement range fall& o-t#
&i(e the c-rve (efinition.
LCA3TS
LCA3TT
LCA3''
LCA3'S
LCA3'T
D
R
A
F
T
2#!7/ B.2TC LSDYNA
LCA3T8'
&-& relative tran&lational (i&placement (-ring -nloa(ing. The force val-e&
(efine( 9y thi& c-rve m-&t increa&e monotonically from the mo&t negative
(i&placement to the mo&t po&itive (i&placement. +or 85L3OPTT1.$, the
&lope of thi& c-rve m-&t e:-al or excee( the loa(ing c-rve for &ta9ility rea#
&on&. Thi& i& not the ca&e for 85L3OPTT2.$. +or loa(ing an( -nloa(ing
to follow the &ame path &imply &et LCA3T8'TLCA3T'. +or option& 85#
L3OPTT$.$ or %.$ the -nloa(ing c-rve i& not re:-ire(.
LCA3T8S
&-& relative tran&lational (i&placement (-ring -nloa(ing.
LCA3T8T
&-& relative tran&lational (i&placement (-ring -nloa(ing.
LCA3'8'
&-& relative rotational (i&placement (-ring -nloa(ing.
LCA3'8S
&-& relative rotational (i&placement (-ring -nloa(ing.
LCA3'8T
&-& relative rotational (i&placement (-ring -nloa(ing. Af Hero, no vi&co-&
force& are generate( for thi& (egree of free(om.
LCA3T3'
r#axi& ver&-& relative tran&lational velocity.
LCA3T3S
&#axi& ver&-& relative tran&lational velocity.
LCA3T3T
t#axi& ver&-& relative tran&lational velocity.
LCA3'3'
r#axi& ver&-& relative rotational velocity.
LCA3'3S
&#axi& ver&-& relative rotational velocity.
LCA3'3T
t#axi& ver&-& relative rotational velocity.
LCA3T<'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational (amping force &cale factor ver&-& rela#
tive (i&placement in local r#(irection.
LCA3T<S
tive (i&placement in local &#(irection.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!7 B.2TC
LCA3T<T
tive (i&placement in local t#(irection.
LCA3'<'
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining rotational (amping moment re&-ltant &cale factor
ver&-& relative (i&placement in local r#rotation.
LCA3'<S
ver&-& relative (i&placement in local &#rotation.
LCA3'<T
ver&-& relative (i&placement in local t#rotation.
8T+2AL'
Optional, tran&lational (i&placement at fail-re in ten&ion. Af Hero, the corre#
&pon(ing (i&placement, -
r
, i& not con&i(ere( in the fail-re calc-lation.
8T+2ALS
&
8T+2ALT
t
,T+2AL'
Optional, rotational (i&placement at fail-re in ten&ion. Af Hero, the corre#
&pon(ing rotation,
r
,T+2ALS
Optional, rotational (i&placement at fail-re in ten&ion. Af Hero, the corre#
&pon(ing rotation,
&
,T+2ALT
Optional rotational (i&placement at fail-re in ten&ion. Af Hero, the corre#
&pon(ing rotation,
t
8C+2AL'
Optional, tran&lational (i&placement at fail-re in compre&&ion. Af Hero, the
corre&pon(ing (i&placement, -
r
3efine a& a po&itive n-m9er.
8C+2ALS
&
8C+2ALT
t
,C+2AL'
Optional, rotational (i&placement at fail-re in compre&&ion. Af Hero, the
corre&pon(ing rotation,
r
, i& not con&i(ere( in the fail-re calc-lation. 3e#
fine a& a po&itive n-m9er.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
,C+2ALS
&
,C+2ALT
t
A8'
Anitial tran&lational (i&placement along local r#axi&.
A8S
Anitial tran&lational (i&placement along local &#axi&.
A8T
Anitial tran&lational (i&placement along local t#axi&.
A,'
Anitial rotational (i&placement a9o-t the local r#axi&.
A,S
Anitial rotational (i&placement a9o-t the local &#axi&.
A,T
Anitial rotational (i&placement a9o-t the local t#axi&.
Re5arAs(
Cata&trophic fail-re, which i& 9a&e( on (i&placement re&-ltant&, occ-r& if either of the following
ine:-alitie& are &ati&fie()
_
u
tal
_
2
+_
u
tal
_
2
+_
u
t
u
t
tal
_
2
+_
0
tal
_
2
+_
0
tal
_
2
+_
0
t
0
t
t]
_
2
1. u
[
u
r
u
r
al
2
+[
u
s
u
s
al
2
+[
u
t
u
t
al
2
+[
0
r
0
r
al
2
+[
0
s
0
s
al
2
+[
0
t
0
t
al
2
1. u
2fter fail-re the (i&crete element i& (elete(. Af fail-re i& incl-(e( either the ten&ion fail-re or the
compre&&ion fail-re or 9oth may 9e -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!/1 B.2TC

+ig-re 2#"2. Loa( an( -nloa(ing 9ehavior.

There are two form-lation& for calc-lating the force. The fir&t i& the &tan(ar( (i&placement form-la#
tion, where, for example, the force in a linear &pring i&

= KA

for a change in length of the 9eam of A. The &econ( form-lation i& 9a&e( on the linear &train, giving
a force of

= K
A
0

for a 9eam with an initial length of
0
. Thi& option i& -&ef-l when there are &pring& of (ifferent
length& 9-t otherwi&e &imilar con&tr-ction &ince it a-tomatically re(-ce& the &tiffne&& of the &pring a&
the length increa&e&, allowing an entire family of &pring& to 9e mo(ele( with a &ingle material. 5ote
that all the (i&placement an( velocity component& are (ivi(e( 9y the initial length, an( therefore the
&caling applie& to the (amping an( rotational &tiffne&&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$" ;MA/=2URSON
2#!/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=2URSON
Thi& i& .aterial Type 12$. Thi& i& the =-r&on (ilatational#pla&tic mo(el. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for
&hell an( &oli( element&. 2 (etaile( (e&cription of thi& mo(el can 9e fo-n( in the following refer#
ence&) =-r&on W17", 177X, Ch- an( 5ee(leman W1/$X an( Tvergaar( an( 5ee(leman W1/!X. The
implementation in LS#3452 i& 9a&e( on the implementation of +e-cht W1/X an( +aynacht W1X,
which wa& reco(e( at LSTC. Strain rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine( via a Ta9le (efinition &tarting
with the &econ( formal relea&e of ver&ion 71.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 5 R1 R2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +C +$ <5 S5 +5 <T25 2T4P ++$
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2URSON ;MA/=%$"
LSDYNA 2#!/% B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L1 L2 L% L! ++1 ++2 ++% ++!
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCSS LCL+ 58.A5T LC+$ LC+C LC+5 P=T4P 3<MP
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ 1.$ $ $ $ $ %.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
5
<xponent for Power law. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if 2T4PT1 an( LCSST$.
R1
=-r&on flow f-nction parameter
1
.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!/! B.2TC LSDYNA
R2
2
.
+C
Critical voi( vol-me fraction
c
where voi(& 9egin to aggregate. Thi& val-e
i& only -&e( if LC+CT$.
+$
Anitial voi( vol-me fraction
0
. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if LC+$T$.
<5
.ean n-cleation &train e
N
.
S5
Stan(ar( (eviation s
N

of the normal (i&tri9-tion of e
N
.
+5
Poi( vol-me fraction of n-cleating particle&
N
. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if
LC+5T$.
<T25
Lar(ening mo(-l-&. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if 2T4PT2 an( LCSST$.
2T4P
Type of har(ening.
<R.1.$) Power law.
<R.2.$) Linear har(ening.
<R.%.$) / point& c-rve.
++$
+ail-re voi( vol-me fraction
P
. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if no c-rve i& given
9y L1,++1 g L!,++! an( LC++T$.
<PS1#<PS/
<ffective pla&tic &train val-e&. The fir&t point m-&t 9e Hero corre&pon(ing
to the initial yiel( &tre&&. 2t lea&t 2 point& &ho-l( 9e (efine(. The&e val-e&
are -&e( if 2T4PT% an( LCSST$.
<S1#<S/
Corre&pon(ing yiel( &tre&& val-e& to <PS1 g <PS/. The&e val-e& are -&e( if
2T4PT% an( LCSST$.
L1#L!
<lement length val-e&. The&e val-e& are only -&e( if LC++T$
++1#++!
Corre&pon(ing fail-re voi( vol-me fraction. The&e val-e& are only -&e( if
LC++T$.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!/" B.2TC
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. 2T4P i& ignore( with thi& option. Loa( c-rve
A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train. Ta9le A3 (efine&
for each &train rate val-e a loa( c-rve A3 giving the effective &tre&& ver&-&
effective pla&tic &train for that rate B&ee .2TJ$2!C. The
&tre&&#&train c-rve for the lowe&t val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the &train rate
fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e. Li7ewi&e, the &tre&&#&train c-rve for the
highe&t val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the &train rate excee(& themaxim-m
val-e. 5OT<) The &train rate val-e& (efine( in the ta9le may 9e given a&
the nat-ral logarithm of the &train rate. Af the fir%t &tre&&#&train c-rve in the
ta9le corre&pon(& to a negative &train rate, LS#3452 a&&-me& that the nat#
-ral logarithm of the &train rate val-e i& -&e(. Since the ta9le& are internal#
ly (i&cretiHe( to e:-ally &pace the point&, nat-ral logarithm& are nece&&ary,
for example, if the c-rve& corre&pon( to rate& from 1$.e#$! to 1$.e^$!.
The ta9le option i& availa9le &tarting with the &econ( formal relea&e of ver#
&ion 71.
LC++
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining fail-re voi( vol-me fraction
P
ver&-& element
length.
58.A5T
5-m9er of integration point& which m-&t fail 9efore the element i& (elete(.
Thi& option i& availa9le for &hell& an( &oli(&.
LT.$.$) b58.A5Tb i& percentage of integration point&Elayer& which
m-&t fail 9efore &hell element fail&. +or f-lly integrate( &hell&, a
metho(ology i& -&e( where a layer fail& if one integration
point fail& an( then the given percentage of layer& m-&t fail
9efore the element fail&. Only availa9le for &hell&.
LC+$
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining initial voi( vol-me fraction
0
ver&-& element
length. Thi& option i& availa9le &tarting with the &econ( formal relea&e of
ver&ion 71.
LC+C
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining critical voi( vol-me fraction
c
ver&-& element
length. Thi& option i& availa9le &tarting with the &econ( formal relea&e of
ver&ion 71.
LC+5
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining voi( vol-me fraction of n-cleating particle&
N
ver#
&-& element length. Thi& option i& availa9le &tarting with the &econ( formal
relea&e of ver&ion 71.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
P=T4P
Type of voi( growth 9ehavior.
<R.$.$) Poi( growth in ca&e of ten&ion an( voi( contraction in ca&e
of compre&&ion, 9-t never 9elow
0
B(efa-ltC.
<R.1.$) Poi( growth only in ca&e of ten&ion.
<R.2.$) Poi( growth in ca&e of ten&ion an( voi( contraction in ca&e
of compre&&ion, even 9elow
0
.
3<MP
<xponent val-e for (amage hi&tory varia9le 10.
Re5arAs(
The =-r&on flow f-nction i& (efine( a&)
m =
o
M
2
o
2
+2
1
-
sh _
S
2
o
H
2o
] 1 (
1
-
)
2
= u
where o
M
i& the e:-ivalent von .i&e& &tre&&, o
i& the yiel( &tre&&, o

H
i& the mean hy(ro&tatic
&tre&&. The effective voi( vol-me fraction i& (efine( a&
-
() = _

c
c
+
1
1

c
P

c
(
c
) >
c

The growth of voi( vol-me fraction i& (efine( a&
u
+
N

where the growth of exi&ting voi(& i& (efine( a&
u
= (1 )e
kk

an( n-cleation of new voi(& i& (efine( a&
N
= Ae

with f-nction A
A =

N
S
N
V2n
ex _
1
2
_
e
e
N
S
N
]
2
_
Poi(& are n-cleate( only in ten&ion.

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!/7 B.2TC
Li&tory varia9le&
S5ell / Soli& 1e%cription
1 E 1 Poi( vol-me fraction
! E 2 Triaxiality varia9le o
H
o
M

" E % <ffective &train rate
0 E ! =rowth of voi(&
7 E " 5-cleation of voi(&
11 E 11 3imen&ionle&& material (amage val-e = _
(
0
)(
c

0
)
c
1 +(
c
)(
P

c
) >
c

1% E 1% 3eviatoric part of micro&copic pla&tic &train
1! E 1! Pol-metric part of macro&copic pla&tic &train

10 E 10 3imen&ionle&& material (amage val-e = [
]-]
0
]
-]
0
1LXP
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$"=J0 ;MA/=2URSON=J0
2#!// B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=2URSON=J0
Thi& i& an enhancement of .aterial Type 12$. Thi& i& the =-r&on mo(el with a((itional Kohn&on#
Coo7 fail-re criterion Bparameter& Car( "C. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for &hell an( &oli( element&.
Strain rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine( via Ta9le. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le &tarting with the &econ(
formal relea&e of ver&ion 71. 2n exten&ion for voi( growth -n(er &hear#(ominate( &tate& an( for
Kohn&on#Coo7 (amage evol-tion i& availa9le &tarting with the fo-rth formal relea&e of ver&ion 71
Boptional Car( 7C.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +C +$ <5 S5 +5 <T25 2T4P ++$
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2URSON=J0 ;MA/=%$"=J0
LSDYNA 2#!/ B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=1 SA=2 SA=% SA=! SA=" SA=0 SA=7 SA=/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC32. L1 L2 31 32 3% 3! LCKC
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCSS LC++ 58.A5T LC+$ LC+C LC+5 P=T4P 3<MP
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ 1 $ $ $ $ %.$

O4tional 0ard &startinE :itH 'ersion ,-% release R*+
Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @, B<T2 .
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ $ 1.$

.A3
D
R
A
F
T
2#!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
5
R1
1
.
R2
2
.
+C
c
where voi(& 9egin to aggregate.
+$
0
. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if LC+$T$.
<5
.ean n-cleation &train e
N
.
S5
Stan(ar( (eviation s
N

N
.
+5
Poi( vol-me fraction of n-cleating particle&
N
. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if
LC+5T$.
<T25
2T4P
Type of har(ening.
<R.1.$) Power law.
++$
+ail-re voi( vol-me fraction
P
. Thi& val-e i& only -&e( if LC++T$.
<PS1#<PS/
to the initial yiel( &tre&&. 2t lea&t 2 point& &ho-l( 9e (efine(. The&e val-e&
are -&e( if 2T4PT% an( LCSST$.
<S1#<S/
Corre&pon(ing yiel( &tre&& val-e& to <PS1 g <PS/. The&e val-e& are -&e( if
2T4PT% an( LCSST$.
LC32.
Loa( c-rve (efining &caling factor A ver&-& element length. Scale& the
Kohn&on#Coo7 fail-re &train B&ee remar7&C. Af LC32.T$, no &caling i& per#
forme(.
L1
Lower triaxiality factor (efining fail-re evol-tion BKohn&on#Coo7C.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!1 B.2TC
L2
8pper triaxiality factor (efining fail-re evol-tion BKohn&on#Coo7C.
31#3!
Kohn&on#Coo7 (amage parameter&.
LCKC
Loa( c-rve (efining &caling factor for Kohn&on#Coo7 fail-re ver&-& triaxial#
ity B&ee remar7&C. Af LCKC ? $, parameter& 31, 32 an( 3% are ignore(.
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. 2T4P i& ignore( with thi& option. Loa( c-rve
A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train. Ta9le A3 (efine&
for each &train rate val-e a loa( c-rve A3 giving the effective &tre&& ver&-&
effective pla&tic &train for that rate B&ee .2TJ$2!C. The &tre&&#&train c-rve
for the lowe&t val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the &train rate fall& 9elow the
minim-m val-e. Li7ewi&e, the &tre&&#&train c-rve for the highe&t val-e of
&train rate i& -&e( if the &train rate excee(& the maxim-m val-e. 5OT<) The
&train rate val-e& (efine( in the ta9le may 9e given a& the nat-ral logarithm
of the &train rate. Af the fir%t &tre&&#&train c-rve in the ta9le corre&pon(& to a
negative &train rate, LS#3452 a&&-me& that the nat-ral logarithm of the
&train rate val-e i& -&e(. Since the ta9le& are internally (i&cretiHe( to e:-al#
ly &pace the point&, nat-ral logarithm& are nece&&ary, for example, if the
c-rve& corre&pon( to rate& from 1$.e#$! to 1$.e^$!.
LC++
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining fail-re voi( vol-me fraction
P
ver&-& element
length.
58.A5T
element i& (elete(. Thi& option i& availa9le for &hell& an( &oli(&.
LT.$.$) b58.A5Tb i& percentage of integration point&Elayer& which m-&t
fail 9efore &hell element fail&. +or f-lly integrate( &hell&, a
point fail& an( then the given percentage of layer& m-&t fail 9e#
fore the element fail&. Only availa9le for &hell&.
LC+$
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining initial voi( vol-me fraction
0
ver&-& element
length.
LC+C
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining critical voi( vol-me fraction
c
ver&-& element
length.
LC+5
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining voi( vol-me fraction of n-cleating particle&
N
ver#
&-& element length.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
P=T4P
Type of voi( growth 9ehavior.
<R.$.$) Poi( growth in ca&e of ten&ion an( voi( contraction in ca&e of
compre&&ion, 9-t never 9elow
0
B(efa-ltC.
<R.1.$) Poi( growth only in ca&e of ten&ion.
<R.2.$) Poi( growth in ca&e of ten&ion an( voi( contraction in ca&e of
compre&&ion, even 9elow
0
.
3<MP
<xponent val-e for (amage hi&tory varia9le 10.
@,
Parameter @
N
for voi( growth in &hear#(ominate( &tate&. See remar7&.
B<T2
Parameter O in Lo(e co&ine f-nction. See remar7&.
.
Parameter for generaliHation of Kohn&on#Coo7 (amage evol-tion. See re#
mar7&.
Re5arAs(
m =
o
M
2
o
2
+2
1
-
sh _
S
2
o
H
2o
] 1 (
1
-
)
2
= u
where o
M
i& the yiel( &tre&&, o

H
i& the mean hy(ro&tatic
&tre&&. The effective voi( vol-me fraction i& (efine( a&
-
() = _

c
c
+
1
1

c
P

c
(
c
) >
c

The growth of voi( vol-me fraction i& (efine( a&
u
+
N

where the growth of exi&ting voi(& i& (efine( a&
u
= (1 )e
kk
+k
o
()(1 )e
M
o
M

The &econ( term i& an optional exten&ion for &hear fail-re propo&e( 9y 5ah&hon an( L-tchin&on
W2$$/X with new parameter k
o
BT$ 9y (efa-ltC, effective pla&tic &train rate in the matrix e
M
, an(
Lo(e co&in f-nction ())
() = 1
2
(1 ), = s(S0) =
27
2
[
3
o
M
3

with parameter , Lo(e angle 0 an( thir( (eviatoric &tre&& invariant [
3
.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!% B.2TC
5-cleation of new voi(& i& (efine( a&
N
= Ae
M

with f-nction A
A =

N
S
N
V2n
ex_
1
2
_
e
M
e
N
S
N
_
2
_
Poi(& are n-cleate( only in ten&ion.
The Kohn&on#Coo7 fail-re criterion i& a((e( in thi& material mo(el. Ba&e( on the triaxiality ratio
o
H
o
M
fail-re i& calc-late( a&)
aC o
H
o
M
> I
1
) =-r&on mo(el
9C I
1
o
H
o
M
I
2
) =-r&on mo(el an( Kohn&on#Coo7 fail-re criteria
cC o
H
o
M
< I
2
) =-r&on mo(el
Kohn&on#Coo7 fail-re &train i& (efine( a&
e
]
= _
1
+
2
ex _
3
o
H
o
M
]_ (1 +
4
ln e)A
where
1
,
2
,
3
an(
4
are the Kohn&on#Coo7 fail-re parameter& an( A i& a f-nction for incl-(ing
me&h#&iHe (epen(ency. 2n alternative expre&&ion can 9e -&e(, where the fir&t term of the a9ove
e:-ation Bincl-(ing 31, 32 an( 3%C i& replace( 9y a general f-nction LCKC which (epen(& on triax#
iality
e
]
= IC[C _
o
H
o
M
] (1 +
4
lne)A
The Kohn&on#Coo7 (amage parameter 1
f
i& calc-late( with the following evol-tion
]
=
e
e
]

]
=
Ae
e
]
]
< 1 n ale
1 ale

where Ae
i& the increment in effective pla&tic &train. 2 more general Bnon#linearC (amage evol-tion
i& po&&i9le if $ ?1 i& cho&en)
]
=
H
e
]
]
[1-
1
M
, H 1.u
Li&tory varia9le&
S5ell / Soli& 1e%cription
1 E 1 Poi( vol-me fraction
D
R
A
F
T
2#!! B.2TC LSDYNA
! E 2 Triaxiality varia9le o
H
o
M

" E % <ffective &train rate
0 E ! =rowth of voi(&
7 E " 5-cleation of voi(&
/ E 0 Kohn&on#Coo7 fail-re &train e
]

E 7 Kohn&on#Coo7 (amage parameter
]

1$ E / 3omain varia9le) T $ ela&tic &tre&& -p(ate
T 1 region aC =-r&on
T 2 region 9C =-r&on ^ Kohn&on#Coo7
T % region cC =-r&on
11 E 11 3imen&ionle&& material (amage val-e = _
(
0
)(
c

0
)
c
1 +(
c
)(
P

c
) >
c

1% E 1% 3eviatoric part of micro&copic pla&tic &train
1! E 1! Pol-metric part of macro&copic pla&tic &train

10 E 10 3imen&ionle&& material (amage val-e = [
]-]
0
]
-]
0
1LXP
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2URSON=R0D0 ;MA/=%$"=R0D0
LSDYNA 2#!" B.2TC
;MA/=2URSON=R0D0
Thi& i& an enhancement of material Type 12$. Thi& i& the =-r&on mo(el with the ,il7in& 'c#3c
W,il7in&, et al., 177X fract-re mo(el a((e(. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for &hell an( &oli( element&. 2
(etaile( (e&cription of thi& mo(el can 9e fo-n( in the following reference&) =-r&on W17", 177XD
Ch- an( 5ee(leman W1/$XD an( Tvergaar( an( 5ee(leman W1/!X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +C +$ <5 S5 +5 <T25 2T4P ++$
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$"=R0D0 ;MA/=2URSON=R0D0
2#!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L1 L2 L% L! ++1 ++2 ++% ++!
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCSS LCL+ 58.A5T
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ $ 1

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 B<T2 =2..2 3$ B L2.B32 3S L
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!7 B.2TC
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
5
R1
Parameter
1
.
R1
Parameter
2
.
+C
c

+$
0
.
<5
.ean n-cleation &traine
N
.
S5
Stan(ar( (eviation S
N

N
.
+5
Poi( vol-me fraction of n-cleating particle&.
<T25
2T4P
Type of har(ening.
<R.1.$) Power law.
++$
+ail-re voi( vol-me fraction. Thi& val-e i& -&e( if no c-rve i& given 9y the
point& L1,++1 # L!,++! an( LCL+T$.
<PS1#<PS/
to the initial yiel( &tre&&. Thi& option i& only -&e( if 2T4P e:-al to %. 2t
lea&t 2 point& &ho-l( 9e (efine(. The&e val-e& are -&e( if 2T4PT% an(
LCSST$.
<S1#<S/
Corre&pon(ing yiel( &tre&& val-e& to <PS1 # <PS/. The&e val-e& are -&e( if
2T4PT% an( LCSST$.
L1#L!
<lement length val-e&. The&e val-e& are only -&e( if LCL+T$.
++1#++!
Corre&pon(ing fail-re voi( vol-me fraction. The&e val-e& are only -&e( if
LCL+T$.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$"=R0D0 ;MA/=2URSON=R0D0
2#!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train.
2T4P i& ignore( with thi& option.
LCL+
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining fail-re voi( vol-me fraction ver&-& element length.
The val-e& L1#L! an( ++1#++! are ignore( with thi& option.
58.A5T
element i& (elete(.
2LPL2
Parameter o. for the 'c#3c mo(el
B<T2
Parameter. for the 'c#3c mo(el
=2..2
Parameter y. for the 'c#3c mo(el
3$
Parameter
u
B
Parameter . for the 'c#3c mo(el
L2.B32
Parameter z. for the 'c#3c mo(el
3S
Parameter
s
L
Characteri&tic element length for thi& material
Re5arAs(
m =
o
M
2
o
2
+2
1
-
sh _
S
2
o
H
2o
] 1 (
1
-
)
2
= u
where o
M
i& the 4iel( &tre&&, o

H
i& the mean hy(ro&tatic &tre&&.
The effective voi( vol-me fraction i& (efine( a&
-
() = _

c
c
+
1
1

c
P

c
(
c
) >
c

The growth of the voi( vol-me fraction i& (efine( a&
u
+
N

where the growth of exi&ting voi(& i& given a&)
u
= (1 )e
kk
,
an( n-cleation of new voi(& a&)
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#! B.2TC
N
= Ae

in which A i& (efine( a&
A =

N
S
N
V2n
ex _
1
2
_
e
e
N
S
N
]
2
_
The 'c#3c mo(el i& (efine( a& the following)
The (amage 3 i& given 9y
= _
1
2
Je

where e
i& the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train,
1
= _
1
1 yo
m
]
u

i& a triaxial &tre&& weighting term an(
2
= (2 A
)
[

i& a a&ymmetric &train weighting term.
An the a9ove o
m
i& the mean &tre&& an(
A
= max _
S
2
S
3
,
S
2
S
1
]
+ract-re i& initiate( when the acc-m-lation of (amage i&
c
> 1
where
c
i& the a critical (amage given 9y
c
=
0
1 +|v|
x

2 fract-re fraction
=

c

(efine& the (egra(ation& of the material 9y the 'c#3c mo(el.
The characteri&tic element length i& -&e( in the calc-lation of v. Calc-lation of thi& factor i& only
(one for element with &maller element length than thi& val-e.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$% ;MA/=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR=%DO.=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#"$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR=%DO.=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 121. Thi& i& a very general &pring an( (amper mo(el. Thi& 9eam i& 9a&e( on
the .2TJSP'A5=J=<5<'2LJ5O5LA5<2' option an( i& a one#(imen&ional ver&ion of the
03O+J3ASC'<T<JB<2. a9ove. The force& generate( 9y thi& mo(el act along a line 9etween the
two connecte( no(al point&. 2((itional -nloa(ing option& have 9een incl-(e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ 85L3OPT O++S<T 32.P+
Type 2/ + + A + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3T LCA3T8 LCA3T3 LCA3T<
Type A A A A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 8T+2AL 8C+2AL A8
Type + + +

.A3
'O
@
Tran&lational &tiffne&& for -nloa(ing option 2.$.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR=%DO.=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=%$%
LSDYNA 2#"$1 B.2TC
85L3OPT
8nloa(ing option B2l&o &ee +ig-re 2#"2C)
ing c-rve.
&tiffne&&, @, to the -nloa(ing c-rve. The loa(ing an( -nloa(ing
c-rve& may only inter&ect at the origin of the axe&.
nent off&et.
O++S<T
Off&et to (etermine permanent &et -pon -nloa(ing if the 85L3OPTT%.$.
The permanent &et& in compre&&ion an( ten&ion are e:-al to the pro(-ct of
thi& off&et val-e an( the maxim-m compre&&ive an( ten&ile (i&placement&,
re&pectively.
32.P+
ommen(e(. Thi& (amping factor i& properly &cale( to eliminate time &tep
&iHe (epen(ency. 2l&o, it i& active if an( only if the local &tiffne&& i& (e#
fine(.
LCA3T
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational force re&-ltant along the axi& ver&-&
relative tran&lational (i&placement. Af Hero, no &tiffne&& relate( force& are
generate( for thi& (egree of free(om. The loa(ing c-rve& m-&t 9e (efine(
from the mo&t negative (i&placement to the mo&t po&itive (i&placement.
The force (oe& not nee( to increa&e monotonically for the loa(ing c-rve.
The c-rve& are extrapolate( when the (i&placement range fall& o-t&i(e the
c-rve (efinition.
LCA3T8
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational force re&-ltant along the axi& ver&-&
relative tran&lational (i&placement (-ring -nloa(ing. The force val-e& (e#
fine( 9y thi& c-rve m-&t increa&e monotonically from the mo&t negative
(i&placement to the mo&t po&itive (i&placement. +or 85L3OPTT1.$, the
&lope of thi& c-rve m-&t e:-al or excee( the loa(ing c-rve for &ta9ility rea#
&on&. Thi& i& not the ca&e for 85L3OPTT2.$. +or loa(ing an( -nloa(ing
to follow the &ame path &imply &et LCA3T8TLCA3T.
LCA3T3
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining tran&lational (amping force re&-ltant along the axi&
ver&-& relative tran&lational velocity.
LCA3T<
tive (i&placement along the axi&.
8T+2AL
Optional, tran&lational (i&placement at fail-re in ten&ion. Af Hero, fail-re in
ten&ion i& not con&i(ere(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$% ;MA/=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR=%DO.=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#"$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
8C+2AL
Optional, tran&lational (i&placement at fail-re in compre&&ion. Af Hero, fail#
-re in compre&&ion i& not con&i(ere(.
A8
Anitial tran&lational (i&placement along axi&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1ILL=!R ;MA/=%$$
LSDYNA 2#"$% B.2TC
;MA/=1ILL=!R
Thi& i& .aterial Type 122. Thi& i& Lill]& 1!/ planar ani&otropic material mo(el with % ' val-e&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' L' P1 P2
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '$$ '!" '$ LCA3 <$
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT
Type +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$$ ;MA/=1ILL=!R
2#"$! B.2TC LSDYNA
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio,
L'
Lar(ening r-le)
<R.2.$) exponential.
<R.%.$) loa( c-rve
P1
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.2.$) 7, &trength coefficient for exponential har(ening
P2
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.1.$) 4iel( &tre&&
L'.<R.2.$) n, exponent
'$$
'
$$
, Lan7for( parameter (etermine( from experiment&
'!"
'
!"
'$
'
$
LCA3
loa( c-rve A3 for the loa( c-rve har(ening r-le
<$
e
u
for (etermining initial yiel( &tre&& for exponential har(ening. B3e#
fa-ltT$.$C
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1ILL=!R ;MA/=%$$
LSDYNA 2#"$" B.2TC
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee MA/=OPTION /RO3I0=ELAS/I0 for a more
B<T2.
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ an( %, may 9e overri((en on the
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$! ;MA/=MODI.IED=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y
2#"$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=MODI.IED=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type 12%. 2n ela&to#pla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve an(
ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for &hell an( &oli( element&.
2nother mo(el, .2TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4, i& &imilar 9-t lac7& the enhance( fail#
-re criteria. +ail-re i& 9a&e( on effective pla&tic &train, pla&tic thinning, the maGor principal in plane
&train component, or a minim-m time &tep &iHe. See the (i&c-&&ion -n(er the mo(el (e&cription for
.2TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4 if more information i& (e&ire(.
S<LANKP
RA/E
R/0L
The U'2T<V option i& -&e( to acco-nt for rate (epen(ence of pla&tic thinning fail-re. The U'TCLV
option i& -&e( to activate 'TCL (amage. One a((itional car( i& nee(e( with either option.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C P LCSS LCS' PP <PSTLA5 <PS.2K 58.A5T
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MODI.IED=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/=%$!
LSDYNA 2#"$7 B.2TC
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

0ard > is reCuired iB and onl iB eitHer tHe RA/E or R/0L o4tion is a7ti'e8
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCTS'+ <PS$ T'A2M
Type A + +
3efa-lt $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
D
R
A
F
T
2#"$/ B.2TC LSDYNA
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
<R.$.$) +ail-re i& not con&i(ere(. Thi& option i& recommen(e( if fail-re
i& not of intere&t &ince many calc-lation& will 9e &ave(.
=T.$.$) Pla&tic &train to fail-re. ,hen the pla&tic &train reache& thi& val#
-e, the element i& (elete( from the calc-lation.
T3<L
C
P
LCSS
&tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that rate, See +ig-re 2!.1. The
rameter&) C an( P, the c-rve A3, LCS', <PS1#<PS/, an( <S1#<S/ are ig#
nore( if a Ta9le A3 i& (efine(. 5OT<) The &train rate val-e& (efine( in the
ta9le may 9e given a& the nat-ral logarithm of the &train rate. Af the fir%t
&tre&&#&train c-rve in the ta9le corre&pon(& to a negative &train rate, LS#
3452 a&&-me& that the nat-ral logarithm of the &train rate val-e i& -&e(.
Since the ta9le& are internally (i&cretiHe( to e:-ally &pace the point&, nat-#
ral logarithm& are nece&&ary, for example, if the c-rve& corre&pon( to rate&
from 1$.e#$! to 1$.e^$!. Comp-ting the nat-ral logarithm of the &train
rate (oe& &low the &tre&& -p(ate (own &ignificantly on &ome comp-ter&.
LCS'
PP
<R.1.$) Pi&copla&tic form-lation Brecommen(e(C.
<PSTLA5
Thinning &train at fail-re. Thi& n-m9er &ho-l( 9e given a& a po&itive n-m#
9er.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MODI.IED=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y ;MA/=%$!
LSDYNA 2#"$ B.2TC
<PS.2K
.aGor in plane &train at fail-re.
LT.$) <PS.2KTb<PS.2Kb an( filtering i& activate(. The la&t twelve
val-e& of the maGor &train i& &tore( at each integration point an(
the average val-e i& -&e( to (etermine fail-re.
58.A5T
BAf Hero, all point& m-&t fail.C +or f-lly integrate( &hell form-lation&, each
of the !I5AP integration point& are co-nte( in(ivi(-ally in (etermining a
total for faile( integration point&. 5AP i& the n-m9er of thro-gh#thic7ne&&
integration point&. 2& 58.A5T approache& the total n-m9er of integration
point& B5AP for -n(er integrate( &hell&, !I5AP for f-lly integrate( &hell&C,
the chance of in&ta9ility increa&e&.
LT.$.$) b58.A5Tb i& percentage of integration point&Elayer& which m-&t
fail 9efore &hell element fail&. +or f-lly integrate( &hell&, a
metho(ology i& -&e( where a layer fail& if one integration point
fail& an( then the given percentage of layer& m-&t fail 9efore the
element fail&. Only availa9le for &hell&.
<PS1#<PS/
<S1#<S/
LCTS'+
Loa( c-rve that (efine& the thinning &train at fail-re a& a f-nction of the
<PS$
<PS$ parameter for 'TCL (amage.
<R.$.$) B(efa-ltC 'TCL (amage i& inactive.
=T.$.$) 'TCL (amage i& active
T'A2M
'TCL (amage triaxiality limit.
<R.$.$) B(efa-ltC 5o limit.
=T.$.$) 3amage (oe& not acc-m-late when triaxiality excee(& T'A2M.
Re5arAs(
Optional 'TCL (amage i& -&e( to fail element& when the (amage f-nction excee(& 1.$. 3-ring each
&ol-tion cycle, if the pla&tic &train increment i& greater than Hero, an increment of 'TCL (amage i&
calc-late( 9y
D
R
A
F
T
2#"1$ B.2TC LSDYNA
A
uamae
=
1
e
0
[
o
H
o

RTC
Je

where
[
o
H
o

RTC
=
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1u
o
H
o

1
S
2
1 +
o
H
o
_
12 27[
o
H
o

2
S
o
H
o
+
_
12 27[
o
H
o

2

1
S
<
o
H
o
<
1
S
1
1.6S
ex_
So
H
2o
]
o
H
o

1
S

$
T -niaxial fract-re &train E critical (amage val-e

L
T hy(ro&tatic &tre&&
o T effective &tre&&
Je
Teffective pla&tic &train increment

The increment& are &-mme( thro-gh time an( the element i& (elete( when
uamae
1.u. +or
u.u <
uamae
< 1.u,

the element &trength will not 9e (egra(e(.
The val-e of
uamae
i& &tore( a& the
th
extra hi&tory varia9le an( can 9e fringe plotte( from (%plot
file& if the n-m9er of extra hi&tory varia9le& re:-e&te( i& [ on I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4.
Af however 58.A5T>$, then the val-e of
uamae
i& &tore( a& the 1$
th
extra hi&tory varia9le.
The optional T'A2M parameter can 9e -&e( to prevent exce&&ive 'TCL (amage growth an( element
ero&ion for 9a(ly &hape( element& that might &how -nreali&tic high val-e& for the triaxiality.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION ;MA/=%$*
LSDYNA 2#"11 B.2TC
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION
Thi& i& .aterial Type 12!. 2n i&otropic ela&tic#pla&tic material where -ni:-e yiel( &tre&& ver&-&
pla&tic &train c-rve& can 9e (efine( for compre&&ion an( ten&ion. 2l&o, fail-re can occ-r 9a&e( on a
pla&tic &train or a minim-m time &tep &iHe. 'ate effect& on the yiel( &tre&& are mo(ele( either 9y -&#
ing the Cowper#Symon(& &train rate mo(el or 9y -&ing two loa( c-rve& that &cale the yiel( &tre&&
val-e& in compre&&ion an( ten&ion, re&pectively. .aterial rate effect&, which are in(epen(ent of the
pla&ticity mo(el, are 9a&e( on a 0#term Prony &erie& .axwell mo(e that generate& an a((itional
&tre&& ten&or. The vi&co-& &tre&& ten&or i& &-perimpo&e( on the &tre&& ten&or generate( 9y the pla&tici#
ty.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' C P +2AL T3<L
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $ $ 1$.<^2$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3C LCA3T LCS'C LCS'T S'+L2= LC+2AL <C 'PCT
Type A A A A + A + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ none $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PC PT PC8TC PC8TT PC8T+
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$* ;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION
2#"12 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @
Type +

0ard .or5at Bor 'is7oelasti7 7onstants8 U4 to ) 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH a
X;Y in 7olu5n %+ ter5inates tHis in4ut iB less tHan ) 7ards are used8
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
C
P
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
T3<L
LCA3C
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train in com#
pre&&ion.
LCA3T
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train in ten#
&ion.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION ;MA/=%$*
LSDYNA 2#"1% B.2TC
LCS'C
Optional loa( c-rve A3 (efining &train rate &caling effect on yiel( &tre&&
when the material i& in compre&&ion.
LCS'T
when the material i& in ten&ion.
S'+L2=
<R.$.$) Total &train rate,
<R.1.$) 3eviatoric &train rate.
<R.2.$) Pla&tic &train rate Bvi&copla&ticC.
LC+2AL
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining fail-re &train ver&-& &train rate.
<C
Optional 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for compre&&ion, ?$.
'PCT
'atio of PC an( PT, -&e( to (efine mean &tre&& at which 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
i& < or <C. 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& i& < when mean &tre&& ?'PCTIPT, an( <C
when mean &tre&& >#'PCTIPC. Af the mean &tre&& fall& 9etween #
'PCTIPC an( 'PCTIPT, a linearly interpolate( val-e i& -&e(.
PC
Compre&&ive mean &tre&& Bpre&&-reC at which the yiel( &tre&& follow& loa(
c-rve A3, LCA3C. Af the pre&&-re fall& 9etween PC an( PT a weighte( av#
erage of the two loa( c-rve& i& -&e(.
PT
Ten&ile mean &tre&& at which the yiel( &tre&& follow& loa( c-rve A3, LCA3T.
PC8TC
Pre&&-re c-t#off in compre&&ion BPC8TC m-&t 9e greater than or e:-al to
HeroC. Thi& option applie& only to &oli( element&. ,hen the pre&&-re c-t#
off i& reache( the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or i& &et to Hero an( the pre&&-re re#
main& at it& compre&&ive val-e. Li7e the yiel( &tre&&, PC8TC i& &cale( to
acco-nt for rate effect&.
PC8TT
Pre&&-re c-t#off in ten&ion BPC8TT m-&t 9e le&& than or e:-al to HeroC.
Thi& option applie& only to &oli( element&. ,hen the pre&&-re c-t#off i&
reache( the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or an( ten&ile pre&&-re i& &et to Hero. Li7e
the yiel( &tre&&, PC8TT i& &cale( to acco-nt for rate effect&.
PC8T+
Pre&&-re c-t#off flag activation.
<R.$.$) Anactive,
<R.1.$) 2ctive.
@
Optional 9-l7 mo(-l-& for the vi&coela&tic material. Af nonHero a @elvin
type 9ehavior will 9e o9taine(. =enerally, @ i& &et to Hero.
=A
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$* ;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION
2#"1! B.2TC LSDYNA
B<T2A
Re5arAs(
The &tre&& &train 9ehavior follow& a (ifferent c-rve in compre&&ion than it (oe& in ten&ion. Ten&ion
i& (etermine( 9y the &ign of the mean &tre&& where a po&itive mean &tre&& Bi.e., a negative pre&&-reC i&
in(icative of ten&ion. Two c-rve& m-&t 9e (efine( giving the yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic
&train for 9oth the ten&ion an( compre&&ion regime&.
.ean &tre&& i& an invariant which can 9e expre&&e( a& B
x
^
y
^
H
CE%. PC an( PT (efine a range of
mean &tre&& val-e& within which interpolation i& (one 9etween the ten&ile yiel( &-rface an( compre&#
&ive yiel( &-rface. PC an( PT are not tr-e material propertie& 9-t are G-&t a n-merical convenience
&o that the tran&ition from one yiel( &-rface to the other i& not a9r-pt a& the &ign of the mean &tre&&
change&. Both PC an( PT are inp-t a& po&itive val-e& a& it i& implie( that PC i& a compre&&ive mean
&tre&& val-e an( PT i& ten&ile mean &tre&& val-e.
Strain rate may 9e acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the yiel( &tre&&
with the factor)
1 +_
e
C
]
1

,


e
]
e
]
.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0;MA/=%$>
LSDYNA 2#"1" B.2TC
;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=/RANSVERSELY=ANISO/RO3I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 12". Thi& material mo(el com9ine& 4o&hi(a]& non#linear 7inematic har(ening
r-le with material type %7. 4o&hi(a]& theory -&e& two &-rface& to (e&cri9e the har(ening r-le) the
yiel( &-rface an( the 9o-n(ing &-rface. An the forming proce&&, the yiel( &-rface (oe& not change in
&iHe, 9-t it& center tran&late& with (eformationD the 9o-n(ing &-rface change& 9oth in &iHe an( loca#
tion. Thi& mo(el allow& the change of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of effective pla&tic &train a&
propo&e( 9y 4o&hi(a W2$$%X. Thi& material type i& availa9le for &hell&, thic7 &hell& an( &oli( ele#
ment&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' ' LLCA3 OPT
Type 2/ + + + + A A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CB 4 SC1 @ 'S2T SB L SC2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <2 CO< AOPT C1 C2
Type + + A + +
3efa-lt none none $ none none

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
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2#"10 B.2TC LSDYNA
<
4o-ng]& .o(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
'
2ni&otropic har(ening parameter
LLCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 in 7eywor( I3<+A5<JC8'P<, where tr-e &train an( tr-e
&tre&& relation&hip i& characteriHe(. Thi& c-rve i& -&e( in conG-nction with
varia9le OPT, an( not to 9e reference( or -&e( in other 7eywor(&.
OPT
<rror calc-lation flag. ,hen OPTT2, LS#3452 will perform error calc-la#
tion on the tr-e &tre&&#&train c-rve from -niaxial ten&ion, &pecifie( 9y
LLCA3. Thi& varia9le m-&t 9e &et to a val-e of q2] if LLCA3 i& &pecifie(
an( &tre&&#&train c-rve i& -&e(.
CB
The -pperca&e B (efine( in the following e:-ation&.
4
Lar(ening parameter a& (efine( in the following e:-ation&.
SC1
The lowerca&e c (efine( in the following e:-ation&, an( c1 in Re5arAs _!.
@
'S2T
SB
The lowerca&e 9 a& (efine( in the following e:-ation&.
L
2ni&otropic parameter a&&ociate( with wor7#har(ening &tagnation.
SC2
The lowerca&e c (efine( in the following e:-ation&, an( c2 in Re5arAs _!.
Af SC2T$.$ or left 9lan7, then it t-rn& into the 9a&ic mo(el.
<2 Paria9le controlling the change of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, E
A
in the following
e:-ation&.
CO< Paria9le controlling the change of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, in the following
e:-ation&.
AOPT
.o(ifie( 7inematic har(ening r-le flag)
<R.$) Original 4o&hi(a form-lation,
<R.1) .o(ifie( form-lation. 3efine C1, C2 9elow.
C1, C2
Con&tant& -&e( to mo(ify ")

R = RSAI|(C
1
+e
)
c
2
C
1
c
2
]

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LSDYNA 2#"17 B.2TC

Re5arAs(

o
-
= o
o
-
= |(
o
)(o o) _
o
o
-
o
-
]e
o = B +R

The change of &iHe an( location for the 9o-n(ing &-rface i& (efine( a&
R
= k(R
sat
R)e
,
'
o
= k(
2
S
'e
)
o
nu
= B +R +

An 4o&hi(a]& mo(el, thi& i& wor7#har(ening &tagnation in the -nloa(ing proce&&, an( it i& (e#
&cri9e( a&)
+ig-re 2#"%. Schematic ill-&tration of the two#&-rface mo(el i& the original center of the
yiel( &-rface, o
-
i& the c-rrent center for the yiel( &-rfaceD o i& the center of the 9o-n(ing
&-rface. repre&ent& the relative po&ition of the center& of the two &-rface&. 4 i& the &iHe
of the yiel( &-rface an( i& con&tant thro-gho-t the (eformation proce&&. B^' repre&ent&
the &iHe of the 9o-n(ing &-rface, with ' 9eing a&&ociate( with i&otropic har(ening.
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g
c
(o', ', ') =
S
2
(o' ') (o' ')
2
'
o
= p(' ')
= bI, I =
S(' ') '
o
2

4o-ng]& mo(-l-& i& (efine( a& a f-nction of effective &train)
E = E
0
(E
0
E
A
)(1 ex(e
))
2. +-rther improvement& in the original 4o&hi(a]& mo(el, a& (e&cri9e( in a paper U1etermina.
tion of Nonlinear I%otropic/0inematic Aar&ening #on%titutive Parameter for AASS u%ing
Ten%ion an& #ompre%%ion Te%t%P, 9y .ing +. Shi, Minhai Qh-, Ce(ric Mia, Thoma& Sto-gh#
ton, in NU$ISAEET +;;H procee&ing%, 1%7#1!2, 2$$/, incl-(e( mo(ification& to allow
wor7ing har(ening in large &train (eformation region, avoi(ing the pro9lem of earlier &at-ra#
tion, e&pecially for 2(vance( Ligh Strength Steel B2LSSC. The&e type& of &teel& exhi9it con#
tin-o-& &train har(ening 9ehavior an( a non#&at-rate( i&otropic har(ening f-nction. 2& (e#
&cri9e( in the paper, the evol-tion e:-ation for " Ba part of the c-rrent ra(i-& of the 9o-n(ing
&-rface in (eviatoric &tre&& &paceC, a& i& with the &at-ration type of i&otropic har(ening r-le
propo&e( in the original 4o&hi(a mo(el,
R
= m(R
sat
R)p
i& mo(ifie( a&,
R = RSAI|(C
1
+e
)
c
2
C
1
c
2
]
+or &at-ration type of i&otropic har(ening r-le, &et AOPTT$, applica9le to mo&t of 2l-min-m
&heet material&. An a((ition, the paper provi(e& (etaile( varia9le& -&e( for thi& material mo(#
el for 33R, LSL2, 3P0$$, 3P7/$ an( 3P/$ material&. Since the &ym9ol& -&e( in the pa#
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LSDYNA 2#"1 B.2TC
per are (ifferent from what are -&e( here, the following ta9le provi(e& a reference 9etween
&ym9ol& -&e( in the paper an( varia9le& here in thi& 7eywor()
B 4 C m @ 9 h e
$
5
CB 4 SC @ '&at SB L C1 C2
8&ing the mo(ifie( form-lation an( the material propertie& provi(e( 9y the paper, the pre#
(icte( an( te&te( re&-lt& compare very well 9oth in a f-ll cycle ten&ion an( compre&&ion te&t
an( in a pre#&traine( ten&ion an( compre&&ion te&t, accor(ing to the paper.
2pplication of the mo(ifie( 4o&hi(a]& har(ening r-le in the metal forming in(-&try ha&
&hown &ignificant improvement in &pring9ac7 pre(iction acc-racy, e&pecially for 2LSS type
of &heet material&. An the fig-re &hown 9elow, pre(icte( &pring9ac7 &hape of an a-tomotive
&hotg-n Bal&o calle() -pper loa( pathC -&ing I.2TJ12" i& compare( with experimental
mea&-rement& of a 3P7/$ material. Pre(iction acc-racy achieve( over 2c with I.2TJ12"
while a9o-t 01c correlation i& fo-n( with I.2TJ$%7.

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%. 58.ASL<<T 2$11 B.! i& -&e( 9elow to (emon&trate the application of the 4o-ng]& mo(#
-l-& variation& a& a f-nction of effective &train in pre(iction of &pring9ac7. The &heet 9lan7 i&
a 3P7/$ material with an initial thic7ne&& of 1.!mm. The &im-lation proce&& i& &hown a&
pre#&trainingBto /cC, &pring9ac7, trimming, (raw an( &pring9ac7. 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& varia#
tion& with effective &train& are acco-nte( for 9y c-rve fitting the provi(e( experimental (ata
to o9tain the varia9le& <2 an( CO<. +inal &pring9ac7 &hape& of the &ectional view are com#
pare( with mea&-rement provi(e(, along with 9enchmar7 re&-lt& from participant& M an( 4.
An a((ition, &pring9ac7 with no pre#&training i& al&o con(-cte( an( correlate(. +-rthermore,
hy&teretic pla&ticity re&-lt on one element with a f-ll cycle ten&ion an( compre&&ion te&t i&
examine( with experimental te&t.

+ig-re $#2. Compari&on of &pring9ac7 pre(iction of I.2TJ12" BleftC an( I.2TJ$%7
BrightC on 2ES P loa( 9eam
#ourte%y of #5ry%ler !!# an& Unite& State% Steel #orporation4

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+ig-re 2#"" C-rve fitting with coefficient&) <2T1.00/<^$"D CO<T".$
+ig-re 2#"". 58.ASL<<T2$11 Benchmar7 ! Sim-lation pro#
ce&&
Draw Complete Springback
Draw
Blanking
Prestrain Springback
Trim
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Test
LSDYNA
BM4 Result X
Test
LSDYNA
BM4 Result X
+ig-re 2#" Compari&on with participant M with /c pre&trainBleftC an( $c pre&trainBrightC

Test
LSDYNA
BM4 Result Y
Test
LSDYNA
BM4 Result Y
+ig-re 2#". Compari&on with participant 4 with /c pre&trainBleftC an( $c pre#
&trainBrightC

+ig-re 2#". Cyclic ten#
&ionEcompre&&ion mo(eling on one
&hell element
Unstrained

U.A. tension
U.A. com
pression
U.A. tension
+ig-re 2#". Cyclic pla&ticity verification

X Cyclic Test
% M125 result
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a

True strain
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LSDYNA 2#"2% B.2TC
!. To improve convergence, it i& recommen(e( that ICO5T'OLJA.PLACATJ+O'.A5= type
q1] 9e -&e( when con(-cting a &pring9ac7 &im-lation.
". +. 4o&hi(a an( T. 8emori intro(-ce( varia9le& SC1 an( SC2 in their p-9lication of the pa#
per title( UA mo&el of large.%train cyclic pla%ticity &e%cri6ing t5e )au%c5inger effect an&
,or@ 5ar&ening %tagnationV in 2$$2 International Qournal of Pla%ticity *H( KK*.KHK2 2c#
cor(ing to the paper, varia9le& SC1 an( SC2 are -&e( to (e&cri9e the forwar( an( rever&e (e#
formation& of the cyclic pla&ticity c-rve, re&pectively. At allow& for a more rapi( change of
wor7 har(ening rate in the vicinity of the initial yiel(ing Bi$."c e:-ivalent pla&tic &trainC, in
the form of the following e:-ation&)
S# T S#
1
when .axBo
-
C > ) g :, B1aC
S# 7 S#
2
( #
1
9#
2
4( otherwi&e. B19C

where .axBo
-
C i& the maxim-m val-e of o
-
, an(,
o
-
=
_
S
2
o
-
o
-

The fig-re 9elow &how& the effect of a c-rve fitting for a high &trength &teel BSP+CC -&ing
9oth SC1 an( SC2, in compari&on with a fitting -&ing only SC1, from 4o&hi(a m 8emori]&
original paper)

+ig-re 2#0$. <ffect of SC1 an( SC2
Bcopy from original 4o&hi(a m 8emori paperC

a <xperiment
### Ba&ic mo(el BSC1T2$$C
JJ .o(ifie( mo(el BSC1T2$$$, SC2T2$$ in <:. B1C
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The following fig-re& &how a m-ch 9etter fitting with SC1ESC2 than with SC1 only for a
3P/$ material.

0. The LLCA3, OPT, AOPT, C1, an( C2 varia9le& are availa9le in LS#3452 '! 'evi&ion
!0217 or later relea&e&. The varia9le& SC1 an( SC2 are availa9le in LS#3452 '0 'evi&ion
7!//! an( later relea&e&.
+ig-re 2#01. .aterial c-rve fitting compari&on
B#ourte%y of #:)E"NET S:STE$S #O2( !T12C
SC1 only
SC1^SC2
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LSDYNA 2#"2" B.2TC
;MA/=MODI.IED=1ONEY0OM<
Thi& i& .aterial Type 120. The maGor -&e of thi& material mo(el i& for al-min-m honeycom9 cr-&h#
a9le foam material& with ani&otropic 9ehavior. Three yiel( &-rface& are availa9le. An the fir&t, non#
linear ela&topla&tic material 9ehavior can 9e (efine( &eparately for all normal an( &hear &tre&&e&,
which are con&i(ere( to 9e f-lly -nco-ple(. An the &econ(, a yiel( &-rface i& (efine( that con&i(er&
the effect& of off#axi& loa(ing. The &econ( yiel( &-rface i& tran&ver&ely i&otropic. 2 (raw9ac7 of
thi& &econ( yiel( &-rface i& that the material can collap&e in a &hear mo(e (-e to low &hear re&i&tance.
There wa& no o9vio-& way of increa&ing the &hear re&i&tance witho-t changing the 9ehavior in p-rely
-niaxial compre&&ion. Therefore, in the thir( option, the mo(el ha& 9een mo(ifie( &o that the -&er
can pre&cri9e the &hear an( hy(ro&tatic re&i&tance in the material witho-t affecting the -niaxial 9e#
havior. The choice of the &econ( yiel( &-rface i& flagge( 9y the &ign of the fir&t loa( c-rve A3, LC2.
The thir( yiel( &-rface i& flagge( 9y the &ign of <CC8, which 9ecome& the initial &tre&& yiel( limit in
&imple &hear. 2 (e&cription i& given 9elow.
The (evelopment of the &econ( an( thir( yiel( &-rface& are 9a&e( on experimental te&t re&-lt& of
al-min-m honeycom9 &pecimen& at Toyota .otor Corporation.
The (efa-lt element for thi& material i& &oli( type $, a nonlinear &pring type 9ric7 element. T5e rec.
ommen&e& 5ourgla%% control i% t5e type + vi%cou% formulation for one point integrate& %oli& ele.
ment%2 T5e %tiffne%% form of t5e 5ourgla%% control ,5en u%e& ,it5 t5i% con%titutive mo&el can lea& to
nonp5y%ical re%ult% %ince %train localiRation in t5e %5ear mo&e% can 6e in5i6ite&2

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 P+ .8 B8L@
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none .$" $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC2 LCB LCC LCS LC2B LCBC LCC2 LCS'
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none LC2 LC2 LC2 LCS LCS LCS optional

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2#"20 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <228 <BB8 <CC8 =2B8 =BC8 =C28 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + + + A

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3% TS<+ SS<+ P'<+ T'<+ SL3+L=
Type + + + + + + + +

DeBine iB and onl iB L0SRO%8"
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCS'2 LCS'B LCS'C LCS'2B LCS'BC LCSC2
Type + + + + + +

DeBine iB and onl iB AO3/O! or AO3/O*
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P%
Type + + +

.A3
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LSDYNA 2#"27 B.2TC
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for compacte( honeycom9 material.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio for compacte( honeycom9 material.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&& for f-lly compacte( honeycom9.
P+
'elative vol-me at which the honeycom9 i& f-lly compacte(. Thi& parame#
ter i& ignore( for corotational &oli( element&, type& $ an( .
.8
, material vi&co&ity coefficient. B(efa-ltT.$"C 'ecommen(e(.
B8L@
B-l7 vi&co&ity flag)
<R.$.$) 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& not -&e(. Thi& i& recommen(e(.
<R.1.$) 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& active an( YT$
Thi& will give re&-lt& i(entical to previo-& ver&ion& of LS#3452.
LC2
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<)
LC2.LT.$) 4iel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of the angle off the material axi&
in (egree&.
LC2.=T.$) &igma#aa ver&-& normal &train component aa. +or the coro#
tational &oli( element&, type& $ an( , engineering &train i&
expecte(, 9-t for all other &oli( element form-lation& a log#
arithmic &train i& expecte(. See 'emar7&.
LCB
LC2.LT.$) &trong axi& har(ening &tre&& a& a f-nction of the vol-metric
&train.
LC2.=T.$) &igma#99 ver&-& normal &train component 99. +or the coro#
arithmic &train i& expecte(. 3efa-lt LCBTLC2. See 'e#
mar7&.
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2#"2/ B.2TC LSDYNA
LCC
LC2.LT.$) wea7 axi& har(ening &tre&& a& a f-nction of the vol-metric
&train.
LC2.=T.$) &igma#cc ver&-& normal &train component cc. +or the coro#
arithmic &train i& expecte(. 3efa-lt LCCTLC2. See 'e#
mar7&.
LCS
LC2.LT.$) (amage c-rve giving &hear &tre&& m-ltiplier a& a f-nction of
the &hear &train component. Thi& c-rve (efinition i& optional
an( may 9e -&e( if (amage i& (e&ire(. A+ SL3+L=T$ Bthe
(efa-ltC, the (amage val-e m-ltiplie& the &tre&& every time
&tep an( the &tre&& i& -p(ate( incrementally. The (amage
c-rve &ho-l( 9e &et to -nity -ntil fail-re 9egin&. 2fter fail#
-re the val-e &ho-l( (rop to $. or $. or any n-m9er
9etween Hero an( one (epen(ing on how many &tep& are
nee(e( to Hero the &tre&&. 2lternatively, if SL3+L=T1, the
(amage val-e i& treate( a& a factor that &cale& the &hear
&tre&& compare( to the -n(amage( val-e.
LC2.=T.$) &hear &tre&& ver&-& &hear &train. +or the corotational &oli(
element&, type& $ an( , engineering &train i& expecte(, 9-t
for all other &oli( element form-lation& a &hear &train 9a&e(
on the (eforme( config-ration i& -&e(. 3efa-lt LCSTLC2.
<ach component of &hear &tre&& may have it& own loa(
c-rve. See 'emar7&.
LC2B
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<. 3efa-lt LC2BTLCS)
LC2.LT.$) (amage c-rve giving &hear a9#&tre&& m-ltiplier a& a f-nction
of the a9#&hear &train component. Thi& c-rve (efinition i&
optional an( may 9e -&e( if (amage i& (e&ire(. See LCS
a9ove.
LC2.=T.$) &igma#a9 ver&-& &hear &train#a9. +or the corotational &oli(
on the (eforme( config-ration i& -&e(. See 'emar7&.
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LSDYNA 2#"2 B.2TC
LCBC
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<. 3efa-lt LCBCTLCS)
LC2.LT.$) (amage c-rve giving 9c#&hear &tre&& m-ltiplier a& a f-nction
of the a9#&hear &train component. Thi& c-rve (efinition i&
a9ove.
LC2.=T.$) &igma#9c ver&-& &hear &train#9c. +or the corotational &oli(
LCC2
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<. 3efa-lt LCC2TLCS)
LC2.LT.$) (amage c-rve giving ca#&hear &tre&& m-ltiplier a& a f-nction
of the ca#&hear &train component. Thi& c-rve (efinition i&
a9ove.
LC2.=T.$) &igma#ca ver&-& &hear &train#ca. +or the corotational &oli(
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &train#rate effect& (efining the
&cale factor ver&-& effective &train rate e
= _
2
3
(e'
]
e'
]
). Thi& i& optional.
The c-rve& (efine( a9ove are &cale( -&ing thi& c-rve.
<228
<la&tic mo(-l-& <
aa-
<BB8
<la&tic mo(-l-& <
99-
<CC8
<la&tic mo(-l-& <
cc-
LT.$.$) o
d
, b<CC8b initial &tre&& limit Byiel(C in &imple &hear. 2l&o,

LC2>$ to activate the tran&ver&ely i&otropic yiel( &-rface.
=2B8
Shear mo(-l-& =
a9-
=BC8
Shear mo(-l-& =
9c-
=C28
Shear mo(-l-& =
ca-
<CC8.LT.$.$) o
, =C28 initial &tre&& limit Byiel(C in hy(ro&tatic com#

pre&&ion. 2l&o, LC2>$ to activate the tran&ver&ely i&o#
tropic yiel( &-rface.
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2OPT

(irection.
JP<CTO'C. 2vaila9le &tarting with the '% relea&e of Per&ion
71.
.2C+
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
31 32 3%
P1 P2 P%
TS<+
Ten&ile &train at element fail-re Belement will ero(eC.
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SS<+
Shear &train at element fail-re Belement will ero(eC.
P'<+
Thi& i& an optional inp-t parameter for &oli( element& type& 1, 2, %, !, an(
1$. 'elative vol-me at which the reference geometry i& &tore(. 2t thi&
time the element 9ehave& li7e a nonlinear &pring. The T'<+, 9elow, i&
reache( fir&t then P'<+ will have no effect.
T'<+
Thi& i& an optional inp-t parameter for &oli( element& type& 1, 2, %, !, an(
1$. <lement time &tep &iHe at which the reference geometry i& &tore(.
,hen thi& time &tep &iHe i& reache( the element 9ehave& li7e a nonlinear
&pring. Af P'<+, a9ove, i& reache( fir&t then T'<+ will have no effect.
SL3+L=
+lag (efining treatment of (amage from c-rve& LCS, LC2B, LCBC an(
LCC2 Brelevant only when LC2 > $C)
<R.$.$) 3amage re(-ce& &hear &tre&& every time &tep,
<R.1.$) 3amage T B&hear &tre&&CEB-n(amage( &hear &tre&&C
LCS'2
Optional loa( c-rve A3 if LCS'T#1, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &train rate
effect& (efining the &cale factor for the yiel( &tre&& in the a#(irection ver&-&
the na'!al lo(a!i$) of the a9&ol-te val-e of (eviatoric &train rate in the
a#(irection. Thi& c-rve i& optional. The &cale factor for the lowe&t val-e of
&train rate (efine( 9y the c-rve i& -&e( if the &train rate i& Hero. The &cale
factor for the highe&t val-e of &train rate (efine( 9y the c-rve al&o (efine&
the -pper limit of the &cale factor.
LCS'B
Optional loa( c-rve A3 if LCS'T#1, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for &train rate
effect& (efining the &cale factor for the yiel( &tre&& in the 6#(irection ver&-&
the na'!al lo(a!i$) of the a9&ol-te val-e of (eviatoric &train
LCS'C
Similar (efinition a& for LCS2 an( LCSB a9ove.
LCS'2B
LCS'BC
LCS'C2
Re5arAs(
+or efficiency it i& &trongly recommen(e( that the loa( c-rve A3]&) LC2, LCB, LCC, LCS, LC2B,
LCBC, an( LCC2, contain exactly the &ame n-m9er of point& with corre&pon(ing &train val-e& on
the a9&ci&&a. Af thi& recommen(ation i& followe( the co&t of the ta9le loo7-p i& in&ignificant. Con#
ver&ely, the co&t increa&e& &ignificantly if the a9&ci&&a &train val-e& are not con&i&tent 9etween loa(
c-rve&.
D
R
A
F
T
2#"%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
+or &oli( element form-lation& 1 an( 2, the 9ehavior 9efore compaction i& orthotropic where the
component& of the &tre&& ten&or are -nco-ple(, i.e., an a component of &train will generate re&i&tance
in the local a#(irection with no co-pling to the local 6 an( c (irection&. The ela&tic mo(-li vary
from their initial val-e& to the f-lly compacte( val-e& linearly with the relative vol-me)
E
= E
u
+(E E
u
)
E
bb
= E
bbu
+(E E
bbu
)
E
cc
= E
ccu
+(E E
ccu
)

0
b
= E
bu
+(0 0
bu
)
0
bc
= 0
bcu
+(0 0
bcu
)
0
c
= 0
cu
+(0 0
cu
)

where
= max _mn_
1-v
1-v
]
, 1] , u_
an( = i& the ela&tic &hear mo(-l-& for the f-lly compacte( honeycom9 material
0 =
L
2(1+)

The relative vol-me, P, i& (efine( a& the ratio of the c-rrent vol-me over the initial vol-me, an( typ#
ically, PT1 at the 9eginning of a calc-lation.
+or corotational &oli( element&, type& $ an( , the component& of the &tre&& ten&or remain -nco-ple(
an( the -ncompre&&e( ela&tic mo(-li are -&e(, that i&, the f-lly compacte( ela&tic mo(-li are ig#
nore(.
The loa( c-rve& (efine the magnit-(e of the &tre&& a& the material -n(ergoe& (eformation. The fir&t
val-e in the c-rve &ho-l( 9e le&& than or e:-al to Hero corre&pon(ing to ten&ion an( increa&e to f-ll
compaction. 0are sHould 9e taAen :Hen deBininE tHe 7ur'es so tHe eJtra4olated 'alues do not
lead to neEati'e ield stresses8
2t the 9eginning of the &tre&& -p(ate we tran&form each element]& &tre&&e& an( &train rate& into the
local element coor(inate &y&tem. +or the -ncompacte( material, the trial &tre&& component& are -p#
(ate( -&ing the ela&tic interpolate( mo(-li accor(ing to)

o
+1
tal
= o
+E
Ae
o
bb
+1
tal
= o
bb
+E
bb
Ae
bb
o
cc
+1
tal
= o
cc
+E
cc
Ae
cc

o
b
+1
tal
= o
b
+20
b
Ae
b
o
bc
+1
tal
= o
bc
+20
bc
Ae
bc
o
c
+1
tal
= o
c
+20
c
Ae
c

Af LC2?$, each component of the -p(ate( &tre&& ten&or i& chec7e( to en&-re that it (oe& not excee(
the permi&&i9le val-e (etermine( from the loa( c-rve&, e.g., if
o
]
+1
tal
> zo
]
e
]

then
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#"%% B.2TC
o
]
+1
= o
]
e
]
xc
i]
n+1
tal
c
i]
n+1
tal

On Car( % o
]
e
]
i& (efine( in the loa( c-rve &pecifie( in col-mn& %1#!$ for the aa &tre&& compo#
nent, !1#"$ for the 99 component, "1#0$ for the cc component, an( 01#7$ for the a9, 9c, c9 &hear
&tre&& component&. The parameter i& either -nity or a val-e ta7en from the loa( c-rve n-m9er,
LCS', that (efine& a& a f-nction of &train#rate. Strain#rate i& (efine( here a& the <-cli(ean norm
of the (eviatoric &train#rate ten&or.
Af LC2>$, a tran&ver&ely i&otropic yiel( &-rface i& o9taine( where the -niaxial limit &tre&&,
o
, e
l
, can 9e (efine( a& a f-nction of angle with the &trong axi& an( vol-metric &train, e
l
.
An or(er to facilitate the inp-t of (ata to &-ch a limit &tre&& &-rface, the limit &tre&& i& written a&)
o
, e
l
= o
b
() +(s)
2
o
e
l
+(sn)
2
o
e
l

where the f-nction& o
b
, o
, an( o
are repre&ente( 9y loa( c-rve& LC2, LCB, LCC, re&pectively.

The latter two c-rve& can 9e -&e( to incl-(e the &tiffening effect& that are o9&erve( a& the foam ma#
terial cr-&he& to the point where it 9egin& to loc7 -p. To en&-re that the limit &tre&& (ecrea&e& with
re&pect to the off#angle the c-rve& &ho-l( 9e (efine( &-ch that following e:-ation& hol()
oo
b
()
o
u
an(
o
e
l
o
e
l
u.
2 (raw9ac7 of thi& implementation wa& that the material often collap&e( in &hear mo(e (-e to low
&hear re&i&tance. There wa& no way of increa&ing the &hear re&i&tance witho-t changing the 9ehavior
in p-re -niaxial compre&&ion. ,e have therefore mo(ifie( the mo(el &o that the -&er can optionally
pre&cri9e the &hear an( hy(ro&tatic re&i&tance in the material witho-t affecting the -niaxial 9ehavior.
,e intro(-ce the parameter& o
(e
oI
) an( o
d
(e
oI
) a& the 5y&ro%tatic an( %5ear limit %tre%%e%, re#
&pectively. The&e are f-nction& of the vol-metric &train an( are a&&-me( given 9y
o
(e
l
) = o
+o
(e
l
)
o
d
(e
l
) = o
d
+o
(e
l
)
,
where we have re-&e( the (en&ification f-nction o
. The new parameter& are the initial hy(ro&tatic

an( &hear limit &tre&& val-e&, o
an( o
d
, an( are provi(e( 9y the -&er a& =C28 an( b<CC8b, re&pec#
tively. The negative &ign of <CC8 flag& the thir( yiel( &-rface option whenever LC2>$. The effect
of the thir( form-lation i& that BiC for a -niaxial &tre&& the &tre&& limit i& given 9y o
(, e
l
), BiiC for
a pre&&-re the &tre&& limit i& given 9y o
(e
oI
) an( BiiiC for a &imple &hear the &tre&& limit i& given 9y
o
d
(e
oI
). <xperiment& have &hown that the mo(el may give noi&y re&pon&e& an( inhomogeneo-&
(eformation mo(e& if parameter& are not cho&en with care. ,e therefore recommen( to BiC avoi(
large &lope& in the f-nction o
P
, BiiC let the f-nction& o
an( o
9e &lightly increa&ing an( BiiiC avoi(

large (ifference& 9etween the &tre&& limit val-e& o
(, e
oI
), o
(e
oI
) an( o
d
(e
oI
). The&e g-i(e#
line& are li7ely to contra(ict how one wo-l( interpret te&t (ata an( it i& -p to the -&er to fin( a rea#
&ona9le tra(e#off 9etween matching experimental re&-lt& an( avoi(ing the mentione( n-merical &i(e
effect&.
D
R
A
F
T
2#"%! B.2TC LSDYNA
+or f-lly compacte( material Belement form-lation& 1 an( 2C, we a&&-me that the material 9ehavior
i& ela&tic#perfectly pla&tic an( -p(ate( the &tre&& component& accor(ing to)
s
]
tal
= s
]
+20Ae
]
dc
n+
1
2
,

where the (eviatoric &train increment i& (efine( a&
Ae
]
dc
= Ae
]

1
3
Ae
kk
o
]

,e now chec7 to &ee if the yiel( &tre&& for the f-lly compacte( material i& excee(e( 9y comparing
s
e
tal
= [
3
2
s
]
tal
s
]
tal
1
2
,

the effective trial &tre&& to the yiel( &tre&&,
y
BCar( %, fiel( 21#%$C. Af the effective trial &tre&& ex#
cee(& the yiel( &tre&& we &imply &cale 9ac7 the &tre&& component& to the yiel( &-rface
s
]
+1
=
c
j
e
tal
s
]
tal

,e can now -p(ate the pre&&-re -&ing the ela&tic 9-l7 mo(-l-&, @
p
+1
= p
KAe
kk
+
1
2
,

K =
E
S(1 2:)

an( o9tain the final val-e for the Ca-chy &tre&&
o
]
+1
= s
]
+1
p
+1
o
]

2fter completing the &tre&& -p(ate we tran&form the &tre&&e& 9ac7 to the glo9al config-ration.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#"%" B.2TC
+or ICO5ST'2A5<3JTA<3J5O3<SJ,ATLJ+2AL8'<, the fail-re i& 9a&e( on the vol-me &train
in&tea( to the pla&tic &train.
+ig-re 2#02. Stre&& :-antity ver&-& &train. 5ote that the Uyiel( &tre&&V at a &train of Hero i&
nonHero. An the loa( c-rve (efinition the UtimeV val-e i& the (irectional &train an( the
Uf-nctionV val-e i& the yiel( &tre&&. 5ote that for element type& $ an( engineering
&train& are -&e(, 9-t for all other element type& the rate& are integrate( in time.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$- ;MA/=ARRUDA=<OY0E=RU<<ER
2#"%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ARRUDA=<OY0E=RU<<ER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 127. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a hyperela&tic r-99er mo(el, &ee W2rr-(a
an( Boyce 1%X com9ine( optionally with linear vi&coela&ticity a& o-tline( 9y WChri&ten&en 1/$X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ = 5
Type 2/ + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3 T'2.P 5T
Type + + +

0ard .or5at Bor Vis7oelasti7 0onstants8 U4 to ) 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH a
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&
=
Shear mo(-l-&
5
5-m9er of &tati&tical lin7&
LCA3
Optional loa( c-rve A3 of relaxation c-rve
Af con&tant&

T'2.P
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ARRUDA=<OY0E=RU<<ER ;MA/=%$-
LSDYNA 2#"%7 B.2TC
5T
5-m9er of Prony &erie& term& in optional fit. Af Hero, the (efa-lt i& 0. C-r#
rently, the maxim-m n-m9er i& 0. Pal-e& le&& than 0, po&&i9ly %#" are rec#
&ho-l( 9e exerci&e( when ta7ing the re&-lt& from the fit. 2lway& chec7 the
re&-lt& of the fit in the o-tp-t file. Prefera9ly, all generate( coefficient&
&ho-l( 9e po&itive. 5egative val-e& may lea( to -n&ta9le re&-lt&. Once a
&ati&factory fit ha& 9een achieve( it i& recommen(e( that the coefficient&
which are written into the o-tp-t file 9e inp-t in f-t-re r-n&.
=A
B<T2A
Re5arAs(
term, w
H
([), i& incl-(e( in the &train energy f-nctional which i& f-nction of the relative vol-me, Q,
WOg(en 1/!X)
w([
1
, [
2
, [) = k0 _
1
2
([
1
S) +
1
2uN
([
1
2
9) +
11
1uSuN
2
([
1
3
27)_
+k0 _
19
7uuuN
3
([
1
4
81) +
S19
67S7SuN
4
([
1
5
2S)_ +w
H
([)

where the hy(ro&tatic wor7 term i& in term& of the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, 0, an( the thir( invariant, Q, a&)
w
H
([) =
K
2
([ 1)
2

form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
(t )
s
kl
t
0
J

]
]
,
S
]
= ] 0
]k
t
0
(t )
L
kl
J
where g
]k
(t ) an( 0
]k
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
c
-[t N
m=1

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$- ;MA/=ARRUDA=<OY0E=RU<<ER
2#"%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
given 9y,
g(t) = 0
c
-[
i
t
=1


D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1EAR/=/ISSUE ;MA/=%$?
LSDYNA 2#"% B.2TC
;MA/=1EAR/=/ISSUE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 12/. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a heart ti&&-e mo(el (e&cri9e( in the paper
9y ,al7er et al W2$$"X a& interprete( 9y @ay S-n. At i& 9ac7war( compati9le with an earlier heart
ti&&-e mo(el (e&cri9e( in the paper 9y =-ccione, .cC-lloch, an( ,al(man W11X. Both mo(el&
are tran&ver&ely i&otropic.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O C B1 B2 B% P B
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

0ard $( O5it tHis 7ard Bor tHe earlier 5odel8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L$ C2$.2M L' . BB C2$ T.2M T2CT
Type + A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT .2C+
Type + A

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$? ;MA/=1EAR/=/ISSUE
2#"!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
C
3ia&tolic material coefficient.
B1
1
, (ia&tolic material coefficient
.

B2
2
.

B%
3
.

P
Pre&&-re in the m-&cle ti&&-e
B
Sy&tolic material coefficient. Omit for the earlier mo(el.
L$
l
0
, &acromere length at which no active ten&ion (evelop&. Omit for the ear#
lier mo(el.
C2$.2M
(Co
0
)
max
, maxim-m pea7 intracell-lar calci-m concentrate. Omit for the
earlier mo(el.

L'
l
R
, Stre&&#free &acromere length. Omit for the earlier mo(el.

.

BB
C2$
Co
0
, pea7 intracell-lar calci-m concentration. Omit for the earlier mo(el.
T.2M
I
max
, maxim-m i&ometric ten&ion achieve( at the longe&t &acromere length.
Omit for the earlier mo(el.

T2CT
t
at
, time at which active contraction initiate&. Omit for the earlier mo(el

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#"!1 B.2TC
2OPT
(irection.
point, P, which (efine the centerline axi&.
.2C+
MP,4P,QP
x
p
y
p
H
p,
21,22,2%
a
1
a
2
a
%
31,32,3%
(
1
(
2
(
%
P1,P2,P%
v
1
v
2
v
%
B<T2
car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSOLA3JO'TLO.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$? ;MA/=1EAR/=/ISSUE
2#"!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
1C The ti&&-e mo(el i& (e&cri9e( in term& of the energy f-nctional that i& tran&ver&ely i&otropic with
re&pect to the local fi9er (irection,

w =
C
2
(c
1)
=
]
E
11
2
+
t
(E
22
2
+E
33
2
+E
23
2
+E
32
2
) +
]
(E
12
2
+E
21
2
+E
13
2
+E
31
2
)

with C,
]
,
t
, an(
]
material parameter& an( < the Lagrange#=reen &train&.
The &y&tolic contraction wa& mo(ele( a& the &-m of the pa&&ive &tre&& (erive( from the &train energy
f-nction an( an active fi9er (irectional component, I
0
, which i& a f-nction of time, t,
S =
ow
oE
p[C
-1
+I
0
{t, Co
0
, l]
o =
1
[
S
1

with S the &econ( Piola#@irchoff &tre&& ten&or, C the right Ca-chy#=reen (eformation ten&or, K the
Kaco9ian of the (eformation gra(ient ten&or , an( o the Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or.
The active fi9er (irectional &tre&& component i& (efine( 9y a time#varying ela&tance mo(el, which at
en(#&y&tole, i& re(-ce( to
I
0
= I
max
Co
0
2
Co
0
2
+ECo
50
2
C
t

with I
max
the maxim-m i&ometric ten&ion achieve( at the longe&t &acromere length an( maxim-m
pea7 intracell-lar calci-m concentration. The length#(epen(ent calci-m &en&itivity an( internal vari#
a9le i& given 9y,
ECo
50
=
(Co
0
)
max
ex|B(l l
0
] 1
C
t
= 12(1 s w)
l = l
R
2E
11
+1
w = n
u.2S +t
= ml +

2 cro&&#fi9er, in#plane &tre&& e:-ivalent to !$c of that along the myocar(ial fi9er (irection i& a((e(.
2C The earlier ti&&-e mo(el i& (e&cri9e( in term& of the energy f-nctional in term& of the =reen &train
component&, E
]
,
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#"!% B.2TC

w(E) =
C
2
(c
1) +
1
2
P(I
3
1)
=
1
E
11
2
+
2
(E
22
2
+E
33
2
+E
23
2
+E
32
2
) +
3
(E
12
2
+E
21
2
+E
13
2
+E
31
2
)

The =reen component& are mo(ifie( to eliminate any effect& of vol-metric wor7 following the pro#
ce(-re& of Og(en. See the paper 9y =-ccione et al W11X for more (etail.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$, ;MA/=LUN2=/ISSUE
2#"!! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=LUN2=/ISSUE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 12. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a hyperela&tic mo(el for heart ti&&-e, &ee
WPawter 1/$X com9ine( optionally with linear vi&coela&ticity a& o-tline( 9y WChri&ten&en 1/$X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ C 3<LT2 2LPL2 B<T2
Type 2/ + + + A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1 C2 LCA3 T'2.P 5T
Type + + + + +

0ard .or5at Bor Vis7oelasti7 0onstants8 U4 to ) 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH a
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&
C
.aterial coefficient.
3<LT2
A, material coefficient.
2LPL2
o, material coefficient.
B<T2
, material coefficient
.

C1
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=LUN2=/ISSUE ;MA/=%$,
LSDYNA 2#"!" B.2TC
C2
LCA3
Optional loa( c-rve A3 of relaxation c-rve
Af con&tant&

T'2.P
5T
5-m9er of Prony &erie& term& in optional fit. Af Hero, the (efa-lt i& 0. C-r#
rently, the maxim-m n-m9er i& 0. Pal-e& le&& than 0, po&&i9ly %#" are rec#
&ho-l( 9e exerci&e( when ta7ing the re&-lt& from the fit. 2lway& chec7 the
re&-lt& of the fit in the o-tp-t file. Prefera9ly, all generate( coefficient&
&ho-l( 9e po&itive. 5egative val-e& may lea( to -n&ta9le re&-lt&. Once a
&ati&factory fit ha& 9een achieve( it i& recommen(e( that the coefficient&
which are written into the o-tp-t file 9e inp-t in f-t-re r-n&.
=A
B<T2A
Re5arAs(
The material i& (e&cri9e( 9y a &train energy f-nctional expre&&e( in term& of the invariant& of the
=reen Strain)
w(I
1
, I
2
) =
C
2A
c
(uI
1
2
+[I
2
)
+
12C
1
A(1 +C
2
)
|A
(1+C
2
)
1]
A
2
=

S
(I
1
+I
2
) 1

where the hy(ro&tatic wor7 term i& in term& of the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, 0, an( the thir( invariant, Q, a&)
w
H
([) =
K
2
([ 1)
2

form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
t
0
(t )
s
kl
J

]
]
,
S
]
= ] 0
]k
t
0
(t )
L
kl
J
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%$, ;MA/=LUN2=/ISSUE
2#"!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
where g
]k
(t ) an( 0
]k
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
N
m=1
c
-[ t

given 9y,
g(t) = 0
c
-[
i
t
=1


D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S3E0IAL=OR/1O/RO3I0 ;MA/=%!"
LSDYNA 2#"!7 B.2TC
;MA/=S3E0IAL=OR/1O/RO3I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%$. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay an( the C$ triang-lar &hell
element& an( i& 9a&e( on a re&-ltant &tre&& form-lation. An#plane 9ehavior i& treate( &eparately from
9en(ing in or(er to mo(el perforate( material& &-ch a& televi&ion &ha(ow ma&7&. Af other &hell for#
m-lation& are &pecifie(, the form-lation will 9e a-tomatically &witche( to Belyt&ch7o#T&ay. 2& im#
plemente(, thi& material mo(el cannot 9e -&e( with -&er (efine( integration r-le&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 4S <P
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <11P <22P P12P P21P =12P =2%P =%1P
Type + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <11B <22B P12B P21B =12B 2OPT
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!" ;MA/=S3E0IAL=OR/1O/RO3I0
2#"!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
4S
4iel( &tre&&. Thi& parameter i& optional an( i& approximate& the yiel( con#
(ition. Set to Hero if the 9ehavior i& ela&tic.
<P
<11P
<
11p
, for in plane 9ehavior.
<22P
<
22p
P12P
12p
P11P
21p
=12P
=
12p
=2%P
=
2%p
=%1P
=
%1p
<11B
<
119
, for 9en(ing 9ehavior.
<22B
<
229
P12B
129
P21B
219
=12B
=
129
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S3E0IAL=OR/1O/RO3I0 ;MA/=%!"
LSDYNA 2#"! B.2TC
2OPT
B<T2.
21,22,2%
a
1
a
2
a
%
31,32,3%
(
1
(
2
(
%
P1,P2,P%
v
1
v
2
v
%
, (efine component& of vector ' for 2OPT T %.
B<T2
Re5arAs(
The in#plane ela&tic matrix for in#plane, plane &tre&& 9ehavior i& given 9y)
C
n lane
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
11

12
u u u
12

22
u u u
u

u
44
u u
u

u u
55
u
u u u u
661
1
1
1
1
1

The term&
]

are (efine( a&)
11
=
E
11
1
12
21

22
=
E
22
1
12
21

12
=
12
E
11
1
12
21

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!" ;MA/=S3E0IAL=OR/1O/RO3I0
2#""$ B.2TC LSDYNA
44
= 0
12

55
= 0
23

66
= 0
31

The ela&tic matrix for 9en(ing 9ehavior i& given 9y)
C
bcdg
=
11b

12b
u
12b

22b
u
u

u
44b

The term&
]

are &imilarly (efine(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K ;MA/=%!%
LSDYNA 2#""1 B.2TC
;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%1. Thi& mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y Lemmen an( .eiGer W2$$1X a& a &meare(
crac7 mo(el for i&otropic material&. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le of &oli( element& only an( i& re&tricte(
to crac7& in the x#y plane. 8&er& &ho-l( choo&e other mo(el& -nle&& they have the report 9y Lemmen
an( .eiGer W2$$1X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' ASPL SA=+ =@ S'
Type 2/ + + + A + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
ASPL
+ail-re option)
<R.$) .axim-m principal &tre&& criterion
<R.") Smeare( crac7 mo(el
<R.0) 3amage mo(el 9a&e( on mo(ifie( von .i&e& &train
SA=+
Pea7 &tre&&.
=@
Critical energy relea&e rate.
S'
Strength ratio.
Re5arAs(
The following (oc-mentation i& ta7en nearly ver9atim from the (oc-mentation of Lemmen an( .ei#
Ger W2$$1X.
Three metho(& are offere( to mo(el progre&&ive fail-re. The maxim-m principal &tre&& criterion (e#
tect& fail-re if the maxim-m Bmo&t ten&ileC principal &tre&& excee(& o
max
. 8pon fail-re, the material
can no longer carry &tre&&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!% ;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K
2#""2 B.2TC LSDYNA
The &econ( fail-re mo(el i& the &meare( crac7 mo(el with linear &oftening &tre&&#&train -&ing
e:-ivalent -niaxial &train&. +ail-re i& a&&-me( to 9e perpen(ic-lar to the principal &train (irection&.
2 rotational crac7 concept i& employe( in which the crac7 (irection& are relate( to the c-rrent (irec#
tion& of principal &train. Therefore crac7 (irection& may rotate in time. Principal &tre&&e& are ex#
pre&&e( a&
_
o
1
o
2
o
3
_ = _
E
1
u u
u E
2
u
u u E
3
_ _
e
1
e
2
e
3
_ = _
E
1
e
1
E
2
e
2
E
3
e
3
_ B1%1.1C

with E
1
, E
2
an( E
3
&ecant &tiffne&& in the term& that (epen( on internal varia9le&.
An the mo(el (evelope( for 34COSS it ha& 9een a&&-me( that there i& no interaction 9etween the
three (irection& in which ca&e &tre&&e& &imply follow from

o
]
(e
]
) =
`
1
1
Ee
]
u e
]
e
],n
o _1
s
]
-s
],n
s
],lt
-s
],n
] e
],n
< e
]
e
],lt
u e
]
> e
],lt
B1%1.2C
with o the -ltimate &tre&&, e
],n
the (amage thre&hol(, an( e
],lt
the -ltimate &train in ?#(irection. The
(amage thre&hol( i& (efine( a&

e
],n
=
c
E
B1%1.%C

The -ltimate &train i& o9taine( 9y relating the crac7 growth energy an( the (i&&ipate( energy

]]oJe
],lt
JI = 0A B1%1.!C

with B the energy relea&e rate, ' the element vol-me an( A the area perpen(ic-lar to the principal
&train (irection. The one point element& LS#3452 have a &ingle integration point an( the integral
over the vol-me may 9e replace( 9y the vol-me. +or linear &oftening it follow&

e
],lt
=
2uA
vc
B1%1."C

The a9ove form-lation may 9e regar(e( a& a (amage e:-ivalent to the maxim-m principle &tre&& cri#
terion.

The thir( mo(el i& a (amage mo(el repre&ente( 9y Bre7elman& et. al W11X. Lere the Ca-chy &tre&&
ten&or o i& expre&&e( a&

o = (1 )Ee B1%1.0C
where 1 repre&ent& the c-rrent (amage an( the factor B1#1C i& the re(-ction factor ca-&e( 9y (am#
age. The &calar (amage varia9le i& expre&&e( a& f-nction of a &o#calle( (amage e:-ivalent &train eJ

= (eJ) = 1
s
n
(s
lt
-s
d
)
s
d
(s
lt
-s
n
)
B1%1.7C

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ISO/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K ;MA/=%!%
LSDYNA 2#""% B.2TC
an(

eJ =
k-1
2k(1-2)
[1 +
1
2k
_
[
k-1
1-2
[1
2
+
6k
(1+)
2
[2 B1%1./C

where the con&tant @ repre&ent& the ratio of the &trength in ten&ion over the &trength in compre&&ion

k =
c
lt ,tensn

c
lt, messn
B1%1.C

Q
1
re&p. Q
2
are the fir&t an( &econ( invariant of the &train ten&or repre&enting the vol-metric an( the
(eviatoric &training re&pectively

[1 = t(e)
[2 = t(e e)
1
3
t
2
(e)
B1%1.1$C

Af the compre&&ion an( ten&ion &trength are e:-al the (epen(ency on the vol-metric &train vani&he&
in B/C an( fail-re i& &hear (ominate(. Af the compre&&ive &trength i& m-ch larger than the &trength in
ten&ion, @ 9ecome& &mall an( the Q
*
term& in B1%1./C (ominate the 9ehavior.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!$ ;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K
2#""! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%2. Thi& material i& a &meare( crac7 mo(el for orthotropic material&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 8A5S 8ASS C<''.A C<''.AA A53 AS3
Type + + + + A A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 2OPT
Type + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + A

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 '<+
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K ;MA/=%!$
LSDYNA 2#""" B.2TC
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<2
<
a
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in a.(irection.
<B
<
9
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in 6.(irection.
<C
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in c.(irection
P'B2
9a
, Poi&&on]& ratio 6a2
P'C2
ca
P'CB
c9
8A5S
8ltimate interlaminar normal &tre&&.
8ASS
8ltimate interlaminar &hear &tre&&.
C<''.A
Critical energy relea&e rate mo(e A
C<''.AA
Critical energy relea&e rate mo(e AA
A53
Anterlaminar normal (irection )
<R.1.$) 2long local a axi&
<R.2.$) 2long local 9 axi&
<R.%.$) 2long local c axi&
AS3
Anterlaminar &hear (irection )
<R.!.$) 2long local a9 axi&
<R.".$) 2long local 9c axi&
<R.0.$) 2long local ca axi&
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9.
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c.
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca.
D
R
A
F
T
2#""0 B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
.aterial axe& option, &ee +ig-re 2.1.
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
.2C+
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
3efine component& of vector d for 2OPT T 2)
B<T2
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=SMEARED=0RA0K ;MA/=%!$
LSDYNA 2#""7 B.2TC
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
Re5arAs(
Thi& i& an orthotropic material with optional (elamination fail-re for 9rittle compo&ite&. The ela&tic
form-lation i& i(entical to the 3452%3 mo(el that -&e& total &train form-lation. The con&tit-tive
matrix 0 that relate& to glo9al component& of &tre&& to the glo9al component& of &train i& (efine( a&)
C = T
1
C
L
T
where T i& the tran&formation matrix 9etween the local material coor(inate &y&tem an( the glo9al
&y&tem an( C
L
i& the con&tit-tive matrix (efine( in term& of the material con&tant& of the local or#
thogonal material axe& a, 6, an( c B&ee 3452%3 -&e man-alC.
+ail-re i& (e&cri9e( -&ing linear &oftening &tre&& &train c-rve& for interlaminar normal an( interlami#
nar &hear (irection. The c-rrent implementation for fail-re i& e&&entially 2#3. 3amage can occ-r in
interlaminar normal (irection an( a &ingle interlaminar &hear (irection. The orientation of the&e (i#
rection& w.r.t. the principal material (irection& have to 9e &pecifie( 9y the -&er.
Ba&e( on &pecifie( val-e& for the -ltimate &tre&& an( the critical energy relea&e rate 9o-n(ing &-rfac#
e& are (efine(

= o
(e
= o
(e
)

where the &-9&cript& n an( & refer to the normal an( &hear component. Af &tre&&e& excee( the 9o-n(#
ing &-rface& inela&tic &training occ-r&. The -ltimate &train i& o9taine( 9y relating the crac7 growth
energy an( the (i&&ipate( energy. +or &oli( element& with a &ingle integration point it can 9e (erive(

e
,lt
=
20
A
Io
,lt

D
R
A
F
T
2#""/ B.2TC LSDYNA
with 0the critical energy relea&e rate, Ithe element vol-me, A the area perpen(ic-lar to the active
normal (irection an( o
, lt
the -ltimate &tre&&. +or the normal component fail-re can only occ-r -n#
(er ten&ile loa(ing. +or &hear component the 9ehavior i& &ymmetric aro-n( Hero. The re&-lting
&tre&& 9o-n(& are (epicte( in +ig-re 2#0%. 8nloa(ing i& mo(ele( with a Secant &tiffne&&.
+ig-re 2#0%. Show& &tre&& 9o-n(& for the active normal component BleftC an( the archive
&hear component BrightC.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$""" ;MA/=%!!
LSDYNA 2#"" B.2TC
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$"""
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%%. Thi& mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y Barlat et al. W2$$%X to overcome &ome
&hortcoming& of the &ix parameter Barlat mo(el implemente( a& material %% B.2TJB2'L2T
J4L30C in LS#3452. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for &hell element& only.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' +AT B<T2 AT<' ASC2L<
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @ <$ 5 C P L2'3 2
Type + + + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB and onl iB AS"
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB and onl iB .I/O"
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!! ;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$"""
2#"0$ B.2TC LSDYNA
DeBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards iB and onl iB .I/O%
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=$$ SA=!" SA=$ '$$ '!" '$
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=MM SA=44 SA=M4 3MM 344 3M4
Type + + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE tHree 7ards iB and onl iB 1ARDO!
Car( !E" 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CP T$ T'<+ T2$
Type + + + +

Car( "E0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B C 3 P R <$.2'T P.$
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 0E7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LS BLS . 5 <PS$ L.2'T @1 @2
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$""" ;MA/=%!!
LSDYNA 2#"01 B.2TC
Car( !E" 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT O++25= P! LT+L2= LT2 LTB LTC LT3
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( "E0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( 0E7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
L<.$) #< i& loa( c-rve A3 for 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& v&. pla&tic &train
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
+AT
.aterial parameter fit flag)
<R.$.$) .aterial parameter& are -&e( (irectly on car( %.
<R.1.$) .aterial parameter& are (etermine( from te&t (ata on car(& %
an( !
B<T2
Lar(ening parameter. 2ny val-e ranging from $ Bi&otropic har(eningC to 1
B7inematic har(eningC may 9e inp-t.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!! ;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$"""
2#"02 B.2TC LSDYNA
AT<'
Pla&tic iteration flag)
<R.$.$) Plane &tre&& algorithm for &tre&& ret-rn
<R.1.$) Secant iteration algorithm for &tre&& ret-rn
AT<' provi(e& an option of -&ing three &ecant iteration& for (etermin#
ing the thic7ne&& &train increment a& experiment& have &hown that thi&
lea(& to a more acc-rate pre(iction of &hell thic7ne&& change& for rapi(
proce&&e&. 2 &ignificant increa&e in comp-tation time i& inc-rre( with
thi& option &o it &ho-l( 9e -&e( only for application& a&&ociate( with
high rate& of loa(ing an(Eor for implicit analy&i&.
ASC2L<
4iel( loc-& &caling flag)
<R.$.$) Scaling on # reference (irectionTrolling (irection B(efa-ltC
<R.1.$) Scaling off # reference (irection ar9itrary
@
.aterial parameter)
L2'3.<R.1.$) 7, &trength coefficient for exponential har(ening
L2'3.<R.2.$) a in Poce har(ening law
L2'3.<R.!.$) 7, &trength coefficient for =o&h har(en#
ing
L2'3.<R.".$) a in Loc7et#Sher9y har(ening law
<$
.aterial parameter)
L2'3.<R.1.$) $, &train at yiel( for exponential har(ening
L2'3.<R.2.$) 9 in Poce har(ening law
L2'3.<R.!.$) $, &train at yiel( for =o&h har(ening
L2'3.<R.".$) 9 in Loc7et#Sher9y har(ening law
5
.aterial parameter)
L2'3.<R.1.$) n, exponent for exponential har(ening
L2'3.<R.2.$) c in Poce har(ening law
L2'3.<R.!.$) n, exponent for =o&h har(ening
L2'3.<R.".$) c in Loc7et#Sher9y har(ening law
C
Cowper#Symon(& &train rate parameter, C, &ee form-la 9elow.
P
Cowper#Symon(& &train rate parameter, p.
o
(e
, e
) = o
(e
) _1 +]
s
p
C
1
]
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$""" ;MA/=%!!
LSDYNA 2#"0% B.2TC
L2'3
Lar(ening law)
<R.1.$) <xponential har(ening)o
= ke
0
+e

<R.2.$) Poce har(ening) o
= o c
-c s
p

<R.%.$) Lan&el har(ening
<R.!.$) =o&h har(ening) o
= ke
0
+e
p
<R.".$) Loc7et#Sher9y har(ening) o
= o c
-c s
p
q

LT.$.$) 29&ol-te val-e (efine& loa( c-rve A3 or ta9le A3 with yiel(
&tre&& a& f-nction& of pla&tic &train an( in the latter ca&e al&o
2
+low potential exponent
C'C5
Cha9oche#'o-&&ilier 7inematic har(ening parameter, &ee remar7&.
C'C2
Cha9oche#'o-&&ilier 7inematic har(ening parameter, &ee remar7&.
2LPL21
1
, &ee e:-ation& 9elow
2LPL22
2
2LPL2%
%
2LPL2!
!
2LPL2"
"
2LPL20
0
2LPL27
7
2LPL2/
/
SA=$$
4iel( &tre&& in $$ (irection
SA=!"
4iel( &tre&& in !" (irection
SA=$
4iel( &tre&& in $ (irection
'$$
'#val-e in $$ (irection
'!"
'#val-e in !" (irection
'$
'#val-e in $ (irection
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!! ;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$"""
2#"0! B.2TC LSDYNA
SA=MM
xx#component of &tre&& on yiel( &-rface BSee 'emar7 2C.
SA=44
yy#component of &tre&& on yiel( &-rface BSee 'emar7 2C.
SA=M4
xy#component of &tre&& on yiel( &-rface BSee 'emar7 2C.
3MM
xx#component of tangent to yiel( &-rface BSee 'emar7 2C.
344
yy#component of tangent to yiel( &-rface BSee 'emar7 2C.
3M4
xy#component of tangent to yiel( &-rface BSee 'emar7 2C.
CP
2(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation option)
<R.$.$) 2(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation i& (i&a9le(.
=T.$.$) CP i& the &pecific heat Cp. 2(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation i&
ena9le(.
T$
Anitial temperat-re T
$
of the material if a(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation i&
ena9le(.
T'<+
'eference temperat-re for o-tp-t of the yiel( &tre&& a& hi&tory varia9le.
T2$
'eference temperat-re T
2$
, the a9&ol-te Hero for the -&e( temperat-re
&cale, e.g. #27%.1" if the Cel&i-& &cale i& -&e( an( $.$ if the @elvin &cale i&
-&e(.
2
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter A, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
B
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter ), &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
C
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter #, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
3
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter 1, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
P
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter p, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
R
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter Q, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
<$.2'T
.arten&ite rate e:-ation parameter E
;mart4
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$""" ;MA/=%!!
LSDYNA 2#"0" B.2TC
P.$
The initial vol-me fraction of marten&ite $.$>'
m$
>1.$

may 9e initiali&e(
-&ing two (ifferent metho(&)
=T.$.$) Pm$ i& &et to P.$.
LT.$.$) Can 9e -&e( only when there are initial pla&tic &train& p pre#
&ent, e.g. when -&ing IA5ATA2LJST'<SSJSL<LL. The a9&o#
l-te val-e of P.$ i& then the loa( c-rve A3 for a f-nction f that
&et& I
m0
= (e
). The f-nction f m-&t 9e a monotonically non#

(ecrea&ing f-nction of e
.
2LS
AS
BLS
Lar(ening law parameter )
AS
.
Lar(ening law parameter m, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
5
Lar(ening law parameter n, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
<PS$
Lar(ening law parameter
$
L.2'T
!]
@1
1
@2
2
2OPT
no(e& a& &hown in +ig-re 2$.1. 5o(e& 1, 2, an( ! of an element
&y&tem a& 9y I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S
(efine( 9elow, a& with I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'
O++25=
Off&et angle for 2OPTT%
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!! ;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$"""
2#"00 B.2TC LSDYNA
P!
.aterial parameter)
L2'3.<R.!.$) p in =o&h har(ening law
L2'3.<R)".$) : in Loc7et#Sher9y har(ening law
LT+L2=
Leat treatment flag B&ee remar7&C)
LT+L2=.<R.$) Preforming &tage
LT+L2=.<R.1) Leat treatment &tage
LT+L2=.<R.2) Po&tforming &tage
LT2
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter 2
LTB
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter B
LTC
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter C
LT3
Loa( c-rveETa9le A3 for po&tforming parameter 3
21 22 2%
Component& of vector a for 2OPTT2
P1 P2 P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPTT%
31 32 3%
Component& of vector d for 2OPTT2
Re5arAs(
1. Strain rate i& acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the yiel( &tre&&
with the factor
1 + _
e
C
]
1

,

where e i& the &train rate. 2 f-lly vi&copla&tic form-lation i& optional which incorporate& the
Cowper an( Symon(& form-lation within the yiel( &-rface. 2n a((itional co&t i& inc-rre( 9-t
the improvement allow& for (ramatic re&-lt&. To ignore &train rate effect& &et 9oth S'C an(
S'P to Hero.
2. The yiel( con(ition for thi& material can 9e written
( , u uu u, e
) = o
cII
(o
2o
, o
2o
, o
)
o
t
(e
, e
, ) u

where
o
cII
(s
, s
, s
) = [
1
2
(' +'')
1
' = |X'
1
X'
2
|
'' = |2X''
1
+X''
2
|
+|X''
1
+2X''
2
|
.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$""" ;MA/=%!!
LSDYNA 2#"07 B.2TC
The X'
an( X''
are eigenval-e& of X'

]
an( X''
]
an( are given 9y
X'
1
=
1
2
_X'
11
+X'
22
+_(X'
11
X'
22
)
2
+X'
12
2
_
X'
2
=
1
2
_X'
11
+X'
22
_(X'
11
X'
22
)
2
+X'
12
2
_

an(
X''
1
=
1
2
_X''
11
+X''
22
+_(X''
11
X''
22
)
2
+X''
12
2
_
X''
2
=
1
2
_X''
11
+X''
22
_(X''
11
X''
22
)
2
+X''
12
2
_

re&pectively. The X'
]
an( X''
]
are given 9y
_
X'
11
X'
22
X'
12
_ = _
I'
11
I'
12
u
I'
21
I'
22
u
u u I'
33
__
s
_ _
X''
11
X''
22
X''
12
_ = _
I''
11
I''
12
u
I''
21
I''
22
u
u u I''
33
__
s
_
where
`
I'
11
I'
12
I'
21
I'
22
I'
33
/
=
1
3
`
2 u u
1 u u
u 1 u
u 2 u
u u S
/
_
o
1
o
2
o
7
_
`
I''
11
I''
12
I''
21
I''
22
I''
33
/
=
1
9
`
2 2 8 2 u
1 u
1 u
2 8 2 2 u
u u u u 9
/
o
3
o
4
o
5
o
6
o

The parameter& o
1
to o
are the parameter& that (etermine& the &hape of the yiel( &-rface.
The material parameter& can 9e (etermine( from three -niaxial te&t& an( a more general te&t.
+rom the -niaxial te&t& the yiel( &tre&& an( '#val-e& are -&e( an( from the general te&t an ar9i#
trary point on the yiel( &-rface i& -&e( given 9y the &tre&& component& in the material &y&tem
a&
= _ __ _
o
_ __ _
together with a tangent of the yiel( &-rface in that partic-lar point. +or the latter the tangential
(irection &ho-l( 9e (etermine( &o that
J
+J
+2J
= u
The 9iaxial (ata can 9e &et to Hero in the inp-t (ec7 for LS#3452 to G-&t fit the -niaxial (a#
ta.
%. 2 7inematic har(ening mo(el i& implemente( following the wor7& of Cha9oche an( 'o-&&il#
o
cII
= o
cII
(o
11
2o
11
o
22
, o
22
2o
22
o
11
, o
12
o
12
)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!! ;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$"""
2#"0/ B.2TC LSDYNA
o
]
= o
]
k
4
k=1

oo
]
k
= C
k
_o
k
s
]
o
cII
o
]
k
] oe

where C
k
an( o
k
are material parameter&, s
]
cII
i& the effective
&tre&& an( e
i& the effective pla&tic &train. The yiel( con(ition i& for thi& ca&e mo(ifie( accor(#
ing to

( ,u uu u, e
) = o
cII
(o
2o
, o
2o
, o
)
_o
t
(e
, e
, u) o
k
1 ex(C
k
e
)
4
k=1
_ u

in or(er to get the expecte( &tre&& &train re&pon&e for -niaxial &tre&&.
!. The Lan&el har(ening law i& the &ame a& in material 11% 9-t i& repeate( here for the &a7e of
convenience.
The har(ening i& temperat-re (epen(ent an( therefore thi& material mo(el m-&t 9e r-n either in
a co-ple( thermo#mechanical &ol-tion, -&ing pre&cri9e( temperat-re& or -&ing the a(ia9atic
temperat-re calc-lation option. Setting the parameter CP to the &pecific heat #
p
of the material
activate& the a(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation that calc-late& the temperat-re rate from the
e:-ation
I
=
c
p
pC
p
,
where o
i& the pla&tically (i&&ipate( heat. 8&ing the @elvin &cale i& recommen(e(, even
tho-gh other &cale& may 9e -&e( witho-t pro9lem&.
The har(ening 9ehavio-r i& (e&cri9e( 9y the following e:-ation&. The .arten&ite rate e:-ation
i&
oI
m
oe
=
`
1
1
1
1
u, e < E
0(mat)
B
A
ex(

I I
A0
) _
1 I
m
I
m
]
(B+1)B
I
m
1
2
(1 tanh(C + I)), e
E
0(mat)

where

e
T effective pla&tic &train an(

T T temperat-re.
The marten&ite fraction i& integrate( from the a9ove rate e:-ation)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$""" ;MA/=%!!
LSDYNA 2#"0 B.2TC
I
m
= ]
v
m
s
p
s
0
Je
.
At alway& hol(& that $.$>'
m
>1.$. The initial marten&ite content i& '
m$
an( m-&t 9e greater than
Hero an( le&& than 1.$. 5ote that '
m$
i& not -&e( (-ring a re&tart or when initialiHing the '
m
hi&#
tory varia9le -&ing IA5ATA2LJST'<SSJSL<LL.
The yiel( &tre&&
y
i&
o
= {B
HS
(B
HS
A
HS
)ex(m|e
+e
0
]
)](K
1
+K
2
I) +AE
yui
I
m
.
The parameter& p an( B &ho-l( f-lfill the following con(ition
B1^BCEB>p,
if not f-lfille( then the marten&ite rate will approach infinity a& I
m
approache& Hero. Setting the
parameter e
0
larger than Hero, typical range $.$$1#$.$2 i& recommen(e(. 2 part from the ef#
fective tr-e &train a few a((itional hi&tory varia9le& are o-tp-t, &ee 9elow.
Li&tory varia9le& that are o-tp-t for po&t#proce&&ing)
1 4iel( &tre&& of material at temperat-re T'<+. 8&ef-l to eval-ate the &trength of the
material after e.g., a &im-late( forming operation.
2$ Pol-me fraction marten&ite, '
m

21 CP <R.$.$) 5ot -&e(
CP =T.$.$) Temperat-re from a(ia9atic temperat-re calc-lation.
". Leat treatment for increa&ing the forma9ility of pre&traine( al-min-m &heet& can 9e &im-lat#
e( thro-gh the -&e of LT+L2=, where the intention i& to r-n a forming &im-lation in &tep&
involving preforming, &pring9ac7, heat treatment an( po&tforming. An each &tep the hi&tory i&
tran&ferre( to the next via the -&e of (ynain B&ee IA5T<'+2C<JSP'A5=B2C@C. The fir&t
two &tep& are performe( with LT+L2=T$ accor(ing to &tan(ar( proce(-re&, re&-lting in a
pla&tic &train fiel( e
0
corre&pon(ing to the pre&train. The heat treatment &tep i& performe( -&#
ing LT+L2=T1 in a co-ple( thermomechanical &im-lation, where the 9lan7 i& heate(. The
co-pling 9etween thermal an( mechanical i& only that the maxim-m temperat-re I
0
i&
&tore( a& a hi&tory varia9le in the material mo(el, thi& corre&pon(ing to the heat treatment
temperat-re. Lere it i& important to export all hi&tory varia9le& to the (ynein file for the
po&tforming &tep. An the final po&tforming &tep, LT+L2=T2, the yiel( &tre&& i& then a-g#
mente( 9y the Loc7et#Sher9y li7e term
Ao = ( o)ex[|e
0
]
d

where a( 6( c an( & are given a& ta9le& a& f-nction& of the heat treatment temperat-re I
0
an(
pre&train e
0
. That i&, in the ta9le (efinition& each loa( c-rve corre&pon(& to a given pre&train
an( the loa( c-rve val-e i& with re&pect to the heat treatment temperat-re,
o = o(I
0
, e
0
) = (I
0
, e
0
) = (I
0
, e
0
) J = J(I
0
, e
0
)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!! ;MA/=<ARLA/=YLD$"""
2#"7$ B.2TC LSDYNA
The effect of heat treatment i& that the material &trength (ecrea&e& 9-t har(ening increa&e&,
th-& typically
o u o > u J > u
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=.A<RI0 ;MA/=%!*
LSDYNA 2#"71 B.2TC
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=.A<RI0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%!. The vi&coela&tic fa9ric mo(el i& a variation on the general vi&coela&tic
mo(el of material 70. Thi& mo(el i& vali( for % an( ! no(e mem9rane element& only an( i& &trongly
recommen(e( for mo(eling i&otropic vi&coela&tic fa9ric& where wrin7ling may 9e a pro9lem. +or
thin fa9ric&, 9-c7ling can re&-lt in an ina9ility to &-pport compre&&ive &tre&&e&D th-&, a flag i& incl-(#
e( for thi& option. Af 9en(ing &tre&&e& are important -&e a &hell form-lation with mo(el 70.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O B8L@ BomitC BomitC BomitC CS<
Type A + + +

IB BittinE is done Bro5 a relaJation 7ur'e# s4e7iB BittinE 4ara5eters on 7ard $8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + A + + + A + +

Bro5 tHat Bor tHe 9ulA 9eHa'ior( si54l insert Dero iB a ter5 is not in7luded8
Optional
Car(& %,. . 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +

.A3
.aterial i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
B8L@
<la&tic con&tant 9-l7 mo(-l-&. Af the 9-l7 9ehavior i& vi&coela&tic, then thi&
mo(-l-& i& -&e( in (etermining the contact interface &tiffne&& only.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!* ;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=.A<RI0
2#"72 B.2TC LSDYNA
CS<
Compre&&ive &tre&& flag B(efa-lt T $.$C.
<R.$.$) (on]t eliminate compre&&ive &tre&&e&
<R.1.$) eliminate compre&&ive &tre&&e&
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 if con&tant&, B
i
, an(
i
are (etermine( via a lea&t &:-are& fit.
Thi& relaxation c-rve i& &hown 9elow.
5T
5-m9er of term& in &hear fit. Af Hero the (efa-lt i& 0. C-rrently, the maxi#
m-m n-m9er i& &et to 0.
BST2'T
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i&
1$ time&
> (
an( &o on. Af Hero, BST2'TT$.$1.
T'2.P
LCA3@
i
, an(
i
are (etermine(
5T@
maxim-m n-m9er i& &et to 0.
BST2'T@
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T@,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i& 1$ time&
> (
an( &o on. Af Hero, BST2'T@T$.$1.
T'2.P@
=A
B<T2A
@A
B<T2@A
Re5arAs(
form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
t
0
(t )
s
kl
J

where g
]k
(t ) i& the relaxation f-nction.
Af we wi&h to incl-(e only &imple rate effect& for the (eviatoric &tre&&e&, the relaxation f-nction i&
repre&ente( 9y &ix term& from the Prony &erie&)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=.A<RI0 ;MA/=%!*
LSDYNA 2#"7% B.2TC
g(t) = 0
m
N
m=1
c
-[
m
t

,e characteriHe thi& in the inp-t 9y &hear mo(-lii, 0
of term&, -p to 0, may 9e -&e( when applying the vi&coela&tic mo(el.
9-l7 mo(-lii)
k(t) = K
m
N
m=1
c
-[
k
m
t

+or an example of a &tre&& relaxation c-rve &ee +ig-re 2#0!. Thi& c-rve (efine& &tre&& ver&-& time
where time i& (efine( on a logarithmic &cale. +or 9e&t re&-lt&, the point& (efine( in the loa( c-rve
&ho-l( 9e e:-ally &pace( on the logarithmic &cale. +-rthermore, the loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e &mooth
an( (efine( in the po&itive :-a(rant. Af nonphy&ical val-e& are (etermine( 9y lea&t &:-are& fit, LS#
3452 will terminate with an error me&&age after the initialiHation pha&e i& complete(. Af the ramp
time for loa(ing i& incl-(e(, then the relaxation which occ-r& (-ring the loa(ing pha&e i& ta7en into
acco-nt. Thi& effect may or may not 9e important.
+ig-re 2#0!. Stre&& 'elaxation c-rve.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!> ;MA/=W/M=S/M
2#"7! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=W/M=S/M
Thi& i& material type 1%". Thi& ani&otropic#vi&copla&tic material mo(el a(opt& two yiel( criteria for
metal& with orthotropic ani&otropy propo&e( 9y Barlat an( Lian W1/X B,ea7 Text-re .o(elC an(
2retH W2$$!X BStrong Text-re .o(elC.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 58.+A <PSC ,C T28C
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=.2$ R'1 C'1 R'2 C'2 @ LC +L=
Type + + + + + + + +

Des7ri9e tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor .L2 O "
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2% 2! 2" 20 27 2/
Type + + + + + + + +

Des7ri9e tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor .L2 O %
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S$$ S!" S$ SBB '$$ '!" '$ 'BB
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=W/M=S/M ;MA/=%!>
LSDYNA 2#"7" B.2TC
Des7ri9e tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor .L2 O $
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 C L P
Type + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le RM1 CM1 RM2 CM2 <3OT . <.A5 S1$$
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT B<T2
Type + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!> ;MA/=W/M=S/M
2#"70 B.2TC LSDYNA
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
58.+A
5-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point& that m-&t fail 9efore the
element i& (elete( Bremem9er to change thi& n-m9er if &witching 9etween
f-ll an( re(-ce( integration type of element&C.
<PSC
Critical val-e e
tC
of the pla&tic thic7ne&& &train B-&e( in the CTS fract-re
criterionC.
,C
Critical val-e w
c
for the Coc7croft#Latham fract-re criterion
T28C
Critical val-e
c
for the Bre&&an#,illiam& &hear fract-re criterion
SA=.2$
Anitial mean val-e of yiel( &tre&& o
0

R'1
R1

C'1
R1

R'2
R2

C'2
R2

@
k

e:-al& half 4L32$$% exponent m. 'ecommen(e( val-e for +CC mate#
rial& i& m = 8, i.e. k = .
LC
+ir&t loa( c-rve n-m9er for proce&& effect&, i.e. the loa( c-rve (e&cri9ing
the relation 9etween the pre#&train an( the yiel( &tre&& o
0
. Similar c-rve&
for
R1
, C
R1
,
R2
, C
R2
, an( w
c
m-&t follow con&ec-tively from thi& n-m#
9er.
21
4l(2$$% parameter o
1

22
4l(2$$% parameter o
2

2%
4l(2$$% parameter o
3

2!
4l(2$$% parameter o
4

2"
4l(2$$% parameter o
5

20
4l(2$$% parameter o
6

27
4l(2$$% parameter o
7

2/
4l(2$$% parameter o

S$$
4iel( &tre&& in u
(irection
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=W/M=S/M ;MA/=%!>
LSDYNA 2#"77 B.2TC
S!"
4iel( &tre&& in S
(irection
S$
4iel( &tre&& in 9u
(irection
SBB
Balance( 9iaxial flow &tre&&
'$$
'#ratio in u
(irection
'!"
'#ratio in S
(irection
'$
'#ratio in 9u
(irection
'BB
Balance 9iaxial flow ratio
2
4L3/ parameter a
C
4L3/ parameter c
L
4L3/ parameter h
P
4L3/ parameter p
RM1
1

CM1
1

RM2
2

CM2
2

<3OT
Strain rate parameter e
0

.
Strain rate parameter m
<.A5
Lower limit of the i&otropic har(ening rate
dR
ds
. Thi& feat-re i& incl-(e( to
mo(el a non#Hero an( linearEexponential i&otropic wor7 har(ening rate at
large val-e& of effective pla&tic &train. Af the i&otropic wor7 har(ening rate
pre(icte( 9y the -tiliHe( Poce#type wor7 har(ening r-le fall& 9elow the
&pecifie( val-e it i& &-9&tit-te( 9y the pre&cri9e( val-e or &witche( to a
power#law har(ening if S1$$.5<.$. Thi& option &ho-l( 9e con&i(ere( for
pro9lem& involving exten&ive pla&tic (eformation&. Af proce&& (epen(ent
material characteri&tic& are pre&cri9e(, i.e. if LC .=T. $ the &ame minim-m
tangent mo(-l-& i& a&&-me( for all the pre&cri9e( wor7 har(ening c-rve&.
Af in&tea( <.A5.LT.$ then g<.A5 (efine& the pla&tic &train val-e at which
the linear or power#law har(ening approximation commence&.
S1$$
4iel( &tre&& at 1$$c &train for -&ing a power#law approximation 9eyon(
the &train (efine( 9y <.A5.
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2#"7/ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
B<T2.
JP<CTO'C. 2vaila9le in '% ver&ion of 71 an( later..
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ or %, may 9e overwritten on the
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPT T %
31 32 3%
Re5arAs(
Af +L=T1, i.e. if the yiel( &-rface parameter& o
1-
o
are i(entifie( on the 9a&i& of pre&cri9e( material

(ata internally in the material ro-tine, file& with point (ata for plotting of the i(entifie( yiel( &-rface,
along with the pre(icte( (irectional variation of the yiel( &tre&& an( pla&tic flow are generate( in the
(irectory where the LS#3452 analy&i& i& r-n. +o-r (ifferent file& are generate( for each &pecifie(
material.
The&e file& are name( accor(ing to the &cheme)
1. Conto-rJ1C
2. Conto-rJ2C
%. Conto-rJ%C
!. 'Jan(JSC
,here _ i& a val-e &tarting at 1.
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LSDYNA 2#"7 B.2TC
The three fir&t file& contain conto-r (ata for plotting of the yiel( &-rface a& &hown in +ig-re 2#0". To
generate the&e plot& a &-ita9le plotting program &ho-l( 9e a(opte( an( for each fileEplot, col-mn 2
&ho-l( 9e plotte( v&. col-mn& B. +or a more (etaile( (e&cription of the&e plot& it i& referre( to 'ef#
erence&. +ig-re 2#00 f-rther &how& a plot generate( from the final file name( q'Jan(JS_] &howing
the (irectional (epen(ency of the normaliHe( yiel( &tre&& Bcol-mn 2 v&. BC an( pla&tic &train ratio
Bcol-mn B v&. CC.
The yiel( con(ition for thi& material can 9e written
t( , u uu u, e
, e
) = o
e
( , u uu u) o
(e
, e
)

where
o
= o
0
+R(e
) _1 +
e
e
0
]
C

where the i&otropic har(ening rea(&
R(e
) =
R1
1 ex(C
R1
e
) +
R2
1 ex(C
R2
e
).
+or the ,ea7 Text-re .o(el the yiel( f-nction i& (efine( a&

o
e
= _
1
2
{o(k
1
+k
2
)
m
+o(k
1
k
2
)
m
+C(2k
2
)
m
]_
1
m

where
k
1
=
o
+b o
2

k
2
=
_
[
c
x
+h c
j
2

2
+ o
2
.

+or the Strong Text-re .o(el the yiel( f-nction i& (efine( a&

o
e
= _
1
2
{(o'
1
)
m
+(o'
2
)
m
+(o'
1
o'
2
)
m
]_
1
m

where
_
o'
1
o'
2
_ =
o
+o
1
o
2
_
_
[
o
2
o
o
3
o
2

2
+o
4
2
o
2

_
o'
1
o'
2
_
c
x
+c
j
2
_
_
[
S
c
x
-
6
c
j
2

2
+o
7
2
o
.

@inematic har(ening can 9e incl-(e( 9y
u uu u = u uu u
R
2
R=1

D
R
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where each of the 7inematic har(ening varia9le& o
R
i& in(epen(ent an( o9ey& a nonlinear evol-tion#
ary e:-ation in the form

u uu u
R
= C
u
[
u
+ ++ +
o
u uu u
R
e

where the effective &tre&& o i& (efine( a& o = o
e
(+ ++ +)

where
+ ++ + = u uu u.
Critical thic7ne&& &train fail-re in a layer i& a&&-me( to occ-r when
e
t
e
tc

where e
tc
i& a material parameter. At &ho-l( 9e note( that e
tc
i& a negative n-m9er Bi.e. fail-re i&
a&&-me( to occ-r only in the ca&e of thinningC.
Coc7craft an( Latham fract-re i& a&&-me( to occ-r when
w = _max(o
1
, u)Je
w
C

where o
1
i& the maxim-m principal &tre&& an( w
C
i& a material parameter.

Ai%tory
'aria6le
1e%cription
1 A&otropic har(ening val-e R
1

2 A&otropic har(ening val-e R
2

% Ancrement in effective pla&tic &train Ae
! 5ot (efine(, for internal -&e in the material mo(el
" 5ot (efine(, for internal -&e in the material mo(el
0 5ot (efine(, for internal -&e in the material mo(el
7
+ail-re in integration point
<R.$) 5o fail-re
<R.1) +ail-re (-e to <PSC, i.e. e
t
e
tc
.
<R.2) +ail-re (-e to ,C, i.e. w w
c
.
<R.%) +ail-re (-e to T28C, i.e.
c

/ S-m of incremental &train in local element x#(irection) e
= Ae

S-m of incremental &train in local element y#(irection) e
= Ae

1$ Pal-e of theh Coc7croft#Latham fail-re parameter w = o
1
Ap
11 Pla&tic &train component in thic7ne&& (irection e
t

12
.ean val-e of increment& in pla&tic &train thro-gh the thic7ne&& B+or -&e
with the non#local in&ta9ility criterion. 5ote that con&tant lamella thic7#
ne&& i& a&&-me( an( the in&ta9ility criterion can give -nreali&tic re&-lt& if
-&e( with a -&er#(efine( integration r-le with varying lamella thic7ne&&.C
1% 5ot (efine(, for internal -&e in the material mo(el
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LSDYNA 2#"/1 B.2TC
Ai%tory
'aria6le
1e%cription
1!
5onlocal val-e p =
As
3
As
3
D

/a9le $)>

aC 9C

cC
+ig-re 2#0". Conto-r plot& of the yiel( &-rface generate( from the file& aC qConto-rJ1>_?], 9C
qConto-rJ2>_?], an( cC qConto-rJ%>_?].
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

$
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5

$
1.5 0.75 0 0.75 1.5

"
2#
x^
y
C
$
$
1.5
0.75
0
0.75
1.5

xy
$
1.5 0.75 0 0.75 1.5

"
2#
x#
y
C
$
$
1.5
0.75
0
0.75
1.5

xy
$
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2#"/2 B.2TC LSDYNA

0 30 60 90
[deg]
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1

$
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
R
+ig-re 2#00. Pre(icte( (irectional variation of the yiel( &tre&& an( pla&tic flow generate(
from the file q'Jan(JS>_?].
D
R
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;MA/=W/M=S/M=3L0 ;MA/=%!>=3L0
LSDYNA 2#"/% B.2TC
;MA/=W/M=S/M=3L0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%". Thi& ani&otropic material a(opt& the yiel( criteria propo&e( 9y 2retH
W2$$!X. The material &trength i& (efine( 9y .cCormic7]& con&tit-tive relation for material& exhi9it#
ing negative &tea(y#&tate Strain 'ate Sen&itivity BS'SC. .cCormic7 W1/X an( Qhang, .cCormic7
an( <&trin W2$$1X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 58.+A <PSC ,C T28C
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=.2$ R'1 C'1 R'2 C'2 @
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2% 2! 2" 20 27 2/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S L O.<=2 T3 2LPL2 <PS$
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT B<T2
Type + +

D
R
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2#"/! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
58.+A
5-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point& that m-&t fail 9efore the
element i& (elete( Bremem9er to change thi& n-m9er if &witching 9etween
f-ll an( re(-ce( integration type of element&C.
<PSC
Critical val-e e
tC
of the pla&tic thic7ne&& &train.
,C
Critical val-e w
c
for the Coc7croft#Latham fract-re criterion.
T28C
Critical val-e
c
for the &hear fract-re criterion.
SA=.2$
Anitial yiel( &tre&& o
0

R'1
R1

C'1
R1

R'2
R2

C'2
R2

@
@ e:-al& half the exponent m for the yiel( criterion
21
4l(2$$% parameter, o
1

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LSDYNA 2#"/" B.2TC
22
2

2%
3

2!
4

2"
5

20
6

27
7

2/

S
3ynamic &train aging parameter, S.
L
3ynamic &train aging parameter, A.
O.<=2
3ynamic &train aging parameter, .
T3
3ynamic &train aging parameter, t
d
.
2LPL2
3ynamic &train aging parameter, o.
<PS$
3ynamic &train aging parameter, e
0
.
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee .atJOPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a more
complete (e&criptionC
<R.$.$) Locally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y element
no(e& a& &hown in +ig-re 2#%, an( then rotate( a9o-t the &hell
element normal 9y the angle B<T2. 5o(e& 1, 2 an( ! of an el#
ement are i(entical to the no(e& -&e( for the (efinition of a co#
or(inate &y&tem a& 9y I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S.
<R.%.$) Locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y off&etting the
material axe& 9y an angle, B<T2, from a line (etermine( 9y
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ an( %, may 9e overwritten on the
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2#"/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
MP 4P QP
Coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPTT1.
21 22 2%
Component& of vector a for 2OPTT2.
P1 P2 P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPTT%.
31 32 3%
Component& of vector d for 2OPTT2.
Re5arAs(
The yiel( f-nction i& (efine( a&
=
( ) |o
(t
) +Re
+o
(e
)]
where the e:-ivalent &tre&& o
eq
i& (efine( a& 9y an ani&otropic yiel( criterion
o
eq
= _
1
2
(|o'
1
|
m
+|o'
2
|
m
+|o''
1
o''
2
|)_
1
m

where
_
o'
1
o'
2
_ =
o
+o
1
o
2
_
_
[
o
2
o
o
3
o
2

2
+o
4
2
o
2

an(
_
o''
1
o''
2
_ =
o
+o
2
_
_
[
o
5
o
o
6
o
2

2
+o
7
2
o
2

The &train har(ening f-nction " i& (efine( 9y the exten(e( Poce law
R(e
) =
R
1 ex(C
R
e
)
2
=1

,here e
i& the effective Bor acc-m-late(C pla&tic &train, an(

R
an( C
R
are &train har(ening param#
eter&.
Pi&co-& &tre&& o
i& given 9y
o
= (e
) = s ln _1 +
e
e
0
]
D
R
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F
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LSDYNA 2#"/7 B.2TC
,here S repre&ent& the in&tantaneo-& &train rate &en&itivity BS'SC an( e
0
i& a reference &train rate. An
thi& mo(el the yiel( &trength, incl-(ing the contri9-tion from (ynamic &train aging B3S2C i& (efine(
a&
o
(t
) = o
0
+SE_1 ex__
t
t
d
]
u
__
,here o
0
i& the yiel( &trength for vani&hing average waiting time, t
, i.e. at high &train rate&, an( A,

oan( t
d
are material con&tant& lin7e( to (ynamic &train aging. At i& noteworthy that o
i& an increa&#
ing f-nction of t
. The average waiting time i& (efine( 9y the evol-tion e:-ation

t
= 1
t
t
,

where the :-a&i#&tea(y waiting time t
,
i& given a&
t
,
=

e

where i& the &train pro(-ce( 9y all mo9ile (i&location& moving to the next o9&tacle on their path.
D
R
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2#"// B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0ORUS=VE2/ER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%0, a plane &tre&& orthotropic material mo(el for metal forming. 4iel( &-r#
face con&tr-ction i& 9a&e( on the interpolation 9y &econ(#or(er BeHier c-rve&, an( mo(el parameter&
are (etermine( (irectly from a &et of mechanical te&t& con(-cte( for a n-m9er of (irection&. +or
each (irection, fo-r mechanical te&t& are carrie( o-t) a -niaxial, an e:-i#9iaxial, a plane &train ten&ile
te&t an( a &hear te&t. The&e te&t re&-lt& are -&e( to (etermine the coefficient& of the +o-rier (irec#
tional (epen(ency fiel(. +or a more (etaile( (e&cription plea&e &ee Pegter an( Boogaar( W2$$0X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 5 +BA 'BA$ LCA3
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S4S SAP SLS SLL <SL <$ 2LPL2 LCA32
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT
Type

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

D
R
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F
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LSDYNA 2#"/ B.2TC
0ards ) u4 to NQ) are to deBine tHe eJ4eri5ental data o9tained Bro5 Bour 5e7Hani7al tests Bor
a Erou4 oB eCuidistantl 4la7ed dire7tions 0
|
=
|a
2N
&i O "# %# $# \ N+
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +85#A '85#A +PS1#A +PS2#A +SL#A
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.aterial (en&ity
<
<la&tic 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
5
Or(er of +o-rier &erie& Bi.e., n-m9er of te&t gro-p& min-& oneC. The mini#
m-m n-m9er for N i& 2, an( the maxim-m i& 12.
+BA
5ormaliHe( yiel( &tre&& for e:-i9iaxial te&t.
'BA$
Anitial &train ratio for e:-i9iaxial te&t.
LCA3
Stre&&#&train c-rve A3. Af (efine(, S4S, SAP, SLS, an( SLL are ignore(.
S4S
Static yiel( &tre&&, o
0
.
SAP
Stre&& increment parameter, Ao
m

SLS
Strain har(ening parameter for &mall &train, .
SLL
Strain har(ening parameter for larger &train, .
<SL
<xponent for &train har(ening, n.
<$
Anitial pla&tic &train
2LPL2
o (i&tri9-tion of har(ening -&e( in the c-rve#fitting. o = u p-re 7inematic
har(ening an( o = 1 provi(e& p-re i&otropic har(ening.
LCA32
C-rve A3. The c-rve (efine& 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& change with re&pect to the
pla&tic &train. By (efa-lt it i& a&&-me( that 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& remain& con#
&tant. <ffective val-e i& 9etween $#1.

D
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2#"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
an( then rotate( a9o-t the &hell element normal 9y the angle
B<T2.
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPT T %
31 32 3%
B<T2
+85#A
5ormaliHe( yiel( &tre&& for -niaxial te&t for the ith (irection.
'85#A
Strain ratio for -niaxial te&t for the ith (irection.
+PS1#A
+ir&t normaliHe( yiel( &tre&& for plain &train te&t for the ith (irection.
+PS2#A
Secon( normaliHe( yiel( &tre&& for plain &train te&t for the ith (irection.
+SL#A
+ir&t normaliHe( yiel( &tre&& for p-re &hear te&t for the ith (irection.
Re5arAs(
The yiel( criterion i& cho&en a&)
o
= o
0
+Ao
m
|e
eq
+1 c
-Hs
eq
]
D
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LSDYNA 2#"1 B.2TC
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=MITED=MODE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%/. Thi& mo(el i& a &implification of I.2TJCOL<SAP<J=<5<'2L re#
&tricte( to linear &oftening. At incl-(e& a 9ilinear traction#&eparation law with :-a(ratic mixe( mo(e
(elamination criterion an( a (amage form-lation. At can 9e -&e( with &oli( element type& 1 an( 2$,
an( i& not availa9le for other &oli( element form-lation&. See the remar7& after IS<CTAO5JSOLA3
for a (e&cription of element type& 1 an( 2$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 'O+L= A5T+2AL <5 <T =AC =AAC
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le M.8 T S 853 8T3
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
'O+L=
+lag for whether (en&ity i& &pecifie( per -nit area or vol-me. 'O+L=T$
&pecifie( (en&ity per -nit vol-me B(efa-ltC, an( 'O+L=T1 &pecifie& the
(en&ity i& per -nit area for controlling the ma&& of cohe&ive element& with
an initial vol-me of Hero.
A5T+2AL
The n-m9er of integration point& re:-ire( for the cohe&ive element to 9e
(elete(. Af it i& Hero, the element won]t 9e (elete( even if it &ati&fie& the
fail-re criterion. The val-e of A5T+2AL may range from 1 to !, with 1 the
recommen(e( val-e.
<5
The &tiffne&& B-nit& of &tre&&ElengthC normal to the plane of the cohe&ive el#
ement.
<T
The &tiffne&& B-nit& of &tre&&ElengthCC in the plane of the cohe&ive element.
=AC
<nergy relea&e rate for mo(e A B-nit& of &tre&&IlengthC
=AAC
<nergy relea&e rate for mo(e AA B-nit& of &tre&&IlengthC
D
R
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F
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2#"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
M.8
<xponent of the mixe( mo(e criteria B&ee remar7& 9elowC
T
Pea7 traction B&tre&& -nit&C in normal (irection
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#TC which (efine& pea7 traction in normal (i#
rection a& a f-nction of element &iHe. See remar7&.
S
Pea7 traction B&tre&& -nit&C in tangential (irection
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#SC which (efine& pea7 traction in tangential
(irection a& a f-nction of element &iHe. See remar7&.
853
8ltimate (i&placement in the normal (irection
8T3
8ltimate (i&placement in the tangential (irection
Re5arAs(
The -ltimate (i&placement& in the normal an( tangential (irection& are the (i&placement& at the time
when the material ha& faile( completely, i.e., the traction& are Hero. The linear &tiffne&& for loa(ing
followe( 9y the linear &oftening (-ring the (amage provi(e& an e&pecially &imple relation&hip 9e#
tween the energy relea&e rate&, the pea7 traction&, an( the -ltimate (i&placement&)

0IC = I uN2
0IIC = S uI2

Af the pea7 traction& aren]t &pecifie(, they are comp-te( from the -ltimate (i&placement&. See +iol7a
an( .atHenmiller W2$$"X an( =erlach, +iol7a an( .atHenmiller W2$$"X.
An thi& cohe&ive material mo(el, the total mixe(#mo(e relative (i&placement o
m
i& (efine( a&
o
m
= o
I
2
+o
II
2
, where o
I
= o
3
i& the &eparation in normal (irection Bmo(e AC an( o
II
=
o
1
2
+o
2
2
i& the &eparation in tangential (irection Bmo(e AAC. The mixe(#mo(e (amage initiation (i&#
placement o
0
Bon&et of &ofteningC i& given 9y

o
0
= o
I
0
o
II
0
_
1 +
2
(o
II
0
)
2
+(o
I
0
)
2

where o
I
0
= IEN an( o
II
0
= SEI are the &ingle mo(e (amage inititation &eparation& an( =
o
II
o
I
i& the Umo(e mixityV B&ee +ig-re 2#07C. The -ltimate mixe(#mo(e (i&placement o
P
Btotal fail#
-reC for the power law BM.8?$C i&)

o
P
=
2(1 +)
2
o
0
_
EN
0IC
]
XM0
+_
EI
2
0IIC
_
XM0
-
1
XM0

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=MITED=MODE ;MA/=%!?
LSDYNA 2#"% B.2TC
an( alternatively for the BenHeggagh#@enane law W10X BM.8>$C)

o
P
=
2
o
0
_
1
1 +
2
EN +

2
1 +
2
EI]
0IC +(0IIC 0IC) _

2
EI
EN +
2
EI
_
|XM0|

An thi& mo(el, (amage of the interface i& con&i(ere(, i.e. irrever&i9le con(ition& are enforce( with
loa(ingE-nloa(ing path& coming fromEpointing to the origin.

Pea7 traction& T an(Eor S can 9e (efine( a& f-nction& of characteri&tic element length B&:-are root of
mi(&-rface areaC via loa( c-rve. Thi& option i& -&ef-l to get nearly the &ame glo9al re&pon&e& Be.g.
loa(#(i&placement c-rveC with coar&e me&he& when compare( to a fine me&h &ol-tion. An general,
lower pea7 traction val-e& are nee(e( for coar&er me&he&
Two error chec7& have 9een implemente( for thi& material mo(el in or(er to en&-re proper material
(ata. Since the traction ver&-& (i&placement c-rve i& fairly &imple Btriang-lar &hape(C, e:-ation& can
9e (evelope( to en&-re that the (i&placement BLC at the pea7 loa( BR.2MC, i& &maller than the -lti#
mate (i&tance for fail-re B-C. See +ig-re 2#0/ for the -&e( notation.
One ha& that

0C =
1
2
u HAX an( I =
MAX
L
.
To en&-re that the pea7 i& not pa&t the fail-re point,
u
L
m-&t 9e larger than 1.

u =
2uC
LL
,
I
%
m
%
II
%
S
T
1
F
%
traction
F
II
%
$
II
%
F
I
%
$
I
%
$
%
1
2
%
*
+ig-re 2#07. .ixe(#mo(e traction#&eparation law
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!? ;MA/=0O1ESIVE=MITED=MODE
2#"! B.2TC LSDYNA

where B# i& the energy relea&e rate. Thi& give&

u
L
=
2uC
LLL
=
2uC
L[
QMAX

2
> 1.

The error chec7& are then (one for ten&ion an( p-re &hear, re&pectively,

u
L
=
(2uIC)
LN[
T
N
2
> 1,

u
L
=
(2uIIC)
L1[
S
T
2
> 1.
+ig-re 2#0/. Bilinear traction#&eparation
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MODI.IED=.OR0E=LIMI/ED ;MA/=%!,
LSDYNA 2#"" B.2TC
;MA/=MODI.IED=.OR0E=LIMI/ED
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%. Thi& material for the Belyt&ch7o#Schwer re&-ltant 9eam i& an exten&ion
of material 2. An a((ition to the original pla&tic hinge an( collap&e mechani&m& of material 2,
yiel( moment& may 9e (efine( a& a f-nction of axial force. 2fter a hinge form&, the moment tran&#
mitte( 9y the hinge i& limite( 9y a moment#pla&tic rotation relation&hip.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 3+ 2OPT 4T+L2= 2SO+T
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .1 .2 .% .! ." .0 .7 ./
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC1 LC2 LC% LC! LC" LC0 LC7 LC/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%!, ;MA/=MODI.IED=.OR0E=LIMI/ED
2#"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LPS1 S+S1 LPS2 S+S2 4.S1 4.S2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ LPS1 1.$ 1.$<^2$ 4.S1

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LPT1 S+T1 LPT2 S+T2 4.T1 4.T2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ LPT1 1.$ 1.$<^2$ 4.T1

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP' S+' 4.'
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ 1.$<^2$

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L4S1 S4S1 L4S2 S4S2 L4T1 S4T1 L4T2 S4T2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ $ 1.$ $ 1.$ $ 1.$

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#"7 B.2TC
Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L4' S4'
Type + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L.S1J1 L.S1J2 L.S1J% L.S1J! L.S1J" L.S1J0 L.S1J7 L.S1J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 1$ 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP.S1J1 LP.S1J2 LP.S1J% LP.S1J! LP.S1J" LP.S1J0 LP.S1J7 LP.S1J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 11 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L.S2J1 L.S2J2 L.S2J% L.S2J! L.S2J" L.S2J0 L.S2J7 L.S2J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
2#"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 12 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP.S2J1 LP.S2J2 LP.S2J% LP.S2J! LP.S2J" LP.S2J0 LP.S2J7 LP.S2J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 1% 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L.T1J1 L.T1J2 L.T1J% L.T1J! L.T1J" L.T1J0 L.T1J7 L.T1J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 1! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP.T1J1 LP.T1J2 LP.T1J% LP.T1J! LP.T1J" LP.T1J0 LP.T1J7 LP.T1J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 1" 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L.T2J1 L.T2J2 L.T2J% L.T2J! L.T2J" L.T2J0 L.T2J7 L.T2J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#" B.2TC
Car( 10 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP.T2J1 LP.T2J2 LP.T2J% LP.T2J! LP.T2J" LP.T2J0 LP.T2J7 LP.T2J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 17 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L.'J1 L.'J2 L.'J% L.'J! L.'J" L.'J0 L.'J7 L.'J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 1/ 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP.'J1 LP.'J2 LP.'J% LP.'J! LP.'J" LP.'J0 LP.'J7 LP.'J/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
3+
3amping factor, &ee (efinition in note& 9elow. 2 proper control for the
time&tep ha& to 9e maintaine( 9y the -&erS
D
R
A
F
T
2#0$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
2xial loa( c-rve option)
<R.$.$) axial loa( c-rve& are force ver&-& &train,
<R.1.$) axial loa( c-rve& are force ver&-& change in length.
4T+L2=
+lag to allow 9eam to yiel( in ten&ion)
<R.$.$) 9eam (oe& not yiel( in ten&ion,
<R.1.$) 9eam can yiel( in ten&ion.
2SO+T
2xial ela&tic &oftening factor applie( once hinge ha& forme(. ,hen a
hinge ha& forme( the &tiffne&& i& re(-ce( 9y thi& factor. Af Hero, thi& factor
i& ignore(.
.1, .2,...,./
2pplie( en( moment for force ver&-& B&trainEchange in lengthC c-rve. 2t
lea&t one m-&t 9e (efine(. 2 maxim-m of / moment& can 9e (efine(. The
val-e& &ho-l( 9e in a&cen(ing or(er.
LC1, LC2,...,LC/
Loa( c-rve A3 B&ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<C (efining axial force ver&-&
&trainEchange in length B&ee 2OPTC for the corre&pon(ing applie( en( mo#
ment. 3efine the &ame n-m9er a& en( moment&. <ach c-rve m-&t contain
the &ame n-m9er of point&.
LPS1
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t &#axi& at no(e 1. Af
S+S1
1. 3efa-lt T 1.$.
LPS2
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t &#axi& at no(e 2.
3efa-lt) i& &ame a& at no(e 1.
S+S2
2. 3efa-lt) i& &ame a& at no(e 1.
4.S1
&et to 1.$<^2$ to prevent interactionC.
4.S2
&et to 4.S1C.
LPT1
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t t#axi& at no(e 1. Af
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0$1 B.2TC
S+T1
3efa-lt T 1.$.
LPT2
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic moment ver&-& rotation a9o-t t#axi& at no(e 2.
S+T2
4.T1
to 1.$<^2$ to prevent interaction&C
4.T2
to 4.T1C
LP'
Loa( c-rve A3 for pla&tic tor&ional moment ver&-& rotation. Af Hero, thi&
loa( c-rve i& ignore(.
S+'
Scale factor for pla&tic tor&ional moment ver&-& rotation B(efa-lt T 1.$C.
4.'
Tor&ional yiel( moment for interaction calc-lation& B(efa-lt &et to 1.$<^2$
to prevent interactionC
L4S1
A3 of c-rve (efining yiel( moment a& a f-nction of axial force for the
&#axi& at no(e 1.
S4S1
Scale factor applie( to loa( c-rve L4S1.
L4S2
&#axi& at no(e 2.
S4S2
Scale factor applie( to loa( c-rve L4S2.
L4T1
t#axi& at no(e 1.
S4T1
Scale factor applie( to loa( c-rve L4T1.
L4T2
t#axi& at no(e 2.
S4T2
Scale factor applie( to loa( c-rve L4T2.
L4'
A3 of c-rve (efining yiel( moment a& a f-nction of axial force for the tor#
&ional axi&.
S4'
Scale factor applie( to loa( c-rve L4'.
D
R
A
F
T
2#0$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
L.S1Jn
Linge moment for &#axi& at no(e 1.
LP.S1Jn
A3 of c-rve (efining pla&tic moment a& a f-nction of pla&tic rotation for the
&#axi& at no(e 1 for hinge moment L.S1Jn
L.S2Jn
Linge moment for &#axi& at no(e 2.
LP.S2Jn
&#axi& at no(e 2 for hinge moment L.S2Jn
L.T1Jn
Linge moment for t#axi& at no(e 1.
LP.T1Jn
t#axi& at no(e 1 for hinge moment L.T1Jn
L.T2Jn
Linge moment for t#axi& at no(e 2.
LP.T2Jn
t#axi& at no(e 2 for hinge moment L.T2Jn
L.'Jn
Linge moment for the tor&ional axi&.
LP.'Jn
tor&ional axi& for hinge moment L.'Jn
Re5arAs(
Thi& material mo(el i& availa9le for the Belyt&ch7o re&-ltant 9eam element only. Pla&tic hinge& form
at the en(& of the 9eam when the moment reache& the pla&tic moment. The pla&tic moment ver&-&
rotation relation&hip i& &pecifie( 9y the -&er in the form of a loa( c-rve an( &cale factor. The point&
of the loa( c-rve are Bpla&tic rotation in ra(ian&, pla&tic momentC. Both :-antitie& &ho-l( 9e po&itive
for all point&, with the fir&t point 9eing BHero, initial pla&tic momentC. ,ithin thi& con&traint any
form of characteri&tic may 9e -&e(, incl-(ing flat or falling c-rve&. 3ifferent loa( c-rve& an( &cale
factor& may 9e &pecifie( at each no(e an( a9o-t each of the local & an( t axe&.
2xial collap&e occ-r& when the compre&&ive axial loa( reache& the collap&e loa(. Collap&e loa( ver#
&-& collap&e (eflection i& &pecifie( in the form of a loa( c-rve. The point& of the loa( c-rve are ei#
ther Btr-e &train, collap&e forceC or Bchange in length, collap&e forceC. Both :-antitie& &ho-l( 9e en#
tere( a& po&itive for all point&, an( will 9e interprete( a& compre&&ive. The fir&t point &ho-l( 9e BHe#
ro, initial collap&e loa(C.
The collap&e loa( may vary with en( moment a& well a& with (eflection&. An thi& ca&e &everal loa(#
(eflection c-rve& are (efine(, each corre&pon(ing to a (ifferent en( moment. <ach loa( c-rve
&ho-l( have the &ame n-m9er of point& an( the &ame (eflection val-e&. The en( moment i& (efine(
a& the average of the a9&ol-te moment& at each en( of the 9eam an( i& alway& po&itive.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0$% B.2TC
Stiffne&&#proportional (amping may 9e a((e( -&ing the (amping factor . Thi& i& (efine( a& fol#
low&)
z =
2-{
o

where i& the (amping factor at the reference fre:-ency Bin ra(ian& per &econ(C. +or example if
1c (amping at 2LH i& re:-ire(
z =
2-0.01
2n-2
= u.uu1S92
Af (amping i& -&e(, a &mall time &tep may 9e re:-ire(. LS#3452 (oe& not chec7 thi& &o to avoi(
in&ta9ility it may 9e nece&&ary to control the time &tep via a loa( c-rve. 2& a g-i(e, the time &tep
re:-ire( for any given element i& m-ltiplie( 9y $.%Lpc when (amping i& pre&ent BL T element
length, c T &o-n( &pee(C.
Mo5ent Intera7tion(
Pla&tic hinge& can form (-e to the com9ine( action of moment& a9o-t the three axe&. Thi& facility i&
activate( only when yiel( moment& are (efine( in the material inp-t. 2 hinge form& when the fol#
lowing con(ition i& fir&t &ati&fie(.
_
M
r
M
yelu
]
2
+_
M
s
M
syelu
]
2
+_
M
t
M
tyelu
]
2
1
where,
.
r
, .
&
, .
t
T c-rrent moment
.
ryiel(
, .
&yiel(
, .
tyiel(
T yiel( moment
5ote that &cale factor& for hinge 9ehavior (efine( in the inp-t will al&o 9e applie( to the yiel( mo#
ment&) for example, .
&yiel(
in the a9ove form-la i& given 9y the inp-t yiel( moment a9o-t the local
axi& time& the inp-t &cale factor for the local & axi&. +or &train#&oftening characteri&tic&, the yiel(
moment &ho-l( generally 9e &et e:-al to the initial pea7 of the moment#rotation loa( c-rve.
On forming a hinge, -pper limit moment& are &et. The&e are given 9y
H
e
= HAX _H
,
M
r
yelu
2
]
an( &imilar for .
&
an( .
t
.
Thereafter the pla&tic moment& will 9e given 9y
.
rp
, T min B.
r-pper
, .
rc-rve
C an( &imilar for & an( t
where
.
rp
T c-rrent pla&tic moment
D
R
A
F
T
2#0$! B.2TC LSDYNA
.
rc-rve
T moment ta7en from loa( c-rve at the c-rrent rotation &cale( accor(ing to the
&cale factor.
The effect of thi& i& to provi(e an -pper limit to the moment that can 9e generate(D it repre&ent& the
&oftening effect of local 9-c7ling at a hinge &ite. Th-& if a mem9er i& 9ent a9o-t i& local &#axi& it
will then 9e wea7er in tor&ion an( a9o-t it& local t#axi&. +or moment&#&oftening c-rve&, the effect i&
to trim off the initial pea7 Baltho-gh if the c-rve& &-9&e:-ently har(en, the final har(ening will al&o
9e trimme( offC.
At i& not po&&i9le to ma7e the pla&tic moment vary with the c-rrent axial loa(, 9-t it i& po&&i9le to
ma7e hinge formation a f-nction of axial loa( an( &-9&e:-ent pla&tic moment a f-nction of the mo#
ment at the time the hinge forme(. Thi& i& (i&c-&&e( in the next &ection.

Inde4endent 4lasti7 HinEe Bor5ation(
An a((ition to the moment interaction e:-ation, Car(& 7 thro-gh 1/ allow pla&tic hinge& to form in#
(epen(ently for the &#axi& an( t#axi& at each en( of the 9eam an( al&o for the tor&ional axi&. 2 pla&#
tic hinge i& a&&-me( to form if any component of the c-rrent moment excee(& the yiel( moment a&
(efine( 9y the yiel( moment v&. axial force c-rve& inp-t on car(& 7 an( /. Af any of the " c-rve& i&
omitte(, a hinge will not form for that component. The c-rve& can 9e (efine( for 9oth compre&&ive
an( ten&ile axial force&. Af the axial force fall& o-t&i(e the range of the c-rve, the fir&t or la&t point in
the c-rve will 9e -&e(. 2 hinge forming for one component of moment (oe& not effect the other
component&.

8pon forming a hinge, the magnit-(e of that component of moment will not 9e permitte( to excee(
the c-rrent pla&tic moment.. The c-rrent pla&tic moment i& o9taine( 9y interpolating 9etween the
pla&tic moment v&. pla&tic rotation c-rve& inp-t on car(& 1$, 12, 1!, 10, or 1/. C-rve& may 9e inp-t
for -p to / hinge moment&, where the hinge moment i& (efine( a& the yiel( moment at the time that
the hinge forme(. C-rve& m-&t 9e inp-t in or(er of increa&ing hinge moment an( each c-rve &ho-l(
have the &ame pla&tic rotation val-e&. The fir&t or la&t c-rve will 9e -&e( if the hinge moment fall&
o-t&i(e the range of the c-rve&. Af no c-rve& are (efine(, the pla&tic moment i& o9tain from the
c-rve& on car(& ! thro-gh 0. The pla&tic moment i& &cale( 9y the &cale factor& on line& ! to 0.

2 hinge will form if either the in(epen(ent yiel( moment i& excee(e( or if the moment interaction
e:-ation i& &ati&fie(. Af 9oth are tr-e, the pla&tic moment will 9e &et to the minim-m of the interpo#
late( val-e an( .
rp
.

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0$" B.2TC
axial
force
&train& or change in length B&ee 2OPTC
.
1
2
!
/
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
%
"
0
7

+ig-re 2#0. The force magnit-(e i& limite( 9y the applie( en( moment. +or an interme(iate
val-e of the en( moment LS#3452 interpolate& 9etween the c-rve& to (eter#
mine the allowa9le force val-e.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*" ;MA/=VA0UUM
2#0$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=VA0UUM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!$. Thi& mo(el i& a (-mmy material repre&enting a vac--m in a m-lti#
material <-lerE2L< mo(el. An&tea( of -&ing <L+O'.T12 B-n(er IS<CTAO5JSOLA3C, it i& 9etter
to -&e <L+O'.T11 with the voi( material (efine( a& vac--m material in&tea(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'LO
Type 2/ +

.A3
'LO
<&timate( material (en&ity. Thi& i& -&e( only a& &ta9ility chec7.
Re5arAs(
1. The vac--m (en&ity i& e&timate(. At &ho-l( 9e &mall relative to air in the mo(el Bpo&&i9ly at
lea&t 1u
3
to 1u
6
lighter than airC.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=3OLYMER ;MA/=%*%
LSDYNA 2#0$7 B.2TC
;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=3OLYMER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!1. Thi& mo(el, calle( the mo(ifie( 'ama&wamy#Sto-ffer mo(el, i& for the
&im-lation of an i&otropic (-ctile polymer with &train rate effect&. See reference&D Sto-ffer an(
3ame W10X an( =ol(9erg an( Sto-ffer W1X. 8niaxial te&t (ata i& -&e( to fit the material param#
eter&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 3o 5 Qo :
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le Omega
Type +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
<la&tic mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&onF& ratio
3o
'eference &train rate BT1$$$Imax &train rate -&e( in the te&tC.
5
<xponent B&ee inela&tic &train rate e:-ation 9elowC
Qo
Anitial har(ne&& of material
:
B&ee e:-ation& 9elowC.
Omega
.axim-m internal &tre&&.
Re5arAs(
The inela&tic &train rate i& (efine( a&)
e

i]
I
=
o
ex_u.S_

o
2
SK
2
__ _
S
]

]
K
2
_
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*% ;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=3OLYMER
2#0$/ B.2TC LSDYNA
where the K
2
term i& given a&)
K
2
= u.S(S
]

]
)(S
]

]
)
an( repre&ent& the &econ( invariant of the over&tre&& ten&or. The ela&tic component& of the &train are
a((e( to the inela&tic &train to o9tain the total &train. The following relation&hip (efine& the 9ac7
&tre&& varia9le rate)
]
=
2
S
m
e
]
I

]
e
c
I

where i& a material con&tant,
m
i& a material con&tant that repre&ent& the maxim-m val-e of the
internal &tre&&, an( e
c
I
i& the effective inela&tic &train rate.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ISO/RO3I0=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM ;MA/=%*$
LSDYNA 2#0$ B.2TC
;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ISO/RO3I0=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!2. Thi& mo(el i& for an extr-(e( foam material that i& tran&ver&ely i&otropic,
cr-&ha9le, an( of low (en&ity with no &ignificant Poi&&on effect. Thi& material i& -&e( in energy#
a9&or9ing &tr-ct-re& to enhance a-tomotive &afety in low velocity B9-mper impactC an( me(i-m high
velocity Binterior hea( impact an( pe(e&trian &afetyC application&. The form-lation of thi& foam i&
(-e to Lirth, 3- Boi&, an( ,eimar an( i& (oc-mente( 9y 3- Boi& W2$$1X. Thi& mo(el 9ehave& in a
more phy&ical way for off axi& loa(ing the material, I.2TJLO5<4CO.B, which can exhi9it non#
phy&ical &tiffening for loa(ing con(ition& that are off axi&. The loa( c-rve& are -&e( to (efine a yiel(
&-rface that 9o-n(& the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <11 <22 <12 <2% = @
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A11 A22 A12 A2% A22 54 25= .8
Type A A A A A A + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT ASCL .2C+
Type + A A

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*$ ;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ISO/RO3I0=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
2#01$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3% P1 P2 P%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<11
<la&tic mo(-l-& in axial (irection.
<22
<la&tic mo(-l-& in tran&ver&e (irection B<22T<%%C.
<12
<la&tic &hear mo(-l-& B<12T<%1C.
<2%
<la&tic &hear mo(-l-& in tran&ver&e plane.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-& for contact &tiffne&&.
A11
Loa( c-rve for nominal axial &tre&& ver&-& vol-metric &train.
A22
Loa( c-rve A3 for nominal tran&ver&e &tre&&e& ver&-& vol-metric &train
BA22TA%%C.
A12
Loa( c-rve A3 for &hear &tre&& component 12 an( %1 ver&-& vol-metric
&train BA12TA%1C.
A2%
Loa( c-rve A3 for &hear &tre&& component 2% ver&-& vol-metric &train.
A22
Loa( c-rve A3 BoptionalC for nominal &tre&& ver&-& vol-metric &train for
loa( at angle, 25=, relative to the material axi&.
54
Set to -nity for a &ymmetric yiel( &-rface.
25=
2ngle corre&pon(ing to loa( c-rve A3, A22.
.8
3amping coefficient for ten&or vi&co&ity which act& in 9oth ten&ion an(
compre&&ion. 'ecommen(e( val-e& vary 9etween $.$" to $.1$. Af Hero,
ten&or vi&co&ity i& not -&e(, 9-t 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& -&e( in&tea(. B-l7 vi&co&#
ity create& a pre&&-re a& the element compre&&e& that i& a((e( to the normal
&tre&&e&, which can have the effect of creating tran&ver&e (eformation&
when none are expecte(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ISO/RO3I0=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM ;MA/=%*$
LSDYNA 2#011 B.2TC
2OPT
ASCL
Loa( c-rve A3 for the &train rate &cale factor ver&-& the vol-metric &train
rate. The yiel( &tre&& i& &cale( 9y the val-e &pecifie( 9y the loa( c-rve.
.2C+
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
31 32 3%
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*$ ;MA/=/RANSVERSELY=ISO/RO3I0=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
2#012 B.2TC LSDYNA
P1 P2 P%
Re5arAs(
Ten&or vi&co&ity, which i& activate( 9y a nonHero val-e for .8, i& generally more &ta9le than 9-l7
vi&co&ity. 2 (amping coefficient le&& than $.$1 ha& little effect, an( a val-e greater than $.1$ may
ca-&e n-merical in&ta9ilitie&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=WOOD ;MA/=%*!
LSDYNA 2#01% B.2TC
;MA/=WOOD=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!%. Thi& i& a tran&ver&ely i&otropic material an( i& availa9le for &oli( ele#
ment&. The -&er ha& the option of inp-tting hi& or her own material propertie& BS<LANKPC, or re#
:-e&ting (efa-lt material propertie& for So-thern yellow pine B3INEC or 3o-gla& fir B.IRC. Thi&
mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y .-rray W2$$2X -n(er a contract from the +L,2.
S<LANKP
3INE
.IR

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 5PLOT AT<'S A'2T< =L2'3 A+2AL APOL
Type 2/ + A A A + A A

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor tHe 3INE and .IR o4tions8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .OAS T<.P R82LJT R82LJC 85ATS AR82L
Type + + + + A A

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ards# $)# Bor tHe S9lanAP o4tion8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <L <T =LT =T' P'
Type + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*! ;MA/=WOOD
2#01! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MT MC 4T 4C SM4 S4Q
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =+1bb =+2bb B+AT 3.2Mbb =+1z =+2z 3+AT 3.2Mz
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +LP2' +LP2'C PO,P2' +LP<' +LP<'C PO,P<'
Type + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 5P2' CP2' 5P<' CP<'
Type + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE tHree 7ards Bor all o4tions8
Car( %E7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT .2C+ B<T2
Type + A +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=WOOD ;MA/=%*!
LSDYNA 2#01" B.2TC
Car( !E/ 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( "E 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3% P1 P2 P%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
5PLOT
Control& what i& written a& component 7 to the (%plot (ata9a&e. LS#PrePo&t
alway& 9lin(ly la9el& thi& component a& effective pla&tic &train.)
<R.1) Parallel (amage B(efa-ltC.
<R.2) Perpen(ic-lar (amage.
AT<'S
5-m9er of pla&ticity algorithm iteration&. The (efa-lt i& one iteration.
A'2T<
'ate effect& option)
<R.$) 'ate effect& mo(el t-rne( off B(efa-ltC.
<R.1) 'ate effect& mo(el t-rne( on.
=L2'3
Perfect pla&ticity overri(e. Pal-e& greater than or e:-al to Hero are al#
lowe(. Po&itive val-e& mo(el late time har(ening in compre&&ion Ban in#
crea&e in &trength with increa&ing &trainC. 2 Hero val-e mo(el& perfect
pla&ticity Bno increa&e in &trength with increa&ing &trainC. The (efa-lt i&
Hero.
A+2AL
<ro&ion perpen(ic-lar to the grain.
<R.$) 5o B(efa-ltC.
<R.1) 4e& Bnot recommen(e( except for (e9-ggingC.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*! ;MA/=WOOD
2#010 B.2TC LSDYNA
APOL
+lag to invo7e ero&ion 9a&e( on negative vol-me or &train increment&
greater than $.$1.
<R.$) 5o, (o not apply ero&ion criteria.
<R.1) 4e&, apply ero&ion criteria.
.OAS
Percent moi&t-re content. Af left 9lan7, moi&t-re content (efa-lt& to &at-#
rate( at %$c.
T<.P
Temperat-re in {C. Af left 9lan7, temperat-re (efa-lt& to room temperat-re
at 2$ {C
R82LJT
R-ality factor option&. The&e :-ality factor& re(-ce the clear woo( ten&ion,
&hear, an( compre&&ion &trength& a& a f-nction of gra(e.
<R.$) =ra(e 1, 13, 2, 23.
Pre(efine( &trength re(-ction factor& are)
Pine) R-alJTT$.!7 in ten&ionE&hear.
R-alJCT$.0% in compre&&ion.
+ir) R-alJTT$.!$ in ten&ionE&hear
R-alJCT$.7% in compre&&ion.
<R.#1) 3S#0" or S<l ST' Bpine an( firC.
Pre(efine( &trength re(-ction factor& are)
R-alJTT$./$ in ten&ionE&hear.
R-alJCT$.% in compre&&ion.
<R.#2) Clear woo(.
5o &trength re(-ction factor& are applie()
R-alJTT1.$.
R-alJCT1.$.
=T.$) 8&er (efine( :-ality factor in ten&ion. Pal-e& 9etween $ an( 1
are expecte(. Pal-e& greater than one are allowe(, 9-t may not
9e reali&tic.
R82LJC
8&er (efine( :-ality factor in compre&&ion. Thi& inp-t val-e i& -&e( if R-al
JT?$. Pal-e& 9etween $ an( 1 are expecte(. Pal-e& greater than one are
allowe(, 9-t may not 9e reali&tic. Af left 9lan7, a (efa-lt val-e of R-al
JCTR-alJT i& -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=WOOD ;MA/=%*!
LSDYNA 2#017 B.2TC
85ATS
8nit& option&)
<R.$) =Pa, mm, m&ec, @gEmm%, 75.
<R.1) .Pa, mm, m&ec, gEmm%, 5t.
<R.2) .Pa, mm, &ec, .gEmm%, 5t.
<R.%) P&i, inch, &ec, l9#&2Einch!, l9
AR82L
2pply :-ality factor& perpen(ic-lar to the grain)
<R.$) 4e& B(efa-ltC.
<R.1) 5o.
<L
Parallel normal mo(-l-&
<T
Perpen(ic-lar normal mo(-l-&.
=LT
Parallel &hear mo(-l-& B=LTT=L'C.
=T'
Perpen(ic-lar &hear mo(-l-&.
P'
Parallel maGor Poi&&onF& ratio.
MT
Parallel ten&ile &trength.
MC
Parallel compre&&ive &trength.
4T
Perpen(ic-lar ten&ile &trength.
4C
Perpen(ic-lar compre&&ive &trength.
SM4
Parallel &hear &trength.
S4Q
Perpen(ic-lar &hear &trength.
=+1bb
Parallel fract-re energy in ten&ion.
=+2bb
Parallel fract-re energy in &hear.
B+AT
Parallel &oftening parameter.
3.2Mbb
Parallel maxim-m (amage.
=+1z
Perpen(ic-lar fract-re energy in ten&ion.
=+2z
Perpen(ic-lar fract-re energy in &hear.
3+AT
Perpen(ic-lar &oftening parameter.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*! ;MA/=WOOD
2#01/ B.2TC LSDYNA
3.2Mz
Perpen(ic-lar maxim-m (amage.
+LP2'
Parallel fl-i(ity parameter for ten&ion an( &hear.
+LP2'C
Parallel fl-i(ity parameter for compre&&ion.
PO,P2'
Parallel power.
+LP<'
Perpen(ic-lar fl-i(ity parameter for ten&ion an( &hear.
+LP<'C
Perpen(ic-lar fl-i(ity parameter for compre&&ion.
PO,P<'
Perpen(ic-lar power.
5P2'
Parallel har(ening initiation.
CP2'
Parallel har(ening rate
5P<'
Perpen(ic-lar har(ening initiation.
CP<'
Perpen(ic-lar har(ening rate.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=WOOD ;MA/=%*!
LSDYNA 2#01 B.2TC
2OPT
.2C+
B<T2
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
31 32 3%
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*! ;MA/=WOOD
2#02$ B.2TC LSDYNA
P1 P2 P%
Re5arAs(
.aterial property (ata i& for clear woo( B&mall &ample& witho-t (efect& li7e 7not&C, wherea& real
&tr-ct-re& are compo&e( of gra(e( woo(. Clear woo( i& &tronger than gra(e( woo(. R-ality factor&
B&trength re(-ction factor&C are applie( to the clear woo( &trength& to acco-nt for re(-ction& in
&trength a& a f-nction of gra(e. One :-ality factor BR-alJTC i& applie( to the ten&ile an( &hear
&trength&. 2 &econ( :-ality factor BR-alJCC i& applie( to the compre&&ive &trength&. 2& a option,
pre(efine( :-ality factor& are provi(e( 9a&e( on correlation& 9etween LS#3452 calc-lation& an(
te&t (ata for pine an( fir po&t& impacte( 9y 9ogie vehicle&. By (efa-lt, :-ality factor& are applie( to
9oth the parallel an( perpen(ic-lar to the grain &trength&. 2n option i& availa9le BAR82LC to elimi#
nate application perpen(ic-lar to the grain.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3I/KER=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM ;MA/=%**
LSDYNA 2#021 B.2TC
;MA/=3I/KER=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!!. Thi& mo(el i& for the &im-lation of i&otropic cr-&ha9le form& with &train
rate effect&. 8niaxial an( triaxial te&t (ata have to 9e -&e(. +or the ela&tic re&pon&e, the Poi&&on ra#
tio i& &et to Hero.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ = P' T4 S'TP
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCP4 LC84S LCS' PC 3+L=
Type A A A + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&.
=
Shear mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&onF& ratio
T4
Ten&ion yiel(.
S'TP
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& B<C
LCP4
Loa( c-rve A3 giving pre&&-re ver&-& vol-metric &train, &ee +ig-re 2#%0.
LC84S
Loa( c-rve A3 giving -niaxial &tre&& ver&-& vol-metric &train, &ee +ig-re 2#
%0.
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3 giving &train rate &cale factor ver&-& vol-metric &train rate.
PC
Pi&co-& (amping coefficient B.$" >recommen(e( val-e > ."$C.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%** ;MA/=3I/KER=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
2#022 B.2TC LSDYNA
3+L=
3en&ity flag)
<R.$.$) -&e initial (en&ity
<R.1.$) -&e c-rrent (en&ity Blarger &tep &iHe with le&& ma&& &calingC.
Re5arAs(
The logarithmic vol-metric &train i& (efine( in term& of the relative vol-me, I, a&)
y = ln(I)
An (efining the c-rve& the &tre&& an( &train pair& &ho-l( 9e po&itive val-e& &tarting with a vol-metric
&train val-e of Hero.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S01WER=MURRAY=0A3=MODEL ;MA/=%*>
LSDYNA 2#02% B.2TC
;MA/=S01WER=MURRAY=0A3=MODEL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!". The Schwer m .-rray Cap .o(el, 7nown a& the Contin-o-& S-rface Cap
.o(el, i& a three invariant exten&ion of the =eological Cap .o(el B.aterial Type 2"C that al&o in#
cl-(e& vi&copla&ticity for rate effect& an( (amage mechanic& to mo(el &train &oftening. The primary
reference& are Schwer an( .-rray W1!X, Schwer W1!X, an( .-rray an( Lewi& W1!X. The mo(el
i& appropriate for geomaterial& incl-(ing &oil&, concrete, an( roc7&.
Sarning< no (efa-lt inp-t parameter val-e& are a&&-me(, 9-t recommen(ation& for the more o9&c-re
parameter& are provi(e( in the (e&cription& that follow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O SL<2' B8L@ ='85 SLOC@ PO'<
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 TL<T2 =2..2 B<T2 <+AT ++AT 2LPL25 C2LPL2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 'O MO A'OC@ S<CP 2+AT B+AT '32.O
Type + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le , 31 32 5PLOT <PS.2M C+AT 3+AT T+2AL
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*> ;MA/=S01WER=MURRAY=0A3=MODEL
2#02! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +2AL+L 3B<T2 33<LT2 PPT28
Type + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL21 TL<T21 =2..21 B<T21 2LPL22 TL<T22 =2..22 B<T22
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
SL<2'
Shear mo(-l-&, =
B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-&, @
='85
=r-nei&en ratio Btypically T $C, I
SLOC@
Shoc7 velocity parameter Btypically $C, S
l

PO'<
+lag for pore collap&e
<R.$.$) for Pore collap&e
<R.1.$) for Con&tant 9-l7 mo(-l-& BtypicalC
2LPL2
Shear fail-re parameter, o
TL<T2
Shear fail-re parameter, 0
=2..2
Shear fail-re parameter, y
B<T2
Shear fail-re parameter,
['
2
=
c
([
1
) = o yex([
1
) +0[
1

<+AT
3ilitation (amage mechanic& parameter Bno (amage T 1C
++AT
3ilitation (amage mechanic& parameter Bno (amage T $C
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#02" B.2TC
2LPL25
@inematic &train har(ening parameter, N
u

C2LPL25
@inematic &train har(ening parameter,
u

'$
Anitial cap &-rface ellipticity, '
M$
Anitial cap &-rface [
1
Bmean &tre&&C axi& intercept, X(
0
)
A'OC@
<R.$) &oil& Bcap can contractC
<R.1) roc7Econcrete
S<CP
Shear enhance( compaction
2+AT
3-ctile (amage mechanic& parameter BT1 no (amageC
B+AT
3-ctile (amage mechanic& parameter BT$ no (amageC
'32.$
3-ctile (amage mechanic& parameter
,
Pla&tic Pol-me Strain parameter, ,
31
Pla&tic Pol-me Strain parameter, 3
1

32
Pla&tic Pol-me Strain parameter, 3
2
e
v
P
= w(1 ex|
1
(X() X(
0
))
2
(X() X(
0
))
2
])
5PLOT
Li&tory varia9le po&t#proce&&e( a& effective pla&tic &train
BSee Ta9le 1!".1 for hi&tory varia9le& availa9le for plottingC
<PS.2M
.axim-m permitte( &train increment B(efa-lt T $C
Ae
max
= u.uS(o N
u
y)mn[
1
u
,
R
9K
Bcalc-late( (efa-ltC
C+AT
Brittle (amage mechanic& parameter BT1 no (amageC
3+AT
Brittle (amage mechanic& parameter BT$ no (amageC
T+2AL
Ten&ile fail-re &tre&&
D
R
A
F
T
2#020 B.2TC LSDYNA
+2AL+L
+lag controlling element (eletion an( effect of (amage on &tre&&
B&ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2C)
<R.1) o
]
re(-ce& with increa&ing (amageD element i& (elete( when f-l#
ly (amage( B(efa-ltC
<R.#1) o
]
re(-ce& with increa&ing (amageD element i& not (elete(
<R.2) S
]
re(-ce& with increa&ing (amageD element i& (elete( when f-l#
ly (amage(
<R.#2) S
]
re(-ce& with increa&ing (amageD element i& not (elete(
3B<T2
'o-n(e( vertice& parameter, A
0

33<LT2
'o-n(e( vertice& parameter, o
PPT28
Pi&copla&ticity relaxation time parameter,
2LPL21
Tor&ion &caling parameter, o
1

o
1
< u |o
1
| = +riction 2ngle B(egree&C
TL<T21
Tor&ion &caling parameter, 0
1

=2..21
Tor&ion &caling parameter, y
1

B<T21
Tor&ion &caling parameter,
1

1
= o
1
y
1
ex(
1
[
1
) +0
1
[
1
0
2

2LPL22
Tri#axial exten&ion &caling parameter, o
2

TL<T22
Tri#axial exten&ion &caling parameter,0
2

=2..22
Tri#axial exten&ion &caling parameter, y
2

B<T22
Tri#axial exten&ion &caling parameter,
2

2
= o
2
y
2
ex(
2
[
1
) +0
2
[
1

Re5arAs(
1. +2AL+L control& whether the (amage acc-m-lation applie& to either the total &tre&& ten#
&oro
]
or the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&orS
]
. ,hen +2AL+L T 2, (amage (oe& not (imini&h the
a9ility of the material to &-pport hy(ro&tatic &tre&&.
2. +2AL+L al&o &erve& a& a flag to control element (eletion. +-lly (amage( element& are (elet#
e( only if +2AL+L i& a po&itive val-e. ,hen .2TJ1!" i& -&e( with the 2L< or <+= &olv#
er&, faile( element& &ho-l( not 9e ero(e( an( &o a negative val-e of +2AL+L &ho-l( 9e -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#027 B.2TC
Out4ut 1istor Varia9les
2ll the o-tp-t parameter& li&te( in Ta9le 1!".1 i& availa9le for po&t#proce&&ing -&ing LS#PrePo&t an(
it& (i&playe( li&t of Li&tory Paria9le&. The LS#3452 inp-t parameter 5<APL &ho-l( 9e &et to 20D
&ee for example the 7eywor( inp-t for I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4.

3LO/ .un7tion Des7ri4tion
1 X() [
1
intercept of cap &-rface
2 I() [
1
val-e at cap#&hear &-rface intercept
% R Cap &-rface ellipticity
! R
'-9in f-nction
" e
v
Pla&tic vol-me &train

0 4iel( +lag B T $ ela&ticC
7 5-m9er of &train &-9#increment&
/ 0
u
[
2
u
@inematic har(ening 9ac7 &tre&&
1$ <ffective &train rate
11 3-ctile (amage
12 3-ctile (amage thre&hol(
1% Strain energy
1! Brittle (amage
1" Brittle (amage thre&hol(
10 Brittle energy norm
17 [
1
BwEo vi&co#(amageEpla&ticC
1/ ['
2
1 ['
3
2$ [
`
3
21 Lo(e 2ngle
22 ( .axim-m (amage parameter
2% f-t-re varia9le
2! f-t-re varia9le
2" f-t-re varia9le
20 f-t-re varia9le
/a9le %*>8%8 O-tp-t varia9le& for po&t#proce&&ing -&ing 5PLOT parameter.
Sa54le In4ut Bor 0on7rete
=ran an( Sen&eny W10X report the axial &tre&& ver&-& &train re&pon&e for twelve -nconfine( com#
pre&&ion te&t& of concrete, -&e( in &cale#mo(el reinforce(#concrete wall te&t&. The Schwer m .-rray
Cap .o(el parameter& provi(e( 9elow were -&e(, &ee Schwer W2$$1X, to mo(el the -nconfine(
compre&&ion te&t &tre&&#&train re&pon&e for the nominal !$ .Pa &trength concrete reporte( 9y =ran
D
R
A
F
T
2#02/ B.2TC LSDYNA
an( Sen&eny. The 9a&ic -nit& for the provi(e( parameter& are length in millimeter& BmmC, time in
milli&econ(& Bm&ecC, an( ma&& in gram& BgC. Thi& 9a&e -nit &et yiel(& -nit& of force in 5ewton& B5C
an( pre&&-re in .ega#Pa&cal& B.PaC.

@eywor()
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ 2.%<#% 1.$!/<! 1.10/<! $.$ $.$ 1.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 1$.$ $.$ 1/!.2 2."<#% $. $.7 2." 2."<%

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '$ M$ A'OC@ S<CP 2+AT B+AT '32.$
Type ".$ 1$$.$ 1.$ $.$ $. $.% $.!

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le , 31 32 5PLOT <PS.2M C+AT 3+AT T+2AL
Type ".$<#2 2."<#! %."<#7 2%.$ $.$ 1.$ %$$.$ 7.$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +2AL+= 3B<T2 33<LT2 PPT28
Type 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#02 B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type $.7!7 %.%<#! $.17 ".$<#2 $.00 !.$<#! $.10 ".$<#2
User In4ut 3ara5eters and Sste5 oB Units
Con&i(er the following 9a&ic -nit&)

Length # I Be.g. millimeter& # mm C
.a&& # H Be.g. gram& # g C
Time # IBe.g. milli&econ(& # m& C

The following con&i&tent -nit &y&tem& can then 9e (erive( -&ing 5ewtonF& Law, i.e. = Ho.

+orce # = HII
2
W g#mmEm&
2
T @g#mE&
2
T 5ewton # 5 X
an(
Stre&& # o = I
2
W 5Emm
2
T 1$
6
5Em
2
T 1$
6
Pa&cal& T .Pa X
an(
3en&ity # p = HI
3
W gEmm
3
T 1$
6
@gEm
3
X
8&er Anp-t& an( 8nit&)

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
8nit& A
3en&ity
.EL
3

Stre&& +EL
2
Stre&& +EL
2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
8nit& Stre&& +EL
2
Stre&& +EL
2

_
Stess
I
2
]
-1

_
Stess
I
2
]
-12

Stre&& +EL
2

Stre&&
+EL
2

D
R
A
F
T
2#0%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '$ M$ A'OC@ S<CP 2+AT B+AT '32.$
8nit& Stre&& +EL
2

_
Stess
I
2
]
-12
_
Stess
I
2
]
12

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le , 31 32 5PLOT .2M<PS C+AT 3+AT T+2AL
8nit&
_
Stess
I
2
]
-1
_
Stess
I
2
]
-2

_
Stess
I
2
]
-12

Stre&& +EL
2

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +2AL+= 3B<T2 33<LT2 PPT28
8nit&
2ngle
(egree&
Time T

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
8nit& Stre&& +EL
2
Stre&& +EL
2

_
Stess
I
2
]
-1

Stre&& +EL
2
Stre&& +EL
2

_
Stess
I
2
]
-1

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%DO.=2ENERALIKED=S3RIN2 ;MA/=%*)
LSDYNA 2#0%1 B.2TC
;MA/=%DO.=2ENERALIKED=S3RIN2
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!0. Thi& i& a linear &pring or (amper that allow& (ifferent (egree&#of#
free(om at two no(e& to 9e co-ple(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ C SCL51 SCL52 3O+51 3O+52
Type 2/ + + + + + A A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CA31 CA32
Type A A

.A3
'O
@
Spring &tiffne&&.
C
3amping con&tant.
SCL51
Scale factor on force at no(e 1. 3efa-ltT1.$.
SCL52
Scale factor on force at no(e 2. 3efa-ltT1.$.
3O+51
2ctive (egree#of#free(om at no(e 1, a n-m9er 9etween 1 to 0 where 1 i& x#
tran&lation an( ! i& x#rotation. Af thi& parameter i& (efine( in the S<CTAO5
JB<2. (efinition or on the <L<.<5TJB<2.JSC2L2' car(, then the
val-e here, if (efine(, i& ignore(.
3O+52
2ctive (egree#of#free(om at no(e 2, a n-m9er 9etween 1 to 0. Af thi& pa#
rameter i& (efine( in the S<CTAO5JB<2. (efinition or on the <L<#
.<5TJB<2.JSC2L2' car(, then the val-e here, if (efine(, i& ignore(.
CA31
Local coor(inate &y&tem at no(e 1. Thi& coor(inate &y&tem can 9e over#
written 9y a local &y&tem &pecifie( on the I<L<.<5TJB<2.JSC2L2'
or IS<CTAO5JB<2. 7eywor( inp-t. Af no coor(inate &y&tem i& &peci#
fie(, the glo9al &y&tem i& -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*) ;MA/=%DO.=2ENERALIKED=S3RIN2
2#0%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
CA32
Local coor(inate &y&tem at no(e 2. Af CA32T$, CA32TCA31.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.1WA=SOIL ;MA/=%*-
LSDYNA 2#0%% B.2TC
;MA/=.1WA=SOIL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!7. Thi& i& an i&otropic material with (amage an( i& availa9le for &oli( ele#
ment&. The mo(el ha& a mo(ifie( .ohr#Co-lom9 &-rface to (etermine the pre&&-re (epen(ent pea7
&hear &trength. At wa& (evelope( for application& involving roa(9a&e &oil& 9y Lewi& W1X for the
+L,2, who exten(e( the wor7 of 299o an( Sloan W1"X to incl-(e exce&& pore water effect&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 5PLOT SP='2P 'LO,2T P5 =2..2' A5T'.M
Type 2/ + A + + + + A
3efa-lt none none 1 none 1.$ $.$ $.$ 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @ = PLA.2M 2L4P COL <CC<5 25 <T
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .CO5T P,31 P,@S@ P,32 PLA'<S 3A5T P3+. 32.L<P
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ none none none

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*- ;MA/=.1WA=SOIL
2#0%! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS.2M
Type +
3efa-lt none

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
5PLOT
Control& what i& written a& component 7 to the (%plot (ata9a&e. LS#PrePo&t
alway& 9lin(ly la9el& thi& component a& effective pla&tic &train.
<R.1) <ffective Strain
<R.2) 3amage Criterion Thre&hol(
<R.%) 3amage B(i&oC
<R.!) C-rrent 3amage Criterion
<R.") Pore ,ater Pre&&-re
<R.0) C-rrent +riction 2ngle BphiC
SP='2P
Specific =ravity of Soil -&e( to get poro&ity.
'LO,2Tt
3en&ity of water in mo(el -nit& # -&e( to (etermine air voi( &train B&at-ra#
tionC
P5
Pi&copla&ticity parameter B&train#rate enhance( &trengthC
=2..2r
Pi&copla&ticity parameter B&train#rate enhance( &trengthC
AT<'.2Mx
.axim-m n-m9er of pla&ticity iteration& B(efa-lt 1C
@
B-l7 .o(-l-& Bnon#HeroC
=
Shear mo(-l-& Bnon#HeroC
PLA.2M
Pea7 Shear Strength 2ngle Bfriction angleC Bra(ian&C
2L4P
Coefficient 2 for mo(ifie( 3r-c7er#Prager S-rface
COL
Cohe&ion | Shear Strength at Hero confinement Bover9-r(enC
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=.1WA=SOIL ;MA/=%*-
LSDYNA 2#0%" B.2TC
<CC<5
<ccentricity parameter for thir( invariant effect&
25
Strain har(ening percent of phi max where non#linear effect& &tart
<T
Strain Lar(ening 2mo-nt of non#linear effect&
.CO5T
.oi&t-re Content of Soil B3etermine& amo-nt of air voi(&C B$#1.$$C
P,31
Parameter for pore water effect& on 9-l7 mo(-l-&
P,@S@
S7eleton 9-l7 mo(-l-&# Pore water parameter | &et to Hero to eliminate ef#
fect&
P,32
Parameter for pore water effect& on the effective pre&&-re BconfinementC
PLA'<S
The minim-m internal friction angle, ra(ian& Bre&i(-al &hear &trengthC
3A5T
Pol-metric Strain at Anitial (amage thre&hol(, <.B<3 <:-ation.%
P3+.
Poi( formation energy Bli7e fract-re energyC
32.L<P
Level of (amage that will ca-&e element (eletion B$.$#1.$C
<PS.2M
.axim-m principle fail-re &train
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*-=N ;MA/=.1WA=SOIL=NE<RASKA
2#0%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=.1WA=SOIL=NE<RASKA
Thi& i& an option to -&e the (efa-lt propertie& (etermine( for &oil& -&e( at the 8niver&ity of 5e9ra&7a
BLincolnC. The (efa-lt -nit& -&e( for thi& material are millimeter, milli&econ(, an( 7ilogram&. Af (if#
ferent -nit& are (e&ire(, the conver&ion factor& m-&t 9e inp-t.
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!7. Thi& i& an i&otropic material with (amage an( i& availa9le for &oli( ele#
ment&. The mo(el ha& a mo(ifie( .ohr#Co-lom9 &-rface to (etermine the pre&&-re (epen(ent pea7
&hear &trength. At wa& (evelope( for application& involving roa( 9a&e &oil&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 +CTA. +CT.2S +CTL<5
Type 2/ + A + + + + A
3efa-lt none none 1 none 1.$ $.$ $.$ 1

.A3
+CTA.
+actor to m-ltiply milli&econ(& 9y to get (e&ire( time -nit&
+CT.2S
+actor to m-ltiply 7ilogram& 9y to get (e&ire( ma&& -nit&
+CTL<5
+actor to m-ltiply millimeter& 9y to get (e&ire( length -nit&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2AS=MIT/URE ;MA/=%*?
LSDYNA 2#0%7 B.2TC
;MA/=2AS=MIT/URE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!/. Thi& mo(el i& for the &im-lation of thermally e:-ili9rate( i(eal ga& mix#
t-re&. Thi& only wor7& with the m-lti#material 2L< form-lation B<L+O'.T11 in IS<CTAO5
JSOLA3C. Thi& 7eywor( nee(& to 9e -&e( together with IA5ATA2LJ=2SJ.AMT8'< for the initiali#
Hation of ga& (en&itie& an( temperat-re&. ,hen applie( in the context of 2L< air9ag mo(eling, the
inGection of inflator ga& i& (one with a IS<CTAO5JPOA5TJSO8'C<J.AMT8'< comman( which
control& the inGection proce&&. Thi& material mo(el type al&o ha& it& name &tart with I.2TJ2L<J.
+or example, an i(entical material mo(el to thi& i& I.2TJ2L<J=2SJ.AMT8'< Bor al&o, I.2T
J2L<J$2C.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 A23A2B '85AP
Type 2/ A +
3efa-lt none $ $.$
'emar7 " 1

0ard $( MetHod &A+ RUNIVO9lanA or "8" 3er5ass unit is used
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CPma&&1 CPma&&2 CPma&&% CPma&&! CPma&&" CPma&&0 CPma&&7 CPma&&/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%*? ;MA/=2AS=MIT/URE
2#0%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
0ard !( MetHod &A+ RUNIVO9lanA or "8" 3er5ass unit is used
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CPma&&1 CPma&& 2 CPma&& % CPma&& ! CPma&& " CPma&&0 CPma&& 7 CPma&& /
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7

0ard $( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .OL,T1 .OL,T2 .OL,T% .OL,T! .OL,T" .OL,T0 .OL,T7 .OL,T/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

0ard !( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero 3er5ole unit is used
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CPmole1 CPmole2 CPmole% CPmole! CPmole" CPmole0 CPmole7 CPmole/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0% B.2TC
0ard *( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B1 B2 B% B! B" B0 B7 B/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

0ard >( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

.A3
A23A2B
Thi& flag B(efa-ltT$C i& -&e( to t-rn O5EO++ a(ia9atic compre&&ion logic&
for an i(eal ga& Bremar7 "C.
<R.$) O++ B(efa-ltC
<R.1) O5
'85AP
8niver&al ga& con&tant in per#mole -nit B/.%1!!7 KEBmoleI@CC.
CPma&&1#
CPma&&/
Af '85AP i& BL25@ or Hero Bmetho( 2C) Leat capacity at con&tant vol#
-me for -p to eight (ifferent ga&e& in per#ma&& -nit.
CPma&&1#
CPma&&/
Af '85AP i& BL25@ or Hero Bmetho( 2C) Leat capacity at con&tant pre&#
&-re for -p to eight (ifferent ga&e& in per#ma&& -nit.
D
R
A
F
T
2#0!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.OL,T1#
.OL,T/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) .olec-lar weight of each i(eal ga& in
the mixt-re Bma&&#-nitEmoleC.
CPmole1#
CPmole/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) Leat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re for -p
to eight (ifferent ga&e& in per#mole -nit. The&e are nominal heat capacity
val-e& typically at STP. The&e are (enote( 9y the varia9le U2V in the e:-a#
tion in remar7 2.
B1#B/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) +ir&t or(er coefficient for a temperat-re
(epen(ent heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re for -p to eight (ifferent ga&e&.
The&e are (enote( 9y the varia9le UBV in the e:-ation in remar7 2.
C1#C/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) Secon( or(er coefficient for a tempera#
t-re (epen(ent heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re for -p to eight (ifferent
ga&e&. The&e are (enote( 9y the varia9le UCV in the e:-ation in remar7 2.
Re5arAs(
1. There are 2 metho(& of (efining the ga& propertie& for the mixt-re. Af '85AP i& BL25@ or
Q<'O .etho( B2C i& -&e( to (efine con&tant heat capacitie& where per#ma&& -nit val-e&
of C
v
an( C
p
are inp-t. Only car(& 2 an( % are re:-ire( for thi& metho(. .etho( BBC i& -&e(
to (efine con&tant or temperat-re (epen(ent heat capacitie& where per#mole -nit val-e& of C
p

are inp-t. Car(& 2#" are re:-ire( for thi& metho(.
2. The per#ma&&#-nit, temperat-re#(epen(ent, con&tant#pre&&-re heat capacity i&

C
(I) =
|A+B-1+C-1
2
]
M
~
]
kg-K
A = C
P0
~[ (mle - K)

B~[ (mle - K
2
)
C~[ (mle - K
3
)

The -nit& &hown are only for (emon&tration of the e:-ation.
%. The initial temperat-re an( the (en&ity of the ga& &pecie& pre&ent in a me&h or part at time
Hero i& &pecifie( 9y the 7eywor( IA5ATA2LJ=2SJ.AMT8'<.
!. The i(eal ga& mixt-re i& a&&-me( to 9e thermal e:-ili9ri-m, that i&, all &pecie& are at the
&ame temperat-re BTC. The ga&e& in the mixt-re are al&o a&&-me( to follow 3alton]& Partial
Pre&&-re Law, P = P
nas
. The partial pre&&-re of each ga& i& then P
=
p
R
as
I where R
as
=
R
n
M
. The in(ivi(-al ga& &pecie& temperat-re e:-al& the mixt-re
temperat-re. The temperat-re i& comp-te( from the internal energy where the mi-ture inter.
nal energy per unit volume i& -&e(,

c
v
= p
C
v
i
nas
= p
C
v
i
nas
I
I = I
=
c
v
p
i
C
v
i
nas
i
.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0!1 B.2TC
An general, the a(vection &tep con&erve& moment-m an( internal energy, 9-t not 7inetic en#
ergy. Thi& can re&-lt in energy lo&t in the &y&tem an( lea( to a pre&&-re (rop. An I.2T
J=2SJ.AMT8'< the (i&&ipate( 7inetic energy i& a-tomatically converte( into heat Binternal
energyC. Th-& in effect the total energy i& con&erve( in&tea( of con&erving G-&t the internal
energy. Thi& n-merical &cheme ha& 9een &hown to improve acc-racy in &ome ca&e&. Low#
ever, the -&er &ho-l( alway& 9e vigilant an( chec7 the phy&ic& of the pro9lem clo&ely.
". 2& an example con&i(er an air9ag &-rro-n(e( 9y am9ient air. 2& the inflator ga& flow& into
the 9ag, the 2L< element& c-t 9y the air9ag fa9ric &hell element& will contain &ome inflator
ga& in&i(e an( &ome am9ient air o-t&i(e. The m-lti#material element treatment i& not perfect.
Con&e:-ently the temperat-re of the o-t&i(e air may 9e ma(e artificially high after the m-lti#
material element treatment. To prevent the o-t&i(e am9ient air from getting artificially high
T, &et A3A2BT1 for the am9ient air o-t&i(e. Simple a(ia9atic compre&&ion e:-ation i& then
a&&-me( for the o-t&i(e air. The -&e of thi& flag may 9e nee(e(, 9-t only when that air i&
mo(ele( 9y the I.2TJ=2SJ.AMT8'< car(.
EJa54le(
Con&i(er a tan7 te&t mo(el where the Lagrangian tan7 BPart S1C i& &-rro-n(e( 9y an 2L< air me&h
BPart L!T2..=A3 1C. There are 2 2L< part& which are (efine( 9-t initially have no corre&pon(#
ing me&h) part " BL"T2..=A3 2C i& the re&i(ent ga& in&i(e the tan7 at t T $, an( part 0
BL0T2..=A3 2C i& the inflator ga&Be&C which i& inGecte( into the tan7 when t ? $. 2..=A3
&tan(& for 2L< .-lti#.aterial =ro-p A3. Plea&e &ee fig-re an( inp-t 9elow. The I.2TJ=2S
J.AMT8'< B.=.C car( (efine& the ga& propertie& of 2L< part& L" m L0. The .=. car( inp-t
for 9oth metho( B2C an( BBC are &hown.
The IA5ATA2LJ=2SJ.AMT8'< car( i& al&o &hown. At 9a&ically &pecifie& that U2..=A3 2 may
9e pre&ent in part or me&h L! at tT$, an( the initial (en&ity of thi& ga& i& (efine( in the rho1 po&ition
which corre&pon(& to the 1
&t
material in the mixt-re Bor L", the re&i(ent ga&C.V
D
R
A
F
T
2#0!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
EJa54le 7onBiEuration)

Sa54le in4ut(

$
*PART
H5 = initial gas inside the tank
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
5 5 5 5
*SECTIO!"SO#ID
5 $$
$
$ E%a&'le $( C)nstant heat *a'a*ities +sing 'e,&ass +nit-
$*MAT"GAS"MI.T/RE
$ MID IADIA0 R"+ni1
$ 5
$ C1$"&as C12"&as C13"&as C14"&as C15"&as C15"&as C16"&as C17"&as
$6$7-67278$$236-55227
$ C'$"&as C'2"&as C'3"&as C'4"&as C'5"&as C'5"&as C'6"&as C'7"&as
$$6-57 $55-$$$6
$
$ E%a&'le 2( Va,ia9le heat *a'a*ities +sing 'e,&)le +nit-
*MAT"GAS"MI.T/RE
$ MID IADIA0 R"+ni1
5 7-3$446
$ M:$ M:2 M:3 M:4 M:5 M:5 M:6 M:7
-277468 -2255
$ C'$"&)l C'2"&)l C'3"&)l C'4"&)l C'5"&)l C'5"&)l C'6"&)l C'7"&)l
28-48752 35-23377
$ 0$ 02 03 04 05 05 06 07
6-55E3 -$32E$
$ C$ C2 C3 C4 C5 C5 C6 C7
$-225E5 -$8E5
$
$ One *a,d is de;ined ;), ea*h AMMG that <ill )**+'= s)&e ele&ents ); a &esh set
*I!ITIA#"GAS"MI.T/RE
$ SID ST>PE MMGID T
4 $ $ 287-$5
$ RHO$ RHO2 RHO3 RHO4 RHO5 RHO5 RHO6 RHO7
$-$68$3E8
$ SID ST>PE MMGID T
4 $ 2 287-$5
$-$68$3E8
$
S%O tanA
1*OAMM2%O9a7AEround out
side air &initiall deBined ALE
5esH+
1>OAMM2$Oinitial Eas inside tHe
tanA &tHis Has no initial 5esH+
1)OAMM2$OinBlator Eas&es+ inVe7ted
in &tHis Has no initial 5esH+
0utoBB 'ie:
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=EMMI ;MA/=%>%
LSDYNA 2#0!% B.2TC
;MA/=EMMI
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1"1. The <volving .icro&tr-ct-ral .o(el of Anela&ticity B<..AC i& a temper#
at-re an( rate#(epen(ent &tate varia9le mo(el (evelope( to repre&ent the large (eformation of metal&
-n(er (iver&e loa(ing con(ition& W.arin 2$$"X. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le for %3 &oli( element&, 23
&oli( element& an( thic7 &hell form& % an( " .

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'LO < P'
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '=2S BP<CT 3$ R3 CP 23'2= B3'2= 3.TL<T2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3.PLA 35TL<T2 35PLA TL<T2$ TL<T2. B<T2$ BTL<T2 3.'
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 358C1 358C2 358C% 358C! 3.1 3.2 3.% 3.!
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3." R153 R253 R%53 R!53 C2LPL2 C@2PP2 C1
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>% ;MA/=EMMI
2#0!! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C253 C% C! C" C0 C753 C/53 C53
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1$ 21 22 2% 2! 2JMM 2J44 2JQQ
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2JM4 2J4Q 2JMQ 2LPLMM 2LPL44 2LPLQQ 2LPLM4 2LPL4Q
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPLMQ 3@2PP2 PLA$ PLAC' 3LB32= +2CTO' 'S,TCL 3.=OPT
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 1$ 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3<L2SO 3A.PLO 2TOL 'TOL 3A5T<'
Type + + + + +

Car( 11
Leave
9lan7
Paria9le
Type

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=EMMI ;MA/=%>%
LSDYNA 2#0!" B.2TC
.A3
'LO
.aterial (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
'=2S
-niver&al ga& con&tant.
BP<CT
B-rger]& vector
3$
pre#exponential (iff-&ivity coefficient
R3
activation energy
CP
&pecific heat at con&tant vol-me
23'2=
(rag intercept
B3'2=
(rag coefficient
3.TL<T2
&hear mo(-l-& temperat-re coefficient
3.PLA
&hear mo(-l-& (amage coefficient
35TL<T2
9-l7 mo(-l-& temperat-re coefficient
35PLA
9-l7 mo(-l-& (amage coefficient
TL<T2$
reference temperat-re
TL<T2.
melt temperat-re
B<T2$
coefficient of thermal expan&ion at reference temperat-re
BTL<T2
thermal expan&ion temperat-re coefficient
3.'
(amage rate &en&itivity parameter
358C1
n-cleation coefficient 1
358C2
n-cleation coefficient 2
358C%
n-cleation coefficient %
358C!
n-cleation coefficient !
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>% ;MA/=EMMI
2#0!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
3.1
coefficient of yiel( temperat-re (epen(ence
3.2
3.%
3.!
3."
R153
(imen&ionle&& activation energy for f
R253
(imen&ionle&& activation energy for r(
R%53
(imen&ionle&& activation energy for '(
R!53
(imen&ionle&& activation energy '&
C2LPL2
coefficient for 9ac7&tre&& alpha
C@2PP2
coefficient for internal &tre&& 7appa
C1
parameter for flow r-le exponent n
C253
parameter for tran&ition rate f
C%
parameter for alpha (ynamic recovery r(
C!
parameter for alpha har(ening h
C"
parameter for 7appa (ynamic recovery '(
C0
parameter for 7appa har(ening L
C753
parameter 7appa &tatic recovery '&
C/53
parameter for yiel(
C53
parameter for temperat-re (epen(ence of flow r-le exponent n
C1$
parameter for &tatic recovery B&etT1C
21
pla&tic ani&otropy parameter
22
2%
2!
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=EMMI ;MA/=%>%
LSDYNA 2#0!7 B.2TC
2JMM
initial &tr-ct-re ten&or component
2J44
2JQQ
2JM4
2J4Q
2JMQ
2LPLMM
initial 9ac7&tre&& component
2LPL44
2LPLQQ
2LPLM4
2LPL4Q
2LPLMQ
3@2PP2
initial i&otropic internal &tre&&
PLA$
initial i&otropic poro&ity
PLAC'
critical c-toff poro&ity
3LB32=
&lip &y&tem geometry parameter
+2CTO'
fraction of pla&tic wor7 converte( to heat, a(ia9atic
'S,TCL
rate &en&itivity &witch
3.=OPT
3amage mo(el option parameter
<R.1.$) pre&&-re in(epen(ent Coc7&E2&h9y 1/$
<R.2.$) pre&&-re (epen(ent Coc7&E2&h9y 1/$
<R.%.$) pre&&-re (epen(ent Coc7& 1/
3<L2SO
Temperat-re option
<R.$.$) (riven externally
<R.1.$) a(ia9atic
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>% ;MA/=EMMI
2#0!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
3A.PLO
Amplementation option flag
<R.1.$) com9ine( vi&co-& (rag an( thermally activate( (i&location mo#
tion
<R.2.$) &eparate vi&co-& (rag an( thermally activate( (i&location mo#
tion
2TOL
a9&ol-te error tolerance for local 5ewton iteration
'TOL
relative error tolerance for local 5ewton iteration
35AT<'
maxim-m n-m9er of iteration& for local 5ewton iteration
Re5arAs(
u uu u
v
= b d

d
e
o u
= (E R
d
)e
snh(
)
d
p
=
_
S
2
e
n, e
= snh
_[
o
+
1_

e
eqatn u eqatn eqatn

=
2
ex_
1
0
]
d
=
3
ex_
2
0
] R
d
=
5
ex_
3
0
]
=

9
0

1
b =
4
p (0) E =
6
p (0)
=
`
(0)
R
=
7
ex_
4
0
]

=
10
ex_
5
0
]
/a9le %>%8%8 Pla&ticity .aterial +-nction& of <..A .o(el.
Poi( growth)
=
S
V2
(1 )0
`
o
cq
, p, e

0
`
o
cq
, p
, =
S
VS
_
1
(1 )m +1
1_ snh_
2(2m 1)
2m +1
(p)
o
cq
_
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=DAMA2E=! ;MA/=%>!
LSDYNA 2#0! B.2TC
;MA/=DAMA2E=!
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1"%. Thi& mo(el ha& two 9ac7 &tre&& term& for 7inematic har(ening com9ine(
with i&otropic har(ening an( a (amage mo(el for mo(eling low cycle fatig-e an( fail-re. L-ang
W2$$0X programme( thi& mo(el an( provi(e( it a& a -&er &-9ro-tine with the (oc-mentation that fol#
low&. At i& availa9le for 9eam, &hell an( &oli( element&. Thi& material mo(el i& availa9le &tarting
with the '% relea&e of Per&ion 71.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 L2'3A B<T2 LCSS
Type 2/ + + + + + + A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L2'3@1 =2..21 L2'3@2 =2..22 S'C S'P
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A32.2=< A3S A3<P <PS3 S T 3C
Type A A A + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity, p
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, E
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio, :
SA=4
0
Bignore( if LCSS.=T.$C
L2'3A
A&otropic har(ening mo(-l-&, A Bignore( if LCSS.=T.$C
B<T2
A&otropic har(ening parameter, . Set = u for linear i&otropic har(ening.
BAgnore( if LCSS.=T.$ or if L2'3A.<R.$.C
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>! ;MA/=DAMA2E=!
2#0"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining effective &tre&& v&. effective pla&tic &train for i&o#
tropic har(ening. The fir&t a9&ci&&a val-e m-&t 9e
Hero corre&pon(ing to the initial yiel( &tre&&. The fir&t or(inate
val-e i& the initial yiel( &tre&&.
L2'3@1
@inematic har(ening mo(-l-& C
1

=2..21
@inematic har(ening parameter y
1
. Set y
1
T $ for linear
7inematic har(ening. Agnore( if BL2'3@1.<R.$C i& (efine(.
L2'3@2
@inematic har(ening mo(-l-& C
2

=2..22
@inematic har(ening parameter y
2
.
Set y
2
T $ for linear
7inematic har(ening. Agnore( if BL2'3@2.<R.$C i& (efine(.
S'C
Strain rate parameter, C, for Cowper Symon(& &train rate mo(el, &ee 9elow.
S'P
Strain rate parameter, P, for Cowper Symon(& &train rate mo(el, &ee 9elow.
A32.2=<
A&otropic (amage flag
<R.$) (amage i& inactivate(. A3S, A3<P, <PS3, S, T, 3C are ignore(.
<R.1) (amage i& activate(
A3S
O-tp-t &tre&& flag
<R.$) -n(amage( &tre&& i& o o-tp-t
<R.1) (amage( &tre&& i& o(1 ) o-tp-t
A3<P
3amage( pla&tic &train
<R.$) pla&tic &train i& acc-m-late( = ]e

<R.1) (amage( pla&tic &train i& acc-m-late( = ]
(1 )e

<PS3
3amage thre&hol(
d
. 3amage acc-m-lation 9egin& when >
d

S
3amage material con&tant S. 3efa-lt T o
0
2uu
T
3amage material con&tant t. 3efa-lt T 1
3C
c
. ,hen (amage val-e reache& critical, the ele#
ment i& (elete( from calc-lation. 3efa-lt T $."
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0"1 B.2TC
Re5arAs(
Thi& mo(el i& 9a&e( on the wor7 of Lemaitre W12X, an( 3-failly an( Lemaitre W1"X. At i& a pre&#
&-re#in(epen(ent pla&ticity mo(el with the yiel( &-rface (efine( 9y the f-nction
= o o
= u
where o
i& -niaxial yiel( &tre&&

o
= o
0
+
E
|1 ex()]
By &etting = u, a linear i&otropic har(ening i& o9taine(
o
= o
0
+E
where o
0
& the initial yiel( &tre&&. 2n( o i& the e:-ivalent von .i&e& &tre&&, with re&pect to the (e#
viatoric effective &tre&&
s
c
= Jc:| ] u uu u = s ss s u uu u
where s i& (eviatoric &tre&& an( u i& the 9ac7 &tre&&, which i& (ecompo&e( into &everal component&
u uu u = u uu u
j
j

an( i& effective &tre&& B-n(amage( &tre&&C, 9a&e( on Contin--m 3amage .echanic& mo(el WLe#
maitre 12X
=

1

where 1 i& the i&otropic (amage &calar, which i& 9o-n(e( 9y $ an( 1
u 1
1 T $ repre&ent& a (amage#free material 'P< Brepre&entative Pol-me <lementC, while 1 T 1 repre#
&ent& a f-lly 9ro7en material 'P< in two part&. An fact, fract-re occ-r& when =
c
< 1, mo(ele(
a& element removal. The evol-tion of the i&otropic (amage val-e relate( to (-ctile (amage an( frac#
t-re Bthe ca&e where the pla&tic &train or (i&&ipation i& m-ch larger than the ela&tic one, WLemaitre
12XC i& (efine( a&
= _
_
S
]
t
e
l
>
d
&
o
m
o
eq
>
1
S
u these

where
c
m
c
cq
i& the &tre&& triaxiality,
d
i& (amage thre&hol(, S i& a material con&tant, an( : i& &train en#
ergy (en&ity relea&e rate.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>! ;MA/=DAMA2E=!
2#0"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
=
1
2

el
D
el

el

,here D
el
repre&ent& the fo-rth#or(er ela&ticity ten&or,
el
i& ela&tic &train. 2n( t i& a material con#
&tant, intro(-ce( 9y 3-failly an( Lemaitre W1"X, to provi(e a((itional (egree of free(om for mo(#
eling low#cycle fatig-e Bt = 1 in Lemaitre W12XC. 3-failly an( Lemaitre W1"X al&o propo&e( a
&implifie( metho( to fit experimental re&-lt& an( get S an( t.
The e:-ivalent .i&e& &tre&& i& (efine( a&
o(s ss s
c
) =
_
S
2
s ss s
c
s ss s
c
=
_
S
2
s ss s
c

The mo(el a&&-me& a&&ociate( pla&tic flow

l
=
o
o
Jz =
S
2
s ss s
c
o
Jz
,here Jz i& the pla&tic con&i&tency parameter. The evol-tion of the 7inematic component of the
mo(el i& (efine( a& W2rm&trong an( +re(eric7 100X)
_
u uu u
]
=
2
S
C
]

l
y
]
u uu u
]
e
l
IBEP = u
u uu u
]
= (1 ) _
2
S
C
]

l
y
]
u uu u
]
e
l
] IBEP = 1

The (amage( pla&tic &train i& acc-m-late( a&
_
= _e
l
IBEP = u
= _(1 )e
l
IBEP = 1

where e
l
i& the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train rate
e
l
=
_
2
S

l

l

where
l
repre&ent& the rate of pla&tic flow.
the factor
1 + _
e
C
]
1

,

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0"% B.2TC
where e i& the &train rate.
Ta9le 1"%.1 &how& the (ifference 9etween .2T 1"% an( .2T 1$!E1$". .2T 1"% i& le&& comp-ta#
tionally expen&ive than .2T 1$!E1$". @inematic har(ening, which alrea(y exi&t& in .2T 1$%, i&
incl-(e( in .2T 1"%, 9-t not in .2T 1$!E1$".

MA/ %>! MA/ %"* MA/ %">
0o54utational 7ost 1.$ %.$ %.$
Isotro4i7 HardeninE One component Two component& One component
Kine5ati7 HardeninE Two component& 5E2 5E2
Out4ut stress
o A3ST$
o(1 ) A3ST1
o(1 ) o(1 )
Da5aEed 4lasti7 strain
= ]e
l
A3<PT$
= ]
(1 )e
l
A3<PT1
= _(1 )e
= _(1 )e
l

A77u5ulation :Hen
o
m
o
cq
>
1
S
o
1
> u o
1
> u
Isotro4i7 4lasti7it 4e& 4e& 4e&
Anisotro4i7 4lasti7it 5o 4e& 5o
Isotro4i7 da5aEe 4e& 4e& 4e&
Anisotro4i7 da5aEe 5o 4e& 5o

/a9le %>!8% 3ifference 9etween .2T 1"% an( .2T 1$!E1$"
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>* ;MA/=DES13ANDE=.LE0K=.OAM
2#0"! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=DES13ANDE=.LE0K=.OAM
Thi& i& material type 1"! for &oli( element&. Thi& material i& for mo(eling al-min-m foam -&e( a& a
filler material in al-min-m extr-&ion& to enhance the energy a9&or9ing capa9ility of the extr-&ion.
S-ch energy a9&or9er& are -&e( in vehicle& to (i&&ipate energy (-ring impact. Thi& mo(el wa& (e#
velope( 9y 'eye&, Lopper&ta(, Ber&ta(, an( Lang&eth W2$$2X an( i& 9a&e( on the foam mo(el 9y
3e&hpan(e an( +lec7 W2$$$X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'LO < P' 2LPL2 =2..2
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS3 2LPL22 B<T2 SA=P 3<'+A C+2AL P+2AL 58.
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'LO
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
2LPL2
Control& &hape of yiel( &-rface.
=2..2
See remar7&.
<PS3
3en&ification &train.
2LPL22
See remar7&.
B<T2
See remar7&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=DES13ANDE=.LE0K=.OAM ;MA/=%>*
LSDYNA 2#0"" B.2TC
SA=P
See remar7&.
3<'+A
Type of (erivation -&e( in material &-9ro-tine
<R.$) 5-merical (erivation
<R.1) 2nalytical (erivation
C+2AL
+ail-re vol-metric &train.
P+2AL
+ail-re principal &tre&&. .-&t 9e &-&taine( 58. B?$C time&tep& to fail el#
ement.
58.
5-m9er of time&tep& at or a9ove P+2AL to trigger element fail-re.
Re5arAs(
The yiel( &tre&& f-nction m i& (efine( 9y)

m = o o

The e:-ivalent &tre&& o i& given 9y)

o
2
=
o
vM
2
+o
2
o
m
2
1 +[
o
S
2

where, o
vM
, i& the von .i&e& effective &tre&&)
o
vM
=
_
2
S

ue

ue

An thi& e:-ation o
m
an( o
dc
are the mean an( (eviatoric &tre&&)

ue
= o
m
I II I

The yiel( &tre&& o
can 9e expre&&e( a&)

o
= o
+y
e
e
+o
2
ln
`
1
1 [
e
e
[
/

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>* ;MA/=DES13ANDE=.LE0K=.OAM
2#0"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Lere, o
, o
2
, y an( are material parameter&. The (en&ification &train e
i& (efine( a&)

e
= ln_
p
]
p
]0
_

where p
]
i& the foam (en&ity an( p
]0
i& the (en&ity of the virgin material.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION=EOS ;MA/=%>>
LSDYNA 2#0"7 B.2TC
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION=EOS
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1"". 2n i&otropic ela&tic#pla&tic material where -ni:-e yiel( &tre&& ver&-&
pla&tic &train c-rve& can 9e (efine( for compre&&ion an( ten&ion. 2l&o, fail-re can occ-r 9a&e( on a
pla&tic &train or a minim-m time &tep &iHe. 'ate effect& on the yiel( &tre&& are mo(ele( either 9y -&#
ing the Cowper#Symon(& &train rate mo(el or 9y -&ing two loa( c-rve& that &cale the yiel( &tre&&
val-e& in compre&&ion an( ten&ion, re&pectively. .aterial rate effect&, which are in(epen(ent of the
pla&ticity mo(el, are 9a&e( on a 0#term Prony &erie& .axwell mo(e that generate& an a((itional
&tre&& ten&or. The vi&co-& &tre&& ten&or i& &-perimpo&e( on the &tre&& ten&or generate( 9y the pla&tici#
ty. Pre&&-re i& (efine( 9y an e:-ation of &tate, which i& re:-ire( to -tiliHe thi& mo(el. Thi& mo(el i&
applica9le to &oli( element& an( SPL.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $ $ 1$.<^2$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3C LCA3T LCS'C LCS'T S'+L2=
Type A A A A +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PC PT PC8TC PC8TT PC8T+
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $

D
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A
F
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;MA/=%>> ;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION=EOS
2#0"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @
Type +

Optional
Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
C
P
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
T3<L
LCA3C
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train in com#
pre&&ion.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION=EOS ;MA/=%>>
LSDYNA 2#0" B.2TC
LCA3T
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train in ten#
&ion.
LCS'C
when the material i& in compre&&ion.
LCS'T
when the material i& in ten&ion.
S'+L2=
<R.$.$) Total &train rate,
<R.1.$) 3eviatoric &train rate.
PC
Compre&&ive mean &tre&& Bpre&&-reC at which the yiel( &tre&& follow& loa(
c-rve A3, LCA3C. Af the pre&&-re fall& 9etween PC an( PT a weighte( av#
erage of the two loa( c-rve& i& -&e(.
PT
Ten&ile mean &tre&& at which the yiel( &tre&& follow& loa( c-rve A3, LCA3T.
PC8TC
Pre&&-re c-t#off in compre&&ion. ,hen the pre&&-re c-t#off i& reache( the
(eviatoric &tre&& ten&or i& &et to Hero an( the pre&&-re remain& at it& com#
pre&&ive val-e. Li7e the yiel( &tre&&, PC8TC i& &cale( to acco-nt for rate
effect&.
PC8TT
Pre&&-re c-t#off in ten&ion. ,hen the pre&&-re c-t#off i& reache( the (evia#
toric &tre&& ten&or an( ten&ile pre&&-re i& &et to Hero. Li7e the yiel( &tre&&,
PC8TT i& &cale( to acco-nt for rate effect&.
PC8T+
Pre&&-re c-t#off flag.
<R.$.$) Anactive,
<R.1.$) 2ctive.
@
=A
B<T2A
Re5arAs(
The &tre&& &train 9ehavior follow& a (ifferent c-rve in compre&&ion than it (oe& in ten&ion. Ten&ion
i& (etermine( 9y the &ign of the mean &tre&& where a po&itive mean &tre&& Bi.e., a negative pre&&-reC i&
in(icative of ten&ion. Two c-rve& m-&t 9e (efine( giving the yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic
&train for 9oth the ten&ion an( compre&&ion regime&.
D
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;MA/=%>> ;MA/=3LAS/I0I/Y=0OM3RESSION=/ENSION=EOS
2#00$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.ean &tre&& i& an invariant which can 9e expre&&e( a& B
x
^
y
^
H
CE%. PC an( PT (efine a range of
mean &tre&& val-e& within which interpolation i& (one 9etween the ten&ile yiel( &-rface an( compre&#
&ive yiel( &-rface. PC an( PT are not tr-e material propertie& 9-t are G-&t a n-merical convenience
&o that the tran&ition from one yiel( &-rface to the other i& not a9r-pt a& the &ign of the mean &tre&&
change&. Both PC an( PT are inp-t a& po&itive val-e& a& it i& implie( that PC i& a compre&&ive mean
&tre&& val-e an( PT i& ten&ile mean &tre&& val-e.
Strain rate may 9e acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the yiel( &tre&&
with the factor)
1 +_
e
C
]
1

,


e
]
e
]
.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MUS0LE ;MA/=%>)
LSDYNA 2#001 B.2TC
;MA/=MUS0LE
Thi& i& material type 1"0 for tr-&& element&. Thi& material i& a Lill#type m-&cle mo(el with activa#
tion an( a parallel (amper. 2l&o, &ee I.2TJSP'A5=J.8SCL< where a (e&cription of the theory
i& availa9le.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O S5O S'. PAS SS. C<' 3.P
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2L. S+' SPS SP' SSP
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.aterial (en&ity in the initial -n(eforme( config-ration.
S5O
Anitial &tretch ratio,
og
, i.e., the length a& (efine( 9y the no(al point& at tT$
(ivi(e( 9y the original initial length. The (en&ity for the no(al ma&& calc-#
lation i& 'OES5O, or
og
p
0
.
S'.
.axim-m &train rate.
PAS
Pea7 i&ometric &tre&& corre&pon(ing to the (imen&ionle&& val-e of -nity in
the (imen&ionle&& &tre&& ver&-& &train f-nction, &ee SSP 9elow.
SS.
Strain when the (imen&ionle&& &tre&& ver&-& &train f-nction, SSP 9elow,
reache& it& maxim-m &tre&& val-e.
C<'
Con&tant, governing the exponential ri&e of SSP. 'e:-ire( if SSPT$.
D
R
A
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;MA/=%>) ;MA/=MUS0LE
2#002 B.2TC LSDYNA
3.P
3amping con&tant.
2L.
2ctivation level v&. time.
LT.$) a9&ol-te val-e give& loa( c-rve A3
=<.$) con&tant val-e of 2L. i& -&e(
S+'
Scale factor for &train rate maxim-m v&. the &tretch ratio,
og
.
=<.$) con&tant val-e of 1.$ i& -&e(
SPS
2ctive (imen&ionle&& ten&ile &tre&& v&. the &tretch ratio,
og
.
SP'
2ctive (imen&ionle&& ten&ile &tre&& v&. the normaliHe( &train rate, e
.
SSP
A&ometric (imen&ionle&& &tre&& v&. the &tretch ratio,
og
for the parallel ela&#
tic element.
LT.$) a9&ol-te val-e give& loa( c-rve A3 or ta9le A3 B&ee 9elowC
<R.$) exponential f-nction i& -&e( B&ee 9elowC
=T.$) con&tant val-e of $.$ i& -&e(
Re5arAs(
The material 9ehavior of the m-&cle mo(el i& a(apte( from I.2TJS1", the &pring m-&cle mo(el
an( treate( here a& a &tan(ar( material. The initial length of m-&cle i& calc-late( a-tomatically. The
force, relative length an( &hortening velocity are replace( 9y &tre&&, &train an( &train rate. 2 new par#
allel (amping element i& a((e(.
The &train e an( normaliHe( &train rate e
are (efine( re&pectively a&

e =
l
l
og
1 = SN0
l
l
0
1
e
=
l
l
orI
e
e
m
= SN0
l
l
0
e
SFR SRN

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MUS0LE ;MA/=%>)
LSDYNA 2#00% B.2TC
where e = AlAt Bc-rrent length change (ivi(e( 9y c-rrent time &tepC, l T c-rrent m-&cle length, an(
l
og
T original m-&cle length.
+rom the relation a9ove, it i& 7nown)
l
og
=
l
0
1 +e
0

where e
0
= SN0 1 an( l
0
= m-&cle length at time $.
Stre&& of Contractile <lement i&)
o
1
= o
max
o(t) (ll
og
) g(e
)
where o
max
= PAS, o(t) = 2L., (ll
og
) = SPS, an( g(e
) = SP'.
Stre&& of Pa&&ive <lement i&)
o
2
= o
max
b(ll
og
) Bc-rveC
o
2
= o
max
b(e
, ll
og
) Bta9leC
where b = SSP. +or SSP>$, the a9&ol-te val-e give& a loa( c-rve A3 or ta9le A3. The loa( c-rve (e#
fine& i&ometric (imen&ionle&& &tre&& b ver&-& &tretch ratio ll
og
. The ta9le (efine& for each normal#
iHe( &train rate e
a loa( c-rve giving the i&ometric (imen&ionle&& &tre&& b ver&-& &tretch ratio ll
og

for that rate.
+or exponential relation&hip BSSPT$C)
b(ll
og
) =
`
1
1
1
1
u ll
og
< 1
1
ex(CER) 1
_ ex_
CER
SSN
e] 1_ ll
og
1 CER = u
e SSN ll
og
1 CER = u

Stre&& of 3amping <lement i&)
3
= BNP
l
l
og

Total Stre&& i&)
o = o
1
+o
2
+o
3
D
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;MA/=%>- ;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
2#00! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1"7. Thi& material mo(el i& a com9ination of the ani&otropic ela&tic material
mo(el B.2TJ$$2C an( the ani&otropic pla&tic material mo(el B.2TJ1$%JPC.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O SA=4 LCSS R'1 C'1 R'2 C'2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C11 C12 C1% C1! C1" C10 C22 C2%
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C2! C2" C20 C%% C%! C%" C%0 C!!
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C!" C!0 C"" C"0 C00 '$$ '!" '$
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S11 S22 S%% S12 2OPT
Type + + + + +

D
R
A
F
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;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0 ;MA/=%>-
LSDYNA 2#00" B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 5ot -&e( 5ot -&e( 5ot -&e( 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
SA=4
LCSS
pla&tic &train. R'1, C'1, R'2, an( C'2 are ignore( with thi& option.
R'1
A&otropic har(ening parameter Qr1
C'1
A&otropic har(ening parameter #r1
R'2
A&otropic har(ening parameter Qr2
C'2
A&otropic har(ening parameter #r2
CAK
The A, K term in the 0}0 ani&otropic con&tit-tive matrix. 5ote that 1 corre#
&pon(& to the a material (irection, 2 to the 6 material (irection, an( % to the
c material (irection.
'$$
R
00
'!"
R
45
'$
R
90
S11
4iel( &tre&& in local#x (irection.
Thi& inp-t i& ignore( if B'$$, '!", '$C ? $.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>- ;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0=3LAS/I0
2#000 B.2TC LSDYNA
S22
4iel( &tre&& in local#y (irection.
S%%
4iel( &tre&& in local#H (irection.
S12
4iel( &tre&& in local#xy (irection.
2OPT
complete (e&cription.
element normal 9y the angle B<T2. 5o(e& 1, 2, an( ! of an el#
21, 22, 2%
a1, a2, a% (efine component& of vector a for 2OPTT2.
31, 32, 3%
(1, (2, (% (efine component& of vector d for 2OPTT2.
P1, P2, P%
v1, v2, v% (efine component& of vector ' for 2OPTT% an( !.
B<T2
D
R
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F
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;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=0OM3OSI/E=.A<RI0 ;MA/=%>?
LSDYNA 2#007 B.2TC
;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=0OM3OSI/E=.A<RI0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1"/. 3epen(ing on the type of fail-re &-rface, thi& mo(el may 9e -&e( to
mo(el rate &en&itive compo&ite material& with -ni(irectional layer&, complete laminate&, an( woven
fa9ric&. 2 vi&co-& &tre&& ten&or, 9a&e( on an i&otropic .axwell mo(el with -p to &ix term& in the
Prony &erie& expan&ion, i& &-perimpo&e( on the rate in(epen(ent &tre&& ten&or of the compo&ite fa9#
ric. The vi&co-& &tre&& ten&or approach &ho-l( wor7 rea&ona9ly well if the &tre&& increa&e& (-e to
rate affect& are -p to 1"c of the total &tre&&. Thi& mo(el i& implemente( for 9oth &hell an( thic7
&hell element&. The vi&co-& &tre&& ten&or i& effective at eliminating &p-rio-& &tre&& o&cillation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <2 <B B<CC P'B2 T281 =2..21
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 SLA.T1 SLA.C1 SLA.T2 SLA.C2 SLA.S
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT TSAQ< <'O3S SO+T +S
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>? ;MA/=RA/E=SENSI/IVE=0OM3OSI/E=.A<RI0
2#00/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <11C <11T <22C <22T =.S
Type + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + +

Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @
Type +

Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
D
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A
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LSDYNA 2#00 B.2TC
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
B<CC
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # normal (irection Bnot -&e(C
P'B2
9a
T281
1, &tre&& limit of the fir&t &lightly nonlinear part

of the &hear &tre&& ver&-&
&hear &train c-rve. The val-e& 1 an( 1 are -&e( to (efine a c-rve of &hear
&tre&& ver&-& &hear &train. The&e val-e& are inp-t if +S, (efine( 9elow, i&
&et to a val-e of #1.
=2..21
1, &train limit of the fir&t &lightly nonlinear part of the &hear &tre&& ver&-&
&hear &train c-rve.
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca
SLA.T1
ten&ionC.
SLA.C1
compre&&ionC.
SLA.T2
ten&ionC.
SLA.C2
compre&&ionC.
SLA.S
D
R
A
F
T
2#07$ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
B<T2.
terial axe& a9o-t the element normal 9y an angle BB<T2C from
a line in the plane of the element (efine( 9y the cro&& pro(-ct
of the vector v with the element normal.
TSAQ<
Time &tep for a-tomatic element (eletion.
<'O3S
.axim-m effective &train for element layer fail-re. 2 val-e of -nity wo-l(
e:-al 1$$c &train.
SO+T
Softening re(-ction factor for &trength in the cra&hfront.
+S
+ail-re &-rface type)
<R.1.$) &mooth fail-re &-rface with a :-a(ratic criterion for 9oth the fi#
9er BaC an( tran&ver&e B9C (irection&. Thi& option can 9e -&e(
with complete laminate& an( fa9ric&.
<R.$.$) &mooth fail-re &-rface in the tran&ver&e B9C (irection with a lim#
iting val-e in the fi9er BaC (irection. Thi& mo(el i& appropriate
for -ni(irectional B83C layere( compo&ite& only.
<R.#1) facete( fail-re &-rface. ,hen the &trength val-e& are reache(
then (amage evolve& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion for 9oth the
fi9er an( tran&ver&e (irection. Shear 9ehavior i& al&o con&i(#
ere(. Thi& option can 9e -&e( with complete laminate& an( fa9#
ric&.
MP 4P QP
3efine coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPT T 1.
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
D
R
A
F
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LSDYNA 2#071 B.2TC
B<T2
<11C
Strain at longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength, a#axi&.
<11T
Strain at longit-(inal ten&ile &trength, a#axi&.
<22C
Strain at tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength, 9#axi&.
<22T
Strain at tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength, 9#axi&.
=.S
Strain at &hear &trength, a9 plane.
MC
Longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength
MT
4C
Tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength, 9#axi&, &ee 9elow.
4T
SC
Shear &trength, a9 plane.
@
=A
B<T2A
Re5arAs(
See the remar7 for material type "/, I.2TJL2.A52T<3JCO.POSAT<J+2B'AC, for the treat#
ment of the compo&ite material.
'ate effect& are ta7en into acco-nt thro-gh a .axwell mo(el -&ing linear vi&coela&ticity 9y a convo#
l-tion integral of the form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
(t )
s
kl
J
t
0

where g
]k(t-)
the &tre&& ten&or (etermine( from the &train energy f-nctional. Since we wi&h to incl-(e only &imple
rate effect&, the relaxation f-nction i& repre&ente( 9y &ix term& from the Prony &erie&)
g(t) = 0
m
c
-[
m
t N
m=1

D
R
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T
2#072 B.2TC LSDYNA
,e characteriHe thi& in the inp-t 9y the &hear mo(-li, 0
. 2n ar9itrary
n-m9er of term&, not excee(ing 0, may 9e -&e( when applying the vi&coela&tic mo(el. The compo#
&ite fail-re i& not (irectly affecte( 9y the pre&ence of the vi&co-& &tre&& ten&or.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0S0M ;MA/=%>,
LSDYNA 2#07% B.2TC
;MA/=0S0MJNOPTIONO
Thi& i& material type 1". Thi& i& a &mooth or contin-o-& &-rface cap mo(el an( i& availa9le for &ol#
i( element& in LS#3452. The -&er ha& the option of inp-tting hi& own material propertie&
B>BL25@? optionC, or re:-e&ting (efa-lt material propertie& for normal &trength concrete BCO5#
C'<T<C.
><LANK?
0ON0RE/E
&-ch that the 7eywor( car(& appear a&)
;MA/=0S0M
;MA/=0S0M=0ON0RE/E

DeBine tHe neJt t:o 7ards Bor all o4tions(
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 5PLOT A5C'< A'2T< <'O3< '<COP AT'<T'C
Type 2/ + A + A + + A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P'<3
Type +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor tHe 0ON0RE/E o4tion8 Do not deBine Bor tHe S<LANKP o4tion8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +PC 32== 85ATS
Type + + A

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>, ;MA/=0S0M
2#07! B.2TC LSDYNA
DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ards Bor tHe S<LANKP o4tion8 Do not deBine Bor 0ON0RE/E8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le = @ 2LPL2 TL<T2 L2.32 B<T2 5L CL
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL21 TL<T21 L2.321 B<T21 2LPL22 TL<T22 L2.322 B<T22
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ' M$ , 31 32
Type + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B =+C 3 =+T =+S P,'C P,'T P.O3
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <T2$C 5C <T2$T 5T OP<'C OP<'T S'2T< '<PO,
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0S0M ;MA/=%>,
LSDYNA 2#07" B.2TC
5PLOT
Control& what i& written a& component 7 to the (%plot (ata9a&e. LS#Prepo&t
alway& 9lin(ly la9el& thi& component a& effective pla&tic &train)
<R.1) .axim-m of 9rittle an( (-ctile (amage B(efa-ltC.
<R.2) .axim-m of 9rittle an( (-ctile (amage, with recovery of 9rittle
(amage.
<R.%) Brittle (amage.
<R.!) 3-ctile (amage.
<R.") Binter&ection of cap with &hear &-rfaceC.
<R.0) M$ Binter&ection of cap with pre&&-re axi&C.
<R.7) e
p
Bpla&tic vol-me &trainC.
A5C'<
.axim-m &train increment for &-9incrementation. Af left 9lan7, a (efa-lt
val-e i& &et (-ring initialiHation 9a&e( -pon the &hear &trength an( &tiffne&&.
A'2T<
'ate effect& option&)
<R.$) 'ate effect& mo(el t-rne( off B(efa-ltC.
<R.1) 'ate effect& mo(el t-rne( on.
<'O3<
<lement& ero(e when (amage excee(& $. an( the maxim-m principal
&train excee(& <'O3<#1.$. +or ero&ion that i& in(epen(ent of &train, &et
<'O3< e:-al to 1.$. <ro&ion (oe& not occ-r if <'O3< i& le&& than 1.$.
'<COP
The mo(-l-& i& recovere( in compre&&ion when '<COP i& e:-al to $ B(e#
fa-ltC. The mo(-l-& remain& at the 9rittle (amage level when '<COP i&
e:-al to 1. Partial recovery i& mo(ele( for val-e& of '<COP 9etween $
an( 1. Two option& are availa9le)
<R.1) Anp-t a val-e 9etween $ an( 1. 'ecovery i& 9a&e( -pon the &ign
of the pre&&-re invariant only.
<R.2) Anp-t a val-e 9etween 1$ an( 11. 'ecovery i& 9a&e( -pon the
&ign of 9oth the pre&&-re an( vol-metric &train. An thi& ca&e, '<#
COPT'<COP#1$, an( a flag i& &et to re:-e&t the vol-metric
&train chec7.
A'<T'C
Cap retraction option)
<R.$) Cap (oe& not retract B(efa-ltC.
<R.1) Cap retract&.
P'<3
Pre#exi&ting (amage B$ Pre3 > 1C. Af left 9lan7, the (efa-lt i& Hero Bno
pre#exi&ting (amageC.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>, ;MA/=0S0M
2#070 B.2TC LSDYNA
DeBine Bor tHe 0ON0RE/E o4tion8 Note tHat tHe deBault 7on7rete in4ut 4ara5eters are Bor nor
5al strenEtH 7on7rete :itH un7onBined 7o54ression strenEtHs 9et:een a9out $? and >? M3a8
+PC
8nconfine( compre&&ion &trength, f '
C
. Af left 9lan7, (efa-lt i& %$ .Pa.
32==
.axim-m aggregate &iHe, 3agg. Af left 9lan7, (efa-lt i& 1 mm B%E! inchC.
85ATS
8nit& option&)
<R.$) =Pa, mm, m&ec, @gEmm%, 75
<R.1) .Pa, mm, m&ec, gEmm%, 5
<R.2) .Pa, mm, &ec, .gEmm%, 5
<R.%) P&i, inch, &ec, l9f#&2Einch!, l9f
<R.!) Pa, m, &ec, 7gEm%, 5
DeBine Bor S<LANKP o4tion onl8
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&.
2LPL2
Tri#axial compre&&ion &-rface con&tant term, .
TL<T2
Tri#axial compre&&ion &-rface linear term, .
L2.32
Tri#axial compre&&ion &-rface nonlinear term, .
B<T2
Tri#axial compre&&ion &-rface exponent, .
2LPL21
Tor&ion &-rface con&tant term,
1
.
TL<T21
Tor&ion &-rface linear term,
1
.
L2.321
Tor&ion &-rface nonlinear term,
&
.
B<T21
Tor&ion &-rface exponent,
&
.
2LPL22
Tri#axial exten&ion &-rface con&tant term,
2
.
TL<T22
Tri#axial exten&ion &-rface linear term,
2
.
L2.322
Tri#axial exten&ion &-rface nonlinear term,
$
.
B<T22
Tri#axial exten&ion &-rface exponent,
$
.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0S0M ;MA/=%>,
LSDYNA 2#077 B.2TC
5L
Lar(ening initiation, N
L
.
CL
Lar(ening rate, #
L
.
'
Cap a&pect ratio, ".
M$
Cap initial location, T
$
.
,
.axim-m pla&tic vol-me compaction, S.
31
Linear &hape parameter, 1
1
.
32
R-a(ratic &hape parameter, 1
2
.
B
3-ctile &hape &oftening parameter, B.
=+C
+ract-re energy in -niaxial &tre&& B
fc
.
3
Brittle &hape &oftening parameter, 3.
=+T
+ract-re energy in -niaxial ten&ion, B
ft
.
=+S
+ract-re energy in p-re &hear &tre&&, B
f%
.
P,'C
Shear#to#compre&&ion tran&ition parameter.
P,'T
Shear#to#ten&ion tran&ition parameter.
P.O3
.o(ify mo(erate pre&&-re &oftening parameter.
<T2$C
'ate effect& parameter for -niaxial compre&&ive &tre&&,
$c
.
5C
'ate effect& power for -niaxial compre&&ive &tre&&, N
C
.
<T2$T
'ate effect& parameter for -niaxial ten&ile &tre&&,
$t
.
5T
'ate effect& power for -niaxial ten&ile &tre&&, N
t
.
OP<'C
.axim-m over&tre&& allowe( in compre&&ion.
OP<'T
.axim-m over&tre&& allowe( in ten&ion.
S'2T<
'atio of effective &hear &tre&& to ten&ile &tre&& fl-i(ity parameter&.
'<PO,
Power which increa&e& fract-re energy with rate effect&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>, ;MA/=0S0M
2#07/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs)
Model .or5ulation and In4ut 3ara5eters
Thi& i& a cap mo(el with a &mooth inter&ection 9etween the &hear yiel( &-rface an( har(ening cap, a&
&hown in +ig-re 2#7$. The initial (amage &-rface coinci(e& with the yiel( &-rface. 'ate effect& are
mo(ele( with vi&copla&ticity. +or a complete theoretical (e&cription, with reference& an( example
pro9lem& &ee W.-rray 2$$7X an( W.-rray, 29-#O(eh an( Bligh 2$$7X.

.Stre%% Invariant%2 The yiel( &-rface i& form-late( in term& of three &tre&& invariant&) Q
&
i& the
fir&t invariant of the &tre&& ten&or, }'
2
i& the &econ( invariant of the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or, an(
}'
3
i& the thir( invariant of the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or. The invariant& are (efine( in term& of the
(eviatoric &tre&& ten&or, S
i?
an( pre&&-re, P, a& follow&)

}
1
= SP
}'
2
=
1
2
S
Ij
S
Ij
}'
3
=
1
S
S
Ij
S
jk
S
kI

Pla%ticity Surface2 The three invariant yiel( f-nction i& 9a&e( on the&e three invariant&, an( the cap
har(ening parameter, , a& follow&)

(}
1
, }'
2
, }'
3
, ) = }'
2
+
2
F
I
2
F
c

Lere F
f
i& the &hear fail-re &-rface, F
c
i& the har(ening cap, an( ' i& the '-9in three#invariant re#
(-ction factor. The cap har(ening parameter i& the val-e of the pre&&-re invariant at the inter&ec#
tion of the cap an( &hear &-rface&.
+ig-re 2#7$. =eneral &hape of the concrete mo(el yiel( &-rface in two#(imen&ion&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0S0M ;MA/=%>,
LSDYNA 2#07 B.2TC
Trial ela&tic &tre&& invariant& are temporarily -p(ate( via the trial ela&tic &tre&& ten&or,
T
. The&e are
(enote( Q
1
T
, Q
2
T
, an( Q
%
T
. <la&tic &tre&& &tate& are mo(ele( when f BQ
1
T
,Q
2
T
,Q
%
T
,
(
C $. <la&tic#
pla&tic &tre&& &tate& are mo(ele( when f BQ
1
T
,Q
2
T
,Q
%
T
,
(
C ? $. An thi& ca&e, the pla&ticity algorithm
ret-rn& the &tre&& &tate to the yiel( &-rface &-ch that f BQ
1
P
,Q
2
P
,Q
%
P
,
P
C T $. Thi& i& accompli&he( 9y
enforcing the pla&tic con&i&tency con(ition with a&&ociate( flow.
S5ear Failure Surface2 The &trength of concrete i& mo(ele( 9y the &hear &-rface in the ten&ile an(
low confining pre&&-re regime&)

F
I
(}
1
) = o z ex
-[ ]
1
+0}
1

Lere the val-e& of o, , z, anu 0 are &electe( 9y fitting the mo(el &-rface to &trength mea&-rement&
from triaxial compre&&ion BTMCC te&t& con(-cte( on plain concrete cylin(er&.
"u6in Scaling Function2 Concrete fail& at lower val-e& of S}
2
i
Bprincipal &tre&& (ifferenceC for tri#
axial exten&ion BTM<C an( tor&ion BTO'C te&t& than it (oe& for TMC te&t& con(-cte( at the &ame pre&#
&-re. The '-9in &caling f-nction ' (etermine& the &trength of concrete for any &tate of &tre&& rela#
tive to the &trength for TMC, via 'F
f
. Strength in tor&ion i& mo(ele( a& Q
1
F
f
2 Strength in TM< i&
mo(ele( a& Q
2
F
f
( where)

Q
1
= u
1
2
1
exp
-
1
J
1
+0
1
J
1
Q
2
= u
2
2
2
exp
-
2
J
1
+0
2
J
1

#ap Aar&ening Surface2 The &trength of concrete i& mo(ele( 9y a com9ination of the cap an( &hear
&-rface& in the low to high confining pre&&-re regime&. The cap i& -&e( to mo(el pla&tic vol-me
change relate( to pore collap&e Baltho-gh the pore& are not explicitly mo(ele(C. The i&otropic har(#
ening cap i& a two#part f-nction that i& either -nity or an ellip&e)

F
c
( }
1
, ) = 1
|}
1
()] | |}
1
() | + }
1
() ]
2 |X() () ]
2

where !BC i& (efine( a&)

() = _
>
0
0
these

The e:-ation for F
c
i& e:-al to -nity for Q
1
!BC. At (e&cri9e& the ellip&e for Q
1
? !BC. The inter&ec#
tion of the &hear &-rface an( the cap i& at Q
1
T .
$
i& the val-e of Q
1
at the initial inter&ection of the
cap an( &hear &-rface& 9efore har(ening i& engage( B9efore the cap move&C. The e:-ation for !BC
re&train& the cap from retracting pa&t it& initial location at
$
.
The inter&ection of the cap with the Q
1
axi& i& at Q
1
T TBC. Thi& inter&ection (epen(& -pon the cap
ellipticity ratio ", where " i& the ratio of it& maGor to minor axe&)
X(x) = L(x) +RF
I
(L(x))
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>, ;MA/=0S0M
2#0/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
The cap move& to &im-late pla&tic vol-me change. The cap expan(& BTBC an( increa&eC to &im-#
late pla&tic vol-me compaction. The cap contract& BTBC an( (ecrea&eC to &im-late pla&tic vol-me
expan&ion, calle( (ilation. The motion Bexpan&ion an( contractionC of the cap i& 9a&e( -pon the
har(ening r-le)
s
u
p
= W1 exp
-D
1
(X-X
)-D
2
(X-X
)
2

Lere e
p
the pla&tic vol-me &train, S i& the maxim-m pla&tic vol-me &train, an( 1
1
an( 1
2
are mo(el
inp-t parameter&. T
$
i& the initial location of the cap when T
$
.
The five inp-t parameter& BT
$
, S, 1
1
, 1
2
, an( "C are o9taine( from fit& to the pre&&-re#vol-metric
&train c-rve& in i&otropic compre&&ion an( -niaxial &train. T
$
(etermine& the pre&&-re at which com#
paction initiate& in i&otropic compre&&ion. ", com9ine( with T
$
, (etermine& the pre&&-re at which
compaction initiate& in -niaxial &train. 1
1
, an( 1
2
(etermine the &hape of the pre&&-re#vol-metric
&train c-rve&. S (etermine& the maxim-m pla&tic vol-me compaction.
S5ear Aar&ening Surface+ An -nconfine( compre&&ion, the &tre&&#&train 9ehavior of concrete exhi9it&
nonlinearity an( (ilation prior to the pea7. S-ch 9ehavior i& 9e mo(ele( with an initial &hear yiel(
&-rface, N
L
F
f
, which har(en& -ntil it coinci(e& with the -ltimate &hear yiel( &-rface, F
f
. Two inp-t
parameter& are re:-ire(. One parameter, N
L
, initiate& har(ening 9y &etting the location of the initial
yiel( &-rface. 2 &econ( parameter, #
L
, (etermine& the rate of har(ening Bamo-nt of nonlinearityC.
1amage2 Concrete exhi9it& &oftening in the ten&ile an( low to mo(erate compre&&ive regime&.
o
Ij
d
= (1 u)o
Ij
p

2 &calar (amage parameter, &, tran&form& the vi&copla&tic &tre&& ten&or witho-t (amage, (enote(
vp
,
into the &tre&& ten&or with (amage, (enote(
&
. 3amage acc-m-lation i& 9a&e( -pon two (i&tinct
form-lation&, which we call 9rittle (amage an( (-ctile (amage. The initial (amage thre&hol( i& coin#
ci(ent with the &hear pla&ticity &-rface, &o the thre&hol( (oe& not have to 9e &pecifie( 9y the -&er.
1uctile 1amage2 3-ctile (amage acc-m-late& when the pre&&-re BPC i& compre&&ive an( an energy#
type term,
c
,

excee(& the (amage thre&hol(,
$c
. 3-ctile (amage acc-m-lation (epen(& -pon the to#
tal &train component&,
i?
, a& follow&)
z
=
_
1
2
o
|j
s
|j

The &tre&& component&
i?
are the ela&to#pla&tic &tre&&e& Bwith 7inematic har(eningC calc-late( 9efore
application of (amage an( rate effect&.
)rittle 1amage2 Brittle (amage acc-m-late& when the pre&&-re i& ten&ile an( an energy#type term,
t
, excee(& the (amage thre&hol(,
$t
. Brittle (amage acc-m-lation (epen(& -pon the maxim-m
principal &train,
max
, a& follow&)

z
t
= F s
max
2

Softening Function2 2& (amage acc-m-late&, the (amage parameter & increa&e& from an initial val-e
of Hero, towar(& a maxim-m val-e of one, via the following form-lation&)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0S0M ;MA/=%>,
LSDYNA 2#0/1 B.2TC
,!ile Da)a(e J(
t
) =
0.999
j
1+
1+ c
-C(
t
-
0t
)
1[
D'cile Da)a(e J(
c
) =
d
max
B
j
1+B
1+Bc
-A(
c
-
0c
)
1[
The (amage parameter that i& applie( to the &ix &tre&&e& i& e:-al to the c-rrent maxim-m of the 9rit#
tle or (-ctile (amage parameter. The parameter& 2 an( B or C an( 3 &et the &hape of the &oftening
c-rve plotte( a& &tre&&#(i&placement or &tre&&#&train. The parameter (max i& the maxim-m (amage
level that can 9e attaine(. At i& calc-late( internally calc-late( an( i& le&& than one at mo(erate con#
fining pre&&-re&. The compre&&ive &oftening parameter, 2, may al&o 9e re(-ce( with confinement,
-&ing the inp-t parameter pmo(, a& follow&)

A = A(d
max
+. 1)
pmud

"egulating $e%5 SiRe Sen%itivity2 The concrete mo(el maintain& con&tant fract-re energy, regar(#
le&& of element &iHe. The fract-re energy i& (efine( here a& the area -n(er the &tre&&#(i&placement
c-rve from pea7 &trength to Hero &trength. Thi& i& (one 9y internally form-lating the &oftening pa#
rameter& 2 an( C in term& of the element length, l Bc-9e root of the element vol-meC, the fract-re
energy, B
f,
the initial (amage thre&hol(,
)t
or
)c
, an( the &oftening &hape parameter&, 3 or B.
The fract-re energy i& calc-late( from -p to five -&er#&pecifie( inp-t parameter& BB
fc
, B
ft
, B
f%
, p,rc,
p,rcC. The -&er &pecifie& three (i&tinct fract-re energy val-e&. The&e are the fract-re energy in -ni#
axial ten&ile &tre&&, B
ft
, p-re &hear &tre&&, B
f%
, an( -niaxial compre&&ive &tre&&, B
fc2
The mo(el inter#
nally &elect& the fract-re energy from e:-ation& which interpolate 9etween the three fract-re energy
val-e& a& a f-nction of the &tre&& &tate Bexpre&&e( via two &tre&& invariant&C. The interpolation e:-a#
tion& (epen( -pon the -&er#&pecifie( inp-t power& p,rc an( p,rt, a& follow&.
the esse s tensle C
I
= C
Is
+trans(C
It
C
Is
) where trans = _
J
1
3J'
2
_
pwrt
the esse s messe C
I
= C
Is
+trans(C
I
C
Is
) where trans = _
J
1
3J'
2
_
pwr

/He internal 4ara5eter !an# is li5ited to ranEe 9et:een " and %8
Element Ero%ion2 2n element lo&&e& all &trength an( &tiffne&& a& &!12 To prevent comp-tational
(iffic-ltie& with very low &tiffne&&, element ero&ion i& availa9le a& a -&er option. 2n element ero(e&
when & ? $. an( the maxim-m principal &train i& greater than a -&er &-pplie( inp-t val-e,
<'O3<#1.$.
'i%copla%tic "ate Effect%. 2t each time &tep, the vi&copla&tic algorithm interpolate& 9etween the
ela&tic trial &tre&&, o
j
T
, an( the invi&ci( &tre&& Bwitho-t rate effect&C, o
j
p
, to &et the vi&copla&tic &tre&&
Bwith rate effect&C, o
j
p
)
Ij
p
= (1 y)
Ij
T
+y
Ij
p
with y =
Atq
1+Atq

Thi& interpolation (epen(& -pon the effective fl-i(ity coefficient, , an( the time &tep, t. The ef#
fective fl-i(ity coefficient i& internally calc-late( from five -&er#&-pplie( inp-t parameter& an( in#
terpolation e:-ation&)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%>, ;MA/=0S0M
2#0/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
tI the pressure ts tenstle q = q
s
+trans(q
t
q
s
) trans = _
J
1
3J'
2
_
pwrt
tI the pressure ts umpresstve q = q
s
+trans(q
q
s
) trans = _
J
1
3J'
2
_
pwr

q
t
=
q
t
s
N
t
q
=
q
s
N
q
s
=
ate
q
t
/He in4ut 4ara5eters are
"
and N
Bor BittinE uniaJial tensile stress data#

"c
and N
c
Bor Bit
tinE tHe uniaJial 7o54ressi'e stress data# and S!ae Bor BittinE sHear stress data8 /He eBBe7ti'e
strain rate is s 8
Thi& vi&copla&tic mo(el may pre(ict &-9&tantial rate effect& at high &train rate& Be ?1$$C. To limit
rate effect& at high &train rate&, the -&er may inp-t over&tre&& limit& in ten&ion BovertC an( compre&#
&ion BovercC. The&e inp-t parameter& limit calc-lation of the fl-i(ity parameter, a& follow&)
if E ep > over t5en T
ocr
Es

where over T overt when the pre&&-re i& ten&ile, an( over T overc when the pre&&-re i& compre&&ive.
The -&er ha& the option of increa&ing the fract-re energy a& a f-nction of effective &train rate via the
repo, inp-t parameter, a& follow&)

u
I
ratc
= u
I
_1 +
E q
'
]
rcpow

Lere u
I
ratc
i& the fract-re energy enhance( 9y rate effect&, an( ' i& the yiel( &trength 9efore applica#
tion of rate effect& Bwhich i& calc-late( internally 9y the mo(elC. The term in 9rac7et& i& greater
than, or e:-al to one, an( i& the approximate ratio of the (ynamic to &tatic &trength.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ALE=IN0OM3RESSI<LE ;MA/=%)"
LSDYNA 2#0/% B.2TC
;MA/=ALE=IN0OM3RESSI<LE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 10$. Thi& car( allow& to &olve incompre&&i9le flow& with the 2L< &olver. At
&ho-l( 9e -&e( with the element form-lation 0 an( 12 in IS<CTAO5JSOLA3 BelformT0 or 12C. 2
proGection metho( enforce& the incompre&&i9ility con(ition.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O PC .8
Type A + + +
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$
'emar7&

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TOL 3TO8T 5C= .<TL
Type + + A A
3efa-lt 1e#/ 1e1$ "$ #7
'emar7&

.A3
.aterial A3. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / charater& m-&t 9e
&pecifie(. .aterial A3 i& reference( in the IP2'T car( an( m-&t 9e -ni:-e
'O
.aterial (en&ity
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff B> or T $.$C
.8
3ynamic vi&co&ity coefficient
TOL
Tolerance for the convergence of the conG-gate gra(ient
3TO8T
Time interval 9etween &creen o-tp-t&
5C=
.axim-m n-m9er of loop& in the conG-gate gra(ient
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)" ;MA/=ALE=IN0OM3RESSI<LE
2#0/! B.2TC LSDYNA
.<TL
ConG-gate gra(ient metho(&)
<R.#0) &olve& the poi&&on e:-ation for the pre&&-re
<R.#7) &olve& the poi&&on e:-ation for the pre&&-re increment
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0 ;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$
LSDYNA 2#0/" B.2TC
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0=NOPTIONO
><LANK?
DM2
The&e are .aterial Type& 101 an( 102. The&e mo(el& may 9e -&e( to mo(el the progre&&ive fail-re
analy&i& for compo&ite material& con&i&ting of -ni(irectional an( woven fa9ric layer&. The progre&#
&ive layer fail-re criteria have 9een e&ta9li&he( 9y a(opting the metho(ology (evelope( 9y La&hin
W1/$X with a generaliHation to incl-(e the effect of highly con&traine( pre&&-re on compo&ite fail#
-re. The&e fail-re mo(el& can 9e -&e( to effectively &im-late fi9er fail-re, matrix (amage, an( (e#
lamination 9ehavior -n(er all con(ition& # opening, clo&-re, an( &li(ing of fail-re &-rface&. The
mo(el with 3.= option Bmaterial 102C i& a generaliHation of the 9a&ic layer fail-re mo(el of .ate#
rial 101 9y a(opting the (amage mechanic& approach for characteriHing the &oftening 9ehavior after
(amage initiation. The&e mo(el& re:-ire an a((itional licen&e from .aterial& Science& Corporation,
which (evelope( an( &-pport& the&e mo(el&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$ ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0
2#0/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S2T S2C SBT SBC SCT S+C S+S S2B
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SBC SC2 S++C 2.O3<L PLAC <JLA.T SJ3<L.
Type + + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le O.=.M <C'SL <<MP5 C<'2T<1 2.1
Type + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ards iB and onl iB tHe o4tion DM2 is s4e7iBied
Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2.2 2.% 2.! C<'2T<2 C<'2T<% C<'2T<!
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<2
<
a
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0 ;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$
LSDYNA 2#0/7 B.2TC
<B
<
9
<C
<
c
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& # thro-gh thic7ne&& (irection
P'B2
9a
P'C2
ca
, Poi&&on]& ratio ca
P'CB
c9
, Poi&&on]& ratio c9
=2B
=
a9
, &hear mo(-l-& a9
=BC
=
9c
, &hear mo(-l-& 9c
=C2
=
ca
, &hear mo(-l-& ca
2OPT
.aterial axe& option, &ee +ig-re 2.1)
&y&tem 9y I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S.
&pace an( the glo9al location of the element center, to (efine
the a#(irection.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$ ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0
2#0// B.2TC LSDYNA
.2C+
MP 4P QP
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
Layer in#plane rotational angle in (egree&.
S2T
Longit-(inal ten&ile &trength
S2C
Longit-(inal compre&&ive &trength
SBT
Tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength
SBC
Tran&ver&e compre&&ive &trength
SCT
Thro-gh thic7ne&& ten&ile &trength
S+C
Cr-&h &trength
S+S
+i9er mo(e &hear &trength
S2B
.atrix mo(e &hear &trength, a9 plane, &ee 9elow.
SBC
.atrix mo(e &hear &trength, 9c plane, &ee 9elow.
SC2
.atrix mo(e &hear &trength, ca plane, &ee 9elow.
S++C
Scale factor for re&i(-al compre&&ive &trength
2.O3<L
.aterial mo(el&)
<R.1) 8ni(irectional layer mo(el
<R.2) +a9ric layer mo(el
PLAC
Co-lom9 friction angle for matrix an( (elamination fail-re, >$
<JLA.T
<lement ero(ing axial &train
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0 ;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$
LSDYNA 2#0/ B.2TC
SJ3<L.
Scale factor for (elamination criterion
O.=.M
Limit (amage parameter for ela&tic mo(-l-& re(-ction
<C'SL
Limit compre&&ive vol-me &train for element ero(ing
<<MP5
Limit ten&ile vol-me &train for element ero(ing
C<'2T<1
Coefficient for &train rate (epen(ent &trength propertie&
2.1
Coefficient for &train rate &oftening property for fi9er (amage in a (irec#
tion.
2.2
Coefficient for &train rate &oftening property for fi9er (amage in 9 (irec#
tion.
2.%
Coefficient for &train rate &oftening property for fi9er cr-&h an( p-nch
&hear (amage.
2.!
Coefficient for &train rate &oftening property for matrix an( (elamination
(amage.
C<'2T<2
Coefficient for &train rate (epen(ent axial mo(-li.
C<'2T<%
Coefficient for &train rate (epen(ent &hear mo(-li.
C<'2T<!
Coefficient for &train rate (epen(ent tran&ver&e mo(-li.
Material Models(
The -ni(irectional an( fa9ric layer fail-re criteria an( the a&&ociate( property (egra(ation mo(el& for
material 101 are (e&cri9e( a& follow&. 2ll the fail-re criteria are expre&&e( in term& of &tre&& com#
ponent& 9a&e( on ply level &tre&&e& B , , , , , C
a 6 c a6 6c ca
an( the a&&ociate( ela&tic mo(-li are
B , , , , , C
a 6 c a6 6c ca
E E E B B B . 5ote that for the -ni(irectional mo(el, a, 9 an( c (enote the fi9er, in#plane
tran&ver&e an( o-t#of#plane (irection&, re&pectively, while for the fa9ric mo(el, a, 9 an( c (enote the
in#plane fill, in#plane warp an( o-t#of#plane (irection&, re&pectively.
Unidire7tional la5ina 5odel
Three criteria are -&e( for fi9er fail-re, one in ten&ionE&hear, one in compre&&ion an( another one in
cr-&h -n(er pre&&-re. They are cho&en in term& of :-a(ratic &tre&& form& a& follow&)
Ten&ileE&hear fi9er mo(e)
2
2 2
1 2
1 $
a a6 ca
aT FS
f
S S
* + * + , - .
/ . 0 /
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$ ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0
2#0$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Compre&&ion fi9er mo(e)
2
F
F
2
1 $,
2
6 c
a
a a
a#
f
S

. * + , -
/ 0 / / 0 . 0
1 2
3 4

Cr-&h mo(e)
2
%
1 $,
%
a 6 c
F#
p
f p
S
* + , - . .
/ 0 / /0
1 2
3 4

where are .aca-lay 9rac7et&,
aT
S an( S
a#
are the ten&ile an( compre&&ive &trength& in the fi9er
(irection, an( S
FS

an( S
F#
are the layer &trength& a&&ociate( with the fi9er &hear an( cr-&h fail-re,
re&pectively.
.atrix mo(e fail-re& m-&t occ-r witho-t fi9er fail-re, an( hence they will 9e on plane& parallel to
fi9er&. +or &implicity, only two fail-re plane& are con&i(ere() one i& perpen(ic-lar to the plane& of
layering an( the other one i& parallel to them. The matrix fail-re criteria for the fail-re plane per#
pen(ic-lar an( parallel to the layering plane&, re&pectively, have the form&)
Perpen(ic-lar matrix mo(e)
2 2 2
! F
1 $
6 6c a6
6T 6c a6
f
S S S
* + * + * +
/ . . 0 /
1 2 1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4 3 4

Parallel matrix mo(e B3elaminationC)
2 2 2
2
" n
1 $
c 6c ca
6T 6c ca
f S
S S S

5 6
* + * + * +
7 7
/ . . 0 /
8 9 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
7 7
: ;

where S
9T
i& the tran&ver&e ten&ile &trength. Ba&e( on the Co-lom9#.ohr theory, the &hear &trength&
for the tran&ver&e &hear fail-re an( the two axial &hear fail-re mo(e& are a&&-me( to 9e the form&,
B$C
tanB C
a6 a6 6
S S < / . 0
F B$C
tanB C
6c 6c 6
S S < / . 0
B$C
tanB C
ca ca c
S S < / . 0
n B$C
tanB C
6c 6c c
S S < / . 0
where < i& a material con&tant a& tanB C < i& &imilar to the coefficient of friction, an( S
a6
B$C
, S
ca
B$C
an( S
6c
B$C
are the &hear &trength val-e& of the corre&pon(ing ten&ile mo(e&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0 ;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$
LSDYNA 2#01 B.2TC
+ail-re pre(icte( 9y the criterion of f
!
can 9e referre( to a& tran&ver&e matrix fail-re, while the ma#
trix fail-re pre(icte( 9y f
"
, which i& parallel to the layer, can 9e referre( a& the (elamination mo(e
when it occ-r& within the element& that are a(Gacent to the ply interface. 5ote that a &cale factor S i&
intro(-ce( to provi(e 9etter correlation of (elamination area with experiment&. The &cale factor S
can 9e (etermine( 9y fitting the analytical pre(iction to experimental (ata for the (elamination area.
,hen fi9er fail-re in ten&ionE&hear mo(e i& pre(icte( in a layer 9y f
1
, the loa( carrying capacity of
that layer i& completely eliminate(. 2ll the &tre&& component& are re(-ce( to Hero in&tantaneo-&ly
B1$$ time &tep& to avoi( n-merical in&ta9ilityC. +or compre&&ive fi9er fail-re, the layer i& a&&-me( to
carry a re&i(-al axial loa(, while the tran&ver&e loa( carrying capacity i& re(-ce( to Hero. ,hen the
fi9er compre&&ive fail-re mo(e i& reache( (-e to f
2
, the axial layer compre&&ive &trength &tre&& i&
a&&-me( to re(-ce to a re&i(-al val-e
"#
S BT I
A#
SFF# S C. The axial &tre&& i& then a&&-me( to re#
main con&tant, i.e.,
a "#
S /0 , for contin-o-& compre&&ive loa(ing, while the &-9&e:-ent -nloa(ing
c-rve follow& a re(-ce( axial mo(-l-& to Hero axial &tre&& an( &train &tate. ,hen the fi9er cr-&h fail#
-re occ-r&, the material i& a&&-me( to 9ehave ela&tically for compre&&ive pre&&-re, p ? $, an( to carry
no loa( for ten&ile pre&&-re, p > $.
,hen a matrix fail-re B(elaminationC in the a#9 plane i& pre(icte(, the &trength val-e& for S
ca
B$C
an(
S
6c
B$C
are &et to Hero. Thi& re&-lt& in re(-cing the &tre&& component&
c
,
6c
an(
ca

to the fract-re(
material &trength &-rface. +or ten&ile mo(e, $
c
> , the&e &tre&& component& are re(-ce( to Hero.
+or compre&&ive mo(e, $
c
= , the normal &tre&&
c

i& a&&-me( to (eform ela&tically for the clo&e(
matrix crac7. Loa(ing on the fail-re envelop, the &hear &tre&&e& are a&&-me( to q&li(e] on the frac#
t-re( &trength &-rface Bfrictional &hear &tre&&e&C li7e in an i(eal pla&tic material, while the &-9&e:-ent
-nloa(ing &hear &tre&&#&train path follow& re(-ce( &hear mo(-li to the Hero &hear &tre&& an( &train
&tate for 9oth
6c
an(
ca

component&.
The po&t fail-re 9ehavior for the matrix crac7 in the a#c plane (-e to f
!
i& mo(ele( in the &ame fa&h#
ion a& that in the a#9 plane a& (e&cri9e( a9ove. An thi& ca&e, when fail-re occ-r&, S
a6
B$C
an( S
6c
B$C
are re#
(-ce( to Hero in&tantaneo-&ly. The po&t fract-re re&pon&e i& then governe( 9y fail-re criterion of f
"

with S
a6
B$C
T $ an(
# ) $
6c
S T $. +or ten&ile mo(e, $
6
> ,
6
,
a6
an(
6c
are Hero. +or compre&&ive
mo(e, $
6
= ,
6

i& a&&-me( to 9e ela&tic, while
a6
an(
6c
q&li(e] on the fract-re &trength &-rface
a& in an i(eal pla&tic material, an( the -nloa(ing path follow& re(-ce( &hear mo(-li to the Hero &hear
&tre&& an( &train &tate. At &ho-l( 9e note( that
6c
i& governe( 9y 9oth the fail-re f-nction& an(
&ho-l( lie within or on each of the&e two &trength &-rface&.
.a9ri7 la5ina 5odel
The fi9er fail-re criteria of La&hin for a -ni(irectional layer are generaliHe( to characteriHe the fi9er
(amage in term& of &train component& for a plain weave layer. The fill an( warp fi9er ten&ileE&hear
fail-re are given 9y the :-a(ratic interaction 9etween the a&&ociate( axial an( &hear &tre&&e&, i.e.
# )
2
2 2
0 2
1 $
a6 ca
a
aT aFS
f
S S

.
* +
/ . 0 /
1 2
3 4

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$ ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0
2#02 B.2TC LSDYNA
# )
2
2 2
7 2
1 $
a6 6c
6
6T 6FS
f
S S

.
* +
/ . 0 /
1 2
3 4

where S
aT
an( S
6T
are the axial ten&ile &trength& in the fill an( warp (irection&, re&pectively, an( S
aFS

an( S
6FS
are the layer &hear &trength& (-e to fi9er &hear fail-re in the fill an( warp (irection&. The&e
fail-re criteria are applica9le when the a&&ociate(
a
or
6
i& po&itive. At i& a&&-me( S
aFS
T S+S, an(
I E
6FS 6T aT
S SFS S S / .
,hen
a
or
6
i& compre&&ive, it i& a&&-me( that the in#plane compre&&ive fail-re in 9oth the fill an(
warp (irection& are given 9y the maxim-m &tre&& criterion, i.e.
2
F
F
/
1 $,
a
a a c
a#
f
S

> ?
/ 0 / /0 . 0 @ A
@ A
B C

2
F
F
1 $,
6
6 6 c
6#
f
S

> ?
/ 0 / / 0 . 0 @ A
@ A
B C

where S
a#
an( S
6#
are the axial compre&&ive &trength& in the fill an( warp (irection&, re&pectively.
The cr-&h fail-re -n(er compre&&ive pre&&-re i&
2
1$
1 $,
%
a 6 c
F#
p
f p
S
. . * +
/ 0 / /0
1 2
3 4

2 plain weave layer can fail -n(er in#plane &hear &tre&& witho-t the occ-rrence of fi9er 9rea7age.
Thi& in#plane matrix fail-re mo(e i& given 9y
2
11
1 $
a6
a6
f
S
* +
/ 0 /
1 2
3 4

where S
a6
i& the layer &hear &trength (-e to matrix &hear fail-re.
2nother fail-re mo(e, which i& (-e to the :-a(ratic interaction 9etween the thic7ne&& &tre&&e&, i& ex#
pecte( to 9e mainly a matrix fail-re. Thi& thro-gh the thic7ne&& matrix fail-re criterion i&
2 2 2
2
12
1 $
c 6c ca
cT 6c ca
f S
S S S

5 6
* + * + * +
7 7
/ . . 0 /
8 9 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
7 7
: ;

where S
cT
i& the thro-gh the thic7ne&& ten&ile &trength, an( S
6c
, an( S
ca

are the &hear &trength& a&#
&-me( to (epen( on the compre&&ive normal &tre&&
c
, i.e.,
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0 ;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$
LSDYNA 2#0% B.2TC
B$C
B$C
tanB C
ca ca
c
6c
6c
S S
S
S
<
5 6
5 6
7 7
/ . 0
8 9 8 9
7 7 : ;
: ;

,hen fail-re pre(icte( 9y thi& criterion occ-r& within element& that are a(Gacent to the ply interface,
the fail-re plane i& expecte( to 9e parallel to the layering plane&, an(, th-&, can 9e referre( to a& the
(elamination mo(e. 5ote that a &cale factor S i& intro(-ce( to provi(e 9etter correlation of (elami#
nation area with experiment&. The &cale factor S can 9e (etermine( 9y fitting the analytical pre(ic#
tion to experimental (ata for the (elamination area.
Similar to the -ni(irectional mo(el, when fi9er ten&ileE&hear fail-re i& pre(icte( in a layer 9y f
0
or f
7
,
the loa( carrying capacity of that layer in the a&&ociate( (irection i& completely eliminate(. +or
compre&&ive fi9er fail-re (-e to 9y f
/
or f
, the layer i& a&&-me( to carry a re&i(-al axial loa( in the

faile( (irection, while the loa( carrying capacity tran&ver&e to the faile( (irection i& a&&-me( -n#
change(. ,hen the compre&&ive axial &tre&& in a layer reache& the compre&&ive axial &trength S
a#
or
S
6#
, the axial layer &tre&& i& a&&-me( to 9e re(-ce( to the re&i(-al &trength S
a"#
or S
6"#
where
S
a"#
/ SFF#I S
a#
an( S
6"#
/ SFF#I S
6#
. The axial &tre&& i& a&&-me( to remain con&tant, i.e.,
a
/ 0 S
a#"
or
6
/ 0 S
6#"
, for contin-o-& compre&&ive loa(ing, while the &-9&e:-ent -nloa(ing c-rve
follow& a re(-ce( axial mo(-l-&. ,hen the fi9er cr-&h fail-re i& occ-rre(, the material i& a&&-me( to
9ehave ela&tically for compre&&ive pre&&-re, p ? $, an( to carry no loa( for ten&ile pre&&-re, p > $.
,hen the in#plane matrix &hear fail-re i& pre(icte( 9y f
11
the axial loa( carrying capacity within a
faile( element i& a&&-me( -nchange(, while the in#plane &hear &tre&& i& a&&-me( to 9e re(-ce( to He#
ro.
+or thro-gh the thic7ne&& matrix B(elaminationC fail-re given 9y e:-ation& f
12
, the in#plane loa( car#
rying capacity within the element i& a&&-me( to 9e ela&tic, while the &trength val-e& for the ten&ile
mo(e, S
ca
B$C
an( S
6c
B$C
, are &et to Hero. +or ten&ile mo(e, $
c
> , the thro-gh the thic7ne&& &tre&& compo#
nent& are re(-ce( to Hero. +or compre&&ive mo(e, $
c
= ,
c

i& a&&-me( to 9e ela&tic, while
6c

an(
ca
q&li(e] on the fract-re &trength &-rface a& in an i(eal pla&tic material, an( the -nloa(ing path
follow& re(-ce( &hear mo(-li to the Hero &hear &tre&& an( &train &tate.
The effect of &train#rate on the layer &trength val-e& of the fi9er fail-re mo(e& i& mo(ele( 9y the
&train#rate (epen(ent f-nction& for the &trength val-e& N O
"T
S a&

D E
$ 1
$
N O N O 1 ln
"T rate
S S #
* +
/ . 1 2
1 2
3 4

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$ ;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0
2#0! B.2TC LSDYNA
N O
aT
a#
6T
"T
6#
F#
FS
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
5 6
7 7
7 7
7 7
/
8 9
7 7
7 7
7 7
: ;
an(
# )
1E 2
2 2
N O
a
a
6
6
c
ca 6c

5 6
7 7
7 7
7 7
7 7
/
8 9
7 7
7 7
7 7
.
7 7
: ;

where C
rate
i& the &train#rate con&tant&, an( NS
$
Oare the &trength val-e& of NS
"T
O at the reference
&train#rate
$
.
Da5aEe 5odel
The (amage mo(el i& a generaliHation of the layer fail-re mo(el of .aterial 101 9y a(opting the
.LT (amage mechanic& approach, .atHenmiller et al. W1"X, for characteriHing the &oftening 9e#
havior after (amage initiation. Complete mo(el (e&cription i& given in 4en W2$$2X. The (amage
f-nction&, which are expre&&e( in term& of ply level engineering &train&, are converte( from the
a9ove fail-re criteria of fi9er an( matrix fail-re mo(e& 9y neglecting the Poi&&on]& effect. <la&tic
mo(-li re(-ction i& expre&&e( in term& of the a&&ociate( (amage parameter& F
i
)
# )
F
1
i i i
E E F / 0
# )
1 exp E
i
m
i i i
r m F / 0 0 r
i
G $ i T 1,...,0
where E
i
are the initial ela&tic mo(-li, E
i
F
are the re(-ce( ela&tic mo(-li, r
i
are the (amage thre&h#
ol(& comp-te( from the a&&ociate( (amage f-nction& for fi9er (amage, matrix (amage an( (elami#
nation, an( m
i
are material (amage parameter&, which are c-rrently a&&-me( to 9e in(epen(ent of
&train#rate. The (amage f-nction i& form-late( to acco-nt for the overall nonlinear ela&tic re&pon&e
of a lamina incl-(ing the initial qhar(ening] an( the &-9&e:-ent &oftening 9eyon( the -ltimate
&trength&.
An the (amage mo(el Bmaterial 102C, the effect of &train#rate on the nonlinear &tre&&#&train re&pon&e
of a compo&ite layer i& mo(ele( 9y the &train#rate (epen(ent f-nction& for the ela&tic mo(-li NE
"T
O
a&
D E
D E
$
$
N O N O 1 ln
"T rate
E E #
* +
/ . 1 2
1 2
3 4

N O
a
6
c
"T
a6
6c
ca
E
E
E
E
B
B
B
5 6
7 7
7 7
7 7
/
8 9
7 7
7 7
7 7
: ;
, N O
a
6
c
a6
6c
ca
5 6
7 7
7 7
7 7
7 7
/
8 9
7 7
7 7
7 7
7 7
: ;
an(
2
2
!
%
%
%
N O
rate
rate
rate
rate
rate
rate
rate
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
5 6
7 7
7 7
7 7
/
8 9
7 7
7 7
7 7
: ;

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0OM3OSI/E=MS0 ;MA/=%)%# MA/=%)$
LSDYNA 2#0" B.2TC
where N#
rate
O are the &train#rate con&tant&. NE
$
O are the mo(-l-& val-e& of NE
"T
O at the reference
&train#rate
$
.
Ele5ent Erosion(
2 faile( element i& ero(e( in any of three (ifferent way&)
1. Af fi9er ten&ile fail-re in a -ni(irectional layer i& pre(icte( in the element an( the axial ten&ile
&train i& greater than <JLA.T. +or a fa9ric layer, 9oth in#plane (irection& are faile( an( ex#
cee( <JLA.T.
2. Af compre&&ive relative vol-me in a faile( element i& &maller than <C'SL.
%. Af ten&ile relative vol-me in a faile( element i& greater than <<MP5.
Da5aEe 1istor 3ara5eters(
Anformation a9o-t the (amage hi&tory varia9le& for the a&&ociate( fail-re mo(e& can 9e plotte( in
LS#PrePo&t. The&e a((itional hi&tory varia9le& are ta9-late( 9elow)

Li&tory Paria#
9le
3e&cription Pal-e
LS#PrePo&t
Li&tory Paria9le
1. efaBAC +i9er mo(e in a 7
2. ef9BAC +i9er mo(e in 9 $#ela&tic /
%. efpBAC +i9er cr-&h mo(e
!. emBAC
Perpen(ic-lar
matrix mo(e
G 1#faile( 1$
". e(BAC
Parallel matrixE (elamina#
tion mo(e
11
0. (elmBAC (elamination mo(e 12
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)! ;MA/=MODI.IED=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
2#00 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=MODI.IED=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 10% which i& (e(icate( to mo(eling cr-&ha9le foam with optional (amping,
ten&ion c-toff, an( &train rate effect&. 8nloa(ing i& f-lly ela&tic. Ten&ion i& treate( a& ela&tic#
perfectly#pla&tic at the ten&ion c-t#off val-e.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' TA3 TSC 32.P 5C4CL<
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ $.1$ 12.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S'CL.T S+L2=
Type + A
3efa-lt 1.<^2$ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
TA3
Ta9le A3 (efining yiel( &tre&& ver&-& vol-metric &train, , at (ifferent &train
rate&.
TSC
Ten&ile &tre&& c-toff. 2 nonHero, po&itive val-e i& &trongly recommen(e(
for reali&tic 9ehavior.
32.P
'ate &en&itivity via (amping coefficient B.$">recommen(e( val-e>."$C.
5C4CL<
5-m9er of cycle& to (etermine the average vol-metric &train rate.
S'CL.T
Strain rate change limit.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MODI.IED=0RUS1A<LE=.OAM ;MA/=%)!
LSDYNA 2#07 B.2TC
S+L2=
The &train rate in the ta9le may 9e the tr-e &train rate BS+L2=T$C or the
engineering &train rate BS+L2=T1C.
Re5arAs(
The vol-metric &train i& (efine( in term& of the relative vol-me, P, a&)
T 1.#P
The relative vol-me i& (efine( a& the ratio of the c-rrent to the initial vol-me. An place of the effec#
tive pla&tic &train in the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e, the integrate( vol-metric &train i& o-tp-t.
Thi& material i& an exten&ion of material 0%, I.2TJC'8SL2BL<J+O2.. At allow& the yiel(
&tre&& to 9e a f-nction of 9oth vol-metric &train rate an( vol-metric &train. 'ate effect& are acco-nt#
e( for 9y (efining a ta9le of c-rve& -&ing I3<+A5<JT2BL<. <ach c-rve (efine& the yiel( &tre&&
ver&-& vol-metric &train for a (ifferent &train rate. The yiel( &tre&& i& o9taine( 9y interpolating 9e#
tween the two c-rve& that 9o-n( the &train rate.
To prevent high fre:-ency o&cillation& in the &train rate from ca-&ing &imilar high fre:-ency o&cilla#
tion& in the yiel( &tre&&, a mo(ifie( vol-metric &train rate i& -&e( when interpolating to o9tain the
yiel( &tre&&. The mo(ifie( &train rate i& o9taine( a& follow&. Af 54CL< i& ?1, then the mo(ifie(
&train rate i& o9taine( 9y a time average of the act-al &train rate over 5C4CL< &ol-tion cycle&. +or
S'CL.T?$, the mo(ifie( &train rate i& cappe( &o that (-ring each cycle, the mo(ifie( &train rate i&
not permitte( to change more than S'CL.T m-ltiplie( 9y the &ol-tion time &tep.
+ig-re 2#71. 'ate effect& are (efine( 9y a family of c-rve& giving yiel( &tre&& ver&-& vol#
-metric &train where ' i& the relative vol-me.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)* ;MA/=<RAIN=LINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0
2#0/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<RAIN=LINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 10!. Thi& material i& a @elvin#.axwell mo(el for mo(eling 9rain ti&&-e,
which i& vali( for &oli( element& only. See 'emar7& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O B8L@ =$ =A 3C +O SO
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-& Bela&ticC
=$
Short#time &hear mo(-l-&, =
$

=A
e

3C
.axwell (ecay con&tant, W+OT$.$X or
@elvin relaxation con&tant, W+OT1.$X
+O
+orm-lation option)
<R.$.$) .axwell,
<R.1.$) @elvin.
SO
D
R
A
F
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;MA/=<RAIN=LINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0 ;MA/=%)*
LSDYNA 2#0 B.2TC
Re5arAs(
The &hear relaxation 9ehavior i& (e&cri9e( for the .axwell mo(el 9y)
0(t) = 0 +(0
0
0
)c
-[t

o
v
]
= 2_ 0(t )
]
i
()Jt
t
0

v
]
, an( the &train rate 3
iG
. +or the
@elvin mo(el the &tre&& evol-tion e:-ation i& (efine( a&)
s
]
+
1
s
]
= 1 +o
]
0
0
c
]
+1 +o
]
c
]

The &train (ata a& written to the (%plot (ata9a&e may 9e -&e( to pre(ict (amage, &ee WBan(a7 11X.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)> ;MA/=3LAS/I0=NONLINEAR=KINEMA/I0
2#7$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3LAS/I0=NONLINEAR=KINEMA/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 10". Thi& relatively &imple mo(el, 9a&e( on a material mo(el 9y Lemaitre an(
Cha9oche W1$X, i& &-ite( to mo(el nonlinear 7inematic har(ening pla&ticity. The mo(el acco-nt&
for the nonlinear Ba-&chinger effect, cyclic har(ening, an( ratcheting. L-ang W2$$0X programme(
thi& mo(el an( provi(e( it a& a -&er &-9ro-tine. At i& a very co&t effective mo(el an( i& availa9le &hell
an( &oli( element&. Thi& material mo(el i& availa9le &tarting with the '% relea&e of Per&ion 71.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 L C =2..2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +S
Type +
3efa-lt 1.<^10

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
0
.
L
A&otropic pla&tic har(ening mo(-l-&
C
@inematic har(ening mo(-l-&
=2..2
@inematic har(ening parameter, y.
+S
+ail-re &train for ero(ing element&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3LAS/I0=NONLINEAR=KINEMA/I0 ;MA/=%)>
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Re5arAs(
Af the i&otropic har(ening mo(-l-&, A, i& nonHero, the &iHe of the &-rface increa&e& a& f-nction of
the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train,e
)
o
= o
0
+Ee

The rate of evol-tion of the 7inematic component i& a f-nction of the pla&tic &train rate)
o = |C yo]e

where, n, i& the flow (irection. The term,yoe
, intro(-ce& the nonlinearity into the evol-tion law,

which 9ecome& linear if the parameter, y, i& &et to Hero.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)) ;MA/=MOMEN/=0URVA/URE=<EAM
2#7$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=MOMEN/=0URVA/URE=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 100. Thi& material i& for performing nonlinear ela&tic or m-lti#linear pla&tic
analy&i& of Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam& with -&er#(efine( axial force#&train, moment c-rvat-re an(
tor:-e#twi&t rate c-rve&. Af &train, c-rvat-re or twi&t rate i& locate( o-t&i(e the c-rve&, -&e extrapola#
tion to (etermine the corre&pon(ing rigi(ity. +or m-lti#linear pla&tic analy&i&, the -&er#(efine(
c-rve& are -&e( a& yiel( &-rface&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < <L2+ <P+L= CT2 CTB CTT
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none $.$Enone $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC.S1 LC.S2 LC.S% LC.S! LC.S" LC.S0 LC.S7 LC.S/
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MOMEN/=0URVA/URE=<EAM ;MA/=%))
LSDYNA 2#7$% B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC.T1 LC.T2 LC.T% LC.T! LC.T" LC.T0 LC.T7 LC.T/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCT1 LCT2 LCT% LCT! LCT" LCT0 LCT7 LCT/
Type + + + + + + + +

0ard ) is Bor 5ultilinear 4lasti7 analsis onl8
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C+2 C+B C+T L'8L< '<PS 'B<T2 'C2P24 'C2P2Q
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ $.$ 1.$<^2$ 1.$<^2$ 1.$<^2$ 1.$<^2$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&. Thi& varia9le control& the time &tep &iHe an( m-&t 9e
cho&en caref-lly. Ancrea&ing the val-e of < will (ecrea&e the time &tep &iHe.
<L2+
Loa( c-rve A3 for the axial force#&train c-rve
<P+L=
+-nction flag
<R.$.$) nonlinear ela&tic analy&i&
<R.1.$) m-lti#linear pla&tic analy&i&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)) ;MA/=MOMEN/=0URVA/URE=<EAM
2#7$! B.2TC LSDYNA
CT2, CTB, CTT
Type of axial force#&train, moment#c-rvat-re, an( tor:-e#twi&t rate c-rve&
<R.$.$) c-rve i& &ymmetric
<R.1.$) c-rve i& a&ymmetric
+or &ymmetric c-rve&, all (ata point m-&t 9e in the fir&t :-a(rant an( at
lea&t three (ata point& nee( to 9e given, &tarting from the origin, en&-e( 9y
the yiel( point.
+or a&ymmetric c-rve&, at lea&t five (ata point& are nee(e( an( exactly one
point m-&t 9e at the origin. The two point& on 9oth &i(e& of the origin rec#
or( the po&itive an( negative yiel( point&.
The la&t (ata pointB&C ha& no phy&ical meaning) it &erve& only a& a control
point for inter or extrapolation.
The c-rve& are inp-t 9y the -&er an( treate( in LS#3452 a& a linearly
piecewi&e f-nction. The c-rve& m-&t 9e monotonically increa&ing, while
the &lope& m-&t 9e monotonically (ecrea&ing
51#5/
2xial force& at which moment#c-rvat-re c-rve& are given. The axial force&
m-&t 9e or(ere( monotonically increa&ing. 2t lea&t two axial force& m-&t
9e (efine( if the c-rve& are &ymmetric. 2t lea&t three axial force& m-&t 9e
(efine( if the c-rve& are a&ymmetric.
LC.S1#LC.S/
Loa( c-rve A3& for the moment#c-rvat-re c-rve& a9o-t axi& S -n(er corre#
&pon(ing axial force&.
LC.T1#LC.T/
Loa( c-rve A3& for the moment#c-rvat-re c-rve& a9o-t axi& T -n(er corre#
&pon(ing axial force&.
LCT1#LCT/
Loa( c-rve A3& for the tor:-e#twi&t rate c-rve& -n(er corre&pon(ing axial
force&.
C+2, C+B, C+T
+or m-lti#linear pla&tic analy&i& only. 'atio of axial, 9en(ing an( tor&ional
ela&tic rigi(itie& to their initial val-e&, no le&& than 1.$ in val-e.
L'8L<
Lar(ening r-le, for m-lti#linear pla&tic analy&i& only.
<R.$.$) i&otropic har(ening
<R.1.$) 7inematic har(ening
An 9etween) mixe( har(ening
'<PS
'-pt-re effective pla&tic axial &train
'B<T2
'-pt-re effective pla&tic twi&t rate
'C2P24
'-pt-re effective pla&tic c-rvat-re a9o-t axi& S
'C2P2Q
'-pt-re effective pla&tic c-rvat-re a9o-t axi& T
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=M00ORMI0K ;MA/=%)-
LSDYNA 2#7$" B.2TC
;MA/=M00ORMI0K
Thi& i& .aterial Type 107. Thi& i& a con&tit-te mo(el for finite pla&tic (eformitie& in which the ma#
terial]& &trength i& (efine( 9y .cCormic7]& con&tit-tive relation for material& exhi9iting negative
&tea(y#&tate Strain 'ate Sen&itivity BS'SC. .cCormic7 W1//X an( Qhang, .cCormic7 an( <&trin
W2$$1X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4
Type 2/ + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le R1 C1 R2 C2
Type + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S L O.<=2 T3 2LPL2 <PS$
Type + + + + + +

.A3
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.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
R1
1

C1
1

R2
2

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)- ;MA/=M00ORMI0K
2#7$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
C2
2

S
3ynamic &train aging parameter, S
L
3ynamic &train aging parameter, E
O.<=2
3ynamic &train aging parameter,
T3
3ynamic &train aging parameter, t
d

2LPL2
3ynamic &train aging parameter, o
<PS$
'eference &train rate, e
0

Re5arAs(
The -niaxial &tre&&#&train c-rve i& given in the following form)
o(e
, e
) = o
(t
) +R(e
) +o
(e
)
Pi&co-& &tre&& o
i& given 9y
o
(e
) = Sln_1 +
e
e
o
]
where S repre&ent& the in&tantaneo-& &train rate &en&itivity an( e
o
i& a reference &train rate.
An the .cCormic7 mo(el the yiel( &trength incl-(ing the contri9-tion from (ynamic &train again
B3S2C i& (efine( a&
o
(t
) = o
o
+SE_1 ex__
t
t
d
]
u
__
where o
o
i& the yiel( &trength for vani&hing average waiting time t
, an( E, o, an( t
d
are material
con&tant& lin7e( to (ynamic &train aging.
The average waiting time i& (efine( 9y the evol-tion e:-ation
t
= 1
t
t
,

where the :-a&i#&tea(y &tate waiting time t
,
i& given a&
t
,
=
H
s
p
.
The &train har(ening f-nction R i& (efine( 9y the exten(e( Poce Law
R(e
) =
1
|1 ex(C
1
e
)] +
2
|1 ex(C
2
e
)].
D
R
A
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;MA/=3OLYMER ;MA/=%)?
LSDYNA 2#7$7 B.2TC
;MA/=3OLYMER
Thi& i& material type 10/. Thi& mo(el i& implemente( for 9ric7 element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' =2..2$ 3= SC ST
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T<.P @ C' 5 C
Type + + + + +

.A3
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<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, E.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio, .
=2..2$
Pre#exponential factor, y
0A
.
3=
<nergy 9arrier to flow, A0.
SC
Shear re&i&tance in compre&&ion, S
c
.
ST
Shear re&i&tance in ten&ion, S
t
.
T<.P
29&ol-te temperat-re, 0.
@
BoltHmann con&tant, k.
C'
Pro(-ct, C
= k0.
5
5-m9er of qrigi( lin7&] 9etween entanglement&, N.
C
'elaxation factor, C.
D
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Re5arAs(
The polymer i& a&&-me( to have two 9a&ic re&i&tance& to (eformation)
1. 2n inter#molec-lar 9arrier to (eformation relate( to relative movement 9etween molec-le&.
2. 2n evolving ani&otropic re&i&tance relate( to &traightening of the molec-le chain&.
The mo(el which i& implemente( an( pre&ente( in thi& paper i& mainly 9a&e( on the framewor7
&-gge&te( 9y Boyce et al. W2$$$X. =oing 9ac7 to the original wor7 9y Lawar( an( Thac7ray
W10/X, they con&i(ere( the -niaxial ca&e only. The exten&ion to a f-ll %3 form-lation wa& pro#
po&e( 9y Boyce et al. W1//X. .oreover, Boyce an( co#wor7er& have (-ring a perio( of 2$ year&
change( or f-rther (evelope( the part& of the original mo(el. Lawar( an( Thac7ray W10/X -&e(
an <yring mo(el to repre&ent the (a&hpot in +ig. 2#72, while Boyce et al. W2$$$X employe( the
(o-9le#7in7 mo(el of 2rgon W17%X in&tea(. Part B of the mo(el, (e&cri9ing the re&i&tance a&&oci#
ate( with &traightening of the molec-le&, containe( originally a one#(imen&ional Langevin &pring
WLawar( an( Thac7ray, 10/X, which wa& generaliHe( to %3 with the eight#chain mo(el 9y 2rr-(a
an( Boyce W1%X.
The main &tr-ct-re of the mo(el pre&ente( 9y Boyce et al. W2$$$X i& 7ept for thi& mo(el. 'ecog#
niHing the large ela&tic (eformation& occ-rring for polymer&, a form-lation 9a&e( on a 5eo#
Loo7ean material i& here &electe( for (e&cri9ing the &pring in re&i&tance 2 in +ig-re 2#72.

+ig-re 2#728 Stre&& (ecompo&ition in inter#molec-lar an( networ7 contri9-tion&.
'eferring to +ig. 1, it i& a&&-me( that the (eformation gra(ient ten&or i& the &ame for the two re#
&i&tance& BPart 2 an( BC
F = F
A
= F
B

while the Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or for the &y&tem i& a&&-me( to 9e the &-m of the Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or&
for the two part&
=
A
+
B

.
.
A
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*+,,-e.$ "#/0
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e

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.
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.
.
A
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3art A( Inter5ole7ular resistan7e
The (eformation i& (ecompo&e( into ela&tic an( pla&tic part&, F
A
= F
A
c
F
A
, where it i& a&&-me( that

the interme(iate config-ration
A
(efine( 9y F
A
i& invariant to rigi( 9o(y rotation& of the c-rrent

config-ration. The velocity gra(ient in the c-rrent config-ration i& (efine( 9y

L
A
= F
A
F
A
-1
= L
A
c
+L
A

Owing to the (ecompo&ition, F
A
= F
A
c
F
A
, the ela&tic an( pla&tic rate#of#(eformation an( &pin ten#

&or& are (efine( 9y

L
A
c
= D
A
c
+W
A
c
= F
A
c
(F
A
c
)
-1
L
A
= D
A
+W
A
= F
A
c
F
(F
A
)
-1
(F
A
c
)
-1
= F
A
c
L
(F
A
c
)
-1

where L
= F
(F
A
)
-1
. The 5eo#Loo7ean material repre&ent& an exten&ion of Loo7eF& law to large
ela&tic (eformation& an( may 9e cho&en for the ela&tic part of the (eformation when the ela&tic 9e#
havior i& a&&-me( to 9e i&otropic.

+ ++ +
A
= z
0
ln[
A
c
I +p
0
(B
A
c
I)

where +
A
= [
A
A
i& the @irchhoff &tre&& ten&or of Part 2 an( [
A
c
= uetB
A
c
= [
A
i& the Kaco9ian (e#
terminant. The ela&tic left Ca-chy#=reen (eformation ten&or i& given 9y B
A
c
= F
A
c
F
A
c
1
.

The flow r-le i& (efine( 9y

L
A
= y
A
N
A

,here

N
A
=
1
V2
A
+ ++ +
A
ue
,
A
= _
1
2
t+ ++ +
A
ue
2

an( +
A
dc
i& the &tre&& (eviator. The rate of flow i& ta7en to 9e a thermally activate( proce&&

y
A
= y
0A
exj
Au(1-
A
)
k0
[

where y
0A
i& a pre#exponential factor, A0 i& the energy 9arrier to flow, s i& the &hear re&i&tance, k i&
the BoltHmann con&tant an( 0 i& the a9&ol-te temperat-re. The &hear re&i&tance s i& a&&-me( to (e#
pen( on the &tre&& triaxiality o
-
,
s = s(o
-
), o
-
=
t
A
SVS
A

The exact (epen(ence i& given 9y a -&er#(efine( loa( c-rve, which i& linear 9etween the &hear re#
&i&tance& in compre&&ion an( ten&ion. The&e re&i&tance& are (enote( %
c
an( %
t
, re&pectively.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%)? ;MA/=3OLYMER
2#71$ B.2TC LSDYNA
3art <( Net:orA resistan7e
The networ7 re&i&tance i& a&&-me( to 9e nonlinear ela&tic with (eformation gra(ient F
B
= F
B
N
, i.e.
any vi&copla&tic (eformation of the networ7 i& neglecte(. The &tre&&#&tretch relation i& (efine( 9y
+ ++ +
B
=
k0
S
VN
z
N
L
-1
_
z
N
VN
_(B
B
N
z
N
2
I)

where +
B
= [
B
B
i& the @irchhoff &tre&& for Part B, i& the chain (en&ity an( N the n-m9er of qrigi(
lin7&] 9etween entanglement&. An accor(ance with Boyce et. al W2$$$X, the pro(-ct, k0 i& (enote(
C
R
herein. .oreover, L
-1
i& the inver&e Langevin f-nction, L() = th 1 , an( f-rther
B
B
N
= F
B
N
F
B
N
1
, F
B
N
= [
B
-13
F
B
N
, [
B
= uetF
B
N
, z
N
= _
1
S
t B
B
N
_
1
2

The flow r-le (efining the rate of molec-lar relaxation rea(&

L
B
P
= y
B
P
N
B

,here

N
B
=
1
V2
B
+ ++ +
B
ue
,
B
=
_
1
2
+ ++ +
B
ue
+ ++ +
B
ue

The rate of relaxation i& ta7en e:-al to

y
B
P
= C _
1
z
P
1
_
B

,here

z
P
= _
1
S
t(F
B
P
{F
B
P
]
1
)_
1
2

The mo(el ha& 9een implemente( into LS#3452 -&ing a &emi#implicit &tre&&#-p(ate &cheme W.o#
ran et. al 1$X, an( i& availa9le for the explicit &olver only.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=ARU3=AD1ESIVE ;MA/=%),
LSDYNA 2#711 B.2TC
;MA/=ARU3=AD1ESIVE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 10. Thi& material mo(el wa& written for a(he&ive 9on(ing in al-min-m &tr-c#
t-re&. The pla&ticity mo(el i& not vol-me#con&erving, an( hence avoi(& the &p-rio-&ly high ten&ile
&tre&&e& that can (evelop if a(he&ive i& mo(ele( -&ing tra(itional ela&to#pla&tic material mo(el&. At i&
availa9le onl for &oli( element& of form-lation& 1, 2 an( 1". The &malle&t (imen&ion of the ele#
ment i& a&&-me( to 9e the thro-gh#thic7ne&& (imen&ion of the 9on(, -nle&& TL@3A'T1.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' T<5.2M =CT<5 SL'.2M =CSL'
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none 1.e2$ 1.e2$ 1.e2$ 1.e2$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P,'T P,'S SL'P SLTJSL <3OT$ <3OT2 TL@3A' <MT'2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 2.$ 2.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

DeBine 0ard ! and * onl iB ET/RAO% or !# otHer:ise o5it 9otH 7ards
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T.2M< =CT< S.2M< =CS< P,'T< P,'S<
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.e2$ 1.e2$ 1.e2$ 1.e2$ 2.$ 2.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%), ;MA/=ARU3=AD1ESIVE
2#712 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +2C<T +2CCT +2C<S +2CCS SO+TT SO+TS
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor rate eBBe7ts onl iB EDO/$ is nonDero
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S3+2C S=+2C S3<+2C S=<+2C
Type + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor 9ond tHi7Aness onl iB ET/RA O $ or !8
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le BTL@ O8T+2AL
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
T<5.2M
.axim-m thro-gh#thic7ne&& ten&ile &tre&&
=CT<5
<nergy per -nit area to fail the 9on( in ten&ion
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#71% B.2TC
SL'.2M
.axim-m thro-gh#thic7ne&& &hear &tre&&
=CSL'
<nergy per -nit area to fail the 9on( in &hear
P,'T
Power law term for ten&ion
P,'S
Power law term for &hear
SL'P
Shear platea- ratio BOptionalC
SLTJSL
Slope Bnon#(imen&ionalC of yiel( &-rface at Hero ten&ion BSee 'emar7&C
<3OT$
Strain rate at which the U&taticV propertie& apply
<3OT2
Strain rate at which the U(ynamicV propertie& apply BCar( "C
TL@3A'
Thro-gh#thic7ne&& (irection flag BSee remar7&C
<R.$.$) &malle&t element (imen&ion B(efa-ltC
<R.1.$) (irection from no(e& 1#2#%#! to no(e& "#0#7#/
<MT'2 +lag to inp-t f-rther (ata)
<R.1.$ interfacial fail-re propertie& Bcar(& % an( !C
<R.2.$ 9on( thic7ne&& an( more Bcar( 0C
<R.%.$ 9oth of the a9ove
T.2M<
.axim-m ten&ile force per -nit length on e(ge& of Goint
=CT<
<nergy per -nit length to fail the e(ge of the 9on( in ten&ion
S.2M<
.axim-m &hear force per -nit length on e(ge& of Goint
=CS<
<nergy per -nit length to fail the e(ge of the 9on( in &hear
P,'T<
Power law term for ten&ion
P,'S<
Power law term for &hear
+2C<T
Stiffne&& &caling factor for e(ge element& g ten&ion
+2CCT
Stiffne&& &caling factor for interior element& g ten&ion
+2C<S
Stiffne&& &caling factor for e(ge element& g &hear
+2CCS
Stiffne&& &caling factor for interior element& g &hear
SO+TT
+actor 9y which the ten&ile &trength i& re(-ce( when a neigh9or fail&
D
R
A
F
T
2#71! B.2TC LSDYNA
SO+TS
+actor 9y which the &hear &trength i& re(-ce( when a neigh9or fail&
Data Bor rate eBBe7ts &0ard >+(
S3+2C
+actor on T<5.2M an( SL'.2M at &train rate <3OT2
S=+2C
+actor on =CT<5 an( =CSL' at &train rate <3OT2
S3<+2C
+actor on T.2M< an( S.2M< at &train rate <3OT2
S3=+2C
+actor on =CT< an( =CS< at &train rate <3OT2
Data Bor 9ond tHi7Aness and 5ore &0ard )+(
BTL@
Bon( thic7ne&& Boverri(e& thic7ne&& from element (imen&ion&C
LT.$.$) bBTL@b i& 9on( thic7ne&&, 9-t critical time &tep remain& -naf#
fecte(. Lelp& to avoi( very &mall time &tep&, 9-t it can affect
&ta9ility.
O8T+2AL
+lag for a((itional o-tp-t to me&&ag file) Anformation a9o-t (amage
initiation time, fail-re f-nction term& an( force&.
<R.$.$) off
<R.1.$) on
Re5arAs(
The thro-gh#thic7ne&& (irection i& i(entifie( from the &malle&t (imen&ion of each element 9y (efa-lt
BTL@3A'T$.$C. At i& expecte( that thi& (imen&ion will 9e &maller than in#plane (imen&ion& Btypical#
ly 1#2mm compare( with "#1$mmC. Af thi& i& not the ca&e, one can &et the thro-gh#thic7ne&& (irection
via element n-m9ering BTL@3A'T1.$C. Then the thic7ne&& (irection i& expecte( to point from lower
face Bno(e& 1#2#%#!C to -pper face Bno(e& "#0#7#/C. +or we(ge element& the&e face& are the two tri#
ang-lar face& Bno(e& 1#2#"C an( Bno(e& %#!#0C.
The 9on( thic7ne&& i& a&&-me( to 9e the element &iHe in the thic7ne&& (irection. Thi& may 9e over#
ri((en -&ing BTL@. An thi& ca&e the 9ehavior 9ecome& in(epen(ent of the element thic7ne&&. The
ela&tic &tiffne&& i& affecte( 9y BTL@, &o it i& nece&&ary to &et the characteri&tic element length to a
&maller val-e) l
c
cw
=
_
BIEK l
c
lu
. Thi& again affect& the critical time &tep of the element, i.e. a
&mall BTL@ can (ecrea&e the element time &tep &ignificantly.
An#plane &tre&&e& are &et to Hero) it i& a&&-me( that the &tiffne&& an( &trength of the &-9&trate i& large
compare( with that of the a(he&ive, given the relative thic7ne&&e&.
Af the &-9&trate i& mo(ele( with &hell element&, it i& expecte( that the&e will lie at the mi(#&-rface of
the &-9&trate geometry. Therefore the &oli( element& repre&enting the a(he&ive will 9e thic7er than
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#71" B.2TC
the act-al 9on(. Af the ela&tic compliance of the 9on( i& &ignificant, thi& can 9e correcte( 9y increa&#
ing the ela&tic &tiffne&& property <.
The yiel( an( fail-re &-rface& are treate( a& a power#law com9ination of (irect ten&ion an( &hear
acro&& the 9on()
_
o
o
max
]
PR1
+_

max
SEI SI - o
]
PRS
= 1.u
2t yiel( SLTJSL i& the &lope of the yiel( &-rface at o = u.

+ig-re 2#7%
The &tre&&#(i&placement c-rve& for ten&ion an( &hear are &hown in the (iagram& 9elow. An 9oth ca&e&,
=c i& the area -n(er the c-rve.

+ig-re 2#7!
T<5.2M
Stre&&
3i&placement
(
ft
2rea T =c
ten
+ail-re
Ten&ion
SL'.2M
Stre&&
3i&placement
(
f&
+ail-re
Shear
2rea T =c
&hr
(
p
(
p
T SL'P.(
f&
Shear
&tre&&
3irect
&tre&&
T<5.2M
SL'.2M
SLTJSL T $
SLTJSL ? $
D
R
A
F
T
2#710 B.2TC LSDYNA
Beca-&e of the algorithm -&e(, yiel(ing in ten&ion acro&& the 9on( (oe& not re:-ire &train& in the
plane of the 9on( g -nli7e the pla&ticity mo(el&, pla&tic flow i& not treate( a& vol-me#con&erving.
The Pla&tic Strain o-tp-t varia9le ha& a &pecial meaning)
$ > p& > 1) p& i& the maxim-m val-e of the yiel( f-nction experience( &ince time Hero
1 > p& > 2) the element ha& yiel(e( an( the &trength i& re(-cing towar(& fail-re g yiel(&
at p&T1, fail& at p&T2.
The (amage ca-&e 9y cohe&ive (eformation B$ at fir&t yiel( to 1 at fail-reC an( 9y interfacial (efor#
mation are &tore( in the fir&t two extra hi&tory varia9le&. The&e can 9e plotte( if 5<APL on
I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 i& 2 or more. By thi& mean&, the rea&on& for fail-re may 9e a&#
&e&&e(.
,hen the pla&tic &train rate ri&e& a9ove <3OT$, rate effect& are a&&-me( to &cale with logBpla&tic
&train rateC, a& in the example 9elow for cohe&ive ten&ile &trength with (ynamic factor S3+2C. The
&ame form of relation&hip i& applie( for the other (ynamic factor&. Af <3OT$ i& Hero or 9lan7, no
rate effect& are applie(.

+ig-re 2#7"
'ate effect& are applie( -&ing the vi&copla&tic metho(.
Anterfacial fail-re i& a&&-me( to ari&e from &tre&& concentration& at the e(ge& of the 9on( g typically
the &trength of the 9on( 9ecome& almo&t in(epen(ent of 9on( length. Thi& type of fail-re i& -&-ally
more 9rittle than cohe&ive fail-re. To &im-late thi&, LS#3452 i(entifie& the free e(ge& of the 9on(
Bma(e -p of element face& that are not &hare( 9y other element& of material type I.2TJ2'8P
J23L<SAP<, excl-(ing the face& that 9on( to the &-9&trateC. Only the&e element& can fail initially.
The neigh9or& of faile( element& can then (evelop free e(ge& an( fail in t-rn. An real a(he&ive 9on(&,
the &tre&&e& at the e(ge& can 9e concentrate( over very &mall area&D in typical finite element mo(el&
the element& are m-ch too large to capt-re thi&. Therefore the concentration of loa(& onto the e(ge&
of the 9on( i& accompli&he( artificially, 9y &tiffening element& containing free e(ge& Be.g. +2C<T,
+2C<S ?1C an( re(-cing the &tiffne&& of interior element& Be.g. +2CCT, +2CCS >1C. Anterior element&
1.$
LogB<3OT$C LogB<3OT2C
LogBpla&tic &train
rateC
.2M
ET<5.2M
S3+2C
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#717 B.2TC
are allowe( to yiel( at re(-ce( loa(& Be:-ivalent to T.2M<I+2C<TE+2CCT an(
S.2M<I+2C<SE+2CCSC g thi& i& to prevent exce&&ive &tre&&e& (eveloping 9efore the e(ge element&
have faile( # 9-t cannot 9e (amage( -ntil they 9ecome e(ge element& after the fail-re of their neigh#
9or&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%-" ;MA/=RESUL/AN/=ANISO/RO3I0
2#71/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=RESUL/AN/=ANISO/RO3I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 17$. Thi& mo(el i& availa9le the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay an( the C$ triang-lar &hell
element& an( i& 9a&e( on a re&-ltant &tre&& form-lation. An#plane 9ehavior i& treate( &eparately from
9en(ing in or(er to mo(el perforate( material& &-ch a& televi&ion &ha(ow ma&7&. The pla&tic 9ehav#
ior of each re&-ltant i& &pecifie( with a loa( c-rve an( i& completely -nco-ple( from the other re&-lt#
ant&. Af other &hell form-lation& are &pecifie(, the form-lation will 9e a-tomatically &witche( to Be#
lyt&ch7o#T&ay. 2& implemente(, thi& material mo(el cannot 9e -&e( with -&er (efine( integration
r-le&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O
Type 2/ +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <11P <22P P12P P21P =12P =2%P =%1P
Type + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <11B <22B P12B P21B =12B 2OPT
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L511 L522 L512 LR1 LR2 L.11 L.22 L.12
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=RESUL/AN/=ANISO/RO3I0 ;MA/=%-"
LSDYNA 2#71 B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<11P
<
11p
<22P
<
22p
P12P
12p
P11P
21p
=12P
=
12p
=2%P
=
2%p
=%1P
=
%1p
<11B
<
119
<22B
<
229
P12B
129
P21B
219
=12B
=
129
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%-" ;MA/=RESUL/AN/=ANISO/RO3I0
2#72$ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
B<T2.
L511
4iel( c-rve A3 for 5
11
.
L522
22
.
L512
12
.
LR1
4iel( c-rve A3 for R
1
.
LR2
4iel( c-rve A3 for R
2
.
L.11
4iel( c-rve A3 for .
11
.
L.22
22
.
L.12
12
.
21,22,2%
a
1
a
2
a
%
P1,P2,P%
v
1
v
2
v
%
, (efine component& of vector ' for 2OPT T %.
31,32,3%
(
1
(
2
(
%
B<T2
Re5arAs(
The in#plane ela&tic matrix for in#plane, plane &tre&& 9ehavior i& given 9y)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=RESUL/AN/=ANISO/RO3I0 ;MA/=%-"
LSDYNA 2#721 B.2TC
C
n lane
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
11

12
u u u
12

22
u u u
u

u
44
u u
u

u u
55
u
u u u u
661
1
1
1
1
1

The term&
]

are (efine( a&)

11
=
E
11
1
12
21
22
=
E
22
1
12
21
12
=
12
E
11
1
12
21
44
= 0
12
55
= 0
23
66
= 0
31

The ela&tic matrix for 9en(ing 9ehavior i& given 9y)

C
enun
=
11b

12b
u
12b

22b
u
u

u
44b

The term&
]

are &imilarly (efine(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%-% ;MA/=S/EEL=0ON0EN/RI0=<RA0E
2#722 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=S/EEL=0ON0EN/RI0=<RA0E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 171. At repre&ent& the cyclic 9-c7ling an( ten&ile yiel(ing 9ehavior of &teel
9race& an( i& inten(e( primarily for &ei&mic analy&i&. 8&e only for 9eam element& with <L+O'.T2
BBelyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eamC.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 4. P' SA=4 L2.32 +B8C@ +B8C@2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none See'emar7& See'emar7& $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CCB'+ BC8'
Type + +
3efa-lt See'emar7&

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TS1 TS2 TS% TS! CS1 CS2 CS% CS!
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ TTS1 TTS2 TTS% TTS!

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
4.
4o-ng]& .o(-l-&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EEL=0ON0EN/RI0=<RA0E ;MA/=%-%
LSDYNA 2#72% B.2TC
P'
Poi&&on]& 'atio
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&
L2.32
Slen(erne&& ratio Boptional g &ee noteC
+B8C@
Anitial 9-c7ling loa( Boptional g &ee note. Af -&e(, &ho-l( 9e po&itiveC
+B8C@2
Optional extra term in initial 9-c7ling loa( g &ee note
CCB'+
'e(-ction factor on initial 9-c7ling loa( for cyclic 9ehavior
BC8'
Optional loa( c-rve giving compre&&ive 9-c7ling loa( By#axi&C ver&-& com#
pre&&ive &train Bx#axi& # 9oth po&itiveC
TS1#TS!
Ten&ile axial &train thre&hol(& 1 to !
CS1#CS!
Compre&&ive axial &train thre&hol(& 1 to !
Re5arAs(
The 9race element i& inten(e( to repre&ent the 9-c7ling, yiel(ing an( cyclic 9ehavior of &teel ele#
ment& &-ch a& t-9e& or A#&ection& that carry only axial loa(&. <mpirical relation&hip& are -&e( to (e#
termine the 9-c7ling an( cyclic loa(#(eflection 9ehavior. 2 &ingle 9eam element &ho-l( 9e -&e( to
repre&ent each &tr-ct-ral element.
The cyclic 9ehavior i& &hown in the graph Bcompre&&ion &hown a& negative force an( (i&placementC.
D
R
A
F
T
2#72! B.2TC LSDYNA

The initial 9-c7ling loa( Bpoint 2C i&)

b ntal
= BuCK +BuCK2I
2
(J) =
b t
VAo +B

where +B8C@, +B8C@2 are inp-t parameter& an( L i& the length of the 9eam element. Af neither
+B8C@ nor +B8C@2 are (efine(, the (efa-lt i& that the initial 9-c7ling loa( i&

SI0 - A(A = oss sctool oco).

The 9-c7ling c-rve B&hown (a&he(C ha& the form)

(J) =
b t
VAo +B

where o i& a9&B&trainEyiel( &trainC, an( A an( ) are internally#calc-late( f-nction& of &len(erne&& ra#
tio B) an( loa(ing hi&tory.
The mem9er &len(erne&& ratio i& (efine( a&
kL
, where @ (epen(& on en( con(ition&, ! i& the ele#

ment length, an( r i& the ra(i-& of gyration &-ch that A
2
= I Ban( I = mnI
, I
zz
CD will 9y (e#
fa-lt 9e calc-late( from the &ection propertie& an( element length -&ing @T1. Optionally, thi& may 9e
overri((en 9y inp-t parameter L2.32 to allow for (ifferent en( con(ition&.
Optionally, the -&er may provi(e a 9-c7ling c-rve BBC8'C. The point& of the c-rve give compre&#
&ive (i&placement Bx#axi&C ver&-& force By#axi&CD the fir&t point &ho-l( have Hero (i&placement an(
the initial 9-c7ling force. 3i&placement an( force &ho-l( 9oth 9e po&itive. The initial 9-c7ling
force m-&t not 9e greater than the yiel( force.
+ig-re 2#70.
1
2
%
!
"
0
7

/
10 17
1$
11,1%
12
1!
1"
1/
1
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EEL=0ON0EN/RI0=<RA0E ;MA/=%-%
LSDYNA 2#72" B.2TC
The ten&ile yiel( force Bpoint " an( &ection 10#17C i& (efine( 9y
= SI0 - A,
where yiel( &tre&& SA=4 i& an inp-t parameter an( 2 i& the cro&&#&ectional area.
+ollowing initial 9-c7ling an( &-9&e:-ent yiel( in ten&ion, the mem9er i& a&&-me( to 9e (amage(.
The initial 9-c7ling c-rve i& then &cale( 9y inp-t parameter CCB'+, lea(ing to re(-ce( &trength
c-rve& &-ch a& &egment& 0#7, 1$#1! an( 1/#1. Thi& re(-ction factor i& typically in the range $.0 to
1.$ B&maller val-e& for more &len(er mem9er&C. By (efa-lt, CCB'+ i& calc-late( -&ing S<2OC
1$)
CCBR =
1
[1+
0.SZ
C
c

an( C
c
= n
_
L
0.5c
j

,hen ten&ile loa(ing i& applie( after 9-c7ling, the mem9er m-&t fir&t 9e &traightene( 9efore the f-ll
ten&ile yiel( force can 9e (evelope(. Thi& i& repre&ente( 9y a re(-ce( -nloa(ing &tiffne&& Be.g. &eg#
ment 1!#1"C an( the ten&ile reloa(ing c-rve B&egment& /# an( 1"#10C. +-rther (etail& can 9e fo-n(
in Br-nea-, 8ang, an( ,hitta7er W1/X an( Str-ct-ral <ngineer& 2&&ociation of California W17!,
1$, 10X.

The re&pon&e of &toc7y Blow C an( &len(er Bhigh C 9race& are compare( in the graph. The&e (iffer#
ence& are achieve( 9y altering the inp-t val-e L2.32 Bor the &ection propertie& of the 9eamC an(
+B8C@.
Out4ut
2xial Strain an( Anternal <nergy may 9e plotte( from the A5T<='2T<3 9eam re&-lt& men-& in
Oa&y& Lt(. Po&t proce&&or&) 3%PLOT an( TELAS.
+ig-re 2#77.
Soli( line) T2" B&toc7yC
3a&he( line) T12$ B&len(erC
D
R
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T
2#720 B.2TC LSDYNA
+<.2 thre&hol(& are the total axial &train& B(efine( 9y change of lengthEinitial lengthC at which the
element i& (eeme( to have pa&&e( from one category to the next, e.g. U<la&ticV, UAmme(iate Occ-#
pancyV, ULife SafeV, etc. 3-ring the analy&i&, the maxim-m ten&ile an( compre&&ive &train& BUhigh
ti(e &train&VC are recor(e(. The&e are chec7e( again&t the -&er#(efine( limit& TS1 to TS! an( CS1 to
CS!. The o-tp-t flag i& then &et to $, 1, 2, %, or ! accor(ing to which limit& have 9een pa&&e(. The
val-e in the o-tp-t file& i& the highe&t &-ch flag from ten&ile or compre&&ive &train&. To plot thi& (ata,
&elect A5T<='2T<3 9eam re&-lt&, Antegration point !, 2xial Strain.
.axim-m pla&tic &train& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion are al&o o-tp-t. The&e are (efine( a& maxim-m
total &train to (ate min-& the yiel( or fir&t 9-c7ling &train for ten&ile an( compre&&ive pla&tic &train&
re&pectively. To plot the&e, &elect A5T<='2T<3 9eam re&-lt&, Antegration point !, U&hear &tre&&
M4V an( U&hear &tre&& MQV for ten&ile an( compre&&ive pla&tic &train&, re&pectively.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$ ;MA/=%-$
LSDYNA 2#727 B.2TC
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$
Thi& i& .aterial Type 172, for &hell an( L-ghe&#Li- 9eam element& only. The material mo(el can
repre&ent plain concrete only, reinforcing &teel only, or a &meare( com9ination of concrete an( rein#
forcement. The mo(el incl-(e& concrete crac7ing in ten&ion an( cr-&hing in compre&&ion, an( rein#
forcement yiel(, har(ening an( fail-re. Propertie& are thermally &en&itiveD the material mo(el can 9e
-&e( for fire analy&i&. .aterial (ata an( e:-ation& governing the 9ehavior Bincl-(ing thermal proper#
tie&C are ta7en from <-roco(e 2 Part 1.2 B=eneral r-le& g Str-ct-ral fire (e&ignC, hereafter referre( to
a& <C2. 2ltho-gh the material mo(el offer& many option&, a rea&ona9le re&pon&e may 9e o9taine( 9y
entering only 'O, +C an( +T for plain concreteD if reinforcement i& pre&ent, 4.'<A5+, S8'<A5+,
+'2C'M, +'2C'4 m-&t 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O +C +T T4P<C 85ATC <C8T<5 +CC0
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none $.$ 1.$ 1.$ $.$$2" +C

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <SO+T LCL2' .8 T28.M+ T28.MC <C'2== 2==SQ 85ATL
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt See note& $.$ $.! 1.<2$ 1.101I+T .$$1 $.$ 1.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 4.'<A5+ P''<A5+ S8'<A5+ T4P<' +'2C'M +'2C4 LC'S8 LC2LPS
Type + + + + + + A A
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ 1.$ $.$ $.$ none none

D
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;MA/=%-$ ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$
2#72/ B.2TC LSDYNA

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT <T%0 P'T%0 <C8T%0 LC2LPC 3<='23 ASLCL@ 85L+2C
Type + + + + A + A +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.2" 1.<2$ none $.$ $ $."

DeBine 0ards > and ) iB AO3/ is Ereater tHan "8
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

O5it 0ard - iB IS101K O "
Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T4PS<C PJO'J+ <++3 =2.SC
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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A
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;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$ ;MA/=%-$
LSDYNA 2#72 B.2TC
DeBine 0ard ? onl iB /Y3E0 O )
'<R 5 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <CAJ0 <CSPJ0
Type + +
3efa-lt &ee note& &ee note&

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
+C
Compre&&ive &trength of concrete B&tre&& -nit&C
+T
Ten&ile &tre&& to ca-&e crac7ing
T4P<C
Concrete aggregate type for &tre&&#&train#temperat-re relation&hip&
<R.1.$) Siliceo-& B(efa-ltC
<R.2.$) Calcareo-&
<R.%.$) 5on#thermally#&en&itive -&ing <T%, <C8%
<R.!.$) Lightweight
<R.".$) +i9re#reinforce(
<R.0.$) 5on#thermally#&en&itive, .an(er algorithm
85ATC
+actor to convert &tre&& -nit& to .Pa B-&e( in &hear capacity chec7&C e.g. if
mo(el -nit& are 5ewton& an( metre&, 85ATCT1<#0
<C8T<5
Strain to f-lly open a crac7.
+CC0
Compre&&ive &trength of confine( concrete Btype 0C. Af 9lan7, -nconfine(
propertie& are a&&-me(.
<SO+T
Ten&ion &tiffening BSlope of &tre&&#&train c-rve po&t#crac7ing in ten&ionC
.8
+riction on crac7 plane& Bmax &hear T m-Icompre&&ive &tre&&C
T28.M+
.axim-m friction &hear &tre&& on crac7 plane& Bignore( if 2==SQ?$ # &ee
note&C.
T28.MC
.axim-m thro-gh#thic7ne&& &hear &tre&& after crac7ing B&ee note&C.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%-$ ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$
2#7%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
<C'2==
Strain parameter for aggregate interloc7 Bignore( if 2==SQ?$ # &ee note&C.
2==SQ
2ggregate &iHe Blength -nit& # -&e( in 5S%!7% aggregate interloc7 form-la
# &ee note&C.
85ATL
+actor to convert length -nit& to millimetre& B-&e( only if 2==SQ?$ # &ee
note&C e.g. if mo(el -nit i& metre&, 85ATLT1$$$.
LCL2'
Characteri&tic length at which <SO+T applie&, al&o -&e( a& crac7 &pacing in
aggregate#interloc7 calc-lation
4.'<A5+
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& of reinforcement
P''<A5+
Poi&&on]& 'atio of reinforcement
S8'<A5+
8ltimate &tre&& of reinforcement
T4P<'
Type of reinforcement for &tre&&#&train#temperat-re relation&hip&
<R.1.$) Lot rolle( reinforcing &teel
<R.2.$) Col( wor7e( reinforcing &teel B(efa-ltC
<R.%.$) R-enche( an( tempere( pre&tre&&ing &teel
<R.!.$) Col( wor7e( pre&tre&&ing &teel
<R.".$) 5on#thermally &en&itive -&ing loa(c-rve LC'S8.
+'2C'M
+raction of reinforcement Bx#axi&C Be.g. for 1c reinforcement
+'2C'T$.$1C.
+'2C'4
+raction of reinforcement By#axi&C Be.g. for 1c reinforcement
+'2C'T$.$1C.
LC'S8
Loa(c-rve for T4P<'T", giving non#(imen&ional factor on S8'<A5+ ver#
&-& pla&tic &train Boverri(e& &tre&&#&train relation&hip& from <C2C.
LC2LPS
Optional loa(c-rve giving thermal expan&ion coefficient of reinforcement
v& temperat-re g overri(e& relation&hip from <C2.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$ ;MA/=%-$
LSDYNA 2#7%1 B.2TC
2OPT
Option for local orthotropic axe& g &ee .aterial Type 2
&y&tem a& 9y I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S. ,hen thi&
option i& -&e( in two#(imen&ional planar an( axi&ymmetric
analy&i&, it i& critical that the no(e& in the element (efinition 9e
n-m9ere( co-ntercloc7wi&e for thi& option to wor7 correctly.
LT.$.$) Thi& option ha& not yet 9een implemente( for thi& material
mo(el.
<T%0
4o-ng& .o(-l-& of concrete BT4P<CT% an( 0C.
P'T%0
Poi&&on& 'atio of concrete BT4P<CT% an( 0C.
<C8T%0
Strain to fail-re of concrete in compre&&ion Yc- BT4P<CT% an( 0C.
LC2LPC
Optional loa(c-rve giving thermal expan&ion coefficient of concrete v&
temperat-re g overri(e& relation&hip from <C2.
3<='23
Af non#Hero, the compre&&ive &trength of concrete parallel to an open crac7
will 9e re(-ce( B&ee note&C.
ASLCL@
+lag T 1 to inp-t (ata for &hear capacity chec7.
85L+2C
Stiffne&& (egra(ation factor after cr-&hing B$.$ to 1.$ g &ee note&C.
MP, 4P, QP
Coor(inate& of point p for 2OPT T 1 an( ! B&ee .at type 2C.
21, 22, 2%
Component& of vector a for 2OPT T 2 B&ee .at type 2C.
P1, P2, P%
Component& of vector v for 2OPT T % an( ! B&ee .at type 2C.
D
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;MA/=%-$ ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$
2#7%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
31, 32, 3%
Component& of vector ( for 2OPT T 2 B&ee .at type 2C.
T4P<SC
Type of &hear capacity chec7
<R.1.$) BS /11$
<R.2.$) 2CA
PJO'J+
Af BS/11$ &hear chec7, percent reinforcement g e.g. if $."c, inp-t $.". Af
2CA &hear chec7, ratio Bcylin(er &trengthE+CC # (efa-lt& to 1.
<++3
<ffective &ection (epth Blength -nit&C, -&e( in &hear capacity chec7. Thi& i&
-&-ally the &ection (epth excl-(ing the cover concrete.
=2.SC
Loa( factor -&e( in BS/11$ &hear capacity chec7.
<C1J0
Strain at maxim-m compre&&ive &tre&& for Type 0 concrete.
<CSPJ0
Spalling &train in compre&&ion for Type 0 concrete.
Re5arAs(
'einforcement i& treate( a& &eparate &et& of 9ar& in the local element x an( y axe&. The reinforcement
i& a&&-me( not to carry thro-gh#thic7ne&& or in#plane &hear.
The material mo(el i& thermally#&en&itive. Af no temperat-re& are (efine( in the mo(el, it 9ehave& a&
if at 2$(egC.
0reatinE ReinBor7ed 0on7rete Se7tions
Thi& material mo(el can 9e -&e( to repre&ent -nreinforce( concrete B+'2C'T$C, &teel B+'2C'T1C,
or reinforce( concrete with evenly (i&tri9-te( reinforcement B$>+'2C'>1C.
2lternatively, -&e IA5T<='2TAO5JSL<LL or IP2'TJCO.POSAT< to (efine the &ection. Create
one material Part for concrete an( another for &teel, 9oth of type .2TJCO5C'<T<J<C2, one with
+'2C'T$ Brepre&enting the concreteC, the other with +'2C'T1 Breinforcement 9ar&C. <ach integra#
tion point may then 9e (efine( a& either concrete or &teel a& appropriate.
Material <eHa'ior
Stre&&#&train c-rve& for concrete an( &teel Ban( their variation with temperat-reC are a& &pecifie( in
<C2, &cale( to the -&er#&-pplie( +C, +T an( S8'<A5+. Thermal expan&ion coefficient& a& f-nction&
of temperat-re are 9y (efa-lt ta7en from <C2. The&e can optionally 9e overwritten -&ing LC2LPC,
LC2LPS.
The concrete i& a&&-me( to crac7 in ten&ion when the maxim-m in#plane principal &tre&& B9en(#
ing^mem9rane &tre&& at an integration pointC reache& +T. Crac7& can open an( clo&e repeate(ly -n#
(er hy&teretic loa(ing. ,hen a crac7 i& clo&e( it can carry compre&&ion accor(ing to the normal
compre&&ive &tre&&#&train relation&hip&. The (irection of the crac7 relative to the element coor(inate
D
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LSDYNA 2#7%% B.2TC
&y&tem i& &tore( when the crac7 fir&t form&. The material can carry compre&&ion parallel to the crac7
even when the crac7 i& open. 2 &econ( crac7 may form perpen(ic-lar to the initial crac7.
2fter initial crac7ing, the ten&ile &tre&& re(-ce& with increa&ing ten&ile &train. 2 finite amo-nt of en#
ergy m-&t 9e a9&or9e( to create a f-lly open crac7 # in practice the reinforcement hol(& the concrete
together, allowing it to contin-e to ta7e &ome ten&ion Bthi& effect i& 7nown a& ten&ion#&tiffeningC. The
option& availa9le for the &tre&&#&train relation&hip are &hown 9elow. The 9ilinear relation&hip i& -&e(
9y (efa-lt. The &imple linear relation&hip applie& only if <SO+T?$ an( <C8T<5T$.
LCL2' can optionally 9e -&e( to maintain con&tant energy per -nit area of crac7 irre&pective of
me&h &iHe, i.e. the crac7 opening (i&placement i& fixe( rather than the crac7 opening &train.
LCL2'I<C8T<5 i& then the (i&placement to f-lly open a crac7. +or the act-al element&, crac7
opening (i&placement i& e&timate( 9y &trainISR'TBareaC. 5ote that if LCL2' i& (efine(, it i& al&o
-&e( a& the crac7 &pacing in the 5S %!7% aggregate interloc7 calc-lation.
The relation&hip of +T with temperat-re i& ta7en from <C2 g there i& no inp-t option to change thi&.
+T i& a&&-me( to remain at it& inp-t val-e at temperat-re& -p to 1$$ (eg C, then to re(-ce linearly
with temperat-re to Hero at 0$$ (eg C. 8p to "$$(eg C, the crac7 opening &train <C8T<5 increa&e&
with temperat-re &-ch that the fract-re energy to open the crac7 remain& con&tant. 29ove "$$ (eg C
the crac7 opening &train (oe& not increa&e f-rther.

Compre&&ive 9ehavio-r of the concrete initially follow& a c-rve (efine( in <C2 a&)
Stre&& T +C
max
I WBE
c1
CIB%EN2 ^ BE
c1
C
%
OCX
where
c1
i& the &train at which the -ltimate compre&&ive &trength +C
max
i& reache(, an( Y i& the c-r#
+ig-re 2#7/. Ten&ile Behavio-r of Concrete
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%-$ ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$
2#7%! B.2TC LSDYNA
rent e:-ivalent -niaxial compre&&ive &train.
The initial ela&tic mo(-l-& i& given 9y <T%+CmaxE2
c1
. On reaching +C
max
, the &tre&& (ecrea&e& line#
arly with increa&ing &train, reaching Hero at a &train
c-
. Strain&
c1
an(
c-
are 9y (efa-lt ta7en from
<C2 an( are f-nction& of temperat-re. 2t 2$
o
C they ta7e val-e& $.$$2" an( $.$2 re&pectively. +C
max

i& al&o a f-nction of temperat-re, given 9y the inp-t parameter +C Bwhich applie& at 2$
o
CC time& a
temperat-re#(epen(ent &oftening factor ta7en from <C2.

+or T4P<CT%, the -&er over#ri(e& the (efa-lt val-e& of ela&tic &tiffne&& an(
c-
. An thi& ca&e, the
&train
c1
i& calc-late( from the ela&tic &tiffne&&, an( there i& no thermal &en&itivity. The &tre&&#&train
9ehavio-r follow& the &ame form a& (e&cri9e( a9ove.
+or T4P<CT0, the a9ove compre&&ive cr-&hing 9ehavio-r i& replace( with the e:-ation& propo&e(
9y .an(er. Thi& algorithm can mo(el -nconfine( or confine( concreteD for -nconfine(, leave +CC0
9lan7. +or confine( concrete, inp-t the confine( compre&&ive &trength a& +CC0.

3efa-lt val-e& for type 0 are calc-late( a& follow&)
c1
T $.$$2W1 ^ "B+CC0E+C g 1CX g for -nconfine( concrete, +CC0T+C &o
c1
(efa-lt& to $.$$2.
c-
T 1.1I
c

c&p
T
c-
^ +CCE<

UnloadIreload stiBBness &all 7on7rete t4es+
3-ring compre&&ive loa(ing, the ela&tic mo(-l-& will 9e re(-ce( accor(ing to the parameter 85#
L+2C B(efa-lt T $."C. 85L+2CT$.$ mean& no re(-ction, i.e. the initial ela&tic mo(-l-& will apply
+ig-re 2#/$. Type 0 concrete
D
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;MA/=0ON0RE/E=E0$ ;MA/=%-$
LSDYNA 2#7%" B.2TC
(-ring -nloa(ing an( reloa(ing. 85L+2CT1.$ mean& that -nloa(ing re&-lt& in no permanent &train.
Anterme(iate val-e& imply a permanent &train linearly interpolate( 9etween the&e extreme&.

Ten&ile &trength i& re(-ce( 9y the &ame factor a& the ela&tic mo(-l-& a& (e&cri9e( in the paragraph
a9ove.
O4tional 7o54ressi'e strenEtH deEradation due to 7ra7AinE
By (efa-lt, the compre&&ive &trength of crac7e( an( -ncrac7e( element& i& the &ame. Af 3<='23 i&
non#Hero, the form-la from BS/11$ i& -&e( to re(-ce compre&&ive &trength parallel to the crac7
while the crac7 i& open)
'e(-ction factor T .inB1.$, 1.$EB$./ ^ 1$$
t
CC where
t
i& the ten&ile &train normal to the
crac7.
/HrouEHtHi7Aness sHear strenEtH
Before crac7ing, the thro-gh#thic7ne&& &hear &tre&& in the concrete i& -nlimite(. +or crac7e( ele#
ment&, &hear &tre&& on the crac7 plane Bmagnit-(e of &hear &tre&& incl-(ing element#plane an(
thro-gh#thic7ne&& term&C i& treate( in one of two way&)
Af 2==SQ ? $, the relation&hip from 5orwegian &tan(ar( 5S%!7% i& -&e( to mo(el the ag#
gregate#interloc7 that allow& crac7e( concrete to carry &hear loa(ing. An thi& ca&e, 85ATL
m-&t 9e (efine(. Thi& i& the factor that convert& mo(el length -nit& to millimetre&, i.e. the
aggregate &iHe in millimetre& T 2==SQI85ATL. The form-la in 5S%!7% al&o re:-ire& the
crac7 wi(th in millimetre&) thi& i& e&timate( from 85ATLI
cro
IL
e
, where
cro
i& the crac7
opening &train an( L
e
i& the crac7 &pacing, ta7en a& LCL2' if non#Hero, or e:-al to element
&iHe if LCL2' i& Hero. Optionally, T28.MC may 9e -&e( to &et the maxim-m &hear &tre&&
when the crac7 i& clo&e( an( the normal &tre&& i& Hero g 9y (efa-lt thi& i& e:-al to 1.101+T
from the form-lae in 5S%!7%. Af T28.MC i& (efine(, the &hear &tre&& from the 5S%!7%
form-la i& &cale( 9y T28.MCE1.101+T.
+ig-re 2#/1. Concrete -nloa(ing 9ehavior
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Af 2==SQT$, the aggregate interloc7 i& mo(elle( 9y thi& form-la)

max
T T28.MCEB1.$ ^
cro
E<C'2==C ^ minB.8I
comp
, T28.M+C
,here
max
i& the maxim-m &hear &tre&& carrie( acro&& a crac7D
comp
i& the compre&&ive
&tre&& acro&& the crac7 Bthi& i& Hero if the crac7 i& openCD <C'2== i& the crac7 opening &train
at which the inp-t &hear &trength T28.MC i& halve(. 2gain, T28.MC (efa-lt& to
1.101+T.
5ote that if a &hear capacity chec7 i& &pecifie(, the a9ove applie& only to in#plane &hear, while the
thro-gh#thic7ne&& &hear i& -nlimite(.
The reinforcement i& treate( a& &eparate 9ar& in the local M an( 4 (irection& g it (oe& not carry &hear
in the local M4 (irection. 2t 2$
o
C the 9ehavio-r i& ela&tic#perfectly#pla&tic, -p to the on&et of fail-re,
after which the &tre&& re(-ce& linearly with increa&ing &train -ntil final fail-re. The &train at which
fail-re occ-r& (epen( on the reinforcement type BT4P<'C an( the temperat-re. +or example, for hot#
rolle( reinforcing &teel at 2$
o
C fail-re 9egin& at 1"c &train an( i& complete at 2$c &train.
The (efa-lt &tre&&#&train c-rve for reinforcement may 9e overri((en -&ing T4P<'T" an( LC'S8. An
thi& ca&e, the reinforcement propertie& are not temperat-re#&en&itive an( the yiel( &tre&& i& given 9y
S8'<A5+IfB
p
C, where fB
p
C i& the loa(c-rve val-e at the c-rrent pla&tic &train. To incl-(e fail-re of
the reinforcement, the c-rve &ho-l( re(-ce to Hero at the (e&ire( fail-re &train an( remain Hero for
higher &train&. 5ote that LS#3452 re#interpolate& the inp-t c-rve to have 1$$ e:-ally#&pace(
point&D if the la&t point on the c-rve i& at very high &train, then the initial part of the c-rve may 9e#
come poorly (efine(.
Lo7al dire7tions
2OPT an( a&&ociate( (ata are -&e( to (efine the (irection& of the reinforcement 9ar&. Af the rein#
forcement (irection& are not con&i&tent acro&& neigh9o-ring element&, the re&pon&e may 9e le&& &tiff
than inten(e( g thi& i& e:-ivalent to the 9ar& 9eing 9ent at the element 9o-n(arie&. See material type
2 for (e&cription of the (ifferent 2OPT &etting&.
SHear 7a4a7it 7He7A
Shear reinforcement i& not incl-(e( explicitly in thi& material mo(el. Lowever, a &hear capacity
chec7 can 9e ma(e, to &how region& that re:-ire &hear reinforcement. The a&&-mption i& that the
&tr-ct-re will not yiel( or fail in thro-gh#thic7ne&& &hear, 9eca-&e &-fficient &hear reinforcement will
9e a((e(. Set ASLCL@ an( T4P<SC to 1. =ive the percentage reinforcement BPJO'J+C, effective
(epth of &ection <++3 Bthi& typically excl-(e& the cover concreteC, an( loa( factor =2.SC. The&e
are -&e( in Ta9le %./ of BS /11$#1)17 to (etermine the (e&ign &hear &tre&&. The U&hear capacityV i&
thi& (e&ign &hear &tre&& time& the total &ection thic7ne&& Bi.e. force per -nit wi(thC, mo(ifie( accor(#
ing to <:-ation 09 of BS /11$ to allow for axial loa(. The U&hear (eman(V Bact-al &hear force per
-nit wi(thC i& then compare( to the &hear capacity. Thi& proce&& i& performe( for the two local (irec#
tion& of the reinforcement in each elementD when (efining &ection& -&ing integration r-le& an( m-lti#
ple &et& of material propertie&, it i& important that each &et of material propertie& reference( within
the &ame &ection ha& the &ame 2OPT an( orientation (ata. 5ote that the &hear (eman( an( axial loa(
B-&e( in calc-lation of the &hear capacityC are &-mme( acro&& the integration point& within the &ec#
tionD the &ame val-e& of capacity, (eman(, an( (ifference 9etween capacity an( (eman( are then
written to all the integration point&.
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LSDYNA 2#7%7 B.2TC
/Her5al eJ4ansion
By (efa-lt, thermal expan&ion propertie& from <C2 are -&e(. Af no temperat-re& are (efine( in the
mo(el, propertie& for 2$(eg C are -&e(. +or the -&er#(efine( type& BT4P<CT% or 0, T4P<'T"C there
i& no thermal expan&ion 9y (efa-lt, an( the propertie& (o not vary with temperat-re. The -&er may
overri(e the (efa-lt thermal expan&ion 9ehavio-r 9y (efining c-rve& of thermal expan&ion coeffi#
cient ver&-& temperat-re BLC2LPC, LC2LP'C. The&e apply no matter what type& T4P<C an(
T4P<' have 9een &electe(.
Out4ut
UPla&tic StrainV i& the maxim-m of the pla&tic &train& in the reinforcement in the two local (irection&.
<xtra hi&tory varia9le& may 9e re:-e&te( for &hell element& B5<APS on I32T2B2S<J<MT<5T
JBA52'4C, which have the following meaning)
<xtra Paria9le 1) C-rrent crac7 opening &train Bif two crac7& are pre&ent, max of the twoC
<xtra Paria9le 2) <:-ivalent -niaxial &train for concrete compre&&ive 9ehavio-r
<xtra Paria9le %) 5-m9er of crac7& B$, 1 or 2C
<xtra Paria9le !) Temperat-re
<xtra Paria9le ") Thermal &train
<xtra Paria9le 0) C-rrent crac7 opening &train g fir&t crac7 to form
<xtra Paria9le 7) C-rrent crac7 opening &train g crac7 at $ (egree& to fir&t crac7
<xtra Paria9le /) .ax crac7 opening &train g fir&t crac7 to form
<xtra Paria9le ) .ax crac7 opening &train g crac7 at $ (egree& to fir&t crac7
<xtra Paria9le 1$) .axim-m (ifference B&hear (eman( min-& capacityC that ha& occ-rre( &o
far, in either of the two reinforcement (irection&
<xtra Paria9le 11) .axim-m (ifference B&hear (eman( min-& capacityC that ha& occ-rre( &o
far, in reinforcement x#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 12) .axim-m (ifference B&hear (eman( min-& capacityC that ha& occ-rre( &o
far, in reinforcement y#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 1%) C-rrent &hear (eman( min-& capacity, in reinforcement x#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 1!) C-rrent &hear (eman( min-& capacity, in reinforcement y#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 1") C-rrent &hear capacity Pcx, in reinforcement x#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 10) C-rrent &hear capacity Pcy, in reinforcement y#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 17) C-rrent &hear (eman( Px, in reinforcement x#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 1/) C-rrent &hear (eman( Py, in reinforcement y#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 1) .axim-m &hear (eman( that ha& occ-rre( &o far, in reinforcement
x#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 2$) .axim-m &hear (eman(C that ha& occ-rre( &o far, in reinforcement
y#(irection
<xtra Paria9le 21) C-rrent &train in reinforcement Bx#(irectionC
<xtra Paria9le 22) C-rrent &train in reinforcement By#(irectionC
<xtra Paria9le 2%) Shear &train B&lipC acro&& fir&t crac7
<xtra Paria9le 2!) Shear &train B&lipC acro&& &econ( crac7
<xtra Paria9le 2") M#Stre&& in concrete Belement local axe&C
<xtra Paria9le 20) 4#Stre&& in concrete Belement local axe&C
<xtra Paria9le 27) M4#Stre&& in concrete Belement local axe&C
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<xtra Paria9le 2/) 4Q#Stre&& in concrete Belement local axe&C
<xtra Paria9le 2) MQ#Stre&& in concrete Belement local axe&C
<xtra Paria9le %$) 'einforcement &tre&& B2#(irectionC
<xtra Paria9le %1) 'einforcement &tre&& BB#(irectionC
<xtra Paria9le %2 C-rrent &hear (eman( Pmax
<xtra Paria9le %% .axim-m Pmax that ha& occ-rre( &o far
<xtra Paria9le %! C-rrent &hear capacity Pctheta
<xtra Paria9le %" <xce&& &hear T Pmax # Pctheta
<xtra Paria9le %0 .axim-m exce&& &hear that ha& occ-rre( &o far
Pmax T S:rtBPx
2
^ Py
2
C where Px, Py T &hear (eman( in reinforcement x an( y (irection&
Pctheta T PmaxES:rtWBPxEPcxC
2
^ BPyEPcyC
2
X where Pcx, Pcy T &hear capacity in x an( y
5ote that the concrete &tre&& hi&tory varia9le& are &tore( in element local axe& irre&pective of 2OPT,
i.e. local M i& alway& the (irection from no(e 1 to no(e 2. The reinforcement &tre&&e& are in the rein#
forcement (irection&D the&e (o ta7e acco-nt of 2OPT.
.2MA5T B&hell&C an(Eor B<2.AP B9eam&C on I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 may 9e &et to
the maxim-m n-m9er of integration point&, &o that re&-lt& for all integration point& can 9e plotte(
&eparately.
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LSDYNA 2#7% B.2TC
;MA/=MO1R=0OULOM<
Thi& i& .aterial Type 17% for &oli( element& only, i& inten(e( to repre&ent &an(y &oil& an( other
gran-lar material&. Koint& Bplane& of wea7ne&&C may 9e a((e( if re:-ire(D the material then repre&ent&
roc7. The Goint treatment i& i(entical to that of I.2TJKOA5T<3J'OC@.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O =.O3 '58 B9lan7C PLA CP2L PSA
Type 2/ + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B9lan7C 5PL25<S B9lan7C LCCP3' LCCPT LCCK3' LCCKT LCS+2C
Type A A A A A A
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =.O33P =.O3=' LC=.<P LCPLA<P LCPSA<P LC=.ST CP2L=' 25ASO
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$

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2#7!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
0ard * M Re4eat Bor ea7H 4lane &5aJi5u5 ) 4lanes+
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3AP 3AP25= CPL25< +'PL25< TPL25< SL'.2M LOC2L
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.e2$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
=.O3
<la&tic &hear mo(-l-&
'58
Poi&&on]& ratio
PLA
2ngle of friction Bra(ian&C
CP2L
Cohe&ion val-e B&hear &trength at Hero normal &tre&&C
PSA
3ilation angle Bra(ian&C
5PL25<S
5-m9er of Goint plane& Bmaxim-m 0C
LCCP3'
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for parent material B(ynamic relaxationC
LCCPT
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for parent material Btran&ientC
LCCK3'
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for Goint& B(ynamic relaxationC
LCCKT
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for Goint& Btran&ientC
LCS+2C
Loa( c-rve giving factor on &trength v&. time
=.O33P
Q#coor(inate at which =.O3 an( CP2L are correct
=.O3='
=ra(ient of =.O3 ver&-& H#coor(inate B-&-ally negativeC
LC=.<P
Loa( c-rve of =.O3 ver&-& pla&tic &train Boverri(e& =.O3='C
LCPLA<P
Loa( c-rve of PLA ver&-& pla&tic &train
LCPSA<P
Loa( c-rve of PSA ver&-& pla&tic &train
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LC=.ST
BLeave 9lan7C
CP2L='
=ra(ient of CP2L ver&-& H#coor(inate B-&-ally negativeC
25ASO
+actor applie( to ela&tic &hear &tiffne&& in glo9al MQ an( 4Q plane&
3AP
2ngle of the plane in (egree& 9elow the horiHontal
3AP25=
Plan view angle B(egree&C of (ownhill vector (rawn on the plane
CPL25<
Cohe&ion for &hear 9ehavior on plane
PLPL25<
+riction angle for &hear 9ehavior on plane B(egree&C
TPL25<
Ten&ile &trength acro&& plane Bgenerally Hero or very &mallC
SL'.2M
.ax &hear &tre&& on plane B-pper limit, in(epen(ent of compre&&ionC
LOC2L
<R.$) 3AP an( 3AP25= are with re&pect to the glo9al axe&
<R.1) 3AP an( 3AP25= are with re&pect to the local element axe&
Re5arAs(
1. The material ha& a .ohr Co-lom9 yiel( &-rface, given 9y
max
T C ^
n
tanBphiC, where
max

Tmaxim-m &hear &tre&& on any plane,
n
Tnormal &tre&& on that plane Bpo&itive in compre&#
&ionC, CTcohe&ion, phiTfriction angle. The pla&tic potential f-nction i& of the form
-

I
^
con&tant, where
-
T maxim-m principal &tre&&,
&
T minim-m principal &tre&&, an( =
1+sIn(PSI)
1-sIn(PSI)
.
2. The ten&ile &trength of the material i& given 9y o
max
=
C
tan(PHI)
where C i& the cohe&ion. 2f#
ter the material reache& it& ten&ile &trength, f-rther ten&ile &training lea(& to vol-metric voi(#
ingD the voi(ing i& rever&i9le if the &train i& rever&e(.
%. Af (epth#(epen(ent propertie& are -&e(, the mo(el m-&t 9e oriente( with the H#axi& in the -p#
war( (irection.
!. Pla&tic &train i& (efine( a& SR'TB2E%.
piG
.
piG
C, i.e. the &ame way a& for other ela&to#pla&tic
material mo(el&.
". +riction an( (ilation angle& PLA an( PSA may vary with pla&tic &train, to mo(el heavily con#
&oli(ate( material& -n(er large &hear &train& g a& the &train increa&e&, the (ilation angle typi#
cally re(-ce& to Hero an( the friction angle to a lower, pre#con&oli(ation val-e.
0. +or &imilar rea&on&, the &hear mo(-l-& may re(-ce with pla&tic &train, 9-t thi& option may
&ometime& give -n&ta9le re&-lt&.
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2#7!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
7. The loa(c-rve& LCCP3', LCCPT, LCCK3', LCCKT allow extra cohe&ion to 9e &pecifie( a&
a f-nction of time. The cohe&ion i& a((itional to that &pecifie( in the material parameter&.
Thi& i& inten(e( for -&e (-ring the initial &tage& of an analy&i& to allow application of gravity
or other loa(& witho-t crac7ing or yiel(ing, an( for the crac7ing or yiel(ing then to 9e intro#
(-ce( in a controlle( manner. Thi& i& (one 9y &pecifying extra cohe&ion that excee(& the ex#
pecte( &tre&&e& initially, then (eclining to Hero. Af no c-rve& are &pecifie(, no extra cohe&ion
i& applie(.
/. The loa(c-rve for factor on &trength applie& &im-ltaneo-&ly to the cohe&ion an( tanBfriction
angleC of parent material an( all Goint&. Thi& feat-re i& inten(e( for re(-cing the &trength of
the material gra(-ally, to explore factor& of &afety. Af no c-rve i& pre&ent, a con&tant factor of
1 i& a&&-me(. Pal-e& m-ch greater than 1.$ may ca-&e pro9lem& with &ta9ility.
. The ani&otropic factor 25ASO applie& the ela&tic &hear &tiffne&& in the glo9al MQ an( 4Q
plane&. At can 9e -&e( only in p-re .ohr#Co-lom9 mo(e B5PL25<ST$C.
1$. To mo(el &oil, &et 5KOA5TT$. The Goint& are to allow mo(eling of roc7, an( are treate( i(en#
tically to tho&e of I.2TJKOA5T<3J'OC@.
11. The Goint plane orientation& are (efine( 9y the angle of a U(ownhill vectorV (rawn on the
plane, i.e. the vector i& oriente( within the plane to o9tain the maxim-m po&&i9le (ownhill
angle. 3AP i& the angle of thi& line 9elow the horiHontal. 3AP25= i& the plan#view angle of
the line Bpointing (own hillC mea&-re( cloc7wi&e from the glo9al 4#axi& a9o-t the glo9al Q#
axi&.
12. Koint plane& wo-l( generally 9e (efine( in the glo9al axi& &y&tem if they are ta7en from &-r#
vey (ata. Lowever, the material mo(el can al&o 9e -&e( to repre&ent ma&onry, in which ca&e
the wea7 plane& repre&ent the cement an( lie parallel to the local element axe&.
1%. The Goint plane& rotate with the rigi( 9o(y motion of the element&, irre&pective of whether
their initial (efinition& are in the glo9al or local axi& &y&tem.
1!. <xtra varia9le& for plotting. By &etting 5<APL on I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 to 27,
the following varia9le& can 9e plotte( in Oa&y& Lt(. Po&t Proce&&or& 3%PLOT, TELAS an(
LS#PrePo&t)
<xtra Paria9le 1) .o9iliHe( &trength fraction for 9a&e material
<xtra Paria9le 2) Pol-metric voi( &train
<xtra Paria9le %) .axim-m &tre&& over&hoot (-ring pla&tic calc-lation
<xtra Paria9le& ! g ) crac7 opening &train for plane& 1 # 0
<xtra Paria9le& 1$ # 1") crac7 acc-m-late( &hear &train for plane& 1 # 0
<xtra Paria9le& 10 # 2$) c-rrent &hear -tiliHation for plane& 1 # 0
<xtra Paria9le& 21 # 27) maxim-m &hear -tiliHation to (ate for plane& 1 # 0
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LSDYNA 2#7!% B.2TC
;MA/=R0=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 17!, for L-ghe&#Li- 9eam element& only. The material mo(el can repre&ent
plain concrete only, reinforcing &teel only, or a &meare( com9ination of concrete an( reinforcement.
The main empha&i& of thi& material mo(el i& the cyclic 9ehavior g it i& inten(e( primarily for &ei&mic
analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <85L P' +C <C1 <C"$ '<SA3
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none See'emar7& $.$ none $.$$22 See'emar7& $.2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +T 85ATC B9lan7C B9lan7C B9lan7C <SO+T LCL2' O8TP8T
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt See'emar7& 1.$ none none none See'emar7& none $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +'2C' 4.'<A5+ P''<A5+ S4'<A5+ S8'<A5+ <SL' <8' ''<A5+
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ none $.$ $.$ S4'<A5+ $.$% $.2 !.$

.A3
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.a&& (en&ity
<85L
Anitial -nloa(ing ela&tic mo(-l-& BSee 'emar7&C.
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2#7!! B.2TC LSDYNA
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
+C
Cylin(er &trength B&tre&& -nit&C
<C1
Strain at which &tre&& +C i& reache(.
<C"$
Strain at which the &tre&& ha& (roppe( to "$c +C
'<SA3
'e&i(-al &trength factor
+T
.axim-m ten&ile &tre&&
85ATC
+actor to convert &tre&& -nit& to .Pa BSee 'emar7&C
<SO+T
Slope of &tre&&#&train c-rve po&t#crac7ing in ten&ion
LCL2'
Characteri&tic length for &train#&oftening 9ehavior
O8TP8T
O-tp-t flag controlling what i& written a& Upla&tic &trainV
<R.$.$) C-rvat-re
<R.1.$) ULigh#ti(eV pla&tic &train in reinforcement
+'2C'
+raction of reinforcement Be.g. for 1c reinforcement +'2C'T$.$1C
4.'<A5+
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& of reinforcement
P''<A5+
Poi&&on]& 'atio of reinforcement
S4'<A5+
4iel( &tre&& of reinforcement
S8'<A5+
8ltimate &tre&& of reinforcement
<SL'
Strain at which reinforcement 9egin& to har(en
<8'
Strain at which reinforcement reache& -ltimate &tre&&
'J'<A5+
3imen&ionle&& 'am9erg#O&goo( parameter r. Af Hero, a (efa-lt val-e rT!.$
will 9e -&e(. Af &et to #1, parameter& will 9e calc-late( from @ent m Par7
form-lae. BSee 'emar7&C
Re5arAs(
0reatinE se7tions Bor reinBor7ed 7on7rete 9ea5s
Thi& material mo(el can 9e -&e( to repre&ent -nreinforce( concrete B+'2C'T$C, &teel B+'2C'T1C,
or reinforce( concrete with evenly (i&tri9-te( reinforcement B$>+'2C'>1C.
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LSDYNA 2#7!" B.2TC
2lternatively, -&e IA5T<='2TAO5JB<2. to (efine the &ection. 2 new option in allow& the -&er
to (efine a Part A3 for each integration point, &imilar to the facility alrea(y availa9le with
IA5T<='2TAO5JSL<LL. 2ll part& referre( to 9y one integration r-le m-&t have the &ame material
type, 9-t can have (ifferent material propertie&. Create one Part for concrete, an( another for &teel.
The&e Part& &ho-l( reference .aterial&, 9oth of type I.2TJ'CJB<2., one with +'2C'T$, the
other with +'2C'T1. Then, 9y a&&igning one or other of the&e Part A(& to each integration point the
reinforcement can 9e applie( to the correct location& within the &ection of the 9eam.
0on7rete
An monotonic compre&&ion, the approach of Par7 an( @ent, a& (e&cri9e( in Par7 m Pa-lay W17"X i&
-&e(. The material follow& a para9olic &tre&&#&train c-rve -p to a maxim-m &tre&& e:-al to the cylin#
(er &trength +CD therafter the &trength (ecay& linearly with &train -ntil the re&i(-al &trength i&
reache(. 3efa-lt val-e& for &ome material parameter& will 9e calc-late( a-tomatically a& follow&)

ECSu =
(3+0.29PC)
145PC-1000
B+C in .Pa -nit& g Par7 an( @ent, from te&t (ataC

<85L T initial tangent &lope T 2+CE<C1 B8&er#(efine( val-e& lower than thi& are not permitte(, 9-t
higher val-e& may 9e (efine( if (e&ire(C

I = 1.[
PC
10
2
3
B+C in .Pa -nit& g from C<B Co(e 1%C

<SO+T T <85L B8&er#(efine( val-e& higher than <85L are not permitte(C

85ATC i& -&e( only to calc-late (efa-lt val-e& for the a9ove parameter& from +C.

Strain#&oftening 9ehavior ten(& to lea( to (eformation& 9eing concentrate( in one element, an(
hence the overall force#(eflection 9ehavior of the &tr-ct-re can 9e me&h#&iHe#(epen(ent if the &often#
ing i& characteriHe( 9y &train. To avoi( thi&, a characteri&tic length BLCL2'C may 9e (efine(. Thi& i&
the length of &pecimen Bor elementC that wo-l( exhi9it the (efine( monotonic &tre&&#&train relation#
&hip. LS#3452 a(G-&t& the &tre&&#&train relation&hip after -ltimate loa( for each element, &-ch that
all element& irre&pective of their length will &how the &ame (eflection (-ring &train &oftening Bi.e.
9etween -ltimate loa( an( re&i(-al loa(C. Therefore, altho-gh (eformation will &till 9e concentrate(
in one element, the loa(#(eflection 9ehavior &ho-l( 9e the &ame irre&pective of element &iHe. +or ten#
&ile 9ehavior, <SO+T i& &imilarly &cale(.

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%-* ;MA/=R0=<EAM
2#7!0 B.2TC LSDYNA

Cyclic 9ehavior i& 9roa(ly &-gge&te( 9y Bla7eley an( Par7 W17%X a& (e&cri9e( in Par7 m Pa-lay
W17"XD the &tre&&#&train re&pon&e lie& within the Par7#@ent envelope, an( i& characteriHe( 9y &tiff
initial -nloa(ing re&pon&e at &lope <85L followe( 9y a le&& &tiff re&pon&e if it -nloa(& to le&& than
half the c-rrent &trength. 'eloa(ing &tiffne&& (egra(e& with increa&ing &train.

An ten&ion, the &tre&& ri&e& linearly with &train -ntil a ten&ile limit +T i& reache(. Thereafter the &tiff#
ne&& an( &trength (ecay& with increa&ing &train at a rate <SO+T. The &tiffne&& al&o (ecay& &-ch that
-nloa(ing alway& ret-rn& to &train at which the &tre&& mo&t recently change( to ten&ile.

+ig-re 2#/%.

-lt
-lt
&h
+ig-re 2#/2.
1
2
%,1!
!
",12
7
7,
1%
1$ 11
10
.2TJ'CJB<2. # concrete
0
/
1",1
2$
17
1/
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;MA/=R0=<EAM ;MA/=%-*
LSDYNA 2#7!7 B.2TC
.onotonic loa(ing of the reinforcement re&-lt& in the &tre&&#&train c-rve &hown, which i& para9olic
9etween
&h
an(
-lt
. The &ame c-rve act& a& an envelope on the hy&teretic 9ehavior, when the x#axi&
i& c-m-lative pla&tic &train.

8nloa(ing from the yiel(e( con(ition i& ela&tic -ntil the loa( rever&e&. Thereafter, the Ba-&chinger
<ffect Bre(-ction in &tiffne&& at &tre&&e& le&& than yiel( (-ring cyclic (eformationC i& repre&ente( 9y
following a 'am9erg#O&goo( relation&hip -ntil the yiel( &tre&& i& reache()

e e
= [
o
E
_1 +_
o
o
CH
]
-1
_

where e an( o are &train an( &tre&&, e
i& the &train at Hero &tre&&, E i& 4o-ng]& .o(-l-&, an( r an(
o
CH
are a& (efine( 9elow

Two option& are given for calc-lation r an( o
CH
, which i& performe( at each &tre&& rever&al)

1. Af ''<A5+ i& inp-t a& #1, r an(
CL
are calc-late( internally from form-lae given in @ent
an( Par7. Parameter r (epen(& on the n-m9er of &tre&& rever&al&. Parameter o
CH
(epen(& on
the pla&tic &train that occ-rre( 9etween the previo-& two &tre&& rever&al&. The form-lae were
&tati&tically (erive( from experiment&, 9-t may not fit all circ-m&tance&. An partic-lar, large
(ifference& in 9ehavior may 9e ca-&e( 9y the pre&ence or a9&ence of &mall &tre&& rever&al&
&-ch a& co-l( 9e ca-&e( 9y high fre:-ency o&cillation&. Therefore, re&-lt& might &ometime&
9e -n(-ly &en&itive to &mall change& in the inp-t (ata.

2. Af ''<A5+ i& entere( 9y the -&er or left 9lan7, r i& hel( con&tant while o
CH
i& calc-late( on
each rever&al &-ch that the 'am9erg#O&goo( c-rve meet& the monotonic &tre&&#&train c-rve
+ig-re 2#/!.
1
2 %,"
!
0,/
7
,11
1$
12,1! 1"
1%
.2TJ'CJB<2. g reinforcement g ''<A5+T!.$
D
R
A
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2#7!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
at the point from which it la&t -nloa(e(, e.g. point& 0 an( / are coinci(ent in the graph 9e#
low. The (efa-lt &etting ''<A5+T!.$ give& &imilar hy&tere&i& 9ehavior to that (e&cri9e( 9y
@ent m Par7 9-t i& -nli7ely to 9e &o &en&itive to &mall change& of inp-t (ata.

Out4ut
At i& recommen(e( to -&e B<2.AP on I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 to re:-e&t &tre&& an(
&train o-tp-t at the in(ivi(-al integration point&. Af thi& i& (one, for .2TJ'CJB<2. only, element
c-rvat-re i& written to the o-tp-t file& in place of pla&tic &train. An the po&t#proce&&or, &elect Upla&tic
&trainV to (i&play c-rvat-re Bwhichever of the c-rvat-re& a9o-t local y an( H axe& ha& greate&t a9&o#
l-te val-e will 9e plotte(C. 2lternatively, &elect Uaxial &trainV to (i&play the total axial &train Bela&tic
^ pla&ticC at that integration pointD thi& can 9e com9ine( with axial &tre&& to create hy&tere&i& plot&
&-ch a& tho&e &hown a9ove.
D
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;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=/1ERMAL ;MA/=%->
LSDYNA 2#7! B.2TC
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=/1ERMAL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 17". Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a general vi&coela&tic .axwell mo(el hav#
ing -p to 12 term& in the prony &erie& expan&ion an( i& -&ef-l for mo(eling (en&e contin--m r-99er&
an( &oli( explo&ive&. <ither the coefficient& of the prony &erie& expan&ion or a relaxation c-rve may
9e &pecifie( to (efine the vi&coela&tic (eviatoric an( 9-l7 9ehavior.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + A + + + A + +
0ard .or5at Bor 'is7oelasti7 7onstants8 U4 to %$ 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH a
X;Y in 7olu5n %+ ter5inates tHis in4ut iB less tHan %$ 7ards are used8 /Hese 7ards are not need
ed iB relaJation data is deBined8 /He nu59er oB ter5s Bor tHe sHear 9eHa'ior 5a diBBer Bro5
tHat Bor tHe 9ulA 9eHa'ior( si54l insert Dero iB a ter5 is not in7luded8

IB an elasti7 laer is deBined ou onl need to deBine 2I and KI &note in an elasti7 laer onl one
7ard is needed+
Optional
Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
B8L@
D
R
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F
T
;MA/=%-> ;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=/1ERMAL
2#7"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
PC+
<+
T'<+
2
Coefficient for the 2rrheni-& an( the ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry &hift f-nc#
tion&.
B
Coefficient for the ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry &hift f-nction.
LCA3
i
, an(
i
are (eter#
5T
rently, the maxim-m n-m9er i& &et to 0.
BST2'T
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i&
1$ time&
> (
an( error &cheme.
T'2.P
LCA3@
i
, an(
i
are (etermine(
5T@
BST2'T@
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T@,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i& 1$ time&
> (
an( &o on. Af Hero, BST2'T@ i& (etermine( 9y an
iterative trial an( error &cheme.
T'2.P@
=A
B<T2A
@A
B<T2@A
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T
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=/1ERMAL ;MA/=%->
LSDYNA 2#7"1 B.2TC
Re5arAs(
form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
(t )
s
kl
J
t
0

where g
]k(t-)
the &tre&& ten&or (etermine( from the &train energy f-nctional.
g(t) = 0
m
c
-[
m
t N
m=1

,e characteriHe thi& in the inp-t 9y &hear mo(-li, 0
of term&, -p to 0, may 9e -&e( when applying the vi&coela&tic mo(el.
9-l7 mo(-li)
k(t) = K
m
c
-[
k
m
t N
m=1

The 2rrheni-& an( ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry B,L+C &hift f-nction& acco-nt for the effect& of the tem#
perat-re on the &tre&& relaxation. 2 &cale( time, tM,
t' = ] m(I)Jt
t
0

i& -&e( in the relaxation f-nction in&tea( of the phy&ical time. The 2rrheni-& &hift f-nction i&
m(I) = ex(A{
1
1

1
1
])
an( the ,illiam&#Lan(a-#+erry &hift f-nction i&
m(I) = ex(A
1-1
B+1-1
)
Af all three val-e& BT'<+, 2, an( BC are not Hero, the ,L+ f-nction i& -&e(D the 2rrheni-& f-nction
i& -&e( if B i& HeroD an( no &caling i& applie( if all three val-e& are Hero.
D
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2#7"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
.
+ig-re 2#/". 'elaxation c-rve. Thi& c-rve (efine& &tre&& ver&-& time where time i& (e#
fine( on a logarithmic &cale. +or 9e&t re&-lt&, the point& (efine( in the loa( c-rve &ho-l(
9e e:-ally &pace( on the logarithmic &cale. +-rthermore, the loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e &mooth
an( (efine( in the po&itive :-a(rant. Af nonphy&ical val-e& are (etermine( 9y lea&t
&:-are& fit, LS#3452 will terminate with an error me&&age after the initialiHation pha&e i&
complete(. Af the ramp time for loa(ing i& incl-(e(, then the relaxation which occ-r& (-r#
ing the loa(ing pha&e i& ta7en into acco-nt. Thi& effect may or may not 9e important
D
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A
F
T
;MA/=LUASILINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0 ;MA/=%-)
LSDYNA 2#7"% B.2TC
;MA/=LUASILINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 170. Thi& i& a :-a&i#linear, i&otropic, vi&coela&tic material 9a&e( on a
one#(imen&ional mo(el 9y +-ng W1%X, which repre&ent& 9iological &oft ti&&-e& &-ch a& 9rain, &7in,
7i(ney, &pleen, etc. Thi& mo(el i& implemente( for &oli( an( &hell element&. The form-lation ha&
recently 9een change( to allow larger &train&, an(, in general, will not give the &ame re&-lt& a& the
previo-& implementation which remain& the (efa-lt.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ LC1 LC2 5 =ST2'T .
Type 2/ + + A A + + +
3efa-lt none none none $ $ 0 1ET.2M 0

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SO <J.A5 <J.2M =2.21 =2.22 @ <L +O'.
Type + + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $.$ #$. ".1 $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE ! 7ards iB and onl iB L0% is "8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =1 B<T21 =2 B<T22 =% B<T2% =! B<T2!
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =" B<T2" =0 B<T20 =7 B<T27 =/ B<T2/
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%-) ;MA/=LUASILINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0
2#7"! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le = B<T2 =1$ B<T21$ =11 B<T211 =12 B<T212
Type + + + + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB and onl iB L0$ is "8
Car( % or
0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1 C2 C% C! C" C0
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&.
LC1
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the relaxation f-nction in &hear. Thi& c-rve i&
-&e( to fit the coefficient& Bi an( )ETAi. Af Hero, (efine the coefficient&
(irectly. The latter i& recommen(e(.
LC2
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the in&tantaneo-& ela&tic re&pon&e in compre&#
&ion an( ten&ion. Af Hero, (efine the coefficient& (irectly. Symmetry i% not
a%%ume& if only t5e ten%ion %i&e i% &efineU t5erefore( &efining t5e re%pon%e
in ten%ion only( may lea& to nonp5y%ical 6e5avior in compre%%ion2 Al%o(
t5i% curve %5oul& give a %oftening re%pon%e for increa%ing %train ,it5out
any negative or Rero %lope%2 A %tiffening curve or one ,it5 negative %lope%
i% generally un%ta6le2
5
5-m9er of term& -&e( in the Prony &erie&, a n-m9er le&& than or e:-al to 0.
Thi& n-m9er &ho-l( 9e e:-al to the n-m9er of (eca(e& of time covere( 9y
the experimental (ata. 3efine thi& n-m9er if LC1 i& nonHero. Caref-lly
chec7 the fit in the 3%LSP file to en&-re that it i& vali(, &ince the lea&t
&:-are fit i& not alway& relia9le.
=ST2'T
Starting val-e for lea&t &:-are fit. Af Hero, a (efa-lt val-e i& &et e:-al to the
inver&e of the large&t time in the experiment. 3efine thi& n-m9er if LC1 i&
nonHero.
D
R
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;MA/=LUASILINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0 ;MA/=%-)
LSDYNA 2#7"" B.2TC
.
5-m9er of term& -&e( to (etermine the in&tantaneo-& ela&tic re&pon&e.
Thi& varia9le i& ignore( with the new form-lation 9-t i& 7ept for compati#
9ility with the previo-& inp-t.
SO
<J.A5
.inim-m &train -&e( to generate the loa( c-rve from Ci. The (efa-lt range
i& #$. to ".1. The comp-te( &ol-tion will 9e more acc-rate if the -&er &pec#
ifie& the range -&e( to fit the Ci. Linear extrapolation i& -&e( o-t&i(e the
&pecifie( range.
<J.2M
.axim-m &train -&e( to generate the loa( c-rve from Ci.
@
.aterial fail-re parameter that control& the vol-me enclo&e( 9y the fail-re
&-rface, &ee I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8BB<'.
L<.$.$) ignore fail-re criterionD
=T.$.$) -&e act-al @ val-e for fail-re criterion&.
=2.21
.aterial fail-re parameter, &ee I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8BB<' an( +ig-re
2#/7.
=2.22
.aterial fail-re parameter, &ee I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8BB<'.
<L
3amage parameter, &ee I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8BB<'.
+O'.
+orm-lation of mo(el. +O'.T$ give& the original mo(el (evelope( 9y
+-ng, which alway& relaxe& to a Hero &tre&& &tate a& time approache& infini#
ty, an( +O'.T1 give& the alternative mo(el, which relaxe& to the :-a&i#
&tatic ela&tic re&pon&e. An general, the two form-lation& won]t give the &ame
re&pon&e&. +orm-lation, +O'.T#1, i& an improvement on +O'.T$ where
the in&tantaneo-& ela&tic re&pon&e i& -&e( in the vi&coela&tic &tre&& -p(ate,
not G-&t in the relaxation, a& in +O'.T$. Con&e:-ently, the con&tant& for
the ela&tic re&pon&e (o not nee( to 9e &cale(.
=i
Coefficient& of the relaxation f-nction. The n-m9er of coefficient& i& c-r#
rently limite( to 0 altho-gh 12 may 9e rea( in to maintain compati9ility
with the previo-& form-lation]& inp-t. 3efine the&e coefficient& if LC1 i&
&et to Hero. 2t lea&t 2 coefficient& m-&t 9e nonHero.
D
R
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;MA/=%-) ;MA/=LUASILINEAR=VIS0OELAS/I0
2#7"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
B<T2i
3ecay con&tant& of the relaxation f-nction. 3efine the&e coefficient& if
LC1 i& &et to Hero. The n-m9er of coefficient& i& c-rrently limite( to 0 alt#
ho-gh 12 may 9e rea( in to maintain compati9ility with the previo-& for#
m-lation]& inp-t.
Ci
Coefficient& of the in&tantaneo-& ela&tic re&pon&e in compre&&ion an( ten#
&ion. 3efine the&e coefficient& only if LC2 i& &et to Hero.
Re5arAs(
The e:-ation& for the original mo(el B+O'.T$C are given a&)
o
v
(t) = _0(t )
t
0
oo
s
|e()]
oe
oe
o
J
0(t) = 0
=1
c
-[t
o
s
(e) = C
k
=1
e

where = i& the &hear mo(-l-&. <ffective &train Bwhich can 9e written to the (%plot (ata9a&eC i& cal#
c-late( a& follow&)

e
eete
=
_
2
S
e
]
e
]

The polynomial for in&tantaneo-& ela&tic re&pon&e &ho-l( contain only o(( term& if &ymmetric ten#
&ion#compre&&ion re&pon&e i& (e&ire(.
The new mo(el B+O'.T1C i& 9a&e( on the hyperela&tic mo(el -&e( I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3
J'8BB<' a&&-ming incompre&&i9ility. The one#(imen&ional expre&&ion for o
s
generate& the -niaxi#
al &tre&&#&train c-rve an( an a((itional vi&co#ela&tic term i& a((e( on,

o(e, t) = o
SR
(e) +o
v
(t)

o
v
(t) = _ 0(t )
oe
o
J
t
0

where the fir&t term to the right of the e:-al& &ign i& the hyperela&tic &tre&& an( the &econ( i& the vi&#
coela&tic &tre&&. 8nli7e the previo-& form-lation, where the &tre&& alway& relaxe( to Hero, the c-rrent
form-lation relaxe& to the hyperela&tic &tre&&.
D
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;MA/=1ILL=.OAM ;MA/=%--
LSDYNA 2#7"7 B.2TC
;MA/=1ILL=.OAM
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 177. Thi& i& a highly compre&&i9le foam 9a&e( on the &train#energy
f-nction propo&e( 9y Lill W17XD al&o &ee Stora7er& W1/0X. Poi&&on]& ratio effect& are ta7en into
acco-nt.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ 5 .8 LCA3 +ATT4P< LCS'
Type 2/ + + + + A A A
3efa-lt none none none $ $ $ $ $

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE $ 7ards iB and onl iB L0ID is "8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ' .
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
D
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A
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;MA/=%-- ;MA/=1ILL=.OAM
2#7"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&. Thi& mo(-l-& i& -&e( for (etermining the contact interface
&tiffne&&.
5
.aterial con&tant. 3efine if LCA3T$ 9elowD otherwi&e, 5 i& fit from the
loa( c-rve (ata. See e:-ation& 9elow.
.8
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the force per -nit area ver&-& the &tretch ratio.
Thi& c-rve can 9e given for either -niaxial or 9iaxial (ata (epen(ing on
+ATT4P<.
+ATT4P<
Type of fit)
<R.1) -niaxial (ata,
<R.2) 9iaxial (ata,
<R.%) p-re &hear (ata.
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the -niaxial or 9iaxial &tretch ratio B&ee +AT#
T4P<C ver&-& the tran&ver&e &tretch ratio.
Ci
.aterial con&tant&. See e:-ation& 9elow. 3efine -p to / coefficient& if
LCA3T$.
Bi
LCA3T$.
'
.-llin& effect mo(el r coefficient
.
.-llin& effect mo(el m coefficient
Re5arAs(
Af loa( c-rve (ata i& (efine(, the fit generate( 9y LS#3452 m-&t 9e clo&ely chec7e( in the 3%LSP
o-tp-t file. At may occ-r that the nonlinear lea&t &:-are& proce(-re in LS#3452, which i& -&e( to
fit the (ata, i& ina(e:-ate.
The Lill &train energy (en&ity f-nction for thi& highly compre&&i9le foam i& given 9y)
w =
C
]
]
m
]=1
_z
1
b
]
+z
2
b
]
+z
3
b
]
S +
1
[
-b
]
1_
where C
]
,
]
, an( n are material con&tant& an( [ = z
1
z
2
z
3
repre&ent& the ratio of the (eforme( to the
-n(eforme( &tate. The con&tant m i& internally &et to !. An ca&e n-m9er of point& in the c-rve i& le&&
than /, then m i& &et to the n-m9er of point& (ivi(e( 9y 2. The principal Ca-chy &tre&&e& are
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1ILL=.OAM ;MA/=%--
LSDYNA 2#7" B.2TC
t
=
C
]
[
m
]=1
jz
b
]
[
-b
]
[ = 1,2,S

+rom the a9ove e:-ation& the &hear mo(-l-& i&)

p =
1
2
C
]
]
m
]=1

an( the 9-l7 mo(-l-& i&)

K = 2p _ +
1
S
]

The val-e for @ (efine( in the inp-t i& -&e( in the calc-lation of contact force& an( for the material
time &tep. =enerally, thi& val-e &ho-l( 9e e:-al to or greater that the @ given in the a9ove e:-ation.
D
R
A
F
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;MA/=%-? ;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=1ILL=.OAM
2#70$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=1ILL=.OAM
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 17/. Thi& i& a highly compre&&i9le foam 9a&e( on the &train#energy
f-nction propo&e( 9y Lill W17XD al&o &ee Stora7er& W1/0X. The exten&ion to incl-(e large &train
vi&coela&ticity i& (-e to +eng an( Lall:-i&t W2$$2X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ 5 .8 LCA3 +ATT4P< LCS'
Type 2/ + + + + A A A
3efa-lt none none none $ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCP< 5T =ST2'T
Type A + +
3efa-lt $ 0 1ET.2M

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE $ 7ards iB and onl iB L0ID is "8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=1ILL=.OAM ;MA/=%-?
LSDYNA 2#701 B.2TC
0ard .or5at Bor Vis7oelasti7 0onstants8 U4 to %$ 7ards 5a 9e in4ut8 A Ae:ord 7ard &:itH
a X;Y in 7olu5n %+ ter5inates tHis in4ut iB less tHan %$ 7ards are used8
Car(& opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =A B<T2A
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&. Thi& mo(-l-& i& -&e( for (etermining the contact interface
&tiffne&&.
5
.aterial con&tant. 3efine if LCA3T$ 9elowD otherwi&e, 5 i& fit from the
loa( c-rve (ata. See e:-ation& 9elow.
.8
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the force per -nit area ver&-& the &tretch ratio.
Thi& c-rve can 9e given for either -niaxial or 9iaxial (ata (epen(ing on
+ATT4P<. Loa( c-rve LCS' 9elow m-&t al&o 9e (efine(.
+ATT4P<
Type of fit)
<R.1) -niaxial (ata,
<R.2) 9iaxial (ata.
LCS'
Loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the -niaxial or 9iaxial &tre&& ratio B&ee +AT#
T4P<C ver&-& the tran&ver&e &tretch ratio.
LCP<
Optional loa( c-rve A3 that (efine& the relaxation f-nction in &hear. Thi&
c-rve i& -&e( to fit the coefficient& Bi an( )ETAi. Af Hero, (efine the coef#
ficient& (irectly. The latter i& recommen(e(.
5T
5-m9er of term& -&e( to fit the Prony &erie&, which i& a n-m9er le&& than or
e:-al to 12. Thi& n-m9er &ho-l( 9e e:-al to the n-m9er of (eca(e& of time
covere( 9y the experimental (ata. 3efine thi& n-m9er if LCP< i& nonHero.
Caref-lly chec7 the fit in the 3%LSP file to en&-re that it i& vali(, &ince the
lea&t &:-are fit i& not alway& relia9le.
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R
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;MA/=%-? ;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=1ILL=.OAM
2#702 B.2TC LSDYNA
=ST2'T
Starting val-e for lea&t &:-are fit. Af Hero, a (efa-lt val-e i& &et e:-al to the
inver&e of the large&t time in the experiment. 3efine thi& n-m9er if LC1 i&
nonHero, Ci, .aterial con&tant&. See e:-ation& 9elow. 3efine -p to / coef#
ficient&.
Ci
LCA3T$.
Bi
LCA3T$.
=A
B<T2A
Re5arAs(
Af loa( c-rve (ata i& (efine(, the fit generate( 9y LS#3452 m-&t 9e clo&ely chec7e( in the 3%LSP
o-tp-t file. At may occ-r that the nonlinear lea&t &:-are& proce(-re in LS#3452, which i& -&e( to
fit the (ata, i& ina(e:-ate.
The Lill &train energy (en&ity f-nction for thi& highly compre&&i9le foam i& given 9y)
p
+1
= p
c
-[At
+Ke
kk
_
1 c
-[At
_ wbcc = |BEIA|
where C
]
,
]
, an( n are material con&tant& an( [ = z
1
z
2
z
3
repre&ent& the ratio of the (eforme( to the
-n(eforme( &tate. The principal Ca-chy &tre&&e& are
t
=
C
]
[
m
]=1
jz
b
]
[
-b
]
[ = 1,2,S

+rom the a9ove e:-ation& the &hear mo(-l-& i&)

p =
1
2
C
]
]
m
]=1

an( the 9-l7 mo(-l-& i&)

K = 2p _ +
1
S
]

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=1ILL=.OAM ;MA/=%-?
LSDYNA 2#70% B.2TC
The val-e for @ (efine( in the inp-t i& -&e( in the calc-lation of contact force& an( for the material
time &tep. =enerally, thi& val-e &ho-l( 9e e:-al to or greater that the @ given in the a9ove e:-ation.
form)
o
]
= ] g
]k
t
0
(t )
s
kl
J

]
]
,
S
]
= ] 0
]k
t
0
(t )
L
kl
J
where g
]k
(t ) an( 0
]k
g(t) = o
0
+ o
m
N
m=1
c
-[ t

given 9y,
g(t) = 0
c
-[
i
t
=1


D
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A
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;MA/=%-, ;MA/=LOW=DENSI/Y=SYN/1E/I0=.OAM
2#70! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=LOW=DENSI/Y=SYN/1E/I0=.OAM=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type 17 Ban( 1/$ if the O'TLO option 9elow i& activeC for mo(eling rate in(e#
pen(ent low (en&ity foam&, which have the property that the hy&tere&i& in the loa(ing#-nloa(ing
c-rve i& con&i(era9ly re(-ce( after the fir&t loa(ing cycle. An thi& material we a&&-me that the loa(#
ing#-nloa(ing c-rve i& i(entical after the fir&t cycle of loa(ing i& complete( an( that the (amage i&
i&otropic, i.e., the 9ehavior after the fir&t cycle of loa(ing in the orthogonal (irection& al&o follow&
the &econ( c-rve. The main application at thi& time i& to mo(el the o9&erve( 9ehavior in the com#
pre&&i9le &ynthetic foam& that are -&e( in &ome 9-mper (e&ign&. Ta9le& may 9e -&e( in place of loa(
c-rve& to acco-nt for &train rate effect&.
S<LANKP
OR/1O
WI/1=.AILURE
OR/1O=WI/1=.AILURE
Af the foam (evelop& orthotropic 9ehavior, i.e., after the fir&t loa(ing an( -nloa(ing cycle the materi#
al in the orthogonal (irection& are -naffecte( then the O'TLO option &ho-l( 9e -&e(. Af the O'#
TLO option i& active the (irectionality of the loa(ing i& &tore(. Thi& option i& re:-ire& a((itional
&torage to &tore the hi&tory varia9le& relate( to the orthogonality an( i& &lightly more expen&ive.
2n optional fail-re criterion i& incl-(e(. 2 (e&cription of the fail-re mo(el i& provi(e( 9elow for
material type 1/1, I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8BB<'E+O2..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < LCA31 LCA32 L8 B<T2 32.P
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1. $.$"

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R
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;MA/=LOW=DENSI/Y=SYN/1E/I0=.OAM ;MA/=%-,
LSDYNA 2#70" B.2TC
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SL2P< +2AL BP+L2= <3 B<T21 @CO5 '<+ TC
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.<^2$

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE o4tional 7ard iB and onl iB L0ID% is neEati'e
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '+L2= 3T'T
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$

DeBine 7ard ! iB and onl iB tHe o4tion# WI/1=.AILURE# is a7ti'e8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @ =2.21 =2.22 <L
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&. Thi& mo(-l-& i& -&e( if the elongation& are ten&ile a&
(e&cri9e( for the I.2TJLO,J3<5SAT4J+O2..
LCA31
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3)
=T.$) Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, for nominal &tre&& ver&-&
&train for the -n(amage( material.
LT.$) #LCA31 i& Ta9le A3, &ee I3<+A5<JT2BL<, for nominal &tre&&
ver&-& &train for the -n(amage( material a& a f-nction of &train
rate
D
R
A
F
T
2#700 B.2TC LSDYNA
LCA32
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3. The loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (e#
fine& the nominal &tre&& ver&-& &train for the (amage( material. The ta9le
A3, &ee I3<+A5<JT2BL<, (efine& the nominal &tre&& ver&-& &train for the
(amage( material a& a f-nction of &train rate
L8
&ipationC, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#/0.
B<T2
, (ecay con&tant to mo(el creep in -nloa(ing
32.P
fect&.
fine( a&)
e
max
= max(1 z
1
, 1 z
2
, 1. z
3
).
SL2P<
greater than one increa&e& (i&&ipation, &ee al&o +ig-re 2#/0
+2AL
BP+L2=
<3
Optional 4o-ngF& relaxation mo(-l-&, E
d
, for rate effect&. See comment&
9elow.
B<T21
1
.
@CO5
Stiffne&& coefficient for contact interface &tiffne&&. Af -n(efine( the maxi#
m-m &lope in &tre&& v&. &train c-rve i& -&e(. ,hen the maxim-m &lope i&
ta7en for the contact, the time &tep &iHe for thi& material i& re(-ce( for &ta#
9ility. An &ome ca&e& t may 9e &ignificantly &maller, an( (efining a rea#
&ona9le &tiffne&& i& recommen(e(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=LOW=DENSI/Y=SYN/1E/I0=.OAM ;MA/=%-,
LSDYNA 2#707 B.2TC
'<+
try i& (efine( 9y the 7eywor()IA5ATA2LJ+O2.J'<+<'<5C<
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
TC
'+L2=
'ate type for inp-t)
<R.$.$) LCA31 an( LCA32 &ho-l( 9e inp-t a& f-nction& of tr-e &train
rate
<R.1.$) LCA31 an( LCA32 &ho-l( 9e inp-t a& f-nction& of engineering
&train rate.
3T'T
Strain rate averaging flag)
<R.$.$) -&e weighte( r-nning average
LT.$.$) average the la&t 11 val-e&
=T.$.$) average over the la&t 3T'T time -nit&.
@
&-rface.
=2.21
.aterial fail-re parameter, &ee e:-ation& 9elow an( +ig-re 2#/7.
=2.22
.aterial fail-re parameter, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
<L
3amage parameter.
Re5arAs(
Thi& mo(el i& 9a&e( on I.2TJLO,J3<5SAT4J+O2.. The -niaxial re&pon&e i& &hown 9elow
with a large &hape factor an( &mall hy&teretic factor. Af the &hape factor i& not -&e(, the -nloa(ing
will occ-r on the loa(ing c-rve for the &econ( an( &-9&e:-ent cycle&.
The (amage i& (efine( a& the ratio of the c-rrent vol-me &train to the maxim-m vol-me &train, an( it
i& -&e( to interpolate 9etween the re&pon&e& (efine( 9y LCA31 an( LCA32.
L8 (efine& a hy&teretic &cale factor that i& applie( to the &tre&& interpolate( from LCA31 an( LCA32,
D
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F
T
2#70/ B.2TC LSDYNA
o = (Eu +(1 Eu) mn_1,
c
Int
c
Int
max
)
S
_ o|ICI1, ICI2]
where e
int
i& the internal energy an( S i& the &hape factor. Setting L8 to 1 re&-lt& in a &cale factor of
1. Setting L8 clo&e to Hero &cale& the &tre&& 9y the ratio of the internal energy to the maxim-m inter#
nal energy rai&e( to the power S, re&-lting in the &tre&& 9eing re(-ce( when the &train i& low.
+ig-re 2#/0. Loa(ing an( reloa(ing c-rve&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=RU<<ERI.OAM ;MA/=%?%
LSDYNA 2#70 B.2TC
;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=RU<<ERI.OAM=NOPTIONO
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/1. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a r-99er an( foam mo(el (efine( 9y a &in#
gle -niaxial loa( c-rve or 9y a family of -niaxial c-rve& at (i&crete &train rate&. The (efinition of
hy&teretic -nloa(ing i& optional an( can 9e realiHe( via a &ingle -niaxial -nloa(ing c-rve or a two#
parameter form-lation B&tarting with 71 relea&e '"C. The foam form-lation i& triggere( 9y (efining
a Poi&&on]& ratio. Thi& material may 9e -&e( with 9oth &hell an( &oli( element&.
S<LANKP
WI/1=.AILURE
,hen active, a &train 9a&e( fail-re &-rface i& (efine( &-ita9le for incompre&&i9le polymer& that mo(#
el& fail-re in 9oth ten&ion an( compre&&ion.
Thi& material law ha& 9een (evelope( at 3aimlerChry&ler, Sin(elfingen, in colla9oration with Pa-l
3- Boi&, LSTC, an( Prof. 3ave K. Ben&on, 8CS3.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @. .8 = SA=+ '<+ P'T<5
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S=L S, ST LCETBA3 T<5SAO5 'T4P< 2P=OPT P'EB<T2
Type + + + + + + + +

DeBine 7ard ! iB and onl iB tHe o4tion# WI/1=.AILURE# is a7ti'e8
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @ =2.21 =2.22 <L
Type + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%?% ;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=RU<<ERI.OAM
2#77$ B.2TC LSDYNA
O4tional 7ard ! &S9lanAP o4tion+ or * &WI/1=.AILURE o4tion+
Car( %E! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC85L3 L8 SL2P<
Type + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
@.
Linear 9-l7 mo(-l-&.
.8
=
Shear mo(-l-& for fre:-ency in(epen(ent (amping. +re:-ency in(epen(ent
(amping i& 9a&e( of a &pring an( &li(er in &erie&. The critical &tre&& for the
&li(er mechani&m i& SA=+ (efine( 9elow. +or the 9e&t re&-lt&, the val-e of
= &ho-l( 9e 2"$#1$$$ time& greater than SA=+.
SA=+
'<+
try i& (efine( 9y the 7eywor()IA5ATA2LJ+O2.J'<+<'<5C<
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
P'T<5
The ten&ile Poi&&on]& ratio for &hell& BoptionalC. Af P'T<5 i& Hero,
P'EB<T2 will &erve a& the Poi&&on]& ratio for 9oth ten&ion an( compre&#
&ion in &hell&. Af P'T<5 i& nonHero, P'EB<T2 will &erve only a& the com#
pre&&ive Poi&&on]& ratio for &hell&.
S=L
S,
Specimen wi(th
ST
Specimen thic7ne&&
D
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T
LSDYNA 2#771 B.2TC
LCETBA3
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3, &ee I3<+A5<JT2BL<, (efining the force ver&-&
act-al change in the ga-ge length. Af the ta9le (efinition i& -&e( a family of
c-rve& are (efine( for (i&crete &train rate&. The loa( c-rve& &ho-l( cover
the complete range of expecte( loa(ing, i.e., the &malle&t &tretch ratio to the
large&t.
T<5SAO5
Parameter that control& how the rate effect& are treate(. 2pplica9le to the
ta9le (efinition.
<R.#1.$) rate effect& are con&i(ere( (-ring ten&ion an( compre&&ion
loa(ing, 9-t not (-ring -nloa(ing,
<R.$.$) rate effect& are con&i(ere( for compre&&ive loa(ing only,
<R.1.$) rate effect& are treate( i(entically in ten&ion an( compre&&ion.
'T4P<
Strain rate type if a ta9le i& (efine()
<R.$.$) tr-e &train rate,
<R.1.$) engineering &train rate
2P=OPT
2veraging option (etermine &train rate to re(-ce n-merical noi&e.
<R.$.$) &imple average of twelve time &tep&,
<R.1.$) r-nning average of la&t 12 average&.
P'EB<T2
Af the val-e i& &pecifie( 9etween $ an( $." excl-&ive, i.e.,

u < PR < u.Su
the n-m9er (efine( here i& ta7en a& Poi&&on]& ratio. Af Hero, an incompre&&#
i9le r-99er li7e 9ehavior i& a&&-me( an( a (efa-lt val-e of $.!" i& -&e(
internally. Af a Poi&&on]& ratio of $.$ i& (e&ire(, inp-t a &mall val-e for P'
&-ch a& $.$$1. ,hen f-lly integrate( &oli( element& are -&e( an( when a
nonHero Poi&&on]& ratio i& &pecifie(, a foam material i& a&&-me( an( &elec#
tive#re(-ce( integration i& not -&e( (-e to the compre&&i9ility. Thi& i& tr-e
even if P' approache& $."$$. Af any other val-e excl-(ing Hero i& (efine,
then B<T2 i& ta7en a& the a9&ol-te val-e of the given n-m9er an( a nearly
incompre&&i9le r-99er li7e 9ehavior i& a&&-me(. 2n incrementally -p(ate(
mean vi&co-& &tre&& (evelop& accor(ing to the e:-ation)

p
+1
= p
c
-[At
+Ke
kk
[
1-c
-At
[
wbcc = |BEIA|
The B<T2 parameter (oe& not apply to highly compre&&i9le foam materi#
al&.
D
R
A
F
T
2#772 B.2TC LSDYNA
@
&-rface.
=2.21
.aterial fail-re parameter, &ee e:-ation& 9elow an( +ig-re 1/1.1.
=2.22
.aterial fail-re parameter, &ee e:-ation& 9elow.
<L
3amage parameter.
LC85L3
Loa( c-rve, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining the force ver&-& act-al length
(-ring -nloa(ing. The -nloa( c-rve &ho-l( cover exactly the &ame range a&
LC or the loa( c-rve& of TBA3 an( it& en( point& &ho-l( have i(entical val#
-e&, i.e., the com9ination of LC an( LC85L3 or the fir&t c-rve of TBA3
an( LC85L3 (e&cri9e& a complete cycle of loa(ing an( -nloa(ing. See
al&o material I.2TJ$/%.
L8
Ly&teretic -nloa(ing factor 9etween $ an( 1 B(efa-ltT1., i.e. no energy (i&#
&ipationC, &ee al&o material I.2TJ$/% an( +ig-re 2#2/. Thi& option i& ig#
nore( if LC85L3 i& -&e(.
SL2P<
loa(ing factor L8. Pal-e& le&& than one re(-ce& the energy (i&&ipation an(
greater than one increa&e& (i&&ipation, &ee al&o material I.2TJ$/% an(
+ig-re 2#2/.
Re5arAs(

The general fail-re criterion for polymer& i& propo&e( 9y +eng an( Lall:-i&t a&

(I
1
, I
2
, I
3
) = (I
1
S) + I
1
(I
1
S)
2
+ I
2
(I
2
S) = K

where K i& a material parameter which control& the &iHe enclo&e( 9y the fail-re &-rface, an( I
1
, I
2

an( I
3
are the three invariant& of right Ca-chy#=reen (eformation ten&or BCC

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#77% B.2TC
I
1
= C
= z
1
2
+z
2
2
+z
3
2
I
2
=
1
2
(C
C
]]
C
]
C
]
) = z
1
2
z
2
2
+z
1
2
z
3
2
+z
2
2
z
3
2
I
3
= uet(C) = z
1
2
z
2
2
z
3
2

with z
are the &tretch ratio& in three principal (irection&.

To avoi( &-((en fail-re an( n-merical (iffic-lty, material fail-re, which i& -&-ally a time point, i&
mo(ele( a& a proce&& of (amage growth. An thi& ca&e, the two thre&hol( val-e& are cho&en a& B1 . 5C0
an( 0, where 5 Bal&o calle( <LC i& a &mall n-m9er cho&en 9a&e( on experimental re&-lt& reflecting
the range 9etween (amage initiation an( material fail-re.
The (amage i& (efine( a& f-nction of )

= _
u (1 b)K
1
2
_ 1 +s
n( K)
bK
_ (1 b)K < < K
1 K

Thi& (efinition in(icate& that (amage i& fir&t#or(er contin-o-&. 8n(er thi& (efinition, the tangent
&tiffne&& matrix will 9e contin-o-&. The re(-ce( &tre&& con&i(ering (amage effect i&

+ig-re 2#/7. +ail-re &-rface for polymer.
D
R
A
F
T
2#77! B.2TC LSDYNA
o
]
= (1 ) o
]
o

where o
]
o
i& the -n(amage( &tre&&. At i& a&&-me( that prior to final fail-re, material (amage i& recov#
era9le. Once material fail-re occ-r&, (amage will 9ecome permanent.

The LO=JLO=JA5T<'POL2TAO5 option interpolate& the &train rate effect in the ta9le TBA3 -&ing
log#log interpolation.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=RU<<ER=WI/1=DAMA2E ;MA/=%?!
LSDYNA 2#77" B.2TC
;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=RU<<ER=WI/1=DAMA2E
2n availa9le option& incl-(e&)
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/%. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& an incompre&&i9le r-99er mo(el (efine( 9y
a &ingle -niaxial loa( c-rve for loa(ing Bor a ta9le if rate effect& are con&i(ere(C an( a &ingle -niaxial
loa( c-rve for -nloa(ing. Thi& mo(el i& &imilar to I.2TJSA.PLA+A<3J'8B#B<'E+O2. Thi&
material may 9e -&e( with 9oth &hell an( &oli( element&.
3- Boi&, LSTC, an( Prof. 3ave K. Ben&on, 8CS3.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ .8 = SA=+
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le S=L S, ST LCETBA3 T<5SAO5 'T4P< 2P=OPT
Type + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC85L3 '<+
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
@
Linear 9-l7 mo(-l-&.
.8
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%?! ;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=RU<<ER=WI/1=DAMA2E
2#770 B.2TC LSDYNA
=
SA=+
S=L
S,
Specimen wi(th
ST
Specimen thic7ne&&
LCETBA3
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3, &ee I3<+A5<JT2BL<, (efining the force ver&-&
act-al change in the ga-ge length. Af the ta9le (efinition i& -&e( a family of
c-rve& are (efine( for (i&crete &train rate&. The loa( c-rve& &ho-l( cover
the complete range of expecte( loa(ing, i.e., the &malle&t &tretch ratio to the
large&t.
T<5SAO5
Parameter that control& how the rate effect& are treate(. 2pplica9le to the
ta9le (efinition.
<R.#1.$) rate effect& are con&i(ere( (-ring ten&ion an( compre&&ion
loa(ing, 9-t not (-ring -nloa(ing,
<R.$.$) rate effect& are con&i(ere( for compre&&ive loa(ing only,
<R.1.$) rate effect& are treate( i(entically in ten&ion an( compre&&ion.
'T4P<
Strain rate type if a ta9le i& (efine()
<R.$.$) tr-e &train rate,
<R.1.$) engineering &train rate
2P=OPT
2veraging option (etermine &train rate to re(-ce n-merical noi&e.
<R.$.$) &imple average of twelve time &tep&,
<R.1.$) r-nning 12 point average.
LC85L3
Loa( c-rve, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<, (efining the force ver&-& act-al
change in the ga-ge length (-ring -nloa(ing. The -nloa( c-rve &ho-l( cov#
er exactly the &ame range a& LC Bor a& the fir&t c-rve of ta9le TBA3C an( it&
en( point& &ho-l( have i(entical val-e&, i.e., the com9ination of LC Bor a&
the fir&t c-rve of ta9le TBA3C an( LC85L3 (e&cri9e& a complete cycle of
loa(ing an( -nloa(ing.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SIM3LI.IED=RU<<ER=WI/1=DAMA2E ;MA/=%?!
LSDYNA 2#777 B.2TC
'<+
<R.$.$) off,
<R.1.$) on.
Re5arAs(
1. The LO=JLO=JA5T<'POL2TAO5 option interpolate& the &train rate effect in the ta9le
TBA3 -&ing log#log interpolation.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%?* ;MA/=0O1ESIVE=ELAS/I0
2#77/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=ELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/!. At i& a &imple cohe&ive ela&tic mo(el for -&e with &oli( element type& 1
an( 2$, an( i& not availa9le for other &oli( element form-lation. See the remar7& after IS<CTAO5
JSOLA3 for a (e&cription of element type& 1 an( 2$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 'O+L= A5T+2AL <T <5 +5J+2AL
Type 2/ + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
'O+L=
A5T+2AL
recommen(e( val-e.
<T
The &tiffne&& in the plane of the cohe&ive element.
<5
The &tiffne&& normal to the plane of the cohe&ive element.
+5J+2AL
The traction in the normal (irection for ten&ile fail-re.
Re5arAs(
Thi& material cohe&ive mo(el o-tp-t& three traction& having -nit& of force per -nit area into the
3%PLOT (ata9a&e rather than the -&-al &ix &tre&& component&. The in plane &hear traction along the
1#2 e(ge replace& the x#&tre&&, the orthogonal in plane &hear traction replace& the y#&tre&&, an( the
traction in the normal (irection replace& the H#&tre&&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=/1 ;MA/=%?>
LSDYNA 2#77 B.2TC
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=/1
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/". At i& a cohe&ive mo(el 9y Tvergaar( an( L-tchin&on W12X for -&e with
&oli( element type& 1 an( 2$, an( i& not availa9le for any other &oli( element form-lation. See the
remar7& after IS<CTAO5JSOLA3 for a (e&cription of element type& 1 an( 2$. The implementation
i& 9a&e( on the (e&cription of the implementation in the San(ia 5ational La9oratory co(e, Tahoe
W2$$%X.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 'O+L= A5T+2AL SA=.2M 5LS TLS
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le L2.321 L2.322 L2.32+ ST+S+
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
'O+L=
A5T+2AL
recommen(e( val-e.
SA=.2M
Pea7 traction.
5LS
Length &cale Bmaxim-m &eparationC in the normal (irection.
TLS
Length &cale Bmaxim-m &eparationC in the tangential (irection.
L2.321
Scale( (i&tance to pea7 traction B~
1
C.
L2.322
Scale( (i&tance to 9eginning of &oftening B~
2
C.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%?> ;MA/=0O1ESIVE=/1
2#7/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
L2.32+
Scale( (i&tance for fail-re B~
fail
C.
ST+S+
Penetration &tiffne&& m-ltiplier. The penetration &tiffne&&, PS, in term& of
inp-t parameter& 9ecome&)

PS =
S1PSP-SIuMAX
NLS-[
LAMDA1
LAMDA
Re5arAs(
An thi& cohe&ive material mo(el, a (imen&ionle&& &eparation mea&-re V i& -&e(, which gra&p& for the
interaction 9etween relative (i&placement& in normal BW
%
# mo(e AC an( tangential BW
1
, W
2
# mo(e AAC
(irection& B&ee +ig-re 1/".1 leftC)
z =
_
_
o
1
IIS
]
2
+_
o
2
IIS
]
2
+_
(o
3
)
NIS
_
2

where the .c#Ca-ley 9rac7et i& -&e( to (i&ting-i&h 9etween ten&ion BW
%
[$C an( compre&&ion BW
%
>$C.
N!S an( T!S are critical val-e&, repre&enting the maxim-m &eparation& in the interface in normal
an( tangential (irection. +or &tre&& calc-lation, a trilinear traction#&eparation law i& -&e(, which i&
given 9y B&ee +ig-re 1/".1 rightC)
t(z) =
`
1
1
1
1o
max
z
A
1
A
]
z < A
1
A
al

o
max
A
1
A
al
< z < A
2
A
al

o
max
1 z
1 A
2
A
]
A
2
A
al
< z < 1

,ith the&e (efinition&, the traction (rop& to Hero when V T1. Then, a potential i& (efine( a&)
(o
1
, o
2
, o
3
) = NIS _tz
x
0
Jz

+inally, tangential component& Bt
1
, t
2
C an( normal component Bt
%
C of the traction acting on the in#
terface in the fract-re proce&& Hone are given 9y)
t
1,2
=
o
oo
1,2
=
t(z)
z
o
1,2
IIS
NIS
IIS
, t
3
=
o
oo
3
=
t(z)
z
o
3
NIS

which in matrix notation i&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=/1 ;MA/=%?>
LSDYNA 2#7/1 B.2TC
t
1
t
2
t
3
=
t(x)
x
l
l
l
l
l
NLS
1LS
2
u u
u
NLS
1LS
2
u
u u
1
NLS
1
1
1
1
1
o
1
o
2
o
3

An ca&e of compre&&ion BW
%
>$C, penetration i& avoi(e( 9y)
t
3
=
SIS o
max
NIS A
1
A
al
o
3

Loa(ing an( -nloa(ing follow& the &ame path, i.e. thi& mo(el i& completely rever&i9le.
.
Thi& cohe&ive material mo(el o-tp-t& three traction& having -nit& of force per -nit area into the
3%PLOT (ata9a&e rather than the -&-al &ix &tre&& component&. The in plane &hear traction t
1
along
the 1#2 e(ge replace& the x#&tre&&, the orthogonal in plane &hear traction t
2
replace& the y#&tre&&, an(
the traction in the normal (irection t
%
replace& the H#&tre&&.
*
1
2
3
max
2
E
fail
H H 1
E
fail

# ) t
1
E
fail
H H
reversibe
!a"in#$%n!a"in#
+ig-re 2#//. 'elative (i&placement an( trilinear traction#&eparation law
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%?) ;MA/=0O1ESIVE=2ENERAL
2#7/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=2ENERAL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/0. Thi& mo(el incl-(e& three general irrever&i9le mixe(#mo(e interaction
cohe&ive form-lation& with ar9itrary normaliHe( traction#&eparation law given 9y a loa( c-rve
BTSLCC. The&e three form-lation& are (ifferentiate( via the type of effective &eparation parameter
BT<SC. The interaction 9etween fract-re mo(e& A an( AA i& con&i(ere(, an( irrever&i9le con(ition& are
enforce( via a (amage form-lation B-nloa(ingEreloa(ing path pointing toEfrom the originC. See re#
mar7& for (etail&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 'O+L= A5T+2AL T<S TSLC =AC =AAC
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le M.8 T S ST+S+
Type + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
'O+L=
&pecifie& (en&ity per -nit vol-me B(efa-ltC, an( 'O+L=T1 &pecifie& the
A5T+2AL
5-m9er of integration point& re:-ire( for a cohe&ive element to 9e (elete(.
Af it i& Hero, the element won]t 9e (elete( even if it &ati&fie& fail-re criteri#
on. The val-e of A5T+2AL may range from 1 to !, with 1 the recommen(e(
val-e.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=2ENERAL ;MA/=%?)
LSDYNA 2#7/% B.2TC
T<S
Type of effective &eparation parameter B<SPC.
<R.$.$ or 1.$) a (imen&ional &eparation mea&-re i& -&e(. +or the inter#
action 9etween mo(e A an( AA, a mixe(#mo(e propaga#
tion
criterion i& -&e(. +or T<ST$.$ thi& i& a power#law, an(
for T<ST1.$
thi& i& the BenHeggagh#@enane law W10X. See remar7&
9elow.
<R.2.$) a (imen&ionle&& &eparation mea&-re i& -&e(, which
gra&p& for
the interaction 9etween mo(e A (i&placement& an( mo(e
AA
(i&placement& B&imilar to .2TJ1/", 9-t with (amage
an( general
traction#&eparation lawC. See remar7& 9elow.
TSLC
5ormaliHe( traction#&eparation loa( c-rve A3. The c-rve m-&t 9e normal#
iHe( in 9oth coor(inate& an( m-&t contain at lea&t three point&) B$.$, $.$C,
BV
$
, 1.$C, an( B1.$, $.$C, which repre&ent& the origin, the pea7 an( the com#
plete fail-re, re&pectively B&ee +ig-re 1/0.1C. 2 platform can exi&t in the
c-rve li7e the tri#linear TSLC B&ee .2TJ1/"C.
=AC
+ract-re to-ghne&& E energy relea&e rate 0
I
c
for mo(e A
=AAC
+ract-re to-ghne&& E energy relea&e rate 0
II
c
for mo(e AA
M.8
<xponent that appear& in the power fail-re criterion BT<ST1.$C or the Ben#
Heggagh#@enane fail-re criterion BT<ST2.$C. 'ecommen(e( val-e& for
M.8 are 9etween 1.$ an( 2.$.
T
Pea7 traction in normal (irection Bmo(e AC
S
Pea7 traction in tangential (irection Bmo(e AAC
ST+S+
Penetration &tiffne&& m-ltiplier for compre&&ion. +actor T B1.$^ST+S+C i&
-&e( to &cale the compre&&ive &tiffne&&, i.e. no &caling i& (one with
ST+S+T$.$ Brecommen(e(C.
Re5arAs(
2ll three form-lation& have in common, that the traction#&eparation 9ehavior of thi& mo(el i& mainly
given 9y 0
I
c
an( T for normal mo(e A, 0
II
c
an( S for tangential mo(e AA an( an ar9itrary normaliHe(
traction#&eparation loa( c-rve for 9oth mo(e& B&ee +ig-re 1/0.1C. The maxim-m Bor fail-reC &epara#
tion& are then given 9y)

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%?) ;MA/=0O1ESIVE=2ENERAL
2#7/! B.2TC LSDYNA
o
I
P
=
0
I
c
A
1SLC
I
, o
II
P
=
0
II
c
A
1SLC
S

where A
1SLC
i& the area -n(er the normaliHe( traction#&eparation c-rve.

+or mixe(#mo(e 9ehavior, three (ifferent form-lation& are po&&i9le Bwhere (efa-lt T<ST$.$ with
M.8T1.$ i& recommen(e( a& fir&t g-e&&C)
.irst and se7ond Bor5ulation &/ESO"8" and /ESO%8"+
Lere, the total mixe(#mo(e relative (i&placement o
m
i& (efine( a& o
m
= o
I
2
+o
II
2
, where o
I
= o
3

i& the &eparation in normal (irection Bmo(e AC an( o
II
= o
1
2
+o
2
2
i& the &eparation in tangential (i#
rection Bmo(e AAC B&ee +ig-re 1/0.2C. The -ltimate mixe(#mo(e (i&placement o
P
Btotal fail-reC for
the power law BT<ST$.$C i&)
o
P
=
1 +
2
A
1SLC
_
I
0
I
c
_
XM0
+_
S
2
0
II
c
_
XM0
-
1
XM0

an( alternatively for the BenHeggagh#@enane law W10X BT<ST1.$C)
o
P
=
1 +
2
A
1SLC
(I +
2
S)
0
I
c
+(0
II
c
0
I
c
) _

2
S
I +
2
S
_
XM0

where = o
II
o
I
i& the Umo(e mixityV. The larger the exponent T$U i& cho&en, the larger the frac#
t-re to-ghne&& in mixe(#mo(e &it-ation& will 9e. An thi& mo(el, (amage of the interface i& con&i(#
ere(, i.e. irrever&i9le con(ition& are enforce( with loa(ingE-nloa(ing path& coming fromEpointing to
the origin. Thi& form-lation i& &imilar to .2TJCOL<SAP<J.AM<3J.O3< B.2TJ1%/C, 9-t with
the ar9itrary traction#&eparation law TSLC.

1.$
F
%
%
/
max
E t t t /
1.$
TS!#
A
mo(e A mo(e AA
max
t
c
B
F
%
T S
c
I
TS!#
B
A T
c
I
B
c
II
B
$
po&&i9le &hape of
TSLC
c
II
TS!#
B
A S
+ig-re 2#/. 5ormaliHe( traction#&eparation law
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0O1ESIVE=2ENERAL ;MA/=%?)
LSDYNA 2#7/" B.2TC

+ig-re 2#$. .ixe(#mo(e traction#&eparation law
/Hird Bor5ulation &/ESO$8"+
Lere, a (imen&ionle&& effective &eparation parameter z i& -&e(, which gra&p& for the interaction 9e#
tween relative (i&placement& in normal Bo
3
# mo(e AC an( tangential Bo
1
,o
2
# mo(e AAC (irection&)
z =
_
_
o
1
o
II
P
_
2
+_
o
2
o
II
P
_
2
+_
o
3
o
I
P
_
2

where the .c#Ca-ley 9rac7et i& -&e( to (i&ting-i&h 9etween ten&ion Bo
3
uC an( compre&&ion
Bo
3
< uC. o
I
P
an( o
II
P
are critical val-e&, repre&enting the maxim-m &eparation& in the interface in
normal an( tangential (irection . +or &tre&& calc-lation, the normaliHe( traction#&eparation loa( c-rve
TSLC i& -&e() t = t
max
t
(z). Thi& form-lation i& &imilar to .2TJCOL<SAP<JTL B.2TJ1/"C,

9-t with the ar9itrary traction#&eparation law an( a (amage form-lation Bi.e. irrever&i9le con(ition&
are enforce( with loa(ingE-nloa(ing path& coming fromEpointing to the originC.
I
%
m
% II
%
S
T
1
F
%
traction
F
II
%
F
I
%
1
2
%
*
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%?- ;MA/=SAM3%
2#7/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=SAM3%
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/7 BSemi#2nalytical .o(el for Polymer&C. Thi& material mo(el -&#
e& an i&otropic C#1 &mooth yiel( &-rface for the (e&cription of non#reinforce( pla&tic&. 3etail& of the
implementation are given in W@olling, La-fe, +e-cht an( 3- Boi& 2$$"X.
3- Boi& an( 3ynamore, St-ttgart.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O B8L@ =.O3 <.O3 58< 'BC+2C 58.A5T
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3#T LCA3#C LCA3#S LCA3#B 58<P LCA3#P A5C32.
Type A A A A + A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCA3#3 <P+2AL 3<P'PT LCA3JT'A LCA3JLC
Type A + + A A

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .AT<' .APS A5C+2AL ACO5P 2S2+
Type A A A A +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
B8L@
B-l7 mo(-l-&, -&e( 9y LS#3452 in the time &tep calc-lation
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SAM3% ;MA/=%?-
LSDYNA 2#7/7 B.2TC
=.O3
Shear mo(-l-&, -&e( 9y LS#3452 in the time &tep calc-lation
<.O3
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
58<
Poi&&on ratio
'BC+2C
'atio of yiel( in 9iaxial compre&&ion v&. yiel( in -niaxial compre&&ion. Af
nonHero thi& will activate the -&e of a m-lti#linear yiel( &-rface. 3efa-lt i&
$.
58.A5T
Thi& option i& availa9le for &hell& an( &oli(&.
m-&t fail 9efore &hell element fail&. +or f-lly integrate( &hell&, a
9efore the element fail&. Only availa9le for &hell&.
LCA3#T
Loa( c-rve or ta9le A3 giving the yiel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of pla&tic &train,
the&e c-rve& &ho-l( 9e o9taine( from :-a&i#&tatic an( BoptionallyC (ynamic
-niaxial ten&ile te&t&, thi& inp-t i& man(atory an( the material mo(el will
not wor7 -nle&& at lea&t one ten&ile &tre&&#&train c-rve i& given.
LCA3#C
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the yiel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of pla&tic &train, thi&
c-rve &ho-l( 9e o9taine( from a :-a&i#&tatic -niaxial compre&&ion te&t, thi&
inp-t i& optional.
LCA3#S
c-rve &ho-l( 9e o9taine( from a :-a&i#&tatic &hear te&t, thi& inp-t i& option#
al.
LCA3#B
c-rve &ho-l( 9e o9taine( from a :-a&i#&tatic 9iaxial ten&ile te&t, thi& inp-t i&
optional.
58<P
Pla&tic Poi&&on]& ratio) an e&timate( ratio of tran&ver&al to longit-(inal
pla&tic rate of (eformation -n(er -niaxial loa(ing &ho-l( 9e given.
LCA3#P
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the pla&tic Poi&&on ratio a& a f-nction of e:-ivalent
pla&tic (eformation (-ring -niaxial ten&ile an( compre&&ive te&ting. 29ci&#
&a &ho-l( 9e negative for pla&tic &train& in compre&&ion an( po&itive for
pla&tic &train& in ten&ion, it i& important to cover 9oth ten&ion an( compre&#
&ion. Af the loa( c-rve i& given, the con&tant val-e in the previo-& fiel( will
9e ignore(. Thi& inp-t i& optional.
D
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2#7// B.2TC LSDYNA
A5C32.
+lag to control the (amage evol-tion a& a f-nction of triaxiality. Af
A5C32.T$ (amage evol-tion i& in(epen(ent of the triaxialty. Af
A5C32.T1 an incremental form-lation i& -&e( to comp-te the (amage.
LCA3#3
Loa( c-rve A3 giving the (amage parameter a& a f-nction of e:-ivalent
pla&tic &train (-ring -niaxial ten&ile te&ting. By (efa-lt thi& option a&&-me&
that effective Bi.e. -n(amage(C yiel( val-e& are -&e( in the loa( c-rve&
LCA3#T, LCA3#C, LCA3#S an( LCA3#B. Af LCA3#3 i& given a negative
val-e, tr-e Bi.e. (amage(C yiel( &tre&& val-e& can 9e -&e(. An thi& ca&e an
a-tomatic &tre&&#&train recali9ration B2SS'C algorithm i& activate(. The
(amage val-e m-&t 9e (efine( in the range $>T(>1.
<P+2AL
Thi& parameter i& the e:-ivalent pla&tic &train at fail-re. Af <P+2AL i& given
a& a negative integer, a loa( c-rve i& expecte( that (efine& <P+2AL a& a
f-nction of the pla&tic &train rate. 3efa-lt val-e i& 1.$e^"
3<P'PT
Ancrement of e:-ivalent pla&tic &train 9etween fail-re point an( r-pt-re
point. Stre&&e& will fa(e o-t to Hero 9etween <P+2AL an( <P#
+2AL^3<P'PT. Af 3<P'PT i& given a negative val-e a c-rve (efinition i&
expecte( where 3<P'PT i& (efine( a& f-nction of the triaxiality.
LCA3JT'A
Loa( c-rve that &pecifie& a factor that wor7& m-ltiplicatively on the val-e
of <P+2AL (epen(ing on the triaxiality Bi.e. pre&&-reE&igmaJvmC. +or a tri#
axiality of #1E% a val-e of 1.$ &ho-l( 9e &pecifie(.
LCA3JLC
Loa( c-rve that &pecifie& a factor that wor7& m-ltiplicatively on the val-e
of <P+2AL (epen(ing on a characteri&tic element length.
.AT<'
.axim-m n-m9er of iteration& in the c-tting plane algorithm, (efa-lt i& &et
to !$$
.APS
.axim-m n-m9er of iteration& in the &ecant iteration performe( to enforce
plane &tre&& B&hell element& onlyC, (efa-lt &et to 1$
A5C+2AL
+lag to control the fail-re evol-tion a& a f-nction of triaxiality. Af
A5C+2ALT$ fail-re evol-tion i& in(epen(ent of the triaxiality. Af
A5C+2ALT1 an incremental form-lation i& -&e( to comp-te the fail-re val#
-e. Af A5C+2ALT#1 the fail-re mo(el i& (eactivate(.
ACO5P
+orm-lation flag)
ACO5PT$) (efa-lt
ACO5PT1) yiel( &-rface i& internally mo(ifie( 9y increa&ing the &hear
yiel( -ntil a convex yiel( &-rface i& achieve(.
2S2+
Safety factor, -&e( only if ACO5PT1, val-e& 9etween 1 an( 2 can improve
convergence, however the &hear yiel( will 9e artificially increa&e( if thi&
option i& -&e(, (efa-lt i& &et to 1.
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LSDYNA 2#7/ B.2TC
Re5arAs(
1. .aterial S2.P#1 -&e& three yiel( c-rve& internally, hence the yiel( &-rface ha& a :-a(ratic &hape
in general. Af le&& than three c-rve& are (efine( the remaining c-rve& are generate( internally a& fol#
low&)

2 linear yiel( &-rface in the invariant &pace &panne( 9y the pre&&-re an( the von .i&e& &tre&& i& gen#
erate( -&ing the availa9le (ata point&.

vM
p
vM
p
von $i%e% cylin&er
1ruc@er.Prager cone
# )
# )
J $
J $
J $
%
J $
%
J $
2 %
J $
J $
2
J $
%
J $
J $
J $
J

/ / 6 5
7 7
/ I
9 8
/
7 7
/
: ;
/ 6
7
J I /
9
0
7
/
;
J 6
7
/ I /
9
.
7
/
;
/
/
c t
t
%
t %
c
t %
t c
%
t c
!#I1 #
!#I1 S
!#I1 )
!#I1 #
!#I1 S
!#I1 )
!#I1 #
!#I1 S
!#I1 )
!#I1 #
!#I1 S
!#I1
# )
# )
% 2
$
% 2

5
/
6
7
0
7 7
I
9 8
7 7
/
J
;
7
0
:
t 6
c
6 t
t 6
%
6 t
)
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2#7$ B.2TC LSDYNA
SA$P.* yiel& %urface &e.
fine& t5roug5 loa& curve%
vM
p
Af more then 2 loa( c-rve& are availa9le the following ca&e& can 9e (i&ting-i&he()

ICI S = u = SAHP 1
ICI B = u
ICI C = u
ICI S = u
ICI B = u
_ = o
1
VS
_
So
b
2
o
c
o
t
(2o
b
+o
c
)(2o
b
o
t
)
ICI C = u
ICI S = u
ICI B = u
_ = o
c
=
6(162o
b
2
o
2
+o
b
o
2
o
t
)
6o
b
o
2
+S2So
b
2
o
t
+So
2
o
t
ICI C = u
ICI S = u
ICI B = u
_ = lcost suocs

2. Af the LCA3J3 i& given, then a (amage c-rve a& a f-nction of e:-ivalent pla&tic &train& acting on
the &tre&&e& i& (efine( a& (epicte( in the following pict-re. <P+2AL an( 3<P'PT (efine( the fail-re
an( fa(ing 9ehavio-r of a &ingle element)

+ig-re 2#1
Since the (amaging c-rve act& on the yiel( val-e&, the inela&tic re&-lt& are effecte( 9y the (amage
c-rve. 2& a mean& to circ-mvent thi&, the loa( c-rve LCA3#3 may 9e given a negative A3. Thi& will
lea( to an internal conver&ion of from nominal to effective &tre&&e& B2SS'C.
e
al
P
e
eue

Ae
t

J
1.$
J
c

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LSDYNA 2#71 B.2TC
%. Since the generality of ar9itrary c-rve inp-t& allow& to generate -n&olva9le yiel( &-rface&, S2.P
may mo(ify c-rve& internally. Thi& will alway& lea( to warning me&&age& at the 9eginning of the
&im-lation r-n. One mo(ification that i& not allowe( are negative tangent& of the la&t two (ata point&
of any of the yiel( c-rve&.
!. Af 'BC+2C i& nonHero the yiel( &-rface in A
1
#h
vm
#&tre&& &pace i& con&tr-cte( &-ch, that a m-lti#
linear yiel( &-rface i& gaine(. 'BC+2C allow& to mo(ify then 9ehavior in 9iaxial compre&&ion.
". <xtra hi&tory varia9le& are a& follow&) 2 T pla&tic &train in ten&ionEcompre&&ion, % T pla&tic &train
in &hear, ! T 9iaxial pla&tic &train, " T (amage, 10 T pla&tic &train rate in ten&ionEcompre&&ion, 17 T
pla&tic &train rate in &hear, an( 1/ T 9iaxial pla&tic &train rate.

8
9
8
'

8
:'
2:'(#'
=
8
:'
8
'
2:'(#';1
2:'(#'=1
2:'(#'<1
2:'(#'=0.5
*",/e2 :,5)d0
:% :&#x&#" %e)$&,)
% %e)$&,)
$ $=e#2
' ',392e$$&,)
:' :&#x&#" ',392e$
$&,)
8
:%
8
%
8
$
8 >,) ?&$e$ $%2e$$
9 92e$$52e
2e85&2ed &)95% d#%#
,9%&,)#" &)95% d#%#
ex%2#9,"#%ed d#%#
"&)e#2
ex%2#9,"#%&,)
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;MA/=%?? ;MA/=/1ERMO=ELAS/O=VIS0O3LAS/I0=0REE3
2#72 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMO=ELAS/O=VIS0O3LAS/I0=0REE3
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1//. An thi& mo(el, creep i& (e&cri9e( &eparately from pla&ticity -&ing =ara#
falo]& &tea(y#&tate hyper9olic &ine creep law or 5orton]& power law. Pi&co-& effect& of pla&tic &train
rate are con&i(ere( -&ing the Cowper#Symon(& mo(el. 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, Poi&&on]& ratio, thermal
expan&ion coefficient, yiel( &tre&&, material parameter& of Cowper#Symon(& mo(el a& well a& the
i&otropic an( 7inematic har(ening parameter& are all a&&-me( to 9e temperat-re (epen(ent. 2pplica#
tion &cope incl-(e&) &im-lation of &ol(er Goint& in electronic pac7aging, mo(eling of t-9e 9raHing
proce&&, creep age forming, etc.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4 2LPL2 LCSS '<+T<.
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C P LC< LCP' LCSA=4 LCR' LCRM LC2LPL
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCC LCP LCC' LCCM C'P2 C'PB C'PR C'P.
Type + + + + + + + +

O4tional 7ard >
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LSDYNA 2#7% B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C'PL2,
Type +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
SA=4
2LPL2
Thermal expan&ion coefficient
LCSS
&-& effective pla&tic &train. The ta9le A3 (efine& for each temperat-re val-e
a loa( c-rve A3 giving the &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that rate.
The &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the lowe&t val-e of tem#
perat-re i& -&e( if the temperat-re fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e. Li7e#
wi&e, the &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the highe&t val-e of
temperat-re i& -&e( if the temperat-re excee(& the maxim-m val-e. Car( 2
i& ignore( with thi& option.
'<+T<.
'eference temperat-re that (efine& thermal expan&ion coefficient
R'1
1

C'1
1

R'2
2

C'2
2

RM1
1

CM1
1

RM2
2

CM2
2

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2#7! B.2TC LSDYNA
C
Pi&co-& material parameter C
P

P
LC<
Loa( c-rve for &caling 4o-ngF& mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of temperat-re
LCP'
Loa( c-rve for &caling Poi&&onF& ratio a& a f-nction of temperat-re
LCSA=4
Loa( c-rve for &caling initial yiel( &tre&& a& a f-nction of temperat-re
LCR'
Loa( c-rve for &caling the i&otropic har(ening parameter& R'1 an( R'2
or the &tre&& given 9y the loa( c-rve LCSS a& a f-nction of temperat-re
LCRM
Loa( c-rve for &caling the 7inematic har(ening parameter& RM1 an( RM2
a& a f-nction of temperat-re
LC2LPL
Loa( c-rve for &caling the thermal expan&ion coefficient a& a f-nction of
temperat-re
LCC
Loa( c-rve for &caling the vi&co-& material parameter C a& a f-nction of
temperat-re
LCP
Loa( c-rve for &caling the vi&co-& material parameter P a& a f-nction of
temperat-re
LCC'
Loa( c-rve for &caling the i&otropic har(ening parameter& C'1 an( C'2 a&
a f-nction of temperat-re
LCCM
Loa( c-rve for &caling the i&otropic har(ening parameter& CM1 an( CM2 a&
a f-nction of temperat-re
C'P2
Creep law parameter 2
=T.$.$) Con&tant val-e
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#C'P2C which (efine& 2 a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
C'PB
Creep law parameter B
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#C'PBC which (efine& B a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
C'PR
Creep law parameter R
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#C'PRC which (efine& R a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
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LSDYNA 2#7" B.2TC
C'P.
Creep law parameter m
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#C'P.C which (efine& m a& a f-nction of
temperat-re.
C'PL2,
Creep law (efinition B&ee 'emar7&C)
<R.$.$) =arofalo]& hyper9olic &ine law B(efa-ltC.
<R.1.$) 5orton]& power law.
Re5arAs(
Af LCSS i& not given any val-e the -niaxial &tre&&#&train c-rve ha& the form
o(e
e
) = o
0
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
e
e
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
e
e
))
+
1
(1 ex(C
1
e
e
)) +
2
(1 ex(C
2
e
e
))

Pi&co-& effect& are acco-nte( for -&ing the Cowper#Symon(& mo(el, which &cale& the yiel( &tre&&
with the factor)
1 +_
e
e
C
_
1

,

+or C'PL2,T$, the &tea(y#&tate creep &train rate of =arafalo]& hyper9olic &ine e:-ation i& given 9y
e
c
= A |snh(B
c
)]
m
ex_
I
]
+or C'PL2,T1, the &tea(y#&tate creep &train rate i& given 9y 5orton]& power law e:-ation)
e
c
= A(
c
)
B
t
m
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;MA/=%?, ;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=/1ERMOELAS/I0
2#70 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ANISO/RO3I0=/1ERMOELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/. Thi& mo(el characteriHe& ela&tic material& who&e ela&tic propertie& are
temperat-re#(epen(ent.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O T21 T22 T2% T2! T2" T20
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C11 C12 C1% C1! C1" C10 C22 C2%
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C2! C2" C20 C%% C%! C%" C%0 C!!
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C!" C!0 C"" C"0 C00 T=< T'<+ 2OPT
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + +

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LSDYNA 2#77 B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 '<+
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
T2i
C-rve A3& (efining the coefficient& of thermal expan&ion for the &ix com#
ponent& of &train ten&or a& f-nction of temperat-re.
CAK
C-rve A3& (efining the 0}0 &ymmetric con&tit-tive matrix in material coor#
(inate &y&tem a& f-nction of temperat-re. 5ote that 1 corre&pon(& to the a
material (irection, 2 to the 6 material (irection, an( % to the c material (i#
rection.
T=<
C-rve A3 (efining the &tr-ct-ral (amping coefficient a& f-nction of temper#
at-re.
T'<+
'eference temperat-re for the calc-lation of thermal loa(& or the (efinition
of thermal expan&ion coefficient&.
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2#7/ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
.aterial axe& option, B&ee .2TJ25ASOT'OPACJ<L2STACE.2TJ$$2
for a complete (e&cription.C
(irection.
point, P, which (efine the centerline axi&.
MP, 4P, QP
MP, 4P, QP (efine coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPTT1 an( !.
21, 22, 2%
a1, a2, a% (efine component& of vector a for 2OPTT2.
.2C+
.aterial axi& change flag for 9ric7 element& B&ee .2TJ$$2 for a complete
(e&cription.C
31, 32, 3%
(1, (2, (% (efine component& of vector d for 2OPTT2.
P1, P2, P%
v1, v2, v% (efine component& of vector ' for 2OPTT% an( !.
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPTT%, may 9e overwritten on the element
'<+
8&e initial geometry to initialiHe the &tre&& ten&or B&ee .2TJ$$2 for a com#
plete (e&cription.C
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;MA/=.LD=!3ARAME/ER=<ARLA/ ;MA/=%,"
LSDYNA 2#7 B.2TC
;MA/=.LD=!3ARAME/ER=<ARLA/
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1$. Thi& mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y Barlat an( Lian W1/X for mo(eling
&heet& with ani&otropic material& -n(er plane &tre&& con(ition&. Thi& material allow& the -&e of the
Lan7for( parameter& for the (efinition of the ani&otropy. Thi& partic-lar (evelopment i& (-e to Bar#
lat an( Lian W1/X. At ha& 9een mo(ifie( to incl-(e a fail-re criterion 9a&e( on the +orming Limit
3iagram. The c-rve can 9e inp-t a& a loa( c-rve, or calc-late( 9a&e( on the n#val-e an( &heet thic7#
ne&&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le . '$$ '!" '$ LCA3 <$ SPA P%
Type + + + + A + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT C P +L3CA3 '5 'T +L3S2+< +L35AP+
Type + + + A + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

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2#/$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio,
L'
Lar(ening r-le)
<R.%.$) loa( c-rve
P1
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.".$) 7, &trength coefficient for =o&h exponential har(ening
L'.<R.0.$) a, coefficient for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential har(ening
P2
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.1.$) 4iel( &tre&&
L'.<R.0.$) c. coefficient for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential har(ening
AT<'
.
m, exponent in Barlat]& yiel( &-rface
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LSDYNA 2#/$1 B.2TC
'$$
'
$$
'!"
'
!"
'$
'
$
LCA3
loa( c-rve A3 for the loa( c-rve har(ening r-le
<$
.aterial parameter
L'.<R.2.$) e
0
L'.<R.".$) e
0
SPA
Af e
0
<R.$.$) e
0
= (Ek) -- |1( 1)]
L<.$.2) e
0
= sp
=T.$.2) e
0
= (spk) -- |1]
P%
.aterial parameter)
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;MA/=%," ;MA/=.LD=!3ARAME/ER=<ARLA/
2#/$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
B<T2.
C
P
+L3CA3
a& or(inate val-e&. The forming limit (iagram i& &hown in +ig-re $$>. An
(efining the c-rve li&t pair& of minor an( maGor &train& &tarting with the left
mo&t point an( en(ing with the right mo&t point, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<.
'5
Lar(ening exponent e:-ivalent to the n#val-e in a power law har(ening
law. Af the parameter +L3CA3 i& not (efine(, thi& val-e in com9ination
with the val-e 'T can 9e -&e( to calc-late a forming limit c-rve to allow
for fail-re.
'T
Sheet thic7ne&& -&e( for calc-lating a forming limit c-rve. Thi& val-e (oe&
not overri(e the &heet thic7ne&& in any way. At i& only -&e( in conG-nction
with the parameter '5 to calc-late a forming limit c-rve if the parameter
+L3CA3 i& not (efine(.
+L3S2+<
2 &afety off&et of the forming limit c-rve. Thi& val-e &ho-l( 9e inp-t a& a
percentage Bex. 1$ not $.1$C. Thi& &afety margin will 9e applie( to the
forming limit c-rve (efine( 9y +L3CA3 or the c-rve calc-late( 9y '5 an(
'T.
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LSDYNA 2#/$% B.2TC
+L35AP+
5-merical integration point& fail-re treatment.
.=T.$) The n-m9er of element integration point& that m-&t fail 9efore the
element i& (elete(. By (efa-lt, if one integration point ha& &train& a9ove
the forming limit c-rve, the element i& flagge( for (eletion.
.LT.$.$) The element i& (elete( when all integration point& within a relative
(i&tance of g+L35AP+ from the mi( &-rface have faile( Bval-e 9etween #
1.$ an( $.$C.
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
Re5arAs(
See material %0 for the theoretical 9a&i&.
The forming limit c-rve can 9e inp-t (irectly a& a c-rve 9y &pecifying a loa( c-rve i( with the pa#
rameter +L3CA3. ,hen (efining &-ch a c-rve, the maGor an( minor &train& m-&t 9e inp-t a& per#
centage&.
2lternatively, the parameter& '5 an( 'T can 9e -&e( to calc-late a forming limit c-rve. The -&e of
'5 an( 'T i& not recommen(e( for non#ferro-& material&. '5 an( 'T are ignore( if a non#Hero
+L3CA3 i& (efine(.
The fir&t hi&tory varia9le i& the maxim-m &train ratio (efine( 9y)

e
m]o
kee
e
m]o
lu

corre&pon(ing to e
mInor
kee
. 2 val-e 9etween $ an( 1 in(icate& that the &train& lie 9elow the
forming limit c-rve. Pal-e& a9ove 1 in(icate that the &train& are a9ove the forming limit c-rve.
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;MA/=%,% ;MA/=SEISMI0=<EAM
2#/$! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=SEISMI0=<EAM
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 11. Thi& material ena9le& l-mpe( pla&ticity to 9e (evelope( at the
qno(e 2] en( of Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam& Bre&-ltant form-lationC. The pla&tic yiel( &-rface allow&
interaction 9etween the two moment& an( the axial force.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' 2S+L2= +T4P< 3<='23 A+<.2
Type 2/ + + + + A A A
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ 1 $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCP.S S+S LCP.T S+T LC2T S+2T LC2C S+2C
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none 1.$ LC.PS 1.$ none 1.$ LC2T 1.$

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor intera7tion Bor5ulation# ./Y3E# t4e % &DeBault+
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 B<T2 =2..2 3<LT2 2 B +O++S
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt &ee note &ee note &ee note &ee note &ee note &ee note $.$

D
R
A
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;MA/=SEISMI0=<EAM ;MA/=%,%
LSDYNA 2#/$" B.2TC
DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor intera7tion Bor5ulation# ./Y3E# t4e $
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SA=4 3 , T+ T,
Type + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor intera7tion Bor5ulation ./Y3E# t4e *
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PLAJT PLAJC PLAJB
Type + + +
3efa-lt $./ $./" $.

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor intera7tion Bor5ulation ./Y3E# t4e >
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 B<T2 =2..2 3<LT2 PLAJT PLAJC PLAJB
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none 1.! none 1.$ 1.$ 1.$

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor .EMA li5its onl iB I.EMA P "
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P'1 P'2 P'% P'!
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

D
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2#/$0 B.2TC LSDYNA
DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard Bor .EMA li5its onl iB I.EMA O $
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TS1 TS2 TS% TS! CS1 CS2 CS% CS!
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ TS1 TS2 TS% TS!

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
2S+L2=
2xial &train (efinition for force#&train c-rve&, (egra(ation an( +<.2 o-t#
p-t)
<R.$.$ tr-e BlogC total &train
<R.1.$ change in length
<R.2.$ nominal total &train
<R.%.$ +<.2 pla&tic &train B T nominal total &train min-& ela&tic &trainC
+T4P<
+orm-lation type for interaction
<R.1) Para9olic coefficient&, axial loa( an( 9iaxial 9en(ing B(efa-ltC.
<R.2) Kapane&e co(e, axial force an( maGor axi& 9en(ing.
<R.! 2ASC -tiliHation calc-lation 9-t no yiel(ing
<R." 2S!1$$ -tiliHation calc-lation 9-t no yiel(ing
3<='23<
+lag for (egra(ing moment 9ehavior B&ee 'emar7&C
<R.$) Behavior a& in previo-& ver&ion&
<R.1) +atig-e#type (egra(ing moment#rotation 9ehavior
<R.2) +<.2#type (egra(ing moment#rotation 9ehavior
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LSDYNA 2#/$7 B.2TC
A+<.2
+lag for inp-t of +<.2 thre&hol(&
<R.$) 5o inp-t
<R.1) Anp-t of rotation thre&hol(& only
<R.2) Anp-t of rotation an( axial &train thre&hol(&
LCP.S
Loa( c-rve A3 giving pla&tic moment v&. Pla&tic rotation at no(e 2 a9o-t
local &#axi&. See I3<+A5<JC8'P<.
S+S
Scale factor on &#moment at no(e 2.
LCP.T
Loa( c-rve A3 giving pla&tic moment v&. Pla&tic rotation at no(e 2 a9o-t
local t#axi&. See I3<+A5<JC8'P<.
S+T
Scale factor on t#moment at no(e 2.
LC2T
Loa( c-rve A3 giving axial ten&ile yiel( force v&. total ten&ile Bela&tic ^
pla&ticC &train or v&. elongation. See 2OPT a9ove. 2ll val-e& are po&itive.
See I3<+A5<JC8'P<.
S+2T
Scale factor on axial ten&ile force.
LC2C
Loa( c-rve A3 giving compre&&ive yiel( force v&. total compre&&ive Bela&tic
^ pla&ticC &train or v&. elongation. See 2OPT a9ove. 2ll val-e& are po&i#
tive. See I3<+A5<JC8'P<.
S+2C
Scale factor on axial ten&ile force.
2LPL2
Parameter to (efine yiel( &-rface.
B<T2
=2..2
3<LT2
2
B
+O++S
+orce off&et for yiel( &-rface B&ee 'emar7&C.
SA=4
4iel( &tre&& of material.
3
3epth of &ection -&e( to calc-late interaction c-rve.
,
,i(th of &ection -&e( to calc-late interaction c-rve.
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2#/$/ B.2TC LSDYNA
T+
+lange thic7ne&& of &ection -&e( to calc-late interaction c-rve.
T,
,e9 thic7ne&& -&e( to calc-late interaction c-rve.
PLAJT
+actor on ten&ile capacity,
t

PLAJC
+actor on compre&&ion capacity,
c

PLAJB
+actor on 9en(ing capacity,
9

P'1#P'!
Pla&tic rotation thre&hol(& 1 to !
TS1#TS!
Ten&ile axial &train thre&hol(& 1 to !
CS1#CS!
Compre&&ive axial &train thre&hol(& 1 to !
Re5arAs(
4iel( &-rface for form-lation type 1 i& of the form)
= _
H
_
u
+_
H
t
H
t
_
[
+A_
_
y
+B_
_
6
1
where) .
&
, .
t
, + are the c-rrent moment& a9o-t local & an( t axe& an( axial force
re&pectively
.
y&
, .
yt
, +
y
are the c-rrent yiel( moment& an( force&D +
y
i& ta7en from
LC2C or LC2T a& appropriate.
, , , %, 2, B are inp-t parameter&. , , , % m-&t 9e greater than or
e:-al to 1.1D non#integer val-e& are now allowe(.
Af , , , %, 2 an( B are all &et to Hero then the following (efa-lt val-e& are -&e()
2LPL2 T 2.$
B<T2 T 2.$
=2..2 T 2.$
3<LT2 T !.$
2 T 2.$
B T #1.$
+O++S off&et& the yiel( &-rface parallel to the axial force axi&. At i& the compre&&ive axial force at
which the maxim-m 9en(ing moment capacity a9o-t the local &#axi& B(etermine( 9y LCP.S an(
S+SC, an( that a9o-t the local t#axi& B(etermine( 9y LCP.T an( S+TC, occ-r. +or &teel 9eam& an(
col-mn&, the val-e of +O++S i& -&-ally Hero. +or reinforce concrete 9eam&, col-mn& an( &hear
wall&, the maxim-m 9en(ing moment capacity occ-r& corre&pon(ing to a certain compre&&ive axial
force, +O++S. The val-e of +O++S can 9e inp-t a& either po&itive or negative. Anternally, LS#3452
convert& +O++S to, an( regar(& compre&&ive axial force a&, negative.
Anteraction &-rface +T4P< ! calc-late& a -tili&ation parameter -&ing the yiel( force an( moment (ata
given on car( 2, 9-t the element& remain ela&tic even when the force& or moment& excee( yiel( val#
D
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LSDYNA 2#/$ B.2TC
-e&. Thi& i& (one for con&i&tency with the (e&ign co(e OB< 2ASC L'+3 B2$$$C. The -tili&ation cal#
c-lation i& a& follow&)
8tili&ation T @
1
+EB
a
+
y
C ^ B@
2
E
9
CB.
&
E.
y&
^ .
t
E.
yt
C
where) .
&
, .
t
, + are the c-rrent moment& a9o-t local & an( t axe& an( a9&ol-te
val-e of axial force re&pectively
.
y&
, .
yt
, +
y
are the c-rrent yiel( moment& an( force& Bc-rve val-e x &cale
factorCD +
y
T +
yt
or +
yc
Bthe ten&ile or compre&&ive yiel( forceC accor(ing to
whether the mem9er i& in ten&ion or compre&&ion.

a
T
t
or
c
for a mem9er in ten&ion or compre&&ionD
@
1
T $." if +EB
a
+
y
C > $.2, or 1.$ otherwi&e
@
2
T 1.$ if +EB
a
+
y
C > $.2, or /E otherwi&e
Anteraction &-rface +T4P< " i& &imilar to type ! Bcalc-late& a -tili&ation parameter -&ing the yiel(
(ata, 9-t the element& (o not yiel(C. The e:-ation& are ta7en from 2-&tralian co(e 2S!1$$. The -&er
m-&t &elect appropriate val-e& of , , an( % -&ing the vario-& cla-&e& of Section / of 2S!1$$. At i&
a&&-me( that the local &#axi& i& the maGor axi& for 9en(ing.
8tili&ation T max B8
1
,8
2
,8
%
,8
!
,8
"
C
8
1
T +E
c
+
yc
<:-ation 1, -&e( for mem9er& in compre&&ion
8
2
T +E
t
+
yt
<:-ation 2, -&e( for mem9er& in ten&ion
8
%
T W.
&
EB@
2
9
.
y&
CX
^ W.
t
EB@
1
9
.
yt
CX
<:-ation %, -&e( for mem9er& in compre&&ion

8
!
T W.
&
EB@
!
9
.
y&
CX
^ W.
t
EB@
%
9
.
yt
CX
<:-ation !, -&e( for mem9er& in ten&ion

8
"
T +E
c
+
yc
^ .
&
E
9
.
y&
^ .
t
E
9
.
yt
<:-ation ", -&e( for all mem9er&
,here) .
&
, .
t
, +, .
y&
, .
yt
, +
yt
, +
yc
are a& (efine( a9ove
@
1
T 1.$ # +EB
c
+
yc
C

@
2
T .in W@
1
, D1.$ # +EB%
c
+
yc
COX
@
%
T 1.$ # +EB
t
+
yt
C

@
!
T .in W@
%
, D1.$ ^ +EB
t
+
yt
COX
B@
1
, @
2
, @
%
, @
!
all &-9Gect to minim-m val-e of 1$
#0
C
,,, %,
t
,
c
,
9
are inp-t parameter&
The option for (egra(ing moment 9ehavior change& the meaning of the pla&tic moment#rotation
c-rve a& follow&)
Af 3<='23T$ Bnot recommen(e(C, the x#axi& point& on the c-rve repre&ent c-rrent pla&tic rotation
Bi.e. total rotation min-& the ela&tic component of rotationC. Thi& :-antity can 9e po&itive or negative
(epen(ing on the (irection of rotationD (-ring hy&tere&i& the 9ehavior will repeate(ly follow 9ac7#
war(& an( forwar(& along the &ame c-rve. The c-rve &ho-l( incl-(e negative an( po&itive rotation
an( moment val-e&. Thi& option i& retaine( &o that re&-lt& from exi&ting mo(el& will 9e -nchange(.
D
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2#/1$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Af 3<='23T1, the x#axi& point& repre&ent c-m-lative a9&ol-te pla&tic rotation. Thi& :-antity i& al#
way& po&itive, an( increa&e& whenever there i& pla&tic rotation in either (irection. Th-&, (-ring hy&te#
re&i&, the yiel( moment& are ta7en from point& in the inp-t c-rve with increa&ingly po&itive rotation.
Af the c-rve &how& a (egra(ing 9ehavior Bre(-cing moment with rotationC, then, once (egra(e( 9y
pla&tic rotation, the yiel( moment can never recover to it& initial val-e. Thi& option can 9e tho-ght of
a& having Ufatig-e#typeV hy&teretic (amage 9ehavior, where all pla&tic cycle& contri9-te to the total
(amage.
Af 3<='23T2, the x#axi& point& repre&ent the high#ti(e val-e Balway& po&itiveC of the pla&tic rota#
tion. Thi& :-antity increa&e& only when the a9&ol-te val-e of pla&tic rotation excee(& the previo-&ly
recor(e( maxim-m. Af &maller cycle& follow a larger cycle, the pla&tic moment (-ring the &mall cy#
cle& will 9e con&tant, &ince the high#ti(e pla&tic rotation i& not altere( 9y the &mall cycle&. 3egra(ing
moment#rotation 9ehavior i& po&&i9le. Thi& option can 9e tho-ght of a& &howing rotation#controlle(
(amage, an( follow& the +<.2 approach for treating fract-ring Goint&.
3<='23 applie& al&o to the axial 9ehavior. The &ame option& are availa9le a& for rotation)
3<='23T$ give& -nchange( 9ehavior from previo-& ver&ion&D 3<='23T1 give& a fatig-e#type
9ehavior -&ing c-m-lative pla&tic &trainD an( 3<='23T2 give& +<.2#type 9ehavior, where the
axial loa( capacity (epen(& on the high#ti(e ten&ile an( compre&&ive &train&. The (efinition of &train
for thi& p-rpo&e i& accor(ing to 2OPT on Car( 1 g it i& expecte( that 2OPTT2 will 9e -&e( with
3<='23T2. The Uaxial &trainV varia9le plotte( 9y po&t#proce&&or& i& the varia9le (efine( 9y
2OPT.
The o-tp-t varia9le& plotte( a& Upla&tic rotationV have &pecial meaning& for thi& material mo(el a&
follow& g note that hinge& form only at 5o(e 2)
UPla&tic rotation at <n( 1V i& really a high#ti(e mar7 of a9&ol-te pla&tic rotation at 5o(e 2, (efine(
a& follow&)
1. C-rrent pla&tic rotation i& the total rotation min-& the ela&tic component of rotation.
2. Ta7e the a9&ol-te val-e of the c-rrent pla&tic rotation, an( recor( the maxim-m achieve(
-p to the c-rrent time. Thi& i& the high#ti(e mar7 of pla&tic rotation.
Af 3<='23T$, UPla&tic rotation at <n( 2V i& the c-rrent pla&tic rotation at 5o(e 2.
Af 3<='23T1 or 2, UPla&tic rotation at <n( 2V i& the c-rrent total rotation at 5o(e 2.
The total rotation i& a more int-itively -n(er&too( parameter, e.g. for plotting hy&tere&i& loop&. Low#
ever, with 3<='23T$, the previo-& meaning of that o-tp-t varia9le ha& 9een retaine( &-ch that re#
&-lt& from exi&ting mo(el& are -nchange(.
+<.2 thre&hol(& are the pla&tic rotation& at which the element i& (eeme( to have pa&&e( from one
category to the next, e.g. U<la&ticV, UAmme(iate Occ-pancyV, ULife SafeV, etc. The high#ti(e pla&tic
rotation Bmaxim-m of 4 an( QC i& chec7e( again&t the -&er#(efine( limit& +<.21, +<.22, etc. The
o-tp-t flag i& then &et to $, 1, 2, %, or !) $ mean& that the rotation i& le&& than +<.21D 1 mean& that
the rotation i& 9etween +<.21 an( +<.22, an( &o on. By conto-ring thi& flag, it i& po&&i9le to &ee
:-ic7ly which Goint& have pa&&e( critical thre&hol(&.
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LSDYNA 2#/11 B.2TC
+or thi& material mo(el, &pecial o-tp-t parameter& are written to the (%plot an( (%th(t file&. The
n-m9er of o-tp-t parameter& for 9eam element& i& a-tomatically increa&e( to 2$ Bin a((ition to the
&ix &tan(ar( re&-ltant&C when part& of thi& material type are pre&ent. Some po&t#proce&&or& may inter#
pret thi& (ata a& if the element& were integrate( 9eam& with ! integration point&. 3epen(ing on the
po&t#proce&&or -&e(, the (ata may 9e acce&&e( a& follow&)
<xtra varia9le 10 Bor Antegration point ! 2xial Stre&&C) +<.2 rotation flag
<xtra varia9le 17 Bor Antegration point ! M4 Shear Stre&&C) C-rrent -tiliHation
<xtra varia9le 1/ Bor Antegration point ! QM Shear Stre&&C) .axim-m -tiliHation to (ate
<xtra varia9le 2$ Bor Antegration point ! 2xial StrainC) +<.2 axial flag
U8tiliHationV i& the yiel( parameter, where 1.$ i& on the yiel( &-rface.
D
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;MA/=%,$ ;MA/=SOIL=<RI0K
2#/12 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=SOIL=<RI0K
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 12. At i& inten(e( for mo(eling over#con&oli(ate( clay.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 'L2.32 '@2PP2 'AOT2 'B<T21 'B<T22 '.8
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le '58 'LCA3 TOL P=CL S8B#A5C BL@ ='2P TL<O'4
Type + + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $.$$$" ./$7 $

DeBine 0ard ! onl iB /1EORYP"
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 'PLLL MSAC'AT 2LPL2 'PL '5821 25ASOJ!
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
'L2.32
.aterial coefficient
'@2PP2
'AOT2
D
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;MA/=SOIL=<RI0K ;MA/=%,$
LSDYNA 2#/1% B.2TC
'B<T21
'B<T22
'.8
Shape factor coefficient. Thi& parameter will mo(ify the &hape of the yiel(
&-rface -&e(. 1.$ implie& a von .i&e& type &-rface, 9-t 1.1 to 1.2" i& more
in(icative of &oil&. The (efa-lt val-e i& 1.$.
'58
Poi&&on]& ratio
'LCA3
Loa( c-rve i(entification n-m9er referring to a c-rve (efining -p to 1$
pair& of q&tring#length] v& =E=max point&.
TOL
8&er (efine( tolerance for convergence chec7ing. 3efa-lt val-e i& &et to
$.$2.
P=CL
Pre#con&oli(ation gro-n( level. Thi& parameter (efine& the maxim-m &-r#
face level Brelative to H T $.$ in the mo(elC of the &oil thro-gho-t geological
hi&tory. Thi& i& -&e( calc-late the maxim-m over 9-r(en pre&&-re on the
&oil element&.
S8B#A5C
8&er (efine( &train increment &iHe. Thi& i& the maxim-m &train increment
that the material mo(el can normally cope with. Af the val-e i& excee(e( a
warning i& echoe( to the (%h&p file.
BL@
The ela&tic 9-l7 &tiffne&& of the &oil. Thi& i& -&e( for the contact &tiffne&&
only.
='2P
The gravitational acceleration. Thi& i& -&e( to calc-late the element &tre&&e&
(-e the overlying &oil. 3efa-lt i& &et to ./$7 mE&
2
.
TL<O'4
Per&ion of material &-9ro-tine& -&e( BSee 'emar7&C.
<R.$) 1" ver&ion, vectoriHe( B3efa-ltC
<R.!) 2$$% ver&ion, -nvectoriHe(
'PLLL
2ni&otropy ratio =vh E =hh B(efa-lt T A&otropic 9ehaviorC
MSAC'AT
2ni&otropy parameter
2LPL2
'PL
2ni&otropy ratio <v E <h
'5821
2ni&otropy ratio 21
25ASOJ!
D
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T
;MA/=%,$ ;MA/=SOIL=<RI0K
2#/1! B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
1. Thi& material type re:-ire& that the mo(el i& oriente( &-ch that the H#axi& i& (efine( in the
-pwar( (irection. Compre&&ive initial &tre&& m-&t 9e (efine(, e.g. -&ing IA5ATA2LJST'<SS
JSOLA3 or IA5ATA2LJST'<SSJ3<PTL.
The recommen(e( -nit &y&tem i& 75, meter&, &econ(&, tonne&. There are &ome 9-ilt#in (e#
fa-lt& that a&&-me &tre&& -nit& of @5Em
2
.

Over#con&oli(ate( clay& have &-ffere( previo-& loa(ing to higher &tre&& level& than are pre#
&ent at the &tart of the analy&i&. Thi& co-l( have occ-rre( (-e to ice &heet& (-ring previo-&
ice age&, or the pre&ence of &oil or roc7 that ha& &-9&e:-ently 9een ero(e(. The maxim-m
vertical &tre&& (-ring that time i& a&&-me( to 9e)

P.2M
T 'OI='2PIBP=CL g Q
el
C
where
'O, ='2P, P=CL T inp-t parameter&
Q
el
T H#coor(inate of center of element
Since that time, the material ha& 9een -nloa(e( -ntil the vertical &tre&& e:-al& the -&er#
(efine( initial vertical &tre&&. The previo-& loa(E-nloa( hi&tory ha& a &ignificant effect on
&-9&e:-ent 9ehavior, e.g. the horiHontal &tre&& in an over#con&oli(ate( clay may 9e greater
than the vertical &tre&&.

Thi& material mo(el create& a loa(E-nloa( cycle for a &ample element of each material of thi&
type, &tore& in a &cratch file the horiHontal &tre&& an( hi&tory varia9le& a& a f-nction of the
vertical &tre&&, an( interpolate& the&e :-antitie& from the (efine( initial vertical &tre&& for
each element. Therefore the initial horiHontal &tre&& &een in the o-tp-t file& will 9e (ifferent
from the inp-t initial horiHontal &tre&&.

Thi& material mo(el i& (evelope( for a =eotechnical +< program BOa&y& Lt(.]& S2+<C writ#
ten 9y 2r-p. The (efa-lt TL<O'4T$ give& a vectoriHe( ver&ion porte( from S2+< in the
1$]&. Since then the material mo(el ha& 9een (evelope( f-rther in S2+<D the mo&t recent
porting i& acce&&e( -&ing TL<O'4T! Brecommen(e(CD however, thi& ver&ion i& not vector#
iHe( an( will r-n more &lowly on mo&t comp-ter platform&.
2. The &hape factor for a typical &oil wo-l( 9e 1.2". 3o not -&e val-e& higher than 1.%".
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=DRU0KER=3RA2ER ;MA/=%,!
LSDYNA 2#/1" B.2TC
;MA/=DRU0KER=3RA2ER
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 1%. Thi& material ena9le& &oil to 9e mo(ele( effectively. The pa#
rameter& -&e( to (efine the yiel( &-rface are familiar geotechnical parameter& Bi.e. angle of frictionC.
The mo(ifie( 3r-c7er#Prager yiel( &-rface i& -&e( in thi& material mo(el ena9ling the &hape of the
&-rface to 9e (i&torte( into a more reali&tic (efinition for &oil&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O =.O3 '58 '@+ PLA CP2L PSA
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ST'JLA.
Type +
3efa-lt $.$$"

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =.O33P PLA3P CP2L3P PSA3P =.O3=' PLA=' CP2L=' PSA='
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
=.O3
'58
Poi&&on]& ratio
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%,! ;MA/=DRU0KER=3RA2ER
2#/10 B.2TC LSDYNA
'@+
+ail-re &-rface &hape parameter
PLA
CP2L
Cohe&ion val-e
PSA
ST'JLA.
.inim-m &hear &trength of material i& given 9y ST'JLA.ICP2L
=.O33P
3epth at which &hear mo(-l-& B=.O3C i& correct
PLA3P
3epth at which angle of friction BPLAC i& correct
CP2L3P
3epth at which cohe&ion val-e BCP2LC i& correct
PSA3P
3epth at which (ilation angle BPSAC i& correct
=.O3='
=ra(ient at which &hear mo(-l-& B=.O3C increa&e& with (epth
PLA='
=ra(ient at which friction angle BPLAC increa&e& with (epth
CP2L='
=ra(ient at which cohe&ion val-e BCP2LC increa&e& with (epth
PSA='
=ra(ient at which (ilation angle BPSAC increa&e& with (epth
Re5arAs(
1. Thi& material type re:-ire& that the mo(el i& oriente( &-ch that the H#axi& i& (efine( in the
-pwar( (irection. The 7ey parameter& are (efine( &-ch that may vary with (epth Bi.e. the H#
axi&C.
2. The &hape factor for a typical &oil wo-l( 9e $./, 9-t &ho-l( not 9e p-&he( f-rther than $.7".
%. Af ST'JLA. i& &et to le&& than $.$$", the val-e i& re&et to $.$$".
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=R0=S1EAR=WALL ;MA/=%,*
LSDYNA 2#/17 B.2TC
;MA/=R0=S1EAR=WALL
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& .aterial Type 1!. At i& for &hell element& only. At -&e& empirically#(erive( algo#
rithm& to mo(el the effect of cyclic &hear loa(ing on reinforce( concrete wall&. At i& primarily inten(#
e( for mo(eling &:-at &hear wall&, 9-t can al&o 9e -&e( for &la9&. Beca-&e the com9ine( effect of
concrete an( reinforcement i& incl-(e( in the empirical (ata, cr-(e me&he& can 9e -&e(. The mo(el
ha& 9een (e&igne( &-ch that the minim-m amo-nt of inp-t i& nee(e() generally, only the varia9le& on
the fir&t car( nee( to 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' T.2M A
Type 2/ + + + +
3efa-lt none none none $.$ $.$

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE data iB XUniBor5 <uildinE 0odeY Bor5ula Bor 5aJi5u5 sHear strenEtH or
tensile 7ra7AinE are reCuired M otHer:ise lea'e 9lanA8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +C P'<+ +4A<L3 SA=$ 85CO5P 2LPL2 +T <'A<5+
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 B C 3 < +
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$" $."" $.12" $.00 $.2" 1.$

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%,* ;MA/=R0=S1EAR=WALL
2#/1/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 41 42 4% 4! 4"
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T1 T2 T% T! T"
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT
Type +
3efa-lt $.$

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/1 B.2TC
Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<
4o-ng]& .o(-l-&
P'
Poi&&on]& 'atio
T.2M
8ltimate in#plane &hear &tre&&. Af &et to Hero, LS#3452 will calc-late
T.2M 9a&e( on the form-lae in the 8niver&al B-il(ing Co(e, -&ing the
(ata on car( 2. See 'emar7&.
+C
8nconfine( Compre&&ive Strength of concrete B-&e( in the calc-lation of
-ltimate &hear &tre&&D cr-&hing 9ehavior i& not mo(ele(C
P'<+
Percent reinforcement, e.g. if 1.2c reinforcement, enter 1.2
+4A<L3
4iel( &tre&& of reinforcement
SA=$
Over9-r(en &tre&& Bin#plane compre&&ive &tre&&C # -&e( in the calc-lation of
-ltimate &hear &tre&&. 8&-ally &ig$ i& left a& Hero.
8CO5P
8nit conver&ion factor. 8CO5P T B1.$ p&i in the mo(el &tre&& -nit&C. Thi&
i& nee(e( 9eca-&e the -ltimate ten&ile &tre&& of concrete i& expre&&e( a&
B+CC where +C i& in p&i. Therefore a -nit conver&ion factor of Bp&iE&tre&&
-nitC i& re:-ire(. <xample&)
8CO5P T $.$/% if &tre&& -nit i& .5Em2 or 5Emm2
8CO5P T /%.% if &tre&& -nit i& 5Em2
2LPL2
Shear &pan factor # &ee 9elow.
+T
Crac7ing &tre&& in (irect ten&ion # &ee note& 9elow. 3efa-lt i& /c of the cyl#
in(er &trength.
D
R
A
F
T
2#/2$ B.2TC LSDYNA
<'A<5+
4o-ng]& .o(-l-& of reinforcement. 8&e( in calc-lation of po&t#crac7e(
&tiffne&& # &ee note& 9elow.
2
Ly&tere&i& con&tant& (etermining the &hape of the hy&tere&i& loop&.
B
C
3
<
+
Strength (egra(ation factor. 2fter the -ltimate &hear &tre&& ha& 9een
achieve(, + m-ltiplie& the maxim-m &hear &tre&& from the c-rve for &-9&e#
:-ent reloa(ing. +T1.$ implie& no &trength (egra(ation B(efa-ltC. +T$." im#
plie& that the &trength i& halve( for &-9&e:-ent reloa(ing.
41,42...4"
Shear &train point& on &tre&&#&train c-rve. By (efa-lt the&e are calc-late(
from the val-e& on car( 1. See 9elow for more g-i(ance.
T1,T2...T"
Shear &tre&& point& on &tre&&#&train c-rve. By (efa-lt the&e are calc-late(
from the val-e& on car( 1. See 9elow for more g-i(ance.
2OPT
element normal 9y the angle B<T2. 5o(e& 1, 2, an( ! of an el#
<R.%.$) applica9le to &hell element& only. Thi& option (etermine& local#
ly orthotropic material axe& 9y off&etting the material axe& 9y
an angle to 9e &pecifie( from a line in the plane of the &hell (e#
termine( 9y ta7ing the cro&& pro(-ct of the vector v (efine( 9e#
low with the &hell normal vector.
MP,4P,QP
21,22,2%
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/21 B.2TC
P1,P2,P%
31,32,3%
B<T2
Re5arAs(
The element i& linear ela&tic except for in#plane &hear an( ten&ile crac7ing effect&. Cr-&hing (-e to
(irect compre&&ive &tre&&e& are mo(ele( only in&ofar a& there i& an in#plane &hear &tre&& compo#
nent. At i& not recommen(e( that thi& mo(el 9e -&e( where nonlinear re&pon&e to (irect compre&#
&ive or loa(& i& important.
5ote that the in#plane &hear &tre&& i& (efine( a& the &hear &tre&& in the element]& local x#y plane
BtxyC. Thi& i& not nece&&arily e:-al to the maxim-m &hear &tre&& in the plane) for example, if the
principal &tre&&e& are at !" (egree& to the local axe&, txy i& Hero. Therefore it i& important to en&-re
that the local axe& are appropriate # for a &hear wall the local axe& &ho-l( 9e vertical or horiHontal.
By (efa-lt, local M point& from no(e 1 to no(e 2 of the element. At i& po&&i9le to change the local
axe& 9y -&ing 2OPT?$.
Af T.2M i& &et to Hero, the -ltimate &hear &tre&& i& calc-late( -&ing a form-la in the 8niform
B-il(ing Co(e 17, &ection 121.0.")
/MAT
U<0
O U0ONV;AL31A;]&.0+ Q Ro;.Y
where,

-conv T -nit conver&ion factor, $.$/% for SA -nit& B.5C
2lpha T a&pect ratio, T 2.$ -nle&& ratio hEl > 2.$ in which ca&e alpha varie& linearly
from 2.$ at hElT2.$ to %.$ at hElT1.".
+C T -nconfine( compre&&ive &trength of concrete
'o T fraction of reinforcement T percent reinforcementE1$$
+4 T yiel( &tre&& of reinforcement
To thi& we a(( &hear &tre&& (-e to the over9-r(en to o9tain the -ltimate &hear &tre&&)
/MAT
U<0
O /MAT
U<0
Q SI2"
where
SA=$ T in#plane compre&&ive &tre&& -n(er &tatic e:-ili9ri-m con(ition&
The 8BC form-la for -ltimate &hear &tre&& i& generally con&ervative Bpre(ict& that the wall i& wea7er
than &hown in te&tC, &ometime& 9y "$c or more. 2 le&& con&ervative form-la i& that of +-7-Hawa)
/MAT O a%;$8-;&%8,MILV+;U0ONV;]&.0+ Q Ro;.Y;"8> Q SI2"
where
a1 T maxBB$.! ^ 2cE2wC,1.$C
2c T Cro&&#&ectional area of &tiffening feat-re& &-ch a& col-mn& or flange&
2w T Cro&&#&ectional area of wall
.ELP T 2&pect ratio of wall BheightElengthC
D
R
A
F
T
2#/22 B.2TC LSDYNA
Other term& are a& a9ove. Thi& form-la i& not incl-(e( in the material mo(el) T.2M &ho-l( 9e cal#
c-late( 9y han( an( entere( on Car( 1 if the +-7-Hawa form-la i& re:-ire(.
At &ho-l( 9e note( that none of the availa9le form-lae, incl-(ing +-7-Hawa, pre(ict the -ltimate
&hear &tre&& acc-rately for all &it-ation&. Pariance from the experimental re&-lt& can 9e a& great a&
"$c.
The &hear &tre&& v& &hear &train c-rve i& then con&tr-cte( a-tomatically a& follow&, -&ing the algo#
rithm of +-7-Hawa exten(e( 9y 2r-p)
2&&-me -ltimate &hear &train,
-
T $.$$!/
+ir&t point on c-rve Bconcrete crac7ingC at B$.%T.2ME=, $.%T.2MC where = i& the ela&tic
&hear mo(-l-& given 9y <E2B1^vC
Secon( point Breinforcement yiel(C at B$."
-
, $./T.2MC
Thir( point B-ltimate &trengthC at B
-
, T.2MC
+o-rth point Bon&et of &trength re(-ctionC at B2
-
, T.2MC
+ifth point Bfail-reC at B%
-
, $.0T.2MC.
2fter fail-re, the &hear &tre&& (rop& to Hero. The c-rve point& can 9e entere( 9y the -&er if (e&ire(, in
which ca&e they over#ri(e the a-tomatically calc-late( c-rve. Lowever, it i& anticipate( that in mo&t
ca&e& the (efa-lt c-rve will 9e preferre( (-e to ea&e of inp-t.
Ly&tere&i& follow& the algorithm of Shiga a& for the &:-at &hear wall &pring B&ee I.2TJSP'A5=
JSR82TJSL<2',2LLC. The hy&tere&i& con&tant& 2,B,C,3,< can 9e entere( 9y the -&er if (e&ire(
9-t it i& generally recommen(e( that the (efa-lt val-e& 9e -&e(.
Crac7ing in ten&ion i& chec7e( for the local x an( y (irection& only g thi& i& calc-late( &eparately
from the in#plane &hear. 2 trilinear re&pon&e i& a&&-me(, with t-rning point& at concrete crac7ing an(
reinforcement yiel(ing. The three regime& are)
1. Pre#crac7ing, linear ela&tic re&pon&e i& a&&-me( -&ing the overall 4o-ng]& .o(-l-& on Car(
1.
$8 0ra7AinE o77urs in tHe lo7al J or dire7tions :Hen tHe tensile stress in tHat dire7tion
eJ7eeds tHe 7on7rete tensile strenEtH ./ Bif not inp-t on Car( 2, thi& (efa-lt& to /c of the
compre&&ive &trength +CC. Po&t#crac7ing, a linear &tre&&#&train re&pon&e i& a&&-me( -p to re#
inforcement yiel( at a &train (efine( 9y reinforcement yiel( &tre&& (ivi(e( 9y reinforcement
4o-ng]& .o(-l-&.
%. Po&t#yiel(, a con&tant &tre&& i& a&&-me( Bno wor7 har(eningC.
8nloa(ing ret-rn& to the origin of the &tre&&#&train c-rve.
+or compre&&ive &train& the re&pon&e i& alway& linear ela&tic -&ing the overall 4o-ng]& .o(#
-l-& on Car( 1.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/2% B.2TC
Af in&-fficient (ata i& entere(, no crac7ing occ-r& in the mo(el. 2& a minim-m, +C an( +4
are nee(e(.
<xtra varia9le& are availa9le for po&t#proce&&ing a& follow&)
<xtra varia9le 1) C-rrent &hear &train
<xtra varia9le 2) Shear &tat-&) $,1,2,%,! or "g &ee 9elow
<xtra varia9le %) .axim-m (irect &train &o far in local M (irection Bfor ten&ile crac7ingC
<xtra varia9le !) .axim-m (irect &train &o far in local 4 (irection Bfor ten&ile crac7ingC
<xtra varia9le ") Ten&ile &tat-&) $,1 or 2 T ela&tic, crac7e(, or yiel(e( re&pectively.

The &hear &tat-& &how& how far along the &hear &tre&&#&train c-rve each element ha& pro#
gre&&e(, e.g. &tat-& 2 mean& that the element ha& pa&&e( the &econ( point on the c-rve. The&e
&tat-& level& corre&pon( to performance criteria in 9-il(ing (e&ign co(e& &-ch a& +<.2.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%,> ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=<EAM
2#/2! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1" for 9eam element&. 2n ela&to#pla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver#
&-& &train c-rve an( ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. See al&o 'emar7 9elow. 2l&o,
fail-re 9a&e( on a pla&tic &train or a minim-m time &tep &iHe can 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ 1$.<^2$ 1$.<^2$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 5OT<5 T<5C8T S3'
Type A + +
3efa-lt $ <1".$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=%,>
LSDYNA 2#/2" B.2TC
SA=4
4iel( &tre&&.
<T25
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
LT.$.$) -&er (efine( fail-re &-9ro-tine i& calle( to (etermine fail-re
<R.$.$) fail-re i& not con&i(ere(. Thi& option i& recommen(e( if fail-re
i& not of intere&t &ince many calc-lation& will 9e &ave(.
=T.$.$) pla&tic &train to fail-re. ,hen the pla&tic &train reache& thi&
T3<L
C
P
LCSS
&tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that rate, See +ig-re 2#7 &tre&& ver#
&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the lowe&t val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if
the &train rate fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e. Li7ewi&e, the &tre&& ver&-&
effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the highe&t val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the
&train rate excee(& the maxim-m val-e. The &train rate parameter&) C an(
PD
LCS'
5OT<5
5o#ten&ion flag,
<R.$) 9eam ta7e& ten&ion,
<R.1) 9eam ta7e& no ten&ion,
<R.2) 9eam ta7e& ten&ion -p to val-e given 9y T<5C8T.
T<5C8T
Ten&ion c-toff val-e.
S3'
Stiffne&& (egra(ation factor.
Re5arAs(
mo(-l-&, <T25. 2n effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve BLCSSC may 9e inp-t in&tea(
of (efining <T25. The co&t i& ro-ghly the &ame for either approach. The mo&t general approach i&
to -&e the ta9le (efinition BLCSSC (i&c-&&e( 9elow.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%,> ;MA/=0ON0RE/E=<EAM
2#/20 B.2TC LSDYNA

1 + _
s
C
_
1

,


e
]
e
]
.
ing the reference to a ta9le BLCSSC can 9e -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=2ENERAL=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=%,)
LSDYNA 2#/27 B.2TC
;MA/=2ENERAL=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 10. Thi& mo(el permit& ela&tic an( ela&topla&tic &pring& with (amping to 9e
repre&ente( with a (i&crete 9eam element type0 9y -&ing &ix &pring& each acting a9o-t one of the &ix
local (egree&#of#free(om. +or ela&tic 9ehavior, a loa( c-rve (efine& force or moment ver&-& (i&#
placement or rotation. +or inela&tic 9ehavior, a loa( c-rve yiel( force or moment ver&-& pla&tic (e#
flection or rotation, which can vary in ten&ion an( compre&&ion. The two no(e& (efining a 9eam
may 9e coinci(ent to give a Hero length 9eam, or off&et to give a finite length 9eam. +or finite length
(i&crete 9eam& the a9&ol-te val-e of the varia9le SCOO' in the S<CTAO5JB<2. inp-t &ho-l( 9e
&et to a val-e of 2.$, which ca-&e& the local r#axi& to 9e aligne( along the two no(e& of the 9eam to
give phy&ically correct 9ehavior. The (i&tance 9etween the no(e& of a 9eam &ho-l( not affect the 9e#
havior of thi& material mo(el. 2 tria( i& -&e( to orient the 9eam for the (irectional &pring&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O
Type 2/ +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ards# $ and !# Bor ea7H a7ti'e deEree oB Breedo58 /His data is ter5inated
9 tHe neJt U;U 7ard or :Hen all siJ deEreesoBBreedo5 are deBined8
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3O+ T4P< @ 3 C3+ T3+
Type A A + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + A

.A3
'O
3O+
2ctive (egree#of#free(om, a n-m9er 9etween 1 an( 0 incl-&ive. <ach val#
-e of 3O+ can only 9e -&e( once. The active (egree#of#free(om i& mea&#
-re( in the local coor(inate &y&tem for the (i&crete 9eam element.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=%,) ;MA/=2ENERAL=S3RIN2=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
2#/2/ B.2TC LSDYNA
T4P<
The (efa-lt 9ehavior i& ela&tic. +or inela&tic 9ehavior inp-t 1.
@
<la&tic loa(ingE-nloa(ing &tiffne&&. Thi& i& re:-ire( inp-t for inela&tic 9e#
havior.
3
Optional vi&co-& (amping coefficient.
C3+
&pring&.
<R.$.$) inactive.
T3+
<R.$.$) inactive.
+LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<. +or option T4P<T$, thi& c-rve
(efine& force or moment ver&-& (eflection for nonlinear ela&tic 9ehavior.
+or option T4P<T1, thi& c-rve (efine& the yiel( force ver&-& pla&tic (eflec#
tion. Af the origin of the c-rve i& at B$,$C the force magnit-(e i& i(entical in
ten&ion an( compre&&ion, i.e., only the &ign change&. Af not, the yiel( &tre&&
in the compre&&ion i& -&e( when the &pring force i& negative. The pla&tic
(i&placement increa&e& monotonically in thi& implementation. The loa(
c-rve i& re:-ire( inp-t.
LLCA3
locity BOptionalC. Af the origin of the c-rve i& at B$,$C the force magnit-(e
i& i(entical for a given magnit-(e of the relative velocity, i.e., only the &ign
change&.
C1
C2
3amping coefficient
3L<
+actor to &cale time -nit&.
=LCA3
i& a&&-me(.
Re5arAs(
Af T4P<T$, ela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine(. An thi& ca&e, if the linear &pring &tiffne&& i& -&e(, the force,
F, i& given 9y)
=
0
+KAI +AI

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LSDYNA 2#/2 B.2TC
9-t if the loa( c-rve A3 i& &pecifie(, the force i& then given 9y)
=
0
+K (AI) _1 +C1 AI
+C2 snAI
ln_max _1. ,
|AI
|
IE
___ +AI
+g(AI)bAI

An the&e e:-ation&, AI i& the change in length
AI = entlenth ntallenth
Af T4P<T1, inela&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine(. An thi& ca&e, the yiel( force i& ta7en from the loa( c-rve)
AI
last

where I
last
i& the pla&tic (eflection. 2 trial force i& comp-te( a&)
1
=
+KAI
(At)
an( i& chec7e( again&t the yiel( force to (etermine )
= _

1
>
1

1

The final force, which incl-(e& rate effect& an( (amping, i& given 9y)
+1
= _1 +C1 AI
+C2 snAI
ln_max _1. ,
|AI
|
IE
___ +AI
+g(AI)bAI

8nle&& the origin of the c-rve &tart& at B$,$C, the negative part of the c-rve i& -&e( when the &pring
force i& negative where the negative of the pla&tic (i&placement i& -&e( to interpolate,
. The po&i#
tive part of the c-rve i& -&e( whenever the force i& po&itive.
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2#/%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=SEISMI0=ISOLA/OR
Thi& i& .aterial Type 17 for (i&crete 9eam element&. Sli(ing Bpen(-l-mC an( ela&tomeric &ei&mic
i&olation 9earing& can 9e mo(ele(, applying 9i#(irectional co-ple( pla&ticity theory. The hy&teretic
9ehavior wa& propo&e( 9y ,en W170X an( Par7, ,en, an( 2ng W1/0X. The &li(ing 9earing 9ehav#
ior i& recommen(e( 9y Qaya&, Low an( .ahin W1$X. The algorithm -&e( for implementation wa&
pre&ente( 9y 5agaraGaiah, 'einhorn, an( Con&tantino- W11X. +-rther option& for ten&ion#carrying
friction 9earing& are a& recommen(e( 9y 'o-&&i& an( Con&tantino- W2$$0X. <lement form-lation
type 0 m-&t 9e -&e(. Local axe& are (efine( on IS<CTAO5JB<2.D the (efa-lt i& the glo9al axi&
&y&tem. At i& expecte( that the local H#axi& will 9e vertical.
B5ote) Option I/Y3EO$ i& availa9le &tarting with the '% relea&e of Per&ion 71.C

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 2 =2..2 B<T2 3ASP4 STA++P AT4P<
Type 2/ + + + + + + A
3efa-lt none none 1.$ $." $." $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P'<LO23 32.P .M1 .M2 .41 .42
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ $ $ $ $

0ard ! Bor slidinE isolator# I/Y3E O " or $ lea'e 9lanA Bor elasto5eri7 isolator(
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +.2M 3<L+ 2+'AC '23M '234 '23B STA++L STA++TS
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ 1.$e2$ 1.$e2$ 1.$e2$ STA++P $

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LSDYNA 2#/%1 B.2TC
0ard * Bor I/Y3E O % or $ lea'e 9lanA Bor slidinE isolator I/Y3E O "(
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +O'C<4 2LPL2 STA++T 3+2AL +.2M4C +.2MMT +.2M4T 4LOC@
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $."STA++P 1.$e2$ +.2M +.2M +.2M $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
2
5on(imen&ional varia9le # &ee 9elow
=2..2
B<T2
3ASP4
4iel( (i&placement Blength -nit& # m-&t 9e ? $.$C
STA++P
Pertical &tiffne&& BforceElength -nit&C
AT4P<
Type)
$T&li(ing B&pherical or cylin(ricalC
1Tela&tomeric
2T&li(ing Btwo perpen(ic-lar c-rve( 9eam&C
P'<LO23
Pertical preloa( not explicitly mo(ele( Bforce -nit&C
32.P
3amping ratio Bnon(imen&ionalC
.M1, .M2
.oment factor at en(& 1 an( 2 in local M#(irection
.41, .42
.oment factor at en(& 1 an( 2 in local 4#(irection
+.2M BIC
.axim-m friction coefficient B(ynamicC
3<L+ BIC
3ifference 9etween maxim-m friction an( &tatic friction coefficient
2+'AC BIC
Pelocity m-ltiplier in &li(ing friction e:-ation BtimeElength -nit&C
'23M BIC
'a(i-& for &li(ing in local M (irection
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'234 BIC
'a(i-& for &li(ing in local 4 (irection
'23B BIC
'a(i-& of retaining ring
STA++L BIC
Stiffne&& for lateral contact again&t the retaining ring
STA++TS BIC
Stiffne&& for ten&ile vertical re&pon&e B&li(ing i&olator # (efa-lt T $C
+O'C<4 B^C
4iel( force
2LPL2 B^C
'atio of po&tyiel(ing &tiffne&& to preyiel(ing &tiffne&&
STA++T B^C
Stiffne&& for ten&ile vertical re&pon&e Bela&tomeric i&olatorC
3+2AL B^C
Lateral (i&placement at which the i&olator fail&
+.2M4C BIIC
.ax friction coefficient B(ynamicC for local 4#axi& Bcompre&&ionC
+.2MMT BIIC
.ax friction coefficient B(ynamicC for local M#axi& Bten&ionC
+.2M4T BIIC
.ax friction coefficient B(ynamicC for local 4#axi& Bten&ionC
4LOC@ BIIC
Stiffne&& loc7ing the local 4#(i&placement Boptional #&ingle#axi& &li(ingC
BIC # 8&e( for &li(ing type. Leave 9lan7 for ela&tomeric type
B^C # 8&e( for ela&tomeric type. Leave 9lan7 for &li(ing type
BIIC # 8&e( for AT4P<T2. Leave 9lan7 for AT4P<T$ or 1
Re5arAs(
The horiHontal 9ehavior of 9oth type& i& governe( 9y pla&tic hi&tory varia9le& Qx, Qy that evolve ac#
cor(ing to e:-ation& given in the referenceD 2, gamma an( 9eta an( the yiel( (i&placement are the
inp-t parameter& for thi&. The intention i& to provi(e &mooth 9-il(#-p, rotation an( rever&al of force&
in re&pon&e to 9i(irectional (i&placement hi&torie& in the horiHontal plane. The theoretical mo(el ha&
9een correlate( to experiment& on &ei&mic i&olator&.
The '23M, '234 inp-t& for the &li(ing i&olator are optional. Af left 9lan7, the &li(ing &-rface i& a&#
&-me( to 9e flat. 2 cylin(rical &-rface i& o9taine( 9y (efining either '23M or '234D a &pherical
&-rface can 9e (efine( 9y &etting '23MT'234. The effect of the c-rve( &-rface i& to a(( a re&tor#
ing force proportional to the horiHontal (i&placement from the center. 2& &een in elevation, the top of
the i&olator will follow a c-rve( traGectory, lifting a& it (i&place& away from the center.
The vertical 9ehavior for all type& i& linear ela&tic, 9-t with (ifferent &tiffne&&e& for ten&ion an( com#
pre&&ion. By (efa-lt, the ten&ile &tiffne&& i& Hero for the &li(ing type&.
The vertical 9ehavior for the ela&tomeric type i& linear ela&ticD in the ca&e of -plift, the ten&ile &tiff#
ne&& will 9e (ifferent to the compre&&ive &tiffne&&. +or the &li(ing type, compre&&ion i& treate( a& lin#
ear ela&tic 9-t no ten&ion can 9e carrie(.
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LSDYNA 2#/%% B.2TC
Pertical preloa( can 9e mo(ele( either explicitly Bfor example, 9y (efining gravityC, or 9y -&ing the
P'<LO23 inp-t. P'<LO23 (oe& not lea( to any application of vertical force to the mo(el. At i&
a((e( to the compre&&ion in the element 9efore calc-lating the friction force an( ten&ileEcompre&&ive
vertical 9ehavior.
AT4P<T$ i& -&e( to mo(el a &ingle B&phericalC pen(-l-m 9earing. Triple pen(-l-m 9earing& can 9e
mo(elle( -&ing three of the&e element& in &erie&, following the metho( (e&cri9e( 9y +enH an( Con#
&tantino- 2$$/. The inp-t propertie& for the three element& Bgiven 9yK'
eff1
,K
1
,K(
1
, Ka
1
, etcC are cal#
c-late( from the propertie& of the act-al triple 9earing Bgiven 9y '
eff1
,
1
, (
1
, a
1
, etcC a& follow&)
AT4P<T2 i& inten(e( to mo(el -plift#prevention &li(ing i&olator& that con&i&t of two perpen(ic-lar
c-rve( 9eam& Goine( 9y a connector that can &li(e in &lot& on 9oth 9eam&. The 9eam& are aligne( in
the local M an( 4 axe& re&pectively. The vertical (i&placement i& the &-m of the (i&placement& in#
(-ce( 9y the re&pective c-rvat-re& an( &li(er (i&placement& along the two 9eam&. Single#axi& &li(ing
i& o9taine( 9y -&ing 4LOC@ to loc7 the local#4 (i&placement. To re&i&t -plift, STA++TS m-&t 9e
(efine( Brecommen(e( val-e) &ame a& STA++PC. Thi& i&olator type allow& (ifferent friction coeffi#
cient& on each 9eam, an( (ifferent val-e& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion. The total friction, ta7ing into
acco-nt &li(ing velocity an( the friction hi&tory f-nction&, i& fir&t calc-late( -&ing +.2M an( then
&cale( 9y +.2MMTE+.2M etc a& appropriate. +or thi& rea&on, +.2M &ho-l( not 9e Hero.
32.P i& the fraction of critical (amping for free vertical vi9ration of the i&olator, 9a&e( on the ma&&
of the i&olator Bincl-(ing any attache( l-mpe( ma&&e&C an( it& vertical &tiffne&&. The vi&co&ity i& re#
(-ce( a-tomatically if it wo-l( otherwi&e infringe n-merical &ta9ility. 3amping i& generally recom#
men(e() o&cillation& in the vertical force wo-l( have a (irect effect on friction force& in &li(ing i&o#
lator&D for i&olator& with c-rve( &-rface&, vertical o&cillation& can 9e excite( a& the i&olator &li(e& -p
an( (own the c-rve( &-rface. At may occa&ionally 9e nece&&ary to increa&e 32.P if the&e o&cilla#
tion& 9ecome &ignificant.
Thi& element ha& no rotational &tiffne&& # a pin Goint i& a&&-me(. Lowever, if re:-ire(, moment& can
9e generate( accor(ing to the vertical loa( time& the lateral (i&placement of the i&olator. The mo#
ment a9o-t the local M#axi& Bi.e. the moment that i& (epen(ent on lateral (i&placement in the local 4#
(irectionC i& reacte( on no(e& 1 an( 2 of the element in the proportion& .M1 an( .M2 re&pectively.
Similarly, moment& a9o-t the local 4#axi& are reacte( in the proportion& .41, .42. The&e inp-t&
effectively (etermine the location of the pin Goint) for example, a pin at the 9a&e of the col-mn co-l(
9e mo(ele( 9y &etting .M1T.41T1.$, .M2T.42T$.$ an( en&-ring that no(e 1 i& on the fo-n(a#
tion, no(e 2 at the 9a&e of the col-mn # then all the moment i& tran&ferre( to the fo-n(ation. +or the
&ame mo(el, .M1T.41T$.$, .M2T.42T1.$ wo-l( imply a pin at the top of the fo-n(ation # all
the moment i& tran&ferre( to the col-mn. Some i&olator (e&ign& have the pin at the 9ottom for mo#
ment& a9o-t one horiHontal axi&, an( at the top for the other axi& # the&e can 9e mo(ele( 9y &etting
.M1T.42T1.$, .M2T.41T$.$. At i& expecte( that all .M1,2, etc lie 9etween $ an( 1, an( that
.M1^.M2T1.$ Bor 9oth can 9e HeroC # e.g. .M1T.M2T$." i& permitte( # 9-t no error chec7& are
performe( to en&-re thi&D &imilarly for .41^.42.
3en&ity &ho-l( 9e &et to a rea&ona9le val-e, &ay 2$$$ to /$$$ 7gEEm
%
. The element ma&& will 9e cal#
c-late( a& (en&ity x vol-me Bvol-me i& entere( on IS<CTAO5JB<2.C.
5ote on val-e& for IS<CTAO5JB<2.)
Set <L+O'. to 0 B(i&crete 9eamC
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2#/%! B.2TC LSDYNA
POL Bthe element vol-meC might typically 9e &et to $.1m
%

A5<' nee(& to 9e non#Hero B&ay 1.$C 9-t the val-e ha& no effect on the &ol-tion &ince the element
ha& no rotational &tiffne&&.
CA3 can 9e left 9lan7 if the i&olator i& aligne( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem, otherwi&e a coor#
(inate &y&tem &ho-l( 9e reference(.
By (efa-lt, the i&olator will 9e a&&-me( to rotate with the average rotation of it& two no(e&. Af the
9a&e of the col-mn rotate& &lightly the i&olator will no longer 9e perfectly horiHontal) thi& can
ca-&e -nexpecte( vertical (i&placement& co-ple( with the horiHontal motion. To avoi( thi&, rota#
tion of the local axe& of the i&olator can 9e eliminate( 9y &etting ''CO5, S'CO5 an( T'CO5
to 1.$. Thi& (oe& not intro(-ce any rotational re&traint to the mo(el, it only prevent& the orienta#
tion of the i&olator from changing a& the mo(el (eform&.
2ll other parameter& on IS<CTAO5JB<2. can 9e left 9lan7.
Po&t#proce&&ing note) a& with other (i&crete 9eam material mo(el&, the force (e&cri9e( in po&t#
proce&&or& a& U2xialV i& really the force in the local M#(irectionD U4#ShearV i& really the force in the
local 4#(irectionD an( UQ#ShearV i& really the force in the local Q#(irection.
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LSDYNA 2#/%" B.2TC
;MA/=JOIN/ED=RO0K
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1/. Koint& Bplane& of wea7ne&&C are a&&-me( to exi&t thro-gho-t the material
at a &pacing &mall eno-gh to 9e con&i(ere( -9i:-ito-&. The plane& are a&&-me( to lie at con&tant ori#
entation& (efine( on thi& material car(. 8p to three plane& can 9e (efine( for each material. See
I.2TJ.OL'JCO8LO.B BI.2TJ17%C for a preferre( alternative to thi& material mo(el.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O =.O3 '58 '@+ PLA CP2L PSA
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ST'JLA. 5PL25<S <L2STAC LCCP3' LCCPT LCCK3' LCCKT LCS+2C
Type + A A A A A A A
3efa-lt $.$$" $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =.O33P PLA3P CP2L3P PSA3P =.O3=' PLA=' CP2L=' PSA='
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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2#/%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Re4eat 0ard * Bor ea7H 4lane &5aJi5u5 ! 4lanes+(
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 3AP ST'A@< CPL25< +'PL25< TPL25< SL'.2M LOC2L
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.e2$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
=.O3
'58
Poi&&on]& ratio
'@+
+ail-re &-rface &hape parameter
PLA
CP2L
Cohe&ion val-e
PSA
ST'JLA.
.inim-m &hear &trength of material i& given 9y ST'JLA.ICP2L
5PL25<S
5-m9er of Goint plane& Bmaxim-m %C
<L2STAC
+lag T 1 for ela&tic 9ehavior only
LCCP3'
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for parent material B(ynamic relaxationC
LCCPT
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for parent material Btran&ientC
LCCK3'
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for Goint& B(ynamic relaxationC
LCCKT
Loa( c-rve for extra cohe&ion for Goint& Btran&ientC
LCS+2C
Loa( c-rve giving factor on &trength v& time
=.O33P
3epth at which &hear mo(-l-& B=.O3C i& correct
PLA3P
3epth at which angle of friction BPLAC i& correct
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LSDYNA 2#/%7 B.2TC
CP2L3P
3epth at which cohe&ion val-e BCP2LC i& correct
PSA3P
3epth at which (ilation angle BPSAC i& correct
=.O3='
=ra(ient at which &hear mo(-l-& B=.O3C increa&e& with (epth
PLA='
=ra(ient at which friction angle BPLAC increa&e& with (epth
CP2L='
=ra(ient at which cohe&ion val-e BCP2LC increa&e& with (epth
PSA='
=ra(ient at which (ilation angle BPSAC increa&e& with (epth
3AP
2ngle of the plane in (egree& 9elow the horiHontal
3AP25=
Plan view angle B(egree&C of (ownhill vector (rawn on the plane
CPL25<
Cohe&ion for &hear 9ehavior on plane
PLPL25<
+riction angle for &hear 9ehavior on plane B(egree&C
TPL25<
Ten&ile &trength acro&& plane Bgenerally Hero or very &mallC
SL'.2M
.ax &hear &tre&& on plane B-pper limit, in(epen(ent of compre&&ionC
LOC2L
<R.$) 3AP an( 3AP25= are with re&pect to the glo9al axe&
Re5arAs(
1. The Goint plane orientation& are (efine( 9y the angle of a U(ownhill vectorV (rawn on the
plane, i.e. the vector i& oriente( within the plane to o9tain the maxim-m po&&i9le (ownhill an#
gle. 3AP i& the angle of thi& line 9elow the horiHontal. 3AP25= i& the plan#view angle of the
line Bpointing (own hillC mea&-re( cloc7wi&e from the glo9al 4#axi& a9o-t the glo9al Q#axi&.
2. The Goint plane& rotate with the rigi( 9o(y motion of the element&, irre&pective of whether their
initial (efinition& are in the glo9al or local axi& &y&tem.
%. The f-ll facilitie& of the mo(ifie( 3r-c7er Prager mo(el for the matrix material can 9e -&e( g
&ee (e&cription of .aterial type 1%. 2lternatively, to &pee( -p the calc-lation, the <L2STAC
flag can 9e &et to 1, in which ca&e the yiel( &-rface will not 9e con&i(ere( an( only 'O,
=.O3, '58, =.O33P, =.O3=' an( the Goint plane& will 9e -&e(.
!. Thi& material type re:-ire& that the mo(el i& oriente( &-ch that the H#axi& i& (efine( in the -p#
war( (irection. The 7ey parameter& are (efine( &-ch that may vary with (epth Bi.e. the H#axi&C
". The &hape factor for a typical &oil wo-l( 9e $./, 9-t &ho-l( not 9e p-&he( f-rther than $.7".
0. Af ST'JLA. i& &et to le&& than $.$$", the val-e i& re&et to $.$$".
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2#/%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
7. 2 correction ha& 9een intro(-ce( into the 3r-c7er Prager mo(el, &-ch that the yiel( &-rface
never infringe& the .ohr#Co-lom9 criterion. Thi& mean& that the mo(el (oe& not give the
&ame re&-lt& a& a Up-reV 3r-c7er Prager mo(el.
/. The loa( c-rve& LCCP3', LCCPT, LCCK3', LCCKT allow a((itional cohe&ion to 9e &peci#
fie( a& a f-nction of time. The cohe&ion i& a((itional to that &pecifie( in the material parame#
ter&. Thi& i& inten(e( for -&e (-ring the initial &tage& of an analy&i& to allow application of
gravity or other loa(& witho-t crac7ing or yiel(ing, an( for the crac7ing or yiel(ing then to
9e intro(-ce( in a controlle( manner. Thi& i& (one 9y &pecifying extra cohe&ion that excee(&
the expecte( &tre&&e& initially, then (eclining to Hero. Af no c-rve& are &pecifie(, no extra co#
he&ion i& applie(.
. The loa( c-rve for factor on &trength applie& &im-ltaneo-&ly to the cohe&ion an( tan Bfriction
angleC of parent material an( all Goint&. Thi& feat-re i& inten(e( for re(-cing the &trength of
the material gra(-ally, to explore factor& of &afety. Af no c-rve i& pre&ent, a con&tant factor of
1 i& a&&-me(. Pal-e& m-ch greater than 1.$ may ca-&e pro9lem& with &ta9ility.
1$. <xtra varia9le& for plotting. By &etting 5<APL on I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 to 1",
the following varia9le& can 9e plotte( in 3%PLOT an( TELAS)
<xtra Paria9le 1) .o9iliHe( &trength fraction for 9a&e material
<xtra Paria9le 2) r7$ for 9a&e material
<xtra Paria9le %) rlam(a for 9a&e material
<xtra Paria9le !) crac7 opening &train for plane 1
<xtra Paria9le ") crac7 opening &train for plane 2
<xtra Paria9le 0) crac7 opening &train for plane %
<xtra Paria9le 7) crac7 acc-m-late( &hear &train for plane 1
<xtra Paria9le /) crac7 acc-m-late( &hear &train for plane 2
<xtra Paria9le ) crac7 acc-m-late( &hear &train for plane %
<xtra Paria9le 1$) c-rrent &hear -tiliHation for plane 1
<xtra Paria9le 11) c-rrent &hear -tiliHation for plane 2
<xtra Paria9le 12) c-rrent &hear -tiliHation for plane %
<xtra Paria9le 1%) maxim-m &hear -tiliHation to (ate for plane 1
<xtra Paria9le 1!) maxim-m &hear -tiliHation to (ate for plane 2
<xtra Paria9le 1") maxim-m &hear -tiliHation to (ate for plane %
1!. Koint plane& wo-l( generally 9e (efine( in the glo9al axi& &y&tem if they are ta7en from &-r#
vey (ata. Lowever, the material mo(el can al&o 9e -&e( to repre&ent ma&onry, in which ca&e
the wea7 plane& repre&ent the cement an( lie parallel to the local element axe&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EEL=E0! ;MA/=$"$
LSDYNA 2#/% B.2TC
;MA/=S/EEL=E0!
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2$2. Ta9le& an( form-lae from <-roco(e % are -&e( to (erive the mechanical
propertie& an( their variation with temperat-re, altho-gh the&e can 9e overri((en 9y -&er#(efine(
c-rve&. At i& c-rrently availa9le only for L-ghe&#Li- 9eam element&. ,arning, thi& material i& &till
-n(er (evelopment an( &ho-l( 9e -&e( with ca-tion.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' SA=4
Type 2/ + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCJ< LCJP' LCJ2L TBLJSS LCJ+S
Type + + + + +

0ard ! 5ust 9e deBine 9ut is leBt 9lanA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B9lan7C
Type
3efa-lt

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$"$ ;MA/=S/EEL=E0!
2#/!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& g a rea&ona9le val-e m-&t 9e provi(e( even if LCJ< i&
al&o inp-t. See note&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
SA=4
0
.
LCJ<
Optional Loa(c-rve A3) 4o-ng]& .o(-l-& v& Temperat-re Boverri(e& <
an( factor& from <C%C.
LCJP'
Optional Loa(c-rve A3) Poi&&on]& 'atio v& Temperat-re Boverri(e& P'C.
LCJ2L
Optional Loa(c-rve A3) alpha v& temperat-re Bover#ri(e& thermal expan#
&ion (ata from <C%C.
TBLJSS
Optional Ta9le A3 containing &tre&&#&train c-rve& at (ifferent temperat-re&
Boverri(e& c-rve& from <C%C.
LCJ+S
Optional Loa(c-rve A3) fail-re &train v& temperat-re.
Re5arAs(

1. Thi& material mo(el i& inten(e( for mo(elling &tr-ct-ral &teel in fire&.
2. By (efa-lt, only <, P' an( SA=4 have to 9e (efine(. <-roco(e % B<C%C Section %.2 &pecifie& the
&tre&&#&train 9ehavio-r of car9on &teel& at temperat-re& 9etween 2$C an( 12$$C. The &tre&&#
&train c-rve& given in <C% are &cale( within the material mo(el &-ch that the maxim-m &tre&& at
low temperat-re& i& SA=4, &ee graph 9elow.
%. By (efa-lt, the 4o-ng]& .o(-l-& < will 9e &cale( 9y a factor which i& a f-nction of temperat-re
a& &pecifie( in <C%. The factor i& 1.$ at low temperat-re.
!. By (efa-lt, the thermal expan&ion coefficient a& a f-nction of temperat-re will 9e a& &pecifie( in
<C% Section %.!.1.1.
". LCJ<, LCJP' an( LCJ2L are optionalD they &ho-l( have temperat-re on the x#axi& an( the ma#
terial property on the y#axi&, with the point& in or(er of increa&ing temperat-re. Af pre&ent Bi.e.
non#HeroC they over#ri(e <, P', an( the relation&hip& from <C%. Lowever, a rea&ona9le val-e for
< &ho-l( alway& 9e incl-(e(, &ince the&e val-e& will 9e -&e( for p-rpo&e& &-ch a& contact &tiff#
ne&& calc-lation.
0. TBLJSS i& optional. Af pre&ent, TBLJSS m-&t 9e the A3 of a I3<+A5<JT2BL<. TBLJSS over#
ri(e& SA=4 an( the &tre&&#&train relation&hip& from <C%. The fiel( P2L8< on the I3<+A5<
JT2BL< &ho-l( contain the temperat-re at which each &tre&&#&train c-rve i& applica9leD the tem#
perat-re& &ho-l( 9e in a&cen(ing or(er. The c-rve& that follow the temperat-re val-e& have Btr-eC
pla&tic &train on the x#axi&, Btr-eC yiel( &tre&& on the y#axi& a& per other LS#3452 ela&to#pla&tic
material mo(el&. 2& with all in&tance& of I3<+A5< T2BL<, the c-rve& containing the &tre&&#
&train (ata m-&t imme(iately follow the I3<+A5<JT2BL< inp-t (ata an( m-&t 9e in the correct
or(er Bi.e. the &ame or(er a& the temperat-re&C.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S/EEL=E0! ;MA/=$"$
LSDYNA 2#/!1 B.2TC
7. Temperat-re can 9e (efine( 9y any of the ILO23JTL<'.2L metho(&. The temperat-re (oe&
not have to &tart at Hero) the initial temperat-re will 9e ta7en a& a reference temperat-re for each
element, &o non#Hero initial temperat-re& will not ca-&e thermal &hoc7 effect&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$"? ;MA/=<OL/=<EAM
2#/!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<OL/=<EAM
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2$/ for -&e with 9eam element& -&ing <L+O'.T0 B3i&crete BeamC. The
9eam element& m-&t have nonHero initial length &o that the (irection& in which ten&ion an( compre&#
&ion act can 9e (i&ting-i&he(. See note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @2M @SL' 9lan7 9lan7 +P'< T'2.P
Type 2/ + + + + +
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC2M LCSL' +'AC CL<2' 32+2AL 3'+2AL 32.2= T$P'<
Type A A + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.$ $.$ 1.<2$ 1.<2$ $.1 $.$

0ard ! is 9lanA 9ut 5ust 9e 4resent
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 9lan7
Type
3efa-lt

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
@2M
2xial ela&tic &tiffne&& B+orceELength -nit&C.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<OL/=<EAM ;MA/=$"?
LSDYNA 2#/!% B.2TC
@SL'
Shear ela&tic &tiffne&& B+orceELength -nit&C.
+P'<
Preloa( force.
T'2.P
Time (-ration (-ring which preloa( i& rampe( -p.
LC2M
Loa( c-rve giving axial loa( ver&-& (i&placement Bx#axi& T (i&placement
Blength -nit&C, y#axi& T forceC.
LCSL'
Loa( c-rve A3 or ta9le A3 giving lateral loa( ver&-& (i&placement Bx#axi& #
(i&placement Blength -nit&C, y#axi& # forceC. An the ta9le ca&e, each c-rve in
the ta9le repre&ent& lateral loa( ver&-& (i&placement at a given Bc-rrentC
axial loa(, i.e. the val-e& in the ta9le are axial force&.
+'AC
+riction coefficient re&i&ting &li(ing of 9olt hea(En-t Bnon#(imen&ionalC.
CL<2'
'a(ial clearance Bgap 9etween 9olt &han7 an( the inner (iameter of the
holeC Blength -nit&C.
32+2AL
2xial ten&ile (i&placement to fail-re Blength -nit&C.
3'+2AL
'a(ial (i&placement to fail-re Bexcl-(e& clearanceC.
32.2=
+raction of a9ove (i&placement& 9etween initiation m completion of fail-re.
T$P'<
Time at which preloa( application 9egin&.
Re5arAs(
The element repre&ent& a 9olte( Goint. The axial re&pon&e i& ten&ile#only. An&tea( of generating a
compre&&ive axial loa(, it i& a&&-me( that a gap wo-l( (evelop 9etween the 9olt hea( Bor n-tC an(
the &-rface of the plate. Contact 9etween the 9olte( &-rface& m-&t 9e mo(elle( &eparately, e.g. -&ing
ICO5T2CT or I.2TJ3ASC'<T<JB<2.JS8'+2C<JCO5T2CT.
C-rve& LC2M, LCSL' give yiel( force ver&-& pla&tic (i&placement for the axial an( &hear (irec#
tion&. The force increment& are calc-late( from the ela&tic &tiffne&&e&, &-9Gect to the yiel( force limit&
given 9y the c-rve&.
CL<2' allow& the 9olt to &li(e in &hear, re&i&te( 9y friction 9etween 9olt hea(En-t an( the &-rface&
of the plate&, from the initial po&ition at the centre of the hole. CL<2' i& the total &li(ing &hear (i&#
placement 9efore contact occ-r& 9etween the 9olt &han7 an( the in&i(e &-rface of the hole. Sli(ing
&hear (i&placement i& not incl-(e( in the (i&placement -&e( for LCSL'D LCSL' i& inten(e( to rep#
re&ent the 9ehavio-r after the 9olt &han7 contact& the e(ge of the hole.
O-tp-t) 9eam UaxialV or UMV force i& the axial force in the 9eam. U&hear#4V an( U&hear#QV are the
&hear force&.
Other o-tp-t i& written to the (%plot an( (%th(t file& in the place& where po&t#proce&&or& expect to
fin( the &tre&& an( &train at the fir&t two integration point& for integrate( 9eam&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$"? ;MA/=<OL/=<EAM
2#/!! B.2TC LSDYNA
Po&t#Proce&&ing (ata component 2ct-al meaning
Ant. Pt 1, 2xial Stre&& Change of length
Ant Pt 1, M4 Shear &tre&& Sli(ing &hear (i&placement in local 4
Ant Pt 1, QM Shear &tre&& Sli(ing &hear (i&placement in local Q
Ant Pt 1, Pla&tic &train 'e&-ltant &hear &li(ing (i&placement
Ant Pt 1, 2xial &train 2xial pla&tic (i&placement
Ant. Pt 2, 2xial Stre&& Shear pla&tic (i&placement excl-(ing &li(ing
Ant Pt 2, M4 Shear &tre&& #
Ant Pt 2, QM Shear &tre&& #
Ant Pt 2, Pla&tic &train #
Ant Pt 2, 2xial &train #
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0ODAM$ ;MA/=$%,
LSDYNA 2#/!" B.2TC
;MA/=0ODAM$
Thi& i& material type 21. Thi& material mo(el i& the &econ( generation of the 8BC Compo&ite
3amage .o(el BCO32.2C for 9ric7, &hell, an( thic7 &hell element& (evelope( at The 8niver&ity of
Briti&h Col-m9ia. The mo(el i& a &-9#laminate#9a&e( contin--m (amage mechanic& mo(el for fi9er
reinforce( compo&ite laminate& ma(e -p of tran&ver&ely i&otropic layer&. The material mo(el in#
cl-(e& an optional non#local averaging an( element ero&ion.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <2 <B P'B2 P'CB
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B 5L24<' '1 '2 5+'<R
Type + A + + A
3efa-lt none $ $.$ $.$ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MP 4P QP 21 22 2% 2OPT
Type + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$%, ;MA/=0ODAM$
2#/!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 .2C+
Type + + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $
In4ut NLAYER anEles8
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 25=L<1 25=L<2 25=L<% 25=L<! 25=L<" 25=L<0 25=L<7 25=L</
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A.2TT A+ABT ALOCT A3<LT S.2TT S+ABT SLOCT S3<LT
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le A.2TC A+ABC ALOCC A3<LC S.2TC S+ABC SLOCC S3<LC
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/!7 B.2TC
Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <'O3< <'P2'1 <'P2'2 '<SA3S
Type A + + +
3efa-lt $ none none $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<2
<
a
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in a#(irection T .o(-l-& along the (irection of fi#
9er&.
<B
<
9
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in 9#(irection T .o(-l-& tran&ver&e to fi9er&.
P'B2
9a
, Poi&&on]& ratio, 9a Bminor in#plane Poi&&on]& ratioC.
P'CB
c9
, Poi&&on]& ratio, c9 BPoi&&on]& ratio in the plane of i&otropyC.
=2B
=
a9
, Shear mo(-l-&, a9 Bin#plane &hear mo(-l-&C.
5L24<' 5-m9er of layer& in the &-9#laminate excl-(ing &ymmetry. 2& an example,
in a W$E!"E#!"E$X
%&
, 5L24<'T!.
'1
5on#local averaging ra(i-&.
'2
C-rrently not -&e(.
5+'<R
5-m9er of time &tep& 9etween -p(ate of neigh9or li&t for nonlocal &mooth#
ing.
<R.$) 3o only one &earch at the &tart of the calc-lation
MP,4P,QP
21,22,2%
D
R
A
F
T
2#/!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
JP<CTO'C.
P1,P2,P%
31,32,3%
B<T2
.2C+
25=L<i
'otation angle in (egree& of layer& with re&pect to the material axe&. Anp-t
one for each layer.
A.2TT
Anitiation &train for (amage in matrix Btran&ver&eC -n(er ten&ile con(ition.
A+ABT
Anitiation &train for (amage in the fi9er Blongit-(inalC -n(er ten&ile con(i#
tion.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/! B.2TC
ALOCT
Anitiation &train for the anti#loc7ing mechani&m. Thi& parameter &ho-l( 9e
e:-al to the &at-ration &train for the fi9er (amage mechani&m -n(er ten&ile
con(ition.
A3<LT
5ot wor7ing in the c-rrent ver&ion. Can 9e -&e( for vi&-aliHation p-rpo&e
only.
S.2TT
Sat-ration &train for (amage in matrix Btran&ver&eC -n(er ten&ile con(ition.
S+ABT
Sat-ration &train for (amage in the fi9er Blongit-(inalC -n(er ten&ile con(i#
tion.
SLOCT
Sat-ration &train for the anti#loc7ing mechani&m -n(er ten&ile con(ition.
The recommen(e( val-e for thi& parameter i& BALOCT^$.$2C.
S3<LT
5ot wor7ing in the c-rrent ver&ion. Can 9e -&e( for vi&-aliHation p-rpo&e
only.
A.2TC
Anitiation &train for (amage in matrix Btran&ver&eC -n(er compre&&ive con(i#
tion.
A+ABC
Anitiation &train for (amage in the fi9er Blongit-(inalC -n(er compre&&ive
con(ition.
ALOCC
Anitiation &train for the anti#loc7ing mechani&m. Thi& parameter &ho-l( 9e
e:-al to the &at-ration &train for the fi9er (amage mechani&m -n(er com#
pre&&ive con(ition.
A3<LC
Anitiation &train for (elamination. 5ot wor7ing in the c-rrent ver&ion. Can
9e -&e( for vi&-aliHation p-rpo&e only.
S.2TC
Sat-ration &train for (amage in matrix Btran&ver&eC -n(er compre&&ive con#
(ition.
S+ABC
Sat-ration &train for (amage in the fi9er Blongit-(inalC -n(er compre&&ive
con(ition.
SLOCC
Sat-ration &train for the anti#loc7ing mechani&m -n(er compre&&ive con(i#
tion. The recommen(e( val-e for thi& parameter i& BALOCC^$.$2C.
S3<LC
3elamination &train. 5ot wor7ing in the c-rrent ver&ion. Can 9e -&e( for
vi&-aliHation p-rpo&e only.
D
R
A
F
T
2#/"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
<'O3<
<ro&ion +lag B&ee remar7&C
<R.$) <ro&ion i& t-rne( off.
<R.1) 5on#local &train 9a&e( ero&ion criterion.
<R.2) Local &train 9a&e( ero&ion criterion.
<R.%) 8&e 9oth <'O3<T1 an( <'O3<T2 criteria.
<'P2'1 The ero&ion parameter _1 -&e( in <'O3< type& 1 an( %. <'P2'1?T1.$
an( the recommen(e( val-e i& <'P2'1T1.2.
<'P2'2 The ero&ion parameter _2 -&e( in <'O3< type& 2 an( %. The recommen(#
e( val-e i& five time& SLO0 (efine( in car(& 7 an( /.
'<SA3S 'e&i(-al &trength for layer (amage
Re5arAs(
Model Des7ri4tion
CO32.2 i& (evelope( for mo(eling the nonlinear, progre&&ive (amage 9ehavior of laminate( fi9er#
reinforce( pla&tic material&. The mo(el i& 9a&e( on the wor7 9y B+orghani, 2$11D +orghani et al.
2$11aD +orghani et al. 2$119C an( i& an exten&ion of the original mo(el, CO32. B,illiam& et al.
2$$%C.
Briefly, the mo(el -&e& a contin--m (amage mechanic& approach an( the following a&&-mption&
have 9een ma(e in it& (evelopment)
1. The material i& an orthotropic me(i-m con&i&ting of a n-m9er of repeating -nit& thro-gh
the thic7ne&& of the laminate, calle( &-9#laminate&. e.g. . W$E!"E$X in a W$E!"E$X
/S

laminate.
2. The nonlinear 9ehavior of the compo&ite &-9#laminate i& only ca-&e( 9y (amage evol-#
tion. 5onlinear ela&tic or pla&tic (eformation& are not con&i(ere(.
.or5ulation
The in#plane &ecant &tiffne&& of the (amage( laminate i& repre&ente( a& the &-mmation of the effec#
tive contri9-tion& of the layer& in the laminate a& &hown.

A
d
= T
k
1
Q
k
d
T
k
t
k

where T
k
i& the tran&formation matrix for the &train vector, an( Q
k
d
i& the in#plane &ecant &tiffne&& of
@
th
layer in the principal orthotropic plane, an( t
@
i& the thic7ne&& of the @
th
layer of an n#layere( lam#
inate.
2 phy&ically#9a&e( an( yet &imple approach ha& 9een employe( here to (erive the (amage( &tiffne&&
matrix. Two re(-ction coefficient&, R
]
an(R
m
, that repre&ent the re(-ction of &tiffne&& in the longi#
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/"1 B.2TC
t-(inal Bfi9erC an( tran&ver&e BmatrixC (irection& have 9een employe(. The &hear mo(-l-& ha& al&o
9een re(-ce( 9y the matrix re(-ction parameter. The maGor an( minor Poi&&on]& ratio& have 9een
re(-ce( 9y R
]
an(R
m
re&pectively. 2 &-9#laminate#level re(-ction, "
L
, i& incorporate( to avoi( &p-#
rio-& &tre&& loc7ing in the (amage( Hone. Thi& wo-l( lea( to an effective re(-ce( &tiffne&& matrix
Q
k
d
. The re(-ction coefficient& are e:-al to 1 in the -n(amage( con(ition an( gra(-ally (ecrea&e to $
for a &at-rate( (amage con(ition.

Q
k
d
= R
L
l
l
l
l
l
R
]
L
1
1-R
]
R
m
v
12
v
21
R
]
R
m
v
12
L
2
1-R
]
R
m
v
12
v
21
u
R
m
L
2
1-R
]
R
m
v
12
v
21
u
SH R
m
0
12
1
1
1
1
1
k

where E*( E+( X
*+
( X
+*
( an( B
*+
are the ela&tic con&tant& of the lamina.
Da5aEe E'olution
An CO32.2, the evol-tion of (amage mechani&m& are expre&&e( in term& of e:-ivalent &train pa#
rameter&. The e:-ivalent &train f-nction that govern& the fi9er &tiffne&& re(-ction parameter i& writ#
ten in term& of the longit-(inal normal &train& 9y

e
],k
eq
= e
11,k
; k = 1. . .
The e:-ivalent &train f-nction that govern& the matrix &tiffne&& re(-ction parameter i& written in an
interactive form in term& of the tran&ver&e an( &hear component& of the local &train.

e
m,k
eq
= sn(e
22,k
)
_
e
22,k
2
+_
y
12,k
2
]
2
; k = 1. . .
The &ign of the tran&ver&e normal &train play& a very important role in the initiation an( growth of
(amage &ince it in(icate& the compre&&ive or ten&ile nat-re of the tran&ver&e &tre&&. Therefore, the
e:-ivalent &train for the matrix (amage carrie& the &ign of the tran&ver&e normal &train.
<vol-tion of the overall (amage mechani&m Banti#loc7ingC i& written in term& of the maxim-m prin#
cipal &train&.

e
L
eq
= maxp()
,ithin the framewor7 of non#local &train#&oftening form-lation& a(opte( here, all (amage mo(e&, 9e
it intra#laminar Bi.e. fi9er an( matrix (amageC or overall &-9#laminate mo(e& are con&i(ere( to 9e a
f-nction of the non#local Baverage(C e:-ivalent &train (efine( a&)

e
u
eq
= ] e
u
eq
(x)
H
X
. w
u
(X x). J
where the &-9&cript (enote& the mo(e of (amage) fi9er Bo = C an( matrix Bo = mC (amage in
each layer, @, within the &-9#laminate or a&&ociate( with the overall &-9#laminate, namely, loc7ing
Bo = IC. Th-&, for a given &-9#laminate with n layer&,e
u
eq
an( e
u
eq
are vector& of &iHe 2n ^1. T rep#
re&ent& the po&ition vector of the original point of intere&t an( J (enote& the po&ition vector of all
D
R
A
F
T
2#/"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
other point& B=a-&& point&C in the averaging Hone (enote( 9y . An cla&&ical i&otropic non#local av#
eraging approach, thi& Hone i& ta7en to 9e &pherical Bor circ-lar in 23C with a ra(i-& of r Bname( '1
in the material inp-t car(C. The parameter, r, which affect& the &iHe of the averaging Hone, intro(-ce&
a length &cale into the mo(el that i& lin7e( (irectly to the pre(icte( &iHe of the (amage Hone. 2ver#
aging i& (one with a 9ell#&hape( weight f-nction, ,
Y
, eval-ate( 9y
w
u
= _1 [
d
2
_
2

where ( i& the (i&tance from the integration point of intere&t to another integration point with the av#
eraging Hone.
The (amage parameter&, , are calc-late( a& a f-nction of the corre&pon(ing average( e:-ivalent
&train&. An CO32.2 the (amage parameter& are a&&-me( to grow a& a hyper9olic f-nction of the
(amage potential Bnon#local e:-ivalent &train&C &-ch that when -&e( in conG-nction with &tiffne&& re#
(-ction factor& that vary linearly with the (amage parameter& they re&-lt in a linear &train#&oftening
re&pon&e Bor a 9ilinear &tre&&#&train c-rveC for each mo(e of (amage

u
=
|s
o
eq
|-s
o
i

s
o
s
-s
o
i

s
o
s
|s
o
cq
|
; |e
u
eq
| e
u
> u
where &-per&cript& i an( % (enote, re&pectively, the (amage initiation an( &at-ration val-e& of the
&train :-antitie& to which they are a&&igne(. The initiation an( &at-ration parameter& are (efine( in
material car(& _0 an( _7. 3amage i& con&i(ere( to 9e a monotonically increa&ing f-nction of time, t,
&-ch that

u
= max|
u
| t ,
u
t
]
where
u
t
i& the val-e of
u
for the c-rrent time Bloa( &tateC, an(
u
repre&ent& the &tate of (amage

at previo-& time& t.
3amage i& applie( 9y &caling the layer &tre&& 9y re(-ction parameter& R
u
= 1
u
where 7f an(
7m. The layer &tre&&e& are &-mme( an( then then &cale( 9y re(-ction parameter R
L
= 1
L
. +ig-re& B2#2C an( B2#%C &how the relation&hip 9etween the (amage an( re(-ction parameter&

+ig-re 2#2 3amage parameter +ig-re 2#% 'e(-ction parameter
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/"% B.2TC
Af the parameter '<SA3S?$, (amage in the layer& i& limite( &-ch that
R
]
= maxRESIS, 1
]

R
m
= max(RESIS, 1
m
)
Ele5ent Erosion
,hen <'O3<?$, an ero&ion criterion i& chec7e( at each integration point. Shell element& an( thic7
&hell element& will 9e (elete( when the ero&ion criterion ha& 9een met at all integration point&. Bric7
element& will 9e (elete( when the ero&ion criterion i& met at any of the integration point&. +or
<'O3<T1, the ero&ion criterion i& met when maxim-m principal &train excee(& either
SLOCTI<'P2'1 for element& in ten&ion, or SLOCCI<'P2'1 for element& in compre&&ion. <le#
ment& are in ten&ion when the magnit-(e of the fir&t principal &train i& greater than the magnit-(e of
the thir( principal &train an( in compre&&ion when the thir( principal &train i& larger. ,hen '?$, the
<'O3<T1 criterion i& chec7e( -&ing the non#local Baverage(C principal &train. +or <'O3<T2, the
ero&ion criterion i& met when the local Bnon#average(C maxim-m principal &train excee(& <'P2'2.
+or <'O3<T%, 9oth of the&e ero&ion criteria are chec7e(. +or vi&-aliHation p-rpo&e&, the ratio of
the maxim-m principal &train over the limit i& &tore( in the location of pla&tic &train which i& written
9y (efa-lt to the <LO8T an( 3%PLOT file&.
1istor Varia9les
Li&tory varia9le& for CO32.2 are li&te( in Ta9le 2#2. To incl-(e them in the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e,
-&e 5<APL B9ric7&C or 5<APS B&hell&C on I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4. +or 9ric7 element&,
a(( ! to the varia9le n-m9er& in the ta9le 9eca-&e the fir&t 0 hi&tory varia9le& are re&erve(.

D
R
A
F
T
2#/"! B.2TC LSDYNA
Varia9le Nu59er Des7ri4tion 2rou4
1,2 'e&erve(
% Overall Banti#loc7ingC 3amage

Da)a(e -a!a)e
e!#
! 3elamination 3amage Bfor vi&-aliHation onlyC
" +i9er (amage in the fir&t layer
0 .atrix (amage in the fir&t layer

7 +i9er (amage in the &econ( layer
/ .atrix (amage in the &econ( layer
a a.
%^2I5L24<' +i9er (amage in the la&t layer
!^2I5L24<' .atrix (amage in the la&t layer
"^2I5L24<' e
R
eq

E.'i&alen S!ain#
'#e/ o e&al'ae
/a)a(e
0a&e!a(e/ i" R120)

0^2I5L24<' e
],1
eq

7^2I5L24<' e
m,1
eq

/^2I5L24<' e
],2
eq

^2I5L24<' e
m,2
eq

a a
!^!I5L24<' e
],
eq

"^!I5L24<' e
m,
eq

0^!I5L24<' Z
-

Toal S!ain
7^!I5L24<' Z
y

/^!I5L24<' Z
R

^!I5L24<' [
-y

1$^!I5L24<' [
yR

11^!I5L24<' [
R-

/a9le $,$8 1istor 'aria9les
D
R
A
F
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;MA/=RI2ID=DIS0RE/E ;MA/=$$"
LSDYNA 2#/"" B.2TC
;MA/=RI2ID=DIS0RE/E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 22$. Thi& i& a rigi( material which i& (i&cretiHe( into m-ltiple (i&Goint piece&.
<ach rigi( piece can contain an ar9itrary n-m9er of &hell element& or &oli( element& that are ar#
range( in an ar9itrary &hape. Shell& an( &oli(& cannot 9e com9ine( in a &ingle rigi( 9o(y. 'igi(
9o(y mechanic& i& -&e( to -p(ate each (i&Goint piece of any part A3 which reference& thi& material
type. The inertia propertie& for the (i&Goint piece& are (etermine( (irectly from the finite element
(i&cretiHation. Thi& material option can 9e -&e( to mo(el gran-lar material where the grain& interact
thro-gh an a-tomatic &ingle &-rface contact (efinition. 2nother po&&i9le -&e incl-(e& mo(eling 9olt&
a& rigi( 9o(ie& where the 9olt& 9elong to the &ame part A3. Thi& mo(el eliminate& the nee( to repre#
&ent each rigi( piece with a -ni:-e part A3.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$$% ;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=SIM3LI.IED=DAMA2E
2#/"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=SIM3LI.IED=DAMA2E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 221. 2n orthotropic material with optional &implifie( (amage an( optional
fail-re for compo&ite& can 9e (efine(. Thi& mo(el i& vali( only for %3 &oli( element&, with re(-ce(
or f-ll integration. The ela&tic 9ehavior i& the &ame a& .2TJ$22. 5ine (amage varia9le& are (e#
fine(, applica9le to <a, <9, <c, B(amage i& (ifferent in ten&ion an( compre&&ionC, an( =a9, =9c an(
=ca. An a((ition, nine fail-re criteria on &train& are availa9le. ,hen fail-re occ-r&, element& are (e#
lete( Bero&ionC. +ail-re (epen(& on the n-m9er of integration point& faile( thro-gh the element. See
the material (e&cription 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 2OPT .2C+
Type + + + + A
3efa-lt none none none $.$ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
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;MA/=OR/1O/RO3I0=SIM3LI.IED=DAMA2E ;MA/=$$%
LSDYNA 2#/"7 B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 5<'O3< 532. <PS1T+ <PS2T+ <PS%T+ <PS1C+ <PS2C+ <PS%C+
Type A A + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ 1.<2$ 1.<2$ 1.<2$ #1.<2$ #1.<2$ #1.<2$

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS12+ <PS2%+ <PS1%+ <PS31T 3PSC1T C32.1T <PS23T <PSC2T
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.<2$ 1.<2$ 1.<2$ $. $. $. $. $.

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C32.2T <PS3%T <PSC%T C32.%T <PS31C <PSC1C C32.1C <PS32C
Type A A + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $. $. $.

D
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2#/"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PSC2C C32.2C <PS3%C <PSC%C C32.%C <PS312 <PSC12 C32.12
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $. $. $.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PS32% <PSC2% C32.2% <PS3%1 <PSC%1 C32.%1
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
<2
<
a
<B
<
9
<C
<
c
P'B2
9a
, Poi&&on ratio, 9a.
P'C2
ca
, Poi&&on ratio, ca.
P'CB
c9
, Poi&&on ratio, c9.
=2B
=
a9
, Shear mo(-l-&, a9.
=BC
=
9c
, Shear mo(-l-&, 9c.
=C2
=
ca
, Shear mo(-l-&, ca.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/" B.2TC
2OPT
JP<CTO'C.
.2C+
MP,4P,QP
21,22,2%
P1,P2,P%
31,32,3%
B<T2
D
R
A
F
T
2#/0$ B.2TC LSDYNA
5<'O3<
+ail-re an( ero&ion flag)
<R.$) 5o fail-re B(efa-ltC
<R.1) +ail-re a& &oon a& one fail-re criterion i& reache( in all integration
point&
<R.2) +ail-re a& &oon a& one fail-re criterion i& reache( in at lea&t one
integration point
<R.%) +ail-re a& &oon a& a ten&ion or compre&&ion fail-re criterion in the
a#(irection i& reache( for one integration point
<R.!) +ail-re a& &oon a& a ten&ion or compre&&ion fail-re criterion in the
9#(irection i& reache( for one integration point
<R.") +ail-re a& &oon a& a ten&ion or compre&&ion fail-re criterion in the
c#(irection i& reache( for one integration point
<R.0) +ail-re a& &oon a& ten&ion or compre&&ion fail-re criteria in 9oth
the a# an( 9#(irection& are reache( at a &ingle integration point or
at 2 (ifferent integration point&
<R.7) +ail-re a& &oon a& ten&ion or compre&&ion fail-re criteria in 9oth
the 9# an( c#(irection& are reache( at a &ingle integration point or
<R./) +ail-re a& &oon a& ten&ion or compre&&ion fail-re criteria in 9oth
the a# an( c#(irection& are reache( at a &ingle integration point or
<R.) +ail-re a& &oon a& ten&ion or compre&&ion fail-re criteria in the %
(irection& are reache( at a &ingle integration point or at (ifferent
integration point&
532.
3amage flag)
<R.$) 5o (amage B(efa-ltC
<R.1) 3amage in ten&ion only Bn-ll for compre&&ionC
<R.2) 3amage in ten&ion an( compre&&ion
<PS1T+
+ail-re &train in ten&ion along the a#(irection
<PS2T+
+ail-re &train in ten&ion along the 9#(irection
<PS%T+
+ail-re &train in ten&ion along the c#(irection
<PS1C+
+ail-re &train in compre&&ion along the a#(irection
<PS2C+
+ail-re &train in compre&&ion along the 9#(irection
<PS%C+
+ail-re &train in compre&&ion along the c#(irection
D
R
A
F
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LSDYNA 2#/01 B.2TC
<PS12+
+ail-re &hear &train in the a9#plane
<PS2%+
+ail-re &hear &train in the 9c#plane
<PS1%+
+ail-re &hear &train in the ac#plane
<PS31T
3amage thre&hol( in ten&ion along the a#(irection,
1t
&

<PSC1T
Critical (amage thre&hol( in ten&ion along the a#(irection,
1t
c

C32.1T
Critical (amage in ten&ion along the a#(irection, 3
1t
c

<PS23T
3amage thre&hol( in ten&ion along the 9#(irection,
2t
&

<PSC2T
Critical (amage thre&hol( in ten&ion along the 9#(irection,
2t
c

C32.2T
Critical (amage in ten&ion along the 9#(irection, 3
2t
c

<PS3%T
3amage thre&hol( in ten&ion along the c#(irection,
%t
&

<PSC%T
Critical (amage thre&hol( in ten&ion along the c#(irection,
%t
c

C32.%T
Critical (amage in ten&ion along the c#(irection, 3
%t
c

<PS31C
3amage thre&hol( in compre&&ion along the a#(irection,
1c
&

<PSC1C
Critical (amage thre&hol( in compre&&ion along the a#(irection,
1c
c

C32.1C
Critical (amage in compre&&ion along the a#(irection, 3
1c
c

<PS32C
3amage thre&hol( in compre&&ion along the 9#(irection,
2c
&

<PSC2C
Critical (amage thre&hol( in compre&&ion along the 9#(irection,
2c
c

C32.2C
Critical (amage in compre&&ion along the 9#(irection, 3
2c
c

<PS3%C
3amage thre&hol( in compre&&ion along the c#(irection,
%c
&

<PSC%C
Critical (amage thre&hol( in compre&&ion along the c#(irection,
%c
c

C32.%C
Critical (amage in compre&&ion along the c#(irection, 3
%c
c

<PS312
3amage thre&hol( for &hear in the a9#plane,
12
&

<PSC12
Critical (amage thre&hol( for &hear in the a9#plane,
12
c

C32.12
Critical (amage for &hear in the a9#plane, 3
12
c

D
R
A
F
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2#/02 B.2TC LSDYNA
<PS32%
3amage thre&hol( for &hear in the 9c#plane,
2%
&

<PSC2%
Critical (amage thre&hol( for &hear in the 9c#plane,
2%
c

C32.2%
Critical (amage for &hear in the 9c#plane, 3
2%
c

<PS3%1
3amage thre&hol( for &hear in the ac#plane,
%1
&

<PSC%1
Critical (amage thre&hol( for &hear in the ac#plane,
%1
c

C32.%1
Critical (amage for &hear in the ac#plane, 3
%1
c

Re5arAs(
Af
7
c
>
7
&
, no (amage i& con&i(ere(. +ail-re occ-r& only when fail-re &train i& reache(.
+ail-re can occ-r along the % orthotropic (irection&, in ten&ion, in compre&&ion an( for &hear 9ehav#
ior. 5ine fail-re &train& (rive the fail-re. ,hen fail-re occ-r&, element& are (elete( Bero&ionC. 8n(er
the control of the 5<'O3< flag, fail-re may occ-r either when only one integration point ha& faile(,
when &everal integration point& have faile( or when all integration& point& have faile(.
3amage applie& to the % 4o-ng]& mo(-li an( the % &hear mo(-li. 3amage i& (ifferent for ten&ion an(
compre&&ion. 5ine (amage varia9le& are -&e() (
1t
, (
2t
, (
%t
, (
1c
, (
2c
, (
%c
, (
12
, (
2%
, (
1%
. The (amage(
flexi9ility matrix i&)
S
uam
=
`
1
E
(1 J
1tc
)
u
b
E
b
u
c
E
c
u u u
u
b
E
b
1
E
b
(1 J
2tc
)
u
cb
E
c
u u u
u
c
E
c
u
cb
E
c
1
E
c
(1 J
3tc
)
u u u
u u u
1
0
b
(1 J
12
)
u u
u u u u
1
0
bc
(1 J
23
)
u
u u u u u
1
0
c
(1 J
31
)/

The nine (amage varia9le& are calc-late( a& follow&)
J
k
= max _J
k
;
k
c
_
e
k
e
k
e
k
c
e
k
_
+
_
with 7 T 1t, 2t, %t, 1c, 2c, %c, 12, 2%, %1.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/0% B.2TC
( )
+
i& the po&itive part) (x)
+
= ]
x x > u
u x < u
.
3amage in compre&&ion may 9e (eactivate( with the 532. flag. An thi& ca&e, (amage in compre&#
&ion i& n-ll, an( only (amage in ten&ion an( for &hear 9ehavior are ta7en into acco-nt.
The nine (amage varia9le& may 9e po&t#proce&&e( thro-gh a((itional varia9le&. The n-m9er of a((i#
tional varia9le& for &oli(& written to the (%plot an( (%th(t (ata9a&e& i& inp-t 9y the optional
I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 car( a& varia9le 5<APL. The&e a((itional varia9le& are ta9-lat#
e( 9elow)

Li&tory
Paria9le
3e&cription Pal-e
LS#PrePo&t
hi&tory varia9le
&
*t
&amage in traction along a pla%tic %train
&
+t
&amage in traction along 6 *
&
>t
&amage in traction along c +
&
*c
&amage in compre%%ion along a ; J no &amage >
&
+c
&amage in compre%%ion along 6 D
&
>c
&amage in compre%%ion along c ; L &
@
\ 1
@
c
J &amage G
&
*+
%5ear &amage in a6.plane K
&
+>
%5ear &amage in 6c.plane ]
&
*>
%5ear &amage in ac.plane H
The fir&t (amage varia9le i& &tore( a& in the place of effective pla&tic &train. The eight other (amage
varia9le& may 9e plotte( in LS#PrePo&t a& element hi&tory varaia9le&.
D
R
A
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;MA/=$$* ;MA/=/A<ULA/ED=JO1NSON=0OOK
2#/0! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/A<ULA/ED=JO1NSON=0OOK
Thi& i& .aterial Type 22!. 2n ela&to#vi&copla&tic material with ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-& &train
c-rveB&C an( ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. Pla&tic heating ca-&e& a(ia9atic tem#
perat-re increa&e an( material &oftening. Optional pla&tic fail-re &train can 9e (efine( a& a f-nction
of triaxiality, &train rate, temperat-re an(Eor element &iHe. Thi& material mo(el re&em9le& the original
Kohn&on#Coo7 material B&ee I.2TJ$1"C 9-t with the po&&i9ility of general ta9-late( inp-t parame#
ter&. The mo(el i& availa9le for &hell an( &oli( element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' CP T' B<T2 58.A5T
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ 1.$ 1.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC@1 LC@T LC+ LC= LCL LCA
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

O4tional 7ard !
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +2ALOPT 58.2P= 5C4+2AL
Type + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
D
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;MA/=/A<ULA/ED=JO1NSON=0OOK ;MA/=$$*
LSDYNA 2#/0" B.2TC
< 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&)
=T.$.$) con&tant val-e i& -&e(
LT.$.$) temperat-re (epen(ent 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& given 9y loa( c-rve
A3 T #< B&tarting with relea&e 71 '0C
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
CP
Specific heat.
T'
'oom temperat-re.
B<T2
2mo-nt of pla&tic wor7 converte( into heat.
58.A5T
2vaila9le for &hell& an( &oli(&.
m-&t fail 9efore &hell element fail&. +or f-lly integrate( &hell&,
a
9efore the element fail&. Only availa9le for &hell& except a&
note( 9elow
<R.#2$$) T-rn& off ero&ion for &hell& an( &oli(&. 5ot recommen(e( -n#
le&& -&e( in conG-nction with ICO5ST'2A5<3JTA<3
J5O3<SJ+2AL8'<.
LC@1
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. The loa( c-rve A3 (efine& effective &tre&& a& a
f-nction of effective pla&tic &train. The ta9le A3 (efine& for each pla&tic
&train rate val-e a loa( c-rve A3 giving the Bi&othermalC effective &tre&& ver#
&-& effective pla&tic &train for that rate.
LC@T
Ta9le A3 (efining for each temperat-re val-e a loa( c-rve A3 giving the
B:-a&i#&taticC effective &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that tempera#
t-re.
LC+
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. The loa( c-rve A3 (efine& pla&tic fail-re &train
a& a f-nction of triaxiality. The ta9le A3 (efine& for each Lo(e parameter a
loa( c-rve A3 giving the pla&tic fail-re &train ver&-& triaxiality for that Lo(e
parameter. BTa9le option only for &oli(& an( not yet generally &-pporte(C.
LC=
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining pla&tic fail-re &train a& a f-nction of pla&tic &train
rate.
LCL
Loa( c-rve A3 (efining pla&tic fail-re &train a& a f-nction of temperat-re
D
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F
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2#/00 B.2TC LSDYNA
LCA
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. The loa( c-rve A3 (efine& pla&tic fail-re &train
a& a f-nction of element &iHe. The ta9le A3 (efine& for each triaxiality a
loa( c-rve A3 giving the pla&tic fail-re &train ver&-& element &iHe for that
triaxiality.
+2ALOPT
+lag for a((itional fail-re criterion
2
, &ee 'emar7&.
<R.$.$) off B(efa-ltC
<R.1.$) on
58.2P=
'-nning average for pla&tic fail-re &train in the a((itional fail-re criterion.
5C4+2AL
5-m9er of cycle& that the a((itional fail-re criterion m-&t 9e met 9efore
element (eletion.
Re5arAs(
The flow &tre&& o
i& expre&&e( a& a f-nction of pla&tic &train e
, pla&tic &train rate e
an( tempera#
t-re I via the following form-la B-&ing loa( c-rve&Eta9le& LC@1 an( LC@TC)

s
= k
1
(e
, e
)
k
t
(e
, I)
k
t
(e
, I
R
)

5ote that T
"
i& a material parameter an( &ho-l( corre&pon( to the temperat-re -&e( when performing
the room temperat-re ten&ile te&t&. Af &im-lation& are to 9e performe( with an initial temperat-re T
I

(eviating from T
"
then thi& temperat-re &ho-l( 9e &et -&ing IA5ATA2LJST'<SSJSOLA3ESL<LL 9y
&etting the following hi&tory varia9le&)
Li&tory varia9le _11 B&oli(&C or _7 B&hell&C
(I
I
I
R
)C

Li&tory varia9le _1! B&oli(&C or _1$ B&hell&C
I
I

Optional pla&tic fail-re &train i& (efine( a& a f-nction of triaxiality

po
m
, Lo(e parameter, pla&tic
&train rate

e
, temperat-re I an( element &iHe l

0
B&:-are root of element area for &hell& an( vol-me
over maxim-m area for &oli(&C 9y
e
]
= _
p
o
m
,
27[
3
2o
m
3
_g(e
)b(I)(l
c
)
-&ing loa( c-rve&Eta9le& LC+, LC=, LCL an( LCA. 2 typical fail-re c-rve LC+ for metal &heet,
mo(ele( with &hell element& i& &hown in +ig-re 2#!. Triaxiality &ho-l( 9e monotonically increa&ing
in thi& c-rve. 2 rea&ona9le range for triaxiality i& #2E% to 2E% if &hell element& are -&e( Bplane &tre&&C.
+or %#(imen&ional &tre&& &tate& B&oli( element&C, the po&&i9le range of triaxiality goe& from #e to ^e,
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/A<ULA/ED=JO1NSON=0OOK ;MA/=$$*
LSDYNA 2#/07 B.2TC
9-t to get a goo( re&ol-tion in the internal loa( c-rve (i&cretiHation B(epen(ing on parameter LCA5T
of ICO5T'OLJSOL8TAO5C one &ho-l( (efine lower limit&, e.g. #1 to 1 if LCA5TT1$$ B(efa-ltC.
The (efa-lt fail-re criterion of thi& material mo(el (epen(& on pla&tic &train evol-tion e
an( on
pla&tic fail-re &train e
]
an( i& o9taine( 9y acc-m-lation over time)
= _
e
e
]

where element ero&ion ta7e& place when 1. Thi& acc-m-lation provi(e& loa(#path (epen(ent
treatment of fail-re.
2n a((itional, loa(#path in(epen(ent, fail-re criterion can 9e invo7e( 9y &etting +2ALOPTT1, where
the c-rrent &tate of pla&tic &train i& -&e()
2
=
e
e
]

Two a((itional parameter& can 9e -&e( a& co-ntermea&-re& again&t &tre&& o&cillation& for thi& fail-re
criterion. ,ith 58.2P=, pla&tic fail-re &train i& average( over a (efine( n-m9er of cycle& for the
2
criterion. At cannot excee( a maxim-m of %$. 5C4+2AL (efine& the n-m9er of cycle& that
2
1
m-&t 9e met 9efore element (eletion ta7e& place.
Temperat-re increa&e i& ca-&e( 9y pla&tic wor7
I = I
R
+

C
p
_o

with room temperat-re I
R
, (i&&ipation factor , &pecific heat C
, an( (en&ity p.
+or ICO5ST'2A5<3JTA<3J5O3<SJ,ATLJ+2AL8'<, the fail-re i& 9a&e( on the (amage in#
&tea( to the pla&tic &train.
+ig-re 2#!. Typical fail-re c-rve for metal &heet, mo(ele( with &hell element&.
D
R
A
F
T
2#/0/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Li&tory varia9le& may 9e po&t#proce&&e( thro-gh a((itional varia9le&. The n-m9er of a((itional var#
ia9le& for &hell&E&oli(& written to the (%plot an( (%th(t (ata9a&e& i& inp-t 9y the optional
I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4 car( a& varia9le 5<APSE5<APL. The relevant a((itional varia#
9le& of thi& material mo(el are ta9-late( 9elow)

LS3re3ost
Histor 'ar
ia9le ^
SHell ele5ents
LS3re3ost
Histor 'ar
ia9le ^
Solid ele5ents
* pla%tic %train rate G pla%tic %train rate
] pla%tic ,or@ H pla%tic failure %train
H
ratio of pla%tic %train to
pla%tic failure %train
^ tria-iality
^ element %iRe *; !o&e parameter
*; temperature ** pla%tic ,or@
** pla%tic failure %train *+
ratio of pla%tic %train to
pla%tic failure %train
*+ tria-iality *> element %iRe
*D temperature
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=VIS0O3LAS/I0=MITED=1ARDENIN2 ;MA/=$$>
LSDYNA 2#/0 B.2TC
;MA/=VIS0O3LAS/I0=MITED=1ARDENIN2
Thi& i& .aterial Type 22". 2n ela&to#vi&copla&tic material with an ar9itrary &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve
an( ar9itrary &train rate (epen(ency can 9e (efine(. @inematic, i&otropic, or a com9ination of 7inematic
an( i&otropic har(ening can 9e &pecifie(. 2l&o, fail-re 9a&e( on pla&tic &train can 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' LCSS B<T2
Type 2/ + + + A +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +2AL
Type +
3efa-lt 1.$<^2$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$$> ;MA/=VIS0O3LAS/I0=MITED=1ARDENIN2
2#/7$ B.2TC LSDYNA
LCSS
effective pla&tic &train The ta9le A3 (efine& for each &train rate val-e a loa(
c-rve A3 giving the &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train for that rate, See
+ig-re 2#1$. The &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the lowe&t
val-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the &train rate fall& 9elow the minim-m val-e.
Li7ewi&e, the &tre&& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train c-rve for the highe&t val#
-e of &train rate i& -&e( if the &train rate excee(& the maxim-m val-e.
5OT<) The &train rate val-e& (efine( in the ta9le may 9e given a& the nat-#
ral logarithm of the &train rate. Af the fir%t &tre&&#&train c-rve in the ta9le
corre&pon(& to a negative &train rate, LS#3452 a&&-me& that the nat-ral
logarithm of the &train rate val-e i& -&e(. Since the ta9le& are internally (i&#
cretiHe( to e:-ally &pace the point&, nat-ral logarithm& are nece&&ary, for
example, if the c-rve& corre&pon( to rate& from 1$.e#$! to 1$.e^$!.
B<T2
Lar(ening parameter, $>B<T2>1.
<R.$.$) P-re 7inematic har(ening
<R.1.$) P-re i&otropic har(ening
$.$>B<T2>1.$) .ixe( har(ening
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
LT.$.$) 8&er (efine( fail-re &-9ro-tine i& calle( to (etermine
fail-re
=T.$.$) Pla&tic &train to fail-re. ,hen the pla&tic &train reache&thi& val#
-e, the element i& (elete( from the calc-lation..
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=<ARLA/?, ;MA/=$$)
LSDYNA 2#/71 B.2TC
;MA/====KINEMA/I0====1ARDENIN2====<ARLA/?,
Thi& i& .aterial Type 220. Thi& mo(el com9ine& 4o&hi(a non#linear 7inematic har(ening r-le
BI.2TJJJJ12"C with the %#parameter material mo(el of Barlat an( Lian W1/X BI.2TJJJJ%0C to
mo(el metal &heet& -n(er cyclic pla&ticity loa(ing an( with ani&otropy in plane &tre&& con(ition.
Lan7for( parameter& are -&e( for the (efinition of the ani&otropy. 4o&hi(a]& theory (e&cri9e& the
har(ening r-le with qtwo &-rface&] metho() the yiel( &-rface an( the 9o-n(ing &-rface. An the form#
ing proce&&, the yiel( &-rface (oe& not change in &iHe, 9-t it& center move& with (eformationD the
9o-n(ing &-rface change& 9oth in &iHe an( location.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' . '$$ '!" '$
Type A + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CB 4 SC @ 'S2T SB L LLCA3
Type + + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ none

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT AOPT C1 C2
Type + A + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$$) ;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=<ARLA/?,
2#/72 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio, .
.
m, exponent in Barlat]& yiel( criterion.
'
$$

'
$$
, Lan7for( parameter in $ (egree (irection.
'
!"

'
!"
, Lan7for( parameter in !" (egree (irection.
'
$

'
$
, Lan7for( parameter in $ (egree (irection.
CB
The -pperca&e B (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&.
4
Lar(ening parameter a& (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&.
SC
The lowerca&e c (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&.
@
'S2T
SB
The lowerca&e 9 a& (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/7% B.2TC
L
2ni&otropic parameter a&&ociate( with wor7#har(ening &tagnation, (efine(
in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&.
LLCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 in 7eywor( I3<+A5<JJJJC8'P<, where tr-e &train an(
tr-e &tre&& relation&hip i& characteriHe(. The loa( c-rve i& optional, an( i&
-&e( for error calc-lation only.
AOPT
@inematic har(ening r-le flag)
<R.1) .o(ifie( form-lation)3efine C1, C2 a& 9elow.
C1, C2
Con&tant& -&e( to mo(ify ')
R = RSAI|(C
1
+e
)
c
2
C
1
c
2
]
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee .2TJJJJOPTION T'OPACJJJJ<L2STAC for a
more complete (e&criptionC)
no(e& 1, 2, an( !, a& with I3<+A5<JJJJCOO'3A52T<JJJ
J5O3<S, an( then rotate( a9o-t the &hell element normal 9y
the
angle B<T2..
(efine( 9elow, a& with I3<+A5<JJJJCOO'3A52T<JJJ
JP<CTO')
the vector v with the element normal)
BCA3 on I3<+A5<JJJJCOO'3A52T<JJJJ5O3<S,
I3<+A5<JJJJCOO'3A52T<JJJJS4ST<. or I3<+A5<JJJ
JCOO'3A52T<JJJJP<CTO'C)2vaila9le with the '% relea&e
of Per&ion 71 an( later.
MP, 4P, QP
21, 22, 2%
P1, P2, P%
31, 32, 3%
B<T2
ement car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJJJJSL<LLJJJJB<T2.
D
R
A
F
T
2#/7! B.2TC LSDYNA
Re5arAs(
1. The '#val-e& are (efine( a& the ratio of in&tantaneo-& wi(th change to in&tantaneo-& thic7#
ne&& change. That i&, a&&-me that the wi(th , an( thic7ne&& T are mea&-re( a& f-nction of
&train. Then the corre&pon(ing '#val-e i& given 9y)

R =
Jw
Je
w
JI
Je
I

Anp-t '$$, '!" an( '$ to (efine &heet ani&otropy in the rolling, !" (egree an( $ (egree
(irection.
2. Barlat an( Lian]& W1/X ani&otropic yiel( criterion m for plane &tre&& i& (efine( a&)
m = o|K
1
+K
2
|
m
+o|K
1
K
2
|
m
+|2K
2
|
m
= 2o
m

+or face centere( c-9ic B+CCC material& exponent mT/ i& recommen(e( an( for 9o(y cen#
tere( c-9ic BBCCC material& mT0 may 9e -&e(. 3etaile( (e&cription on the criterion can 9e
fo-n( in I.2TJJJJ$%0 man-al page&.

%. The 4o&hi(a]& mo(el acco-nt& for cyclic pla&ticity incl-(ing Ba-&chinger effect an( cyclic
har(ening 9ehavior. +or (etaile( 4o&hi(a]& theory of nonlinear 7inematic har(ening r-le an(
(efinition& of material con&tant& CB, 4, SC, @, 'S2T, SB, an( L, refer to Re5arAs in
I.2TJJJJ12" man-al page& an( in the original paper, UA mo&el of large.%train cyclic pla%.
ticity &e%cri6ing t5e )au%5inger effect an& ,or@5ar&ening %tagnationP, 9y 4o&hi(a, +. an(
8emori, T., Int2 Q2 Pla%ticity, vol. 1/, 001#0/, 2$$2.

+-rther improvement& in the original 4o&hi(a]& mo(el, a& (e&cri9e( in a paper U1etermina.
tion of Nonlinear I%otropic/0inematic Aar&ening #on%titutive Parameter for AASS u%ing
Ten%ion an& #ompre%%ion Te%t%P, 9y Shi, ..+., Qh-, M.L., Mia, C., an( Sto-ghton, T., in
NU$ISAEET +;;H procee&ing%, 1%7#1!2, 2$$/, incl-(e( mo(ification& to allow wor7 har(#
ening in large &train (eformation region, avoi(ing the pro9lem of earlier &at-ration, e&pecial#
ly for 2(vance( Ligh Strength Steel B2LSSC. The&e type& of &teel& exhi9it contin-o-& &train
har(ening 9ehavior an( a non#&at-rate( i&otropic har(ening f-nction. 2& (e&cri9e( in the pa#
per, the evol-tion e:-ation for " Ba part of the c-rrent ra(i-& of the 9o-n(ing &-rface in (evi#
atoric &tre&& &paceC, a& i& with the &at-ration type of i&otropic har(ening r-le propo&e( in the
original 4o&hi(a mo(el,
R
= m(R
sat
R)p
i& mo(ifie( a&,

R = RSAI|(C
1
+e
)
c
2
C
1
c
2
]

+or &at-ration type of i&otropic har(ening r-le, &et AOPTT$, applica9le to mo&t of 2l-min-m
&heet material&. An a((ition, the paper provi(e& (etaile( varia9le& -&e( for thi& material mo(#
el for 33R, LSL2, 3P0$$, 3P7/$ an( 3P/$ material&. Since the &ym9ol& -&e( in the pa#
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/7" B.2TC
per are (ifferent from what are -&e( here, the following ta9le provi(e& a reference 9etween
&ym9ol& -&e( in the paper an( varia9le& here in thi& 7eywor()

B 4 C m @ 9 h e
$
5
CB 4 SC @ '&at SB L C1 C2
8&ing the mo(ifie( form-lation an( the material propertie& provi(e( 9y the paper, the pre#
(icte( an( te&te( re&-lt& compare very well 9oth in a f-ll cycle ten&ion an( compre&&ion te&t
an( in a pre#&traine( ten&ion an( compre&&ion te&t, accor(ing to the paper. 2 &et of experi#
ment& are re:-ire( to fit BoptimiHeC the 4o&hi(a material con&tant&, an( the&e experiment&
incl-(e a -niaxial ten&ion te&t B-&e( for LLCA3C, a f-ll cycle ten&ion an( compre&&ion te&t
an( a m-ltiple cycle ten&ion an( compre&&ion te&t.

2pplication of the mo(ifie( 4o&hi(a]& har(ening r-le in the metal forming in(-&try ha&
&hown &ignificant improvement in &pring9ac7 pre(iction acc-racy, which i& a pre#re:-i&ite
for a &-cce&&f-l &tamping tool compen&ation, e&pecially for 2LSS type of &heet material&.
!. The varia9le 2OPT i& -&e( to (efine the rolling (irection of the &heet metal&. +or &hell&,
2OPT of 2 or % are relevant. ,hen 2OPTT2, (efine vector component& of a in the (irection
of the rolling B'
$$
CD when 2OPTT%, (efine vector component& of ' perpen(ic-lar to the roll#
ing (irection, a& &hown in the following +ig-re.

D
R
A
F
T
2#/70 B.2TC LSDYNA

". To improve convergence, it i& recommen(e( that ICO5T'OLJJJJA.PLACATJJJ
J+O'.A5= type q1] 9e -&e( when con(-cting &pring9ac7 &im-lation.

0. An an example 9elow, &pring9ac7 &im-lation re&-lt& on the &ection 4T#%7$ mm from the
58.ASL<<T 2$$" cro&& mem9er -&ing I.2TJJJJ220 &how 9etter &pring9ac7 correlation
with mea&-rement& than I.2TJJJJ12" an( I.2TJJJJ%7.

7. Thi& material mo(el i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion "7717 or later relea&e&.
+ig-re 2#0.
a( rolling (irection '
$$

9( '
$

7
+or &hell&, (efine
vector a, &o
7 O n
9 O 7 J a
a O 9 J 7
2OPTT2 2OPTT%
+or &hell&, (efine
vector ', &o
7 O n
a O ' J n
9 O n J a
' J n
n
9
+ig-re 2#".
&'0
&(0
&20
0
&200 &1)0 &100 &)0 0 )0 100 1)0 200
AL>%?$ EJ48IM$$)IM%$>IM!- 0o54arison YO!-"8"
<xperiment&
.220 mT/
.12"
.%7
D
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;MA/=3ML=ELAS/I0 ;MA/=$!"
LSDYNA 2#/77 B.2TC
;MA/=3ML=ELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%$. Thi& i& a perfectly#matche( layer BP.LC material r an a9&or9ing layer
material -&e( to &im-late wave propagation in an -n9o-n(e( i&otropic ela&tic me(i-m r an( i&
availa9le only for &oli( /#no(e 9ric7& Belement type 2C. Thi& material implement& the %3 ver&ion of
the Ba&-#Chopra P.L WBa&- an( Chopra B2$$%,2$$!C, Ba&- B2$$CX.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
Re5arAs(
1. 2 layer of thi& material may 9e place( at a 9o-n(ary of a 9o-n(e( (omain to &im-late -n#
9o-n(e(ne&& of the (omain at that 9o-n(ary) the layer a9&or9& an( atten-ate& wave& propa#
gating o-twar( from the (omain, witho-t any &ignificant reflection of the wave& 9ac7 into
the 9o-n(e( (omain. The layer cannot &-pport any &tatic (i&placement.
2. At i& a&&-me( the material in the 9o-n(e( (omain near the layer i&, or 9ehave& li7e, an i&o#
tropic linear ela&tic material. The material propertie& of the layer &ho-l( 9e &et to the corre#
&pon(ing propertie& of thi& material.
%. The layer &ho-l( form a c-9oi( 9ox aro-n( the 9o-n(e( (omain, with the axe& of the 9ox
aligne( with the coor(inate axe&. Pario-& face& of thi& 9ox may 9e open, a& re:-ire( 9y the
geometry of the pro9lem, e.g., for a half#&pace pro9lem, the UtopV of the 9ox &ho-l( 9e open.
!. Anternally, LS#3452 will partition the entire P.L into region& which form the Uface&V,
Ue(ge&V an( Ucorner&V of the a9ove c-9oi( 9ox, an( generate a new material for each region.
Thi& partitioning will 9e vi&i9le in the (%plot file. The -&er may &afely ignore thi& partition#
ing.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$!" ;MA/=3ML=ELAS/I0
2#/7/ B.2TC LSDYNA
". The layer &ho-l( have "#1$ element& thro-gh it& (epth. Typically, "#0 element& are &-fficient
if the excitation &o-rce i& rea&ona9ly (i&tant from the layer, an( /#1$ element& if it i& clo&e.
The &iHe of the element& &ho-l( 9e &imilar to that of element& in the 9o-n(e( (omain near
the layer, an( &ho-l( 9e &mall eno-gh to &-fficiently (i&cretiHe all &ignificant wavelength& in
the pro9lem.
0. The no(e& on the o-ter 9o-n(ary of the layer &ho-l( 9e f-lly con&traine(.
7. The &tre&& an( &train val-e& reporte( 9y thi& material (o not have any phy&ical &ignificance.
D
R
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;MA/=3ML=ELAS/I0=.LUID ;MA/=$!"=.LUID
LSDYNA 2#/7 B.2TC
;MA/=3ML=ELAS/I0=.LUID
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%$J+L8A3. Thi& i& a perfectly#matche( layer BP.LC material with a pre&#
&-re fl-i( con&tit-tive law, to 9e -&e( in a wave#a9&or9ing layer a(Gacent to a fl-i( material BI.2T
J<L2STACJ+L8A3C in or(er to &im-late wave propagation in an -n9o-n(e( fl-i( me(i-m. See the
'emar7& &ection& of I.2TJP.LJ<L2STAC BI.2TJ2%$C an( I.2TJ<L2STACJ+L8A3 BI.2T
J$$1J+L8A3C for f-rther (etail&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ PC
Type 2/ + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&
PC
Ten&or vi&co&ity coefficient
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$!% ;MA/=3ML=A0OUS/I0
2#//$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3ML=A0OUS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%1. Thi& i& a perfectly#matche( layer BP.LC material r an a9&or9ing layer
material -&e( to &im-late wave propagation in an -n9o-n(e( aco-&tic me(i-m r an( can 9e -&e(
only with the aco-&tic pre&&-re element form-lation Belement type 1!C. Thi& material implement& the
%3 ver&ion of the Ba&-#Chopra P.L for anti#plane motion WBa&- an( Chopra B2$$%,2$$!C, Ba&-
B2$$CX.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O C
Type 2/ + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
C
So-n( &pee(
Re5arAs(
1. 2 layer of thi& material may 9e place( at a 9o-n(ary of a 9o-n(e( (omain to &im-late -n#
the 9o-n(e( (omain. The layer cannot &-pport any hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re.
2. At i& a&&-me( the material in the 9o-n(e( (omain near the layer i& an aco-&tic material. The
material propertie& of the layer &ho-l( 9e &et to the corre&pon(ing propertie& of thi& material.
%. The layer &ho-l( form a c-9oi( 9ox aro-n( the 9o-n(e( (omain, with the axe& of the 9ox
!. Anternally, LS#3452 will partition the entire P.L into region& which form the Uface&V,
ing.
". The layer &ho-l( have "#1$ element& thro-gh it& (epth. Typically, "#0 element& are &-fficient
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3ML=A0OUS/I0 ;MA/=$!%
LSDYNA 2#//1 B.2TC
the pro9lem.
0. The no(e& on the o-ter 9o-n(ary of the layer &ho-l( 9e f-lly con&traine(.
7. The pre&&-re val-e& reporte( 9y thi& material (o not have any phy&ical &ignificance.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$!$ ;MA/=<IO/=1YS/ERE/I0
2#//2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=<IO/=1YS/ERE/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%2. Thi& i& a Biot linear hy&teretic material, to 9e -&e( for mo(eling the near#
ly#fre:-ency#in(epen(ent vi&coela&tic 9ehavio-r of &oil& &-9Gecte( to cyclic loa(ing, e.g. in &oil#
&tr-ct-re interaction analy&i& WSpano& an( T&avachi(i& B2$$1C, .a7ri& an( Qhang B2$$$C, .-&colini,
Palmeri an( 'icciar(elli B2$$"CX. The hy&teretic (amping coefficient for the mo(el i& comp-te( from
a pre&cri9e( (amping ratio 9y cali9rating with an e:-ivalent vi&co-& (amping mo(el for a &ingle#
(egree#of#free(om &y&tem. The (amping increa&e& the &tiffne&& of the mo(el an( th-& re(-ce& the
comp-te( time#&tep &iHe.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' QT +3
Type 2/ + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ %.2"

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
QT
3amping ratio
+3
3ominant excitation fre:-ency in LH
Re5arAs(
1. The &tre&& i& comp-te( a& a f-nction of the &train rate a&
o(t) = _C
R
(t )e()
t
0
J
where
C
R
(t) = C _1 +
2p
n
E
1
(t)_
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<IO/=1YS/ERE/I0 ;MA/=$!$
LSDYNA 2#//% B.2TC
with C 9eing the ela&tic i&otropic con&tit-tive ten&or, p the hy&teretic (amping factor, an(
= 2n
d
1u, where
d
i& the (ominant excitation fre:-ency in LH. The f-nction E
1
i& given
9y
E
1
(s) = _
e
-{

+or efficient implementation, thi& f-nction i& approximate( 9y a "#term Prony &erie& a&
E
1
(s)
k
e
5
k=1

&-ch that
k
> u.
2. The hy&teretic (amping factor p i& o9taine( from the pre&cri9e( (amping ratio a&
p = natan(1u) = 2.1
9y a&&-ming that, for a &ingle (egree#of#free(om &y&tem, the energy (i&&ipate( per cycle 9y
the hy&teretic material i& the &ame a& that 9y a vi&co-& (amper, if the excitation fre:-ency
matche& the nat-ral fre:-ency of the &y&tem.
%. The con&i&tent 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for thi& mo(el i& given 9y
E
c
= E _1 +
2p
n
g_
where
g =
k
1
o
k
At
|ex(o
k
At
) 1]
5
k=1

Beca-&e g > u, the comp-te( element time#&tep &iHe i& &maller than that for the corre&pon(#
ing ela&tic element. +-rthermore, the time#&tep &iHe comp-te( at any time (epen(& on the
previo-& time#&tep &iHe. At can 9e (emon&trate( that the new comp-te( time#&tep &iHe &tay&
within a narrow range of the previo-& time#&tep &iHe, an( for a -niform me&h, converge& to a
con&tant val-e. +or
d
= S.2SBz an( = u.uS, the percentage (ecrea&e in time#&tep &iHe can
9e expecte( to 9e a9o-t 12#1"c for initial time#&tep &iHe& of le&& than $.$2 &ec&, an( a9o-t 7#
1$c for initial time#&tep &iHe& larger than $.$2 &ec&.
!. The (efa-lt val-e of the (ominant fre:-ency i& cho&en to 9e vali( for earth:-a7e excitation.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$!! ;MA/=0AKA0U=<ARLA/
2#//! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0AKA0U=<ARLA/
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%%. Thi& material mo(el i& for Lexagonal Clo&e( Pac7et BLCPC metal& an( i&
9a&e( on the wor7 9y CaHac- et al. B2$$0C. Thi& mo(el i& capa9le of (e&cri9ing the yiel(ing a&ym#
metry 9etween ten&ion an( compre&&ion for &-ch material&. .oreover, a parameter fit i& optional
an( can 9e -&e( to fin( the material parameter& that (e&cri9e the experimental yiel( &tre&&e&. The ex#
perimental (ata that the -&er &ho-l( &-pply con&i&t& of yiel( &tre&&e& for ten&ion an( compre&&ion in
the $$ (irection, ten&ion in the !" an( the $ (irection&, an( a 9iaxial ten&ion te&t.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 C11 C22 C%% LCA3 <$ @ P%
Type + + + + A + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT C12 C1% C2% C!!
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 +AT
Type + + + + + + + A

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=0AKA0U=<ARLA/ ;MA/=$!!
LSDYNA 2#//" B.2TC
.A3
.aterial A(entification n-m9er.
'O
Con&tant .a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
<.=T.$.$) con&tant val-e
<.LT.$.$) loa( c-rve A3 Bg<C which (efine& the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& a& a
f-nction of pla&tic &train.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
L'
Lar(ening r-le&)
L'.<R.1.$) linear har(ening B(efa-ltC
L'.<R.2.$) exponential har(ening BSwiftC
L'.<R.%.$) loa( c-rve
L'.<R.!.$) exponential har(ening BPoceC
L'.<R.".$) exponential har(ening B=o&hC
L'.<R.0.$) exponential har(ening BLoc7en#Sher9yC
P1
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.1.$) tangent mo(-l-&
L'.<R.2.$) :, coefficient for exponential har(ening law BSwiftC
L'.<R.!.$) a, coefficient for exponential har(ening law BPoceC
L'.<R.".$) :, coefficient for exponential har(ening law B=o&hC
L'.<R.0.$) a, coefficient for exponential har(ening law BLoc7et#
Sher9yC
P2
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.1.$) yiel( &tre&& for the linear har(ening law
L'.<R.2.$) n, coefficient for BSwiftC exponential har(ening
L'.<R.!.$) c, coefficient for exponential har(ening law BPoceC
L'.<R.".$) n, coefficient for exponential har(ening law B=o&hC
L'.<R.0.$) c, coefficient for exponential har(ening law BLoc7et#
Sher9yC
D
R
A
F
T
2#//0 B.2TC LSDYNA
AT<'
AT<'.<R.1.$) fixe( at three iteration&. =enerally, AT<'T$.$ i& recom#
men(e(. Lowever, AT<'T1.$ i& fa&ter an( may give ac#
cepta9le re&-lt& in mo&t pro9lem&.
2
<xponent in CaHac-#Barlat]& orthotropic yiel( &-rface B2?1C
C11
.aterial parameter B&ee car( " po&. /C)
+AT.<R.1.$ or <R.2.$) yiel( &tre&& for ten&ion in the $$ (irection
+AT.<R.$.$) material parameter c11
C22
.aterial parameter B&ee car( " po&./C)
+AT.<R.1.$ or <R.2.$) yiel( &tre&& for ten&ion in the !" (irection
+AT.<R.$.$) material parameter c22
C%%
+AT.<R.1.$ or <R.2.$) yiel( &tre&& for ten&ion in the $ (irection
+AT.<R.$.$) material parameter c%%
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 for the har(ening law BL'.<R.%.$C
<$
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.2.$) initial yiel( &tre&& for exponential har(ening law BSwiftC
B(efa-lt T$.$C
L'.<R.!.$) 9, coefficient for exponential har(ening BPoceC
L'.<R.".$) initial yiel( &tre&& for exponential har(ening B=o&hC, 3e#
fa-ltT$.$
L'.<R.0.$) 9, coefficient for exponential har(ening law BLoc7et#
Sher9yC
@
+AT.<R.1.$ or <R.2.$) yiel( &tre&& for compre&&ion in the $$ (irection
+AT.<R.$.$) material parameter B#1>7>1C
P%
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.".$) p, coefficient for exponential har(ening B=o&hC
L'.<R.0.$) n, exponent for exponential har(ening law BLoc7et#Sher9y
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#//7 B.2TC
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee .2TJOPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for more
complete (e&criptionC.
2OPT.<R.$.$ locally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y el#
ement no(e& 1, 2 an( !, a& with I3<+A5<
JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S, an( then rotate( a9o-t the
&hell element normal 9y the angle B<T2.
2OPT.<R.2.$) glo9ally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y
vector& (efine( 9elow, a& with I3<+A5<3
JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'.
2OPT.<R.%.$) locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y rotating
the material axe& a9-t the element normal 9y an angle
B<T2, from a line in the plane of the element (efine(
9y the cro&& pro(-ct of the vector P with the element
normal.
2OPT.LT.$.$) the a9&ol-te val-e of 2OPT i& coor(inate &y&tem A3
BCA3 on I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S,
I3<+A5<JCOO'3A52T<JS4ST<., or I3<+A5<
JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'C. 2vaila9le with the '% re#
lea&e of 71 an( later.
C12
.aterial parameter. Af parameter i(entification B+ATT1.$C i& t-rne( on C12
i& not -&e(.
C1%
.aterial parameter. Af parameter i(entification B+ATT1.$C i& t-rne( on
C1%T$.$
C2%
.aterial parameter. Af parameter i(entification B+ATT1.$C i& t-rne( on
C2%T$.$
C!!
.aterial parameter B&ee car( " po&./C
+AT.<R.1.$ or <R.2.$) yiel( &tre&& for the 9alance( 9iaxial ten&ion te&t.
+AT.<R.$.$) material parameter c!!
21#2%
Component& of vector a for 2OPTT2.$
P1#P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPTT%.$
31#3%
Component& of vector d for 2OPTT2.$
B<T2
.aterial angle in (egree& for 2OPT T $ an( %. 5OT<, may 9e overri((en
on the element car(, &ee I<L<.<5TJSL<LLJB<T2
D
R
A
F
T
2#/// B.2TC LSDYNA
+AT
+lag for parameter i(entification algorithm)
+AT.<R.$.$) 5o parameter i(entification ro-tine i& -&e(. The varia9le&
@, C11, C22, C%%, C!!, C12, C1% an( C2% are interprete(
a& material parameter&.
+AT.<R.1.$) Parameter fit i& -&e(. The varia9le& C11, C22, C%%, C!!
an( @ are interprete( a& yiel( &tre&&e& in the $$, !", $ (e#
gree (irection&, the 9alance( 9iaxial ten&ion an( the $$ (e#
gree compre&&ion, re&pectively. 5OT<) it i& recommen(e(
to alway& chec7 the (%h&p file to &ee the fitte( parameter&
9efore complex Go9& are &-9mitte(.
+AT.<R.2.$) Same a& <R.1.$ 9-t al&o pro(-ce conto-r plot& of the yiel(
&-rface. +or each material three LS#PrePo&t rea(y xy#(ata
file& are create(D Conto-r1Jx, Conto-r2Jx an( Conto-r%Jx
where x e:-al the material n-m9er&.
Re5arAs(
The material mo(el _2%% B.2TJC2Q2C8JB2'L2TC i& aime( for mo(eling material& with
&trength (ifferential an( orthotropic 9ehavior -n(er plane &tre&&. The yiel( con(ition incl-(e& a pa#
rameter k

that (e&cri9e& the a&ymmetry 9etween yiel( in ten&ion an( compre&&ion. .oreover, to in#
cl-(e the ani&otropic 9ehavior the &tre&& (eviator -n(ergoe& a linear tran&formation. The principal
val-e& of the Ca-chy &tre&& (eviator are &-9&tit-te( with the principal val-e& of the tran&forme( ten#
&orZ, which i& repre&ente( a& a vector fiel(, (efine( a&)
Z = C B2%%.1C
where i& the fiel( compri&e( of the fo-r &tre&&e& (eviator component&S
I
= (s
11
, s
22
, s
33
, s
12
),
s =
1
3
t( )o oo o,
where t( ) i& the trace of the Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or an( o oo o i& the @ronec7er (elta. +or the 23 plane
&tre&& con(ition, the orthotropic con(ition give& 7 in(epen(ent coefficient&. The ten&or C i& repre#
&ente( 9y the x matrix
C
I]
=
`
11

12

13
12

22

23
13

23

33
44
/
.
The principal val-e& of Z are (enote( 2
1
, 2
2
, 2
3
an( are given a& the eigenval-e& to the matrix com#
po&e( 9y the component& 2
, 2
, 2
zz
, 2
thro-gh
2
1
=
1
2
_2
+2
+
_
2
2
+2
2
_,
2
2
=
1
2
_2
+2

_
2
2
+2
2
_,
2
3
= 2
zz

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#// B.2TC
where
S2
= (2
11

12

13
)o
+(
11
+2
12

13
)o
,
S2
= (2
12

22

23
)o
+(
12
+2
22

23
)o
,
S2
zz
= (2
13

23

33
)o
+(
13
+2
23

33
)o
,
2
=
44
o
12

5ote that the &ymmetry of 2
follow& from the &ymmetry of the Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or.

The yiel( con(ition i& written on the following form)
(2, k, e
e
) = o
e
(2
1
, 2
2
, 2
3
, k) o
e
e
u B2%%.2C
where o
e
e
i& a f-nction repre&enting the c-rrent yiel( &tre&& (epen(ent on c-rrent effective pla&#
tic &train an( k i& the a&ymmetric parameter for yiel( in compre&&ion an( ten&ion. The effective
&tre&& o
e
i& given 9y
o
e
= ((|2
1
| k2
1
)
+(|2
2
| k2
2
)
+(|2
3
| k2
3
)
)
1

,
B2%%.%C
where k e |1,1], o 1. 5ow, let o
00
1
an( o
00
C
repre&ent the yiel( &tre&& along the rolling B$$ (e#
greeC (irection in ten&ion an( compre&&ion, re&pectively. +-rthermore let o
45
1
an( o
90
1
repre&ent the
yiel( &tre&&e& in the !" an( the $ (egree (irection&, an( la&t let o
B
1
9e the 9alance( 9iaxial yiel(
&tre&& in ten&ion. +ollowing CaHac- et al. B2$$0C the yiel( &tre&&e& can ea&ily 9e (erive(.
To &implify the e:-ation& it i& prefera9le to ma7e the following (efinition&)
m
1
=
1
3
(2
11

12

13
)
m
2
=
1
3
(2
12

22

23
)
m
3
=
1
3
(2
13

23

33
)
an(
+
1
=
1
3
(
11
+2
12

13
)
+
2
=
1
3
(
12
+2
22

23
)
+
3
=
1
3
(
13
+2
23

33
)

The yiel( &tre&&e& can now 9e written a&
An the $$ (egree (irection)

o
00
1
= _
[c
c]]
c
(|4
1
|-k4
1
)
c
+(|4
2
|-k4
2
)
c
+(|4
3
|-k4
3
)
c
_
1

,
,
o
00
C
= _
[c
c]]
c
(|4
1
|+k4
1
)
c
+(|4
2
|+k4
2
)
c
+(|4
3
|+k4
3
)
c
_
1

,
.
B2%%.!C
An the !" (egree (irection)
o
45
1
= _
[c
c]]
c
(|A
1
|-kA
1
)
c
+(|A
2
|-kA
2
)
c
+(|A
3
|-kA
3
)
c
_
1

,
B2%%."C
where
D
R
A
F
T
2#/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
A
1
=
1
_m
1
+m
2
++
1
++
2
+_(m
1
++
1
m
2
+
2
)
2
+
44
2
_ ,
A
2
=
1
_m
1
+m
2
++
1
++
2
_(m
1
++
1
m
2
+
2
)
2
+
44
2
_ ,
A
3
=
1
2
|m
3
++
3
].

An the $ (egree (irection)
o
90
1
= _
[c
e
c
(|+
1
|-k+
1
)
c
+(|+
2
|-k+
2
)
c
+(|+
3
|-k+
3
)
c
_
1

,
B2%%.0C
An the 9alance( 9iaxial yiel( occ-r& when 9oth o
an( o
are e:-al to)

o
B
1
= _
[c
e
c
(|H
1
|-kH
1
)
c
+(|H
2
|-kH
2
)
c
+(|H
3
|-kH
3
)
c
_
1

,
B2%%.7C
where

1
=
1
S
(
11
+
12
2
13
),
2
=
1
S
(
12
+
22
2
23
),
3
=
1
S
(
13
+
23
2
33
)
1ardeninE la:s
The implemente( har(ening law& are the following)
The Swift har(ening law
The Poce har(ening law
The =o&h har(ening law
The Loc7et#Sher9y har(ening law
2 loa(ing c-rve, where the yiel( &tre&& i& given a& a f-nction of the effective pla&tic &train
The Swift]& har(ening law can 9e written
o
e
e
= e
0
+e
e

where an( are material parameter&.
The Poce]& e:-ation &ay& that the yiel( &tre&& can 9e written in the following form
o
e
e
= o c
-cs
e

where o,an( are material parameter&. The =o&h]& e:-ation i& &imilar to Swift]& e:-ation. They
only (iffer 9y a con&tant
o
e
e
= e
0
+e
e
p
where , e
0
, an( p are material con&tant&. The Loc7et#Sher9y e:-ation re&em9lance the Poce]&
e:-ation, 9-t with an a((itional parameter a((e(
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/1 B.2TC
o
e
e
= o c
-cs
e
n

where o, , an( are material parameter&.
0onstituti'e relation and 5aterial stiBBness
The cla&&ical ela&tic con&tit-tive e:-ation for linear (eformation& i& the well#7nown Loo7e]& law.
Thi& relation written in a rate form-lation i& given 9y
o = D
c
B2%%./C
where
c
i& the ela&tic &train an( D i& the con&tit-tive matrix. 2n over impo&e( (ot implie& (ifferen#
tiation re&pect to time. Antro(-cing the total &train an( the pla&tic &train
, <:. B2%%./C i& cla&&ically

rewritten a&
= D(
) B2%%.C
where
D =
L
1-v
2
`
1
:
:
1
1-
2 1-
2 1-
2
/
anu
=
`
e
11
e
11
e
22
e
22
2[e
12
e
12
2[e
13
e
13
2[e
23
e
23
.
The parameter& Ean( : are the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( Poi&&on]& ratio, re&pectively.
The material &tiffne&& D
that i& nee(e( for e.g., implicit analy&i& can 9e calc-late( from B2%%.C a&
D
=
o
o

The a&&ociative flow r-le for the pla&tic &train i& -&-ally written

= z
]

B2%%.1$C
an( the con&i&tency con(ition rea(&

d]
d
+
d]
d
e

e
= u. B2%%.11C
5ote that the centraliHe( U(otV mean& &calar pro(-ct 9etween two vector&. 8&ing &tan(ar( calc-l-&
one ea&ily (erive& from B1.C, B1.1$C an( B1.11C an expre&&ion for the &tre&& rate
= _D
[D
d]
d
[D
d]
d
d]
d
[D
d]
d
-
d]
d
cp
_ . B2%%.12C
That mean& that the material &tiffne&& -&e( for implicit analy&i& i& given 9y
D
= D
[D
d]
d
[D
d]
d
d]
d
[D
d]
d
-
d]
ds
e
.
D
R
A
F
T
2#/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
To 9e a9le to (o a &tre&& -p(ate we nee( to calc-late the tangent &tiffne&& an( the (erivative with re#
&pect to the corre&pon(ing har(ening law.
,hen a &-ita9le har(ening law ha& 9een cho&en the corre&pon(ing (erivative i& &imple an( will 9e
left o-t from thi& (oc-ment. Lowever, the &tre&& gra(ient of the yiel( &-rface i& more complicate(
an( will 9e o-tline( here.

d]
dc
11
=
1
2
d]
dZ
1
__1 +
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] m
1
+_1
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] m
2
_
+
1
2
d]
dZ
2
__1
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] m
1
+_1 +
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] m
2
_ +
d]
dZ
3
m
3
B2%%.1%C

d]
dc
22
=
1
2
d]
dZ
1
__1 +
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] +
1
+_1
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] +
2
_
+
1
2
d]
dZ
2
__1
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] +
1
+_1 +
Z
xx
-Z
jj
Z
T
] +
2
_ +
d]
dZ
3
+
3
B2%%.1!C
an( the (erivative with re&pect to the &hear &tre&& component i&

d]
dc
12
=
44
2Z
xj
Z
T
[
d]
dZ
1

d]
dZ
2
B2%%.1"C
where
2
1
= 2
2
+2
2
B2%%.10C
an(

d]
dZ
i
= 2, k, e
c
1
c
-1
(|2
| k2
)
-1
(sn(2
) k) = 1,2,S. B2%%.17C
I54le5entation
2&&-me that the &tre&& an( &train i& 7nown at time t
. 2 trial &tre&&
+1
at time t
+1
i& calc-late(
9y a&&-ming a p-re ela&tic (eformation, i.e.,

+1
=
+D(
+1

). B2%%.1/C
5ow, if (2, k, e
c
) u the (eformation i& p-re ela&tic an( the new &tre&& an( pla&tic &train are (e#
termine( a&

o
+1
=
+1
e
e
+1
= e
e
B2%%.1C
an( the thic7ne&& &train increment i& given 9y
Ae
33
= e
33
+1
e
33
=

1-
(Ae
11
+Ae
22
) B2%%.2$C
Af the (eformation i& not p-re ela&tic the &tre&& i& not in&i(e the yiel( &-rface an( a pla&tic iterative
proce(-re m-&t ta7e place.
1. Set m = u,
(0)
+1
=
+1
, e
e(0)
+1
= e
e
an( Ae
11
(0)
= Ae
22
(0)
= u
2. 3etermine the pla&tic m-ltiplier a&
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/% B.2TC
Az =
][
(m)
n+1
,s
e(m)
n+1

d]
d
[
(m)
n+1
D
d]
d
[o
(m)
n+1
-
d]
ds
e
[s
e(m)
n+1

B2%%.21C
%. Perform a pla&tic corrector &tep)
(m+1)
+1
=
(m)
+1
AzD
d]
d

(m)
+1
an( fin( the increment& in
pla&tic &train accor(ing to

e
e(m+1)
+1
= e
e(m)
+1
+Az
Ae
11
(+1)
= Ae
11
()
+Az
d]
dc
11
o
(m)
+1
Ae
22
(+1)
= Ae
22
()
+Az
d]
dc
22
o
(m)
+1
B2%%.22C
!. Af |
(m+1)
+1
, e
e
| < tol or m = m
max
D &top an( &et

+1
=
(m+1)
+1
, e
e
+1
= e
e(m+1)
+1
,
Ae
11
= Ae
11
(m+1)
, Ae
22
= Ae
22
(m+1)
,
B2%%.2%C
otherwi&e &et m = m +1an( ret-rn to 2.
The thic7ne&& &train increment i& for pla&tic yiel( calc-late( a&
Ae
33
=
1
1-
(Ae
11
+Ae
22
) [1

1-
Ae
11
+Ae
22
B2%%.2!C
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$!* ;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=LOOSE=.A<RI0
2#/! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=LOOSE=.A<RI0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%! (evelope( 9y Avanov an( Ta9iei W2$$!X. The mo(el i& a mechani&m in#
corporating the crimping of the fi9er& a& well a& the trelli&ing with reorientation of the yarn& an( the
loc7ing phenomenon o9&erve( in loo&e fa9ric. The e:-ili9ri-m of the mechani&m allow& the
&traightening of the fi9er& (epen(ing on the fi9er ten&ion. The contact force at the fi9er cro&& over
point (etermine& the rotational friction (i&&ipating a part of the impact energy. The &tre&&#&train rela#
tion&hip i& vi&coela&tic 9a&e( on a three#element mo(el. The fail-re of the fi9er& i& &train rate (e#
pen(ent. I32.PA5=J.2SS i& recommen(e( to 9e -&e( in conG-nction with thi& material mo(el.
Thi& material i& vali( for mo(eling the ela&tic an( vi&coela&tic re&pon&e of loo&e fa9ric -&e( in 9o(y
armor, 9la(e containment&, an( air9ag&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <1 <2 =12 <8 TLL TLA
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T2 , & T L S <@2 <82
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P.B C =2% <@B 2OPT
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=LOOSE=.A<RI0 ;MA/=$!*
LSDYNA 2#/" B.2TC
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<1
<
1
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in the yarn axial#(irection.
<2
<
2
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& in the yarn tran&ver&e#(irection.
=12
=
12
, Shear mo(-l-& of the yarn&.
<8
8ltimate &train at fail-re.
TLL
4arn loc7ing angle.
TLA
Anitial 9ra(e angle.
T2
Tran&ition angle to loc7ing.
,
+i9er wi(th.
S
Span 9etween the fi9er&.
T
'eal fi9er thic7ne&&.
L
<ffective fi9er thic7ne&&.
S
+i9er cro&&#&ectional area.
<@2
<la&tic con&tant of element nan.
<82
8ltimate &train of element nan.
P.B
3amping coefficient of element n9n.
C
Coefficient of friction 9etween the fi9er&.
=2%
tran&ver&e &hear mo(-l-&.
<79
<la&tic con&tant of element n9n
D
R
A
F
T
2#/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S.
JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'.
2OPT.<R.%.$) locally orthotropic material axe& (efine( 9y the cro&&
pro(-ct of the vector P with the element normal.
Re5arAs(
The parameter& of the 'epre&entative Pol-me Cell B'PCC are) the yarn &pan, %, the fa9ric thic7ne&&,
t, the yarn wi(th, ,, an( the yarn cro&&#&ectional area, A. The initially orthogonal yarn& B&ee +ig. 2aC
are free to rotate B&ee +ig. 29C -p to &ome angle an( after that the lateral contact 9etween the yarn&
ca-&e& the loc7ing of the trelli& mechani&m an( the pac7ing of the yarn& B&ee +ig. 2cC.The minim-m
9rai( angle,
min
, can 9e calc-late( from the geometry an( the architect-re of the fa9ric material
having the yarn wi(th, ,( an( the &pan 9etween the yarn&, %)
sn(20
mIn
) =

The other con&train angle& a& the loc7ing range angle,
loc@
, an( the maxim-m 9rai( angle,
max
, B&ee
+igC are ea&y to 9e (etermine( then)

0
ock
= S 0
mIn
, 0
max
= S +0
ock

The material 9ehavior of the yarn can 9e &imply (e&cri9e( 9y a com9ination of one .axwell element
witho-t the (a&hpot an( one @elvin#Poigt element. The 1#3 mo(el of vi&coela&ticity i& &hown in the
following fig-re. The (ifferential e:-ation of vi&coela&ticity of the yarn& can 9e (erive( from the
mo(el e:-ili9ri-m a& in the following e:-ation)

(K
+K
b
)o +p
b
o = K
K
b
e +p
b
K
e

The inp-t parameter& for the vi&coela&ticity mo(el of the material are only the &tatic 4o-ng]& mo(-#
l-& E
1
, the Loo7ian &pring coefficient B<@2C 0
a
, the vi&co&ity coefficient BP.BC
6
, the &tatic -lti#
mate &train B<8C
max
, an( the Loo7ian &pring -ltimate &train B<82C
amax
. The other parameter& can
9e o9taine( a& follow&)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=VIS0OELAS/I0=LOOSE=.A<RI0 ;MA/=$!*
LSDYNA 2#/7 B.2TC
K
b
=
K
c
L
1
K
c
-L
1

e
bmax
=
K
E
1
K
e
max

2pplying the <:. B1/C for the fill an( the warp yarn&, we o9tain the &tre&& increment& in the yarn&,
f
an(
,
,. The &tre&& in the yarn& i& -p(ate( for the next time &tep)
o
]
(+1)
= o
]
()
+Ao
]
()
, o
(+1)
= o
()
+Ao
()
B%/C
,e can imagine that the 'PC i& &meare( to the parallelepipe( in or(er to tran&form the &tre&& acting
on the yarn cro&&#&ection to the &tre&& acting on the element wall. The thic7ne&& of the mem9rane
&hell element -&e( &ho-l( 9e e:-al to the effective thic7ne&&, t
e
, that can 9e fo-n( 9y (ivi(ing the
areal (en&ity of the fa9ric 9y it& ma&& (en&ity. The in#plane &tre&& component& acting on the 'PC
wall& in the material (irection of the yarn& are calc-late( a& follow& for the fill an( warp (irection&)
o
]11
(+1)
=
2c
]
(n+1)
S
t
c
, o
11
(+1)
=
2c
w
(n+1)
S
t
c

o
]22
(+1)
= o
]22
()
+o E
2
Ae
]22
()
, o
22
(+1)
= o
22
()
+o E
2
Ae
22
()

o
]12
(+1)
= o
]12
()
+o 0
12
Ae
]12
()
, o
12
(+1)
= o
12
()
+o 0
12
Ae
12
()

where E
2
i& the tran&ver&e 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& of the yarn&, B
12
i& the longit-(inal &hear mo(-l-&, an(
i& the lateral contact factor. The lateral contact factor i& Hero when the trelli& mechani&m i& open
an( -nity if the mechani&m i& loc7e( with f-ll lateral contact 9etween the yarn&. There i& a tran&ition
range, TA4, of the average 9rai( angle in which the lateral contact factor, , i& a linear f-nction
of the average 9rai( angle. The graph of the f-nction BC i& &hown in +ig. !.

warp yarn
fill yarn
t
%
,
S
+ig-re 2#/. 'epre&entative Pol-me Cell B'PCC of the mo(el
D
R
A
F
T
2#// B.2TC LSDYNA

+ig-re 2#1$$. Plain woven fa9ric a& trelli& mechani&m) aC initial &tateD 9C &lightly &tretche( in
9ia& (irectionD cC &tretche( to loc7ing2

+ig-re 2#1$1. The lateral contact factor a& a f-nction of average 9rai( angle 8
!"
o
!"
o
,
%
aC
cC
9C
min
min
%
,
1
$
!"
o
max
min

loc@
loc@
, ,
,
6 6
,
a a
0
a
6
0
6
+ig-re 2#. Three#element vi&voela&ticity mo(el
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=MI0ROME01ANI0S=DRY=.A<RI0 ;MA/=$!>
LSDYNA 2#/ B.2TC
;MA/=MI0ROME01ANI0S=DRY=.A<RI0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%" (evelope( 9y Ta9iei an( Avanov W2$$1X. The material mo(el (erivation
-tiliHe& the micro#mechanical approach an( the homogeniHation techni:-e -&-ally -&e( in compo&ite
material mo(el&. The mo(el acco-nt& for reorientation of the yarn& an( the fa9ric architect-re. The
9ehavior of the flexi9le fa9ric material i& achieve( 9y (i&co-nting the &hear mo(-li of the material in
free &tate, which allow& the &im-lation of the trelli& mechani&m 9efore pac7ing the yarn&. Thi& mate#
rial i& vali( for mo(eling the ela&tic re&pon&e of loo&e fa9ric -&e( in inflata9le &tr-ct-re&, parach-te&,
9o(y armor, 9la(e containment&, an( air9ag&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <1 <2 =12 =2% P12 P2%
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le MT TLA TLL B+A B,A 3SC+ C5ST 2TL'
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P.B P.< T'S ++L= 2OPT
Type + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$!> ;MA/=MI0ROME01ANI0S=DRY=.A<RI0
2#$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<1
<
1
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& of the yarn in axial#(irection.
<2
<
2
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& of the yarn in tran&ver&e#(irection.
=12
=
12
, &hear mo(-l-& of the yarn&.
=2%
=
2%
, tran&ver&e &hear mo(-l-& of the yarn&.
P12
Poi&&on]& ratio.
P2%
Tran&ver&e Poi&&on]& ratio.
MT
Stre&& or &train to fail-re B&ee ++L=C.
TLA
Anitial 9ra(e angle.
TLL
4arn loc7ing angle.
B+A
Anitial -n(-lation angle in fill (irection.
B,A
Anitial -n(-lation angle in warp (irection.
3SC+
3i&co-nt factor
C5ST
'eorientation (amping con&tant
2TL'
2ngle tolerance for loc7ing
P.<
Pi&co-& mo(-l-& for normal &train rate
P.S
Pi&co-& mo(-l-& for &hear &train rate
T'S
Tran&ver&e &hear mo(-l-& of the fa9ric layer
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#$1 B.2TC
++L=
+lag for &tre&&#9a&e( or &train#9a&e( fail-re
<R.$) MT i& a &tre&& to fail-re
5<.$) MT i& a &train to fail-re
2OPT
JCOO'3A52T<J5O3<S.
JCOO'3A52T<JP<CTO'.
2OPT.<R.%.$) locally orthotropic material axe& (efine( 9y the cro&&
pro(-ct of the vector P with the element normal.
21#2%
Component& of vector a for 2OPTT2.$
P1#P%
Component& of vector ' for 2OPTT%.$
31#3%
Component& of vector d for 2OPTT2.$
Re5arAs(
The 'epre&entative Pol-me Cell B'PCC approach i& -tiliHe( in the micro#mechanical mo(el (evel#
opment. The (irection of the yarn in each &-9#cell i& (etermine( 9y two angle& g the 9rai( angle,
t5e initial 6rai& angle i% DG &egree%4, an( the -n(-lation angle of the yarn, which i& (ifferent for the
fill an( warp#yarn&,
f
an(
,
Bthe initial -n(-lation& are normal few (egree&C, re&pectively. The
&tarting point for the homogeniHation of the material propertie& i& the (etermination of the yarn &tiff#
ne&& matrice&.
D
R
A
F
T
2#$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
|C'] = |S']
-1
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

1
L
1

v
12
L
1

v
12
L
1
u u u
v
12
L
1

1
L
2

v
23
L
2
u u u
v
12
L
1

v
23
L
2

1
L
2
u u u
u u u
1
u
12
u u
u u u u
1
u
23
u
u u u u u
1
u
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1

where E
1
, E
2
,
12
,
23
, 0
12
anu 0
23
are 4o-ng]& mo(-li, Poi&&on]& ratio&, an( the &hear mo(-li
of the yarn material, re&pectively. i& a (i&co-nt factor, which i& f-nction of the 9rai( angle, , an(
ha& val-e 9etween
$
an( 1 a& &hown in the next fig-re. Anitially, in free &tre&& &tate, the (i&co-nt fac#
tor i& a &mall val-e B3SC+T
$
>> 1C an( the material ha& very &mall re&i&tance to &hear (eformation
if any. ,hen the loc7ing occ-r&, the fa9ric yarn& are pac7e( an( they 9ehave li7e ela&tic me(ia. The
(i&co-nt factor i& -nity a& &howen in the next fig-re. The micro#mechanical mo(el i& (evelope( to
acco-nt for the reorientation of the yarn& -p to the loc7ing angle. The loc7ing angle,
loc@
, can 9e
o9taine( from the yarn wi(th an( the &pacing parameter of the fa9ric -&ing &imple geometrical rela#
tion&hip. The tran&ition range, Bangle tolerance for loc7ingC, can 9e cho&en to 9e a& &mall a& po&#
&i9le, 9-t 9ig eno-gh to prevent high fre:-ency o&cillation& in tran&ition to compacte( &tate an( (e#
pen(& on the range to the loc7ing angle an( the (ynamic& of the &im-late( pro9lem. 'eorientation
(amping con&tant i& (efine( to (amp &ome of the high fre:-ency o&cillation&. 2 &imple rate effect i&
a((e( 9y (efining the vi&co-& mo(-l-& for normal or &hear &train rate BP.BIe
11o22
.
for normal
component& an( P.SIe
12
.
for the &hear component&C.

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#$% B.2TC

aC +ree &tate

9C Stretche(

cC Compacte(

+ig-re. 2#1$2. Plain#woven fa9ric interlacing pattern.

+ig-re. 2#1$%. 4arn orientation.

!"
o
!"
o
'epre&entative
Pol-me Cell
min
min
-
y
R
1
2
%
D
R
A
F
T
2#$! B.2TC LSDYNA

+ig-re. 2#1$". 3i&co-nt factor a& a f-nction of 9rai( angle, 8
$
!"
o
-p
(n

loc7
loc7
C
,
C
f
-
y
fill yarn
warp yarn
'PC
(n
loc7
loc7
!"
o
-p
loc7ing area
+ig-re 2#1$!. Loc7ing angle&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S00=ON=R00 ;MA/=$!)
LSDYNA 2#$" B.2TC
;MA/=S00=ON=R00
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%0 (evelope( 9y Carney, Lee, =ol(9erg, an( Santhanam W2$$7X. Thi& mo(el
&im-late& &ilicon car9i(e coating on 'einforce( Car9on#Car9on B'CCC, a ceramic matrix an( i&
9a&e( -pon a :-a&i#orthotropic, linear#ela&tic, plane#&tre&& mo(el. 2((itional con&tit-tive mo(el at#
tri9-te& incl-(e a &imple Bi.e. non#(amage mo(el 9a&e(C option that can mo(el the ten&ion crac7 re#
:-irement) a U&tre&&#c-toffV in ten&ion. Thi& option &ati&fie& the ten&ion crac7 re:-irement& 9y limit#
ing the &tre&& in ten&ion 9-t not compre&&ion, an( having the ten&ile Uyiel(ingV Bi.e. the &tre&&#c-toffC
9e f-lly recovera9le g not pla&ticity or (amage 9a&e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O <$ <1 <2 <% <! <"
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P' = =JSCL TSL <PSJT25
Type + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<$
<
$
, See 'emar7& 9elow.
<1
<
1
<2
<
2
<%
<
%
<!
<
!
<"
<
"
, 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& of the yarn in tran&ver&e#(irection.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
=
Shear mo(-l-&
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=JSCL
Shear mo(-l-& m-ltiplier B(efa-ltT1.$C.
TSL
Ten&ile limit &tre&&
<PSJT25
Strain at which <Ttangent to the polynomial c-rve.
Re5arAs(
Thi& mo(el for the &ilicon car9i(e coating on 'CC i& 9a&e( -pon a :-a&i#orthotropic, linear#ela&tic,
plane#&tre&& mo(el, given 9y)

_
o
1
o
2
12
_ =
l
l
l
l
l
E
1
2
E
1
2
u
E
1
2
E
1
2
u
u u 0
12
1
1
1
1
1
_
e
1
e
2
y
12
_
2((itional con&tit-tive mo(el re:-irement& incl-(e a &imple Bi.e. non#(amage mo(el 9a&e(C option
that can mo(el the ten&ion crac7 re:-irement) a U&tre&&#c-toffV in ten&ion. Thi& option &ati&fie& the
ten&ion crac7 re:-irement& 9y limiting the &tre&& in ten&ion 9-t not compre&&ion, an( having the ten#
&ile Uyiel(ingV Bi.e. the &tre&&#c-toffC 9e f-lly recovera9le g not pla&ticity or (amage 9a&e(.
The ten&ion &tre&&#c-toff &eparately re&et& the &tre&& to a limit val-e when it i& excee(e( in each of
the two principal (irection&. There i& al&o a &train#9a&e( memory criterion that en&-re& -nloa(ing
follow& the &ame path a& loa(ing) the Umemory criterionV i& the ten&ion &tre&& a&&-ming that no &tre&&
c-toff& were in effect. An thi& way, when the memory criterion excee(& the -&er#&pecifie( c-toff
&tre&&, the act-al &tre&& will 9e &et to that val-e. ,hen the element -nloa(& an( the memory criterion
fall& 9ac7 9elow the &tre&& c-toff, normal 9ehavior re&-me&. 8&ing thi& criterion i& a &imple way to
en&-re that -nloa(ing (oe& not re&-lt in any hy&tere&i&. The c-toff criterion cannot 9e 9a&e( on an
effective &tre&& val-e 9eca-&e effective &tre&& (oe& not (i&criminate 9etween ten&ion an( compre&#
&ion, an( al&o incl-(e& &hear. Thi& mean& that the in plane, 1# an( 2# (irection& m-&t 9e mo(ele( a&
in(epen(ent to -&e the &tre&& c-toff. Beca-&e the Poi&&on]& ratio i& not Hero, thi& a&&-mption i& not
tr-e for crac7& that may ar9itrarily lie along any (irection. Lowever, caref-l examination of (am#
age( 'CC &how& that generally, the &-rface crac7& (o ten( to lie in the fa9ric (irection& a& &een in
+ig-re %.2, meaning that crac7& ten( to open in the 1# or the 2# (irection in(epen(ently. So the a&#
&-mption of (irectional in(epen(ence for ten&ion crac7& may 9e appropriate for the coating 9eca-&e
of thi& o9&erve( orthotropy.
The :-a&i#orthotropic, linear#ela&tic, plane#&tre&& mo(el with ten&ion &tre&& c-toff Bto &im-late ten#
&ion crac7&C can mo(el the a&#fa9ricate( coating propertie&, which (o not &how nonlinearitie&, 9-t
not the non#linear re&pon&e of the flight#(egra(e( material. <xplicit finite element analy&i& B+<2C
len(& it&elf to nonlinear.ela%tic &tre&&#&train relation in&tea( of linear#ela&tic. Th-&, in&tea( of
o = e, the mo(-l-& will 9e (efine( a& a f-nction of &ome effective &train :-antity, or o =
(e
e
) e, even tho-gh it i& -ncertain, from the availa9le (ata, whether or not the coating re&pon&e i&
completely nonlinear#ela&tic, an( (oe& not incl-(e &ome (amage mechani&m.
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Thi& nonlinear#ela&tic mo(el cannot 9e implemente( into a clo&e( form &ol-tion or into an implicit
&olverD however, for explicit +<2 &-ch a& i& -&e( for LS#3452 impact analy&i&, the mo(-l-& can 9e
a(G-&te( at each time &tep to a higher or lower val-e a& (e&ire(. An or(er to mo(el the (e&ire( S#
&hape re&pon&e c-rve of flight#(egra(e( 'CC coating, a f-nction of &train that replicate& the (e&ire(
re&pon&e m-&t 9e fo-n(. At i& a&&-me( that the nonlinearitie& in the material are recovera9le Bela&ticC
an( that the mo(-l-& i& comm-nicative 9etween the 1# an( 2# (irection& Bgoing again&t the ten&ion#
crac7 a&&-mption that the two (irection& (o not interactC. Sometime& &ta9ility can 9e a pro9lem for
thi& type of nonlinearity mo(eling, however, &ta9ility wa& not fo-n( to 9e a pro9lem with the materi#
al con&tant& -&e( for the coating.
The von .i&e& &train i& &electe( for the effective &train (efinition a& it co-ple& the %#(imen&ional
loa(ing 9-t re(-ce& to -niaxial (ata, &o that the (e&ire( -niaxial compre&&ive re&pon&e can 9e repro#
(-ce(. So,
e
e
=
1
V2
1
1 +
_(e
1
e
2
)
2
+(e
2
e
3
)
2
+(e
1
e
3
)
2
+Sy
12
2

where for a 2#3, i&otropic &hell element ca&e, the H#(irection &train i& given 9y)
e
3
=

1
(e
1
+e
2
)
The f-nction for mo(-l-& i& implemente( a& an ar9itrary "
th
or(er polynomial)
E(e
e
) = A
0
e
e
0
+A
1
e
e
1
++A
5
e
e
5

An the ca&e of a&#fa9ricate( material the fir&t coefficient A
;
C i& &imply the mo(-l-& <, an( the other
coefficient& BA
n9;
C are Hero, re(-cing to a $
th
or(er polynomial, or linear. To match the (egra(e(
&tre&&#&train compre&&ion c-rve, a higher or(er polynomial i& nee(e(. Six con(ition& on &tre&& were
-&e( B&tre&& an( it& (erivative at 9eginning, mi((le, an( en( of the c-rveC to o9tain a "
th
or(er poly#
nomial, an( then the (erivative of that e:-ation wa& ta7en to o9tain mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of &train,
yiel(ing a !
th
or(er polynomial that repre&ent& the (egra(e( coating mo(-l-& v&. &train c-rve.
+or val-e& of &train which excee( the fail-re &train o9&erve( in the laminate compre&&ion te&t&, the
higher or(er polynomial will no longer match the te&t (ata. Therefore, after a &pecifie( effective#
&train, repre&enting fail-re, the mo(-l-& i& (efine( to 9e the tangent of the polynomial c-rve. 2& a
re&-lt, the &tre&&E&train re&pon&e ha& a contin-o-& (erivative, which ai(& in avoi(ing n-merical in&ta#
9ilitie&. The te&t (ata (oe& not clearly (efine the fail-re &train of the coating, 9-t in the impact te&t it
appear& that the coating ha& a higher compre&&ive fail-re &train in 9en(ing than the laminate fail-re
&train.
The two (ominant mo(e& of loa(ing which ca-&e coating lo&& on the impact &i(e of the 'CC Bthe
front#&i(eC are in#plane compre&&ion an( tran&ver&e &hear. The in#plane compre&&ion i& mea&-re( 9y
the pea7 o-t of plane ten&ile &train, d
%
. 2& there i& no (irect loa(ing of a &hell element in thi& (irec#
tion, d
%
i& comp-te( thro-gh Poi&&on]& relation e
3
=
-
1-
(e
1
+e
2
) . ,hen d
%
i& ten&ile, it implie& that
the average of d
1
an( d
2
i& compre&&ive. Thi& fail-re mo(e will li7ely (ominate when the 'CC -n#
(ergoe& large 9en(ing, p-tting the front#&i(e coating in high compre&&ive &train&. At i& expecte( that
a tran&ver&e &hear fail-re mo(e will (ominate when the (e9ri& &o-rce i& very har( or very fa&t. By
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(efinition, the &hell element cannot give a preci&e acco-nt of the tran&ver&e &hear thro-gho-t the
'CC]& thic7ne&&. Lowever, the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell element form-lation in LS#3452 ha& a fir&t#
or(er approximation of tran&ver&e &hear that i& 9a&e( on the o-t#of#plane no(al (i&placement& an(
rotation& that &ho-l( &-ffice to give a :-alitative eval-ation of the tran&ver&e &hear. By thi& form-la#
tion, the tran&ver&e &hear i& con&tant thro-gh the entire &hell thic7ne&& an( th-& violate& &-rface#
traction con(ition&. The con&tit-tive mo(el implementation recor(& the pea7 val-e of the ten&ile o-t#
of#plane &train Bd
%
C an( pea7 root#mean#&-m tran&ver&e#&hear) e
13
2
+e
23
2
.
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LSDYNA 2#$ B.2TC
;MA/=3ML=1YS/ERE/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%7. Thi& i& a perfectly#matche( layer BP.LC material with a Biot linear hy&#
teretic con&tit-tive law, to 9e -&e( in a wave#a9&or9ing layer a(Gacent to a Biot hy&teretic material
BI.2TJBAOTJL4ST<'<TACC in or(er to &im-late wave propagation in an -n9o-n(e( me(i-m
with material (amping. Thi& material i& the vi&co#ela&tic co-nterpart of the ela&tic P.L material
BI.2TJP.LJ<L2STACC. See the 'emar7& &ection& of I.2TJP.LJ<L2STAC BI.2TJ2%$C an(
I.2TJBAOTJL4ST<'<TAC BI.2TJ2%2C for f-rther (etail&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' QT +3
Type 2/ + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ %.2"

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
QT
3amping ratio
+3
3ominant excitation fre:-ency in LH
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2#1$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3ER/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0I/Y
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2%/. At i& a (-plicate of .aterial Type 2! BI.2TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'
JPL2STACAT4C mo(ifie( for -&e with IP<'T8'B2TAO5J.2T<'A2L an( &oli( element& in an
explicit analy&i&. At &ho-l( give exactly the &ame val-e& a& the original material, if -&e( exactly the
&ame. At exi&t& a& a &eparate material type 9eca-&e of the &pee( penalty Ban approximately 1$c in#
crea&e in the overall exec-tion timeC a&&ociate( with the -&e of a material pert-r9ation.
See .aterial Type 2! BI.2TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4C for a (e&cription of the mate#
rial parameter&. 2ll of the (oc-mentation for .aterial Type 2! applie&. 'ecommen( practice i& to
fir&t create the inp-t (ec7 -&ing .aterial Type 2!. 2((itionally, the C.P varia9le in the
IP<'T8'B2TAO5J.2T<'A2L m-&t 9e &et to affect a &pecific varia9le& in the .2TJ2%/ (efini#
tion a& (efine( in the following ta9leD for example, C.PT" will pert-r9 the yiel( &tre&&.

;3ER/UR<A/ION=MA/ERIAL
0M3 'alue
Material 'aria9le
% <
" SA=4
0 <T25
7 +2AL
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;MA/=0O1ESIVE=MITED=MODE=ELAS/O3LAS/I0=RA/E
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2!$. Thi& mo(el i& a rate#(epen(ent, ela&tic#i(eally pla&tic cohe&ive Hone
mo(el. At incl-(e& a tri#linear traction#&eparation law with a :-a(ratic yiel( an( (amage initiation
criterion in mixe(#mo(e loa(ing, while the (amage evol-tion i& governe( 9y a power#law form-la#
tion. At can 9e -&e( with &oli( element type& 1 an( 2$, an( i& not availa9le for other &oli( element
form-lation&. See the remar7& after IS<CTAO5JSOLA3 for a (e&cription of element type& 1 an(
2$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O 'O+L= A5T+2AL <.O3 =.O3 TLAC@ O8TP8T
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =1CJ$ =1CJA5+ <3OTJ=1 T$ T1 <3OTJT +=1
Type + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2CJ$ =2CJA5+ <3OTJ=2 S$ S1 <3OTJS +=2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
'O+L=
A5T+2AL
recommen(e( val-e.
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2#12 B.2TC LSDYNA
<.O3
The 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& of the material
=.O3
The &hear mo(-l-& of the material
TLAC@
=T.$.$) Cohe&ive thic7ne&&
L<.$.$) Anitial thic7ne&& i& calc-late( from no(al coor(inate&
O8TP8T
Time interval at which o-tp-t i& written into +O'T.11#+ile
=1CJ$
=T.$.$) <nergy relea&e rate =AC in .o(e A
L<.$.$) Lower 9o-n( val-e of rate#(epen(ent =AC
=1CJA5+
8pper 9o-n( val-e of rate#(epen(ent =
AC
Bonly con&i(ere( if =1CJ$>$C
<3OTJ=1
<:-ivalent &train rate at yiel( initiation to (e&cri9e the rate (epen(ency of
=
AC
T$
=T.$.$) 4iel( &tre&& in .o(e A
LT.$.$) 'ate#(epen(ency i& con&i(ere(, Parameter T$
T1
Parameter T1, only con&i(ere( if T$ > $)
=T.$.$) R-a(ratic logarithmic mo(el
LT.$.$) Linear logarithmic mo(el
<3OTJT
the yiel( &tre&& in .o(e A Bonly con&i(ere( if T$>$C
+=1
Parameter f
=1
to (e&cri9e the tri#linear &hape of the traction#&eparation law
in .o(e A
=2CJ$
=T.$.$) <nergy relea&e rate =AAC in .o(e AA
L<.$.$) Lower 9o-n( val-e of rate#(epen(ent =AAC
=2CJA5+
8pper 9o-n( val-e of =
AAC
<3OTJ=2
=
AAC
S$
=T.$.$) 4iel( &tre&& in .o(e AA
LT.$.$) 'ate#(epen(ency i& con&i(ere(, Parameter S$
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S1
Parameter S1, only con&i(ere( if S$>$)
=T.$.$) R-a(ratic logarithmic mo(el i& applie(
LT.$.$) Linear logarithmic mo(el i& applie(
<3OTJS
the yiel( &tre&& in .o(e AA Bonly con&i(ere( if S$>$C
+=2
Parameter f
=2
to (e&cri9e the tri#linear &hape of the traction#&eparation law
in .o(e AA
Re5arAs(
The mo(el i& a tri#linear ela&tic#i(eally pla&tic Cohe&ive Qone .o(el, which wa& (evelope( 9y .arHi
et al. W2$$X. At loo7& &imilar to I.2TJ1/", 9-t con&i(er& effect& of pla&ticity an( rate#(epen(ency.
Since the entire &eparation at fail-re i& pla&tic, no 9rittle fract-re 9ehavior can 9e mo(ele( with thi&
material type.

The &eparation& A
in normal BpeelC an( A

t
in tangential B&hearC (irection are calc-late( from the el#
ement]& &eparation& in the integration point&,
A
= (u
) an( A
t
= u
t1
2
+u
t2
2
, (x) = ]
x
u
x > u
else
.
u
, u
t1
an( u
t2
are the &eparation& in normal an( in the 9oth tangential (irection& of the element co#
or(inate &y&tem. The total Bmixe(#mo(eC &eparation A
m
i& (etermine( 9y
A
m
=
_
A
2
+A
t
2
.
7@A
! @!
) %

) %
@
B
1
B
C
% %
)1 %1
@ % %
)2 %2
@ % %
)( %(
@
A%2e$$
D)",#d&)g 1#%=
+ig-re 2#1$0. Trilinear traction &eperation law
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The initial &tiffne&&e& in 9oth mo(e& are calc-late( from the ela&tic 4o-ng]& an( &hear mo(-l-&,
E
= EH0uI IEICK an( E

t
= 0H0uI IEICK,
where IEICK, the element]& thic7ne&&, i& a -&er (efine( val-e if IEICK > u, otherwi&e it i& calc-#
late( a& (i&tance 9etween the initial po&ition& of the element]& corner no(e& B5o(e& 1#",
2#0, %#7 an( !#/, re&pectivelyC.
,hile the total energy -n(er the traction#&eparation law i& given 9y 0
C
, one f-rther parameter i&
nee(e( to (e&cri9e the exact &hape of the tri#linear material mo(el. Af the area BenergyC -n(er the
con&tant &tre&& Bplatea-C region i& (enote( 0
P
B&ee 2#1$0C, a parameter
u
(efine& the &hape of the
traction#&eparation law,
u
u1
=
u
I,P
u
IC
< 1
1
2
2u
IC
L
n
< 1 for mo(e A loa(ing an(
u
u2
=
u
II,P
u
IIC
< 1
S
2
2u
IIC
L
t
< 1 for mo(e AA.
,hile
u1
an(
u2
are alway& con&tant val-e&, I, S, 0
IC
an( 0
IIC
may 9e cho&en a& f-nction& of an
e:-ivalent &train rate e
cq
, which i& eval-ate( 9y
e
cq
=
_
u
n
2
+u
t1
2
+u
t2
2
1HICK
,
where u
, u
t1
an( u
t2
are the velocitie& corre&pon(ing to the &eparation& u
, u
t1
an( u
t2
.
+or the yiel( &tre&&e&, two rate (epen(ent form-lation& are implemente()
1. 2 :-a(ratic logarithmic f-nction)
I(e
cq
) = |Iu| +|I1| [ln
s
cq
L01 1
2
in .o(e A, if T$ > $ an( T1 ?$, an(
S(e
cq
) = |Su| +|S1| [ln
s
cq
L01 S
2
in .o(e AA, if S$ > $ an( S1 ?$.
2. 2 linear logarithmic f-nction)
I(e
cq
) = |Iu| +|I1| [ln
s
cq
L01 1
in .o(e A, if T$ > $ an( T1 >$, an(
S(e
cq
) = |Su| +|S1| [ln
s
cq
L01 S
in .o(e AA, if S$ > $ an( S1 >$.
2lternatively, T an( S can 9e cho&en a& con&tant val-e&)

I(e
cq
) = Iu in .o(e A, if T$ ? $, an( S(e
cq
) = Su in .o(e AA, if S$ ? $.

The rate#(epen(ency of the fract-re energie& are given 9y
0
IC
(e
cq
) = |01C u| +(01C IN |01C u|)ex_
L01 u1
s
cq
], if =1CJ$ > $, an(
0
IIC
(e
cq
) = |02C u| +(02C IN |02C u|)ex_
L01 u2
s
cq
], if =2CJ$ > $.
Af po&itive val-e& are cho&en for =1CJ$ or =2CJ$, no rate#(epen(ency i& con&i(ere( for thi& param#
eter an( it& val-e remain& con&tant a& &pecifie( 9y the -&er.
At &ho-l( 9e notice(, that the e:-ivalent &train rate e
cq
i& -p(ate( -ntil A
m
> o
m1
, then the mo(el
9ehavior (epen(& on the e:-ivalent &train rate at yiel( initiation.
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Laving (efine( the parameter& (e&cri9ing the &ingle mo(e&, the mixe(#mo(e 9ehavior i& form-late(
9y :-a(ratic initiation criteria for 9oth yiel( &tre&& an( (amage initiation, while the (amage evol-#
tion follow& a Power#Law.

3-e to rea&on& of rea(a9ility, the following &implification& are ma(e,
I = Ie
eq
, S = Se
eq
, 0
IC
= 0
IC
e
eq
anu 0
IIC
= 0
IIC
(e
eq
).

The mixe(#mo(e yiel( initiation (i&placement o
m1
i& (efine( a&
o
m1
= o
1
o
t1
_
1+[
2
6
t1
2
+([6
n1
)
2
,
where o
1
=
1
L
n
an( o
t1
=
S
L
t
are the &ingle#mo(e yiel( initiation (i&placement& an( =
6
t1
6
n1
i& the
mixe(#mo(e ratio. 2nalog to the yiel( initiation, the (amage initiation (i&placement o
m2
i& (efine()
o
m2
= o
2
o
t2
_
1+[
2
6
t2
2
+([6
n2
)
2
, with o
2
= o
1
+
]
G1
u
IC
1
an( o
t2
= o
t1
+
]
G2
u
IIC
S
.
,ith y = as [
(u
n
)
A
m
, the -ltimate Bfail-reC (i&placement o
m]
can 9e written,
o
m]
=
o
m1
(o
m1
o
m2
)E
0
IIC
s
2
y +0
IC
(20
IIC
+o
m1
(o
m1
o
m2
)E
t
sn
2
y)
o
m1
(E
0
IIC
s
2
y +E
t
0
IC
sn
2
y)
.
Thi& form-lation (e&cri9e& a power#law (amage evol-tion with an exponent p = 1.u B&ee I.2T
J1%/C.
d
t1
d
n1
d
n2
d
tf
d
nf
d
t2
D
t
D
n
D
m
d
m1
d
m2
d
mf
b
1
T
S
Traction
+ig-re 2#1$7. Trilinear mixe( mo(e traction#&eperation law
D
R
A
F
T
2#10 B.2TC LSDYNA
2fter the &hape of the mixe(#mo(e traction#&eparation law ha& 9een (etermine( 9y o
m1
, o
m2
an(
o
m]
, the pla&tic &eparation in each element (irection, u
,P
, u
t1,P
an( u
t2,P
can 9e calc-late(. The
pla&tic &eparation in peel (irection i& given 9y
u
,P
= max(u
,P,At-1
, u
o
m1
sny, u).
An &hear (irection, a &hear yiel( &eparation o
t,
,
o
t,
= (u
t1
u
t1,P,At-1
)
2
+(u
t2
u
t2,P,At-1
)
2
,
i& (efine(. Af o
t,
> o
m1
sny, the pla&tic &hear &eparation& in the element coor(inate &y&tem are -p#
(ate(,
u
t1,P
= u
t1,P,At-1
+u
t1
u
t1,At-1
, an( u
t2,P
= u
t2,P,At-1
+u
t2
u
t2,At-1
.
An the form-la& a9ove, At 1 in(icate& the in(ivi(-al val-e from the la&t time increment. An ca&e
A
m
> o
m2
, the (amage initiation criterion i& &ati&fie( an( a (amage varia9le 3 increa&e& monoton#
ically,
= max _
A
m
o
m2
o
m]
o
m2
,
At-1
, u_.
,hen A
m
> o
m]
, complete (amage B = 1C i& reache( an( the element fail& in the corre&pon(ing
integration point.

+inally, the peel an( the &hear &tre&&e& in element (irection& are calc-late(,
o
t1
= E
t
(1 )u
t1
u
t1,P
, an( o
t2
= E
t
(1 )(u
t2
u
t2P
).
An peel (irection, no (amage -n(er pre&&-re loa(& i& con&i(ere(,
o
= E
(1 )u
u
,P
, if u
u
,P
> u an( o
= E
u
,P
el&e.

'eference)
S. .arHi, O. Le&e9ec7, .. Bre(e an( +. @leiner B2$$C, 2 'ate#3epen(ent, <la&to#Pla&tic Cohe&ive
Qone .ixe(#.o(e .o(el for Cra&h 2naly&i& of 2(he&ively Bon(e( Koint&, An Procee(ing) ]
t5
Euro.
pean !S.1:NA #onference( SalR6urg
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=J1% ;MA/=$*%
LSDYNA 2#17 B.2TC
;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=J1%
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2!1. Thi& Kohn&on#Lolm:-i&t Pla&ticity 3amage .o(el i& -&ef-l for mo(eling
ceramic&, gla&& an( other 9rittle material&. Thi& ver&ion corre&pon(& to the original ver&ion of the
mo(el, KL1, an( .aterial Type 11$ corre&pon(& to KL2, the -p(ate( mo(el.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O = P1 S1 P2 S2 C
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <PSA T 2LPL2 S+.2M B<T2 3P1
Type + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <P+.A5 <P+.2M @1 @2 @% +S
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
3en&ity.
=
Shear mo(-l-&.
P1
Pre&&-re point 1 for intact material.
S1
<ffective &tre&& at P1.
P2
Pre&&-re point 2 for intact material.
S2
<ffective &tre&& at P2.
C
Strain rate &en&itivity factor.
<PSA
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*% ;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=J1%
2#1/ B.2TC LSDYNA
T
.axim-m ten&ile pre&&-re &trength. Thi& val-e i& po&itive in ten&ion.
2LPL2
Anitial &lope of the fract-re( material &trength c-rve. See +ig-re 2#1$/.
S+.2M
.axim-m &trength of the fract-re( material.
B<T2
+raction of ela&tic energy lo&& converte( to hy(ro&tatic energy Baffect&
9-l7ing pre&&-re Bhi&tory varia9le 1C that accompanie& (amageC.
3P1
.axim-m compre&&ive pre&&-re &trength. Thi& val-e i& po&itive in com#
pre&&ion.
<P+.A5
Pla&tic &train for fract-re at ten&ile pre&&-re T. See +ig-re 2#1$.
<P+.2M
Pla&tic &train for fract-re at compre&&ive pre&&-re 3P1. See +ig-re 2#1$/.
@1
+ir&t pre&&-re coefficient Be:-ivalent to the 9-l7 mo(-l-&C.
@2
Secon( pre&&-re coefficient.
@%
Thir( pre&&-re coefficient.
+S
<lement (eletion criteria.
+S > $ (elete if P > +S Bten&ile fail-reC.
+S T $ no element (eletion B(efa-ltC.
+S ? $ (elete element if the e
? +S.
Re5arAs(
The e:-ivalent &tre&& for 9oth intact an( fract-re( ceramic#type material& i& given 9y
o
= (1 + ln e
-
)o(P)
where o(P) i& eval-ate( accor(ing +ig-re 2!1.1.
= Ae
e
]
(P)
'epre&ent& the acc-m-late( (amage Bhi&tory varia9le 2C 9a&e( -pon the increa&e in pla&tic &train per
comp-tational cycle an( the pla&tic &train to fract-re i& eval-ate( accor(ing to +ig-re 2#1$/.
An -n(amage( material, the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re i& given 9y
P = k
1
p +k
2
p
2
+k
3
p
3
+AP

in compre&&ion an(
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#1 B.2TC
P = k
1
p +AP
in ten&ion where p = p p
0
1 . 2 fraction, 9etween $ an( 1, of the ela&tic energy lo&&, , i& con#
verte( into hy(ro&tatic potential energy Bpre&&-reC. The pre&&-re increment, AP, a&&ociate( with the
increment in the hy(ro&tatic potential energy i& calc-late( at fract-re, where o
an( o
]
are the intact
an( faile( yiel( &tre&&e& re&pectively. Thi& pre&&-re increment i& applie( 9oth in compre&&ion an(
ten&ion, which i& not tr-e for KL2 where the increment i& a((e( only in compre&&ion.
AP = k
1
p
]
+
_
k
1
p
]
2
+2k
1
Au
Au =
o
]
60

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*% ;MA/=JO1NSON=1OLMLUIS/=J1%
2#2$ B.2TC LSDYNA

+ig-re 2#1$/. <:-ivalent &tre&& ver&-& pre&&-re.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#21 B.2TC

+ig-re 2#1$. +ract-re &train ver&-& pre&&-re.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*$ ;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=<ARLA/$"""
2#22 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=<ARLA/$"""
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2!2. Thi& mo(el com9ine& 4o&hi(a non#linear 7inematic har(ening r-le
BI.2TJ12"C with the /#parameter material mo(el of Barlat an( Lian B2$$%C BI.2TJ1%%C to mo(el
metal &heet& -n(er cyclic pla&ticity loa(ing an( with ani&otropy in plane &tre&& con(ition. 2l&o &ee
man-al page& in I.2TJ220.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' .
Type A + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + A
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ none

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le
Type
3efa-lt

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=<ARLA/$""" ;MA/=$*$
LSDYNA 2#2% B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le
Type
3efa-lt

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CB 4 C @ 'S2T SB L
Type + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT AOPT C1 C2
Type A A + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
2#2! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3 .aterial i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
'O .a&& (en&ity,
< 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <,
P' Poi&&on]& ratio, ,
. +low potential exponent,
2LPL21
1
, material con&tant in Barlat]& yiel( e:-ation,
2LPL22
2
2LPL2%
%
2LPL2!
!
2LPL2"
"
2LPL20
0
2LPL27
7
2LPL2/
/
CB The -pperca&e B (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&,
4 2ni&otropic parameter a&&ociate( with wor7#har(ening &tagnation, (efine(
in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&,
SC The lowerca&e c (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&,
@ Lar(ening parameter a& (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&,
'S2T Lar(ening parameter a& (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&,
SB The lowerca&e 9 a& (efine( in the 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&,
L 2ni&otropic parameter a&&ociate( with wor7#har(ening &tagnation, (efine(
in the following 4o&hi(a]& e:-ation&,
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=KINEMA/I0=1ARDENIN2=<ARLA/$""" ;MA/=$*$
LSDYNA 2#2" B.2TC
2OPT .aterial axe& option B&ee .2TJOPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a more
later.
AOPT @inematic har(ening r-le flag)
<R.1) .o(ifie( form-lation. 3efine C1, C2 9elow,
C1, C2
Con&tant& -&e( to mo(ify ')

R = RSAI|(C
1
+e
)
c
2
C
1
c
2
]
MP, 4P, QP Coor(inate& of point 4 for 2OPT T 1,
21, 22, 2% Component& of vector a for 2OPT T 2,
P1, P2, P% Component& of vector ' for 2OPT T %,
31, 32, 3% Component& of vector d for 2OPT T 2.
Re5arAs(
1. 2 total of eight parameter& B
1
to
/
C are nee(e( to (e&cri9e the yiel( &-rface. The parame#
ter& can 9e (etermine( with ten&ile te&t& in three (irection& an( an e:-al 9iaxial ten&ion te&t.
+or (etaile( theoretical 9ac7gro-n( an( material parameter& of &ome typical +CC material&,
plea&e &ee remar7& in I.2TJ1%% an( Barlat]& 2$$% paper.
2. 58.ASL<<T 2$$" provi(e( a complete &et of the parameter& of 2L"1/2#O for Benchmar7
_2, the cro&& mem9er, a& 9elow Bflow potential exponent .T/C)

1

2

%

!

"

0

7

/

$.! 1.$/ $.7 1.$ 1.$ 1.$2 1.$% 1.11

D
R
A
F
T
2#20 B.2TC LSDYNA
%. +or a more (etaile( (e&cription on the 4o&hi(a mo(el an( parameter&, plea&e &ee 'emar7& in
I.2TJ220 an( I.2TJ12".
!. +or information on varia9le 2OPT plea&e &ee remar7& in I.2TJ220.

". To improve convergence, it i& recommen(e( that ICO5T'OLJA.PLACATJ+O'.A5= type
q1] 9e -&e( when con(-cting &pring9ac7 &im-lation.

0. Thi& material mo(el i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion "/!%2 or later relea&e&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1ILL=," ;MA/=$*!
LSDYNA 2#27 B.2TC
;MA/=1ILL=,"
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2!%. Thi& mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y Lill W1$X for mo(eling &heet& with ani#
&otropic material& -n(er plane &tre&& con(ition&. Thi& material allow& the -&e of the Lan7for( param#
eter& for the (efinition of the ani&otropy. 2ll feat-re& of thi& mo(el are the &ame a& in I.2TJ$%0,
only the yiel( con(ition an( a&&ociate( flow r-le& are replace( 9y the Lill$ e:-ation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le . '$$ E 2L '!" E BL '$ E CL LCA3 <$ SPA P%
Type + + + + A + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE 7ard iB and onl iB MS"
Car( opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT C P PLCA3 +L2=
Type + + + A +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*! ;MA/=1ILL=,"
2#2/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 21 22 2%
Type + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, <
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve A3 T B#<C which (efine& 4o-ng]& .o(-l-& a& a
f-nction of pla&tic &train. See 'emar7 1.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio,
L'
Lar(ening r-le)
<R.%.$) loa( c-rve or ta9le with &train rate effect&
<R.7.$) loa( c-rve& in three (irection&
<R./.$) ta9le with temperat-re (epen(ence
<R..$) %( ta9le with temperat-re an( &train rate (epen(ence
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1ILL=," ;MA/=$*!
LSDYNA 2#2 B.2TC
P1
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.".$) 7, &trength coefficient for =o&h exponential
har(ening
L'.<R.0.$) a, coefficient for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential
har(ening
L'.<R.7.$) loa( c-rve A3 for har(ening in !" (egree (irection. See
'emar7 2.
P2
.aterial parameter)
L'.<R.1.$) 4iel( &tre&&
L'.<R.0.$) c. coefficient for Loc7et#Sher9y exponential
har(ening
L'.<R.7.$) loa( c-rve A3 for har(ening in $ (egree (irection.
See 'emar7 2.
AT<'
.
m, exponent in Lill]& yiel( &-rface, a9&ol-te val-e i& -&e( if negative. Typ#
ically, m range& 9etween 1 an( 2 for low#r material&, &-ch a& al-min-m
B220111) m1."C, an( i& greater than 2 for high r#val-e&, a& in &teel
B3P0$$) m!C.
C'C5
C'C2
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*! ;MA/=1ILL=,"
2#%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
'$$
'
$$
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 T B#'$$C which (efine& ' val-e a& a
an( pla&tic &train BTa9leC. See 'emar7 %.
'!"
'
!"
, Lan7for( parameter in !" (egree (irection
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 T B#'!"C which (efine& ' val-e a& a
'$
'
$
LT.$.$) Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 T B#'$C which (efine& ' val-e a& a
2L
a, Lill$ parameter, which i& rea( in&tea( of '$$ if +L2=T1.
BL
9, Lill$ parameter, which i& rea( in&tea( of '!" if +L2=T1.
CL
c, Lill$ parameter, which i& rea( in&tea( of '$ if +L2=T1.
LCA3
Loa( c-rveEta9le A3 for har(ening in the $ (egree (irection. See 'emar7 1.
<$
.aterial parameter
L'.<R.2.$) e
0
L'.<R.".$) e
0
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1ILL=," ;MA/=$*!
LSDYNA 2#%1 B.2TC
SPA
%pi, if e
0
<R.$.$) e
0
= (Ek) -- |1( 1)]
L<.$.$2) e
0
= sp
=T.$.$2) e
0
= (spk) -- |1]
Af L'.<R.".$ the &train at pla&tic yiel( i& (etermine( 9y an iterative pro#
ce(-re 9a&e( on the &ame principle& a& for L'.<R.2.$.
P%
.aterial parameter)
2OPT
B<T2.
later.
C
P
PLCA3
Pol-me correction c-rve A3 (efining the relative vol-me change Bchange in
vol-me relative to the initial vol-meC a& a f-nction of the effective pla&tic
&train. Thi& i& only -&e( when nonHero. See 'emar7 1.
+L2=
+lag for interpretation of parameter&. Af +L2=T1, parameter& 2L, BL, an(
CL are rea( in&tea( of '$$, '!", an( '$. See 'emar7 !.
MP 4P QP
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*! ;MA/=1ILL=,"
2#%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
21 22 2%
P1 P2 P%
31 32 3%
B<T2
Re5arAs(
!. The effective pla&tic &train -&e( in thi& mo(el i& (efine( to 9e pla&tic wor7 e:-ivalent. 2
con&e:-ence of thi& i& that for parameter& (efine( a& f-nction& of effective pla&tic &train, the
rolling B$$C (irection &ho-l( 9e -&e( a& reference (irection. +or in&tance, the har(ening c-rve
for L'T% i& the &tre&& a& f-nction of &train for -niaxial ten&ion in the rolling (irection,
PLCA3 c-rve &ho-l( give the relative vol-me change a& f-nction of &train for -niaxial ten#
&ion in the rolling (irection an( loa( c-rve given 9y #< &ho-l( give the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& a&
f-nction of &train for -niaxial ten&ion in the rolling (irection. Optionally the c-rve can 9e
&-9&tit-te( for a ta9le (efining har(ening a& f-nction of pla&tic &train rate BL'T%C or temper#
at-re BL'T/C.
". <xception& from the r-le a9ove are c-rve& (efine( a& f-nction& of pla&tic &train in the !" an(
$ (irection&, i.e., P1 an( P2 for L'T7 an( negative '!" or '$. The har(ening c-rve& are
here (efine( a& mea&-re( &tre&& a& f-nction of mea&-re( pla&tic &train for -niaxial ten&ion in
the (irection of intere&t, i.e., a& (etermine( from experimental te&ting -&ing a &tan(ar( pro#
ce(-re. .oreover, the c-rve& (efining the ' val-e& are a& f-nction of the mea&-re( pla&tic
&train for -niaxial ten&ion in the (irection of intere&t. The&e c-rve& are tran&forme( internally
to 9e -&e( with the effective &tre&& an( &train propertie& in the act-al mo(el. The effective
pla&tic &train (oe& not coinci(e with the pla&tic &train component& in other (irection& than the
rolling (irection an( may 9e &omewhat conf-&ing to the -&er. Therefore the von .i&e& wor7
e:-ivalent pla&tic &train i& o-tp-t a& hi&tory varia9le _2 if L'T7 or if any of the '#val-e& i&
(efine( a& f-nction of the pla&tic &train.
0. The '#val-e& in c-rve& are (efine( a& the ratio of in&tantaneo-& wi(th change to in&tantane#
o-& thic7ne&& change. That i&, a&&-me that the wi(th , an( thic7ne&& T are mea&-re( a&
f-nction of &train. Then the corre&pon(ing '#val-e i& given 9y)
R =
Jw
Je
w
JI
Je
I

!. The ani&otropic yiel( criterion m for plane &tre&& i& (efine( a&)
m = K
1
m
+K
3
K
2
(m2)-1
+
m
K
4
m2
= (1 +
m
2o +)o
m

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=1ILL=," ;MA/=$*!
LSDYNA 2#%% B.2TC
where o
i& the yiel( &tre&& an( @

iT1,!
are given 9y)
K
1
= |o
+o
|
K
2
= |o
2
+o
2
+2o
2
|
K
3
= 2oo
2
o
2
+o
2
K
4
= o
2
+o
2

Af +L2=T$, the ani&otropic material con&tant& a, 9, an( c are o9taine( thro-gh '
$$
, '
!"
, an(
'
$
-&ing the&e % e:-ation&)
1 +2R
00
=

m
o +{(m+2)2m]
1 o +{(m2)2m]
1 +2R
45
=
m
1 +2R
90
=

m
+o +{(m+2)2m]
1 +o +{(m2)2m]

Af +L2=T1, material parameter& a B2LC, 9 BBLC, an( c BCLC are -&e( (irectly.
+or material parameter& a, 9, c, an( m, the following con(ition ha& to 9e f-lfille(, otherwi&e
an error termination occ-r&)
1 +
m
2o + > u
Two even more &trict con(ition& &ho-l( en&-re convexity of the yiel( &-rface accor(ing to
Lill B1$C. 2 warning me&&age will 9e (-mpe( if at lea&t one of them i& violate()
> 2
(m2)-1
m
> o
2

m

The yiel( &trength of the material can 9e expre&&e( in term& of 7 an( n)
o
= ke
= ke
+e

where e

e
i& the effective pla&tic &train BlogarithmicC. Af

SA=4 i& &et to Hero, the &train to yiel( if fo-n( 9y &olving for the inter&ection of the linearly
ela&tic loa(ing e:-ation with the &train har(ening e:-ation)
o = Ee
o = ke

e
= _
E
k
]
j
1
-1
[

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*! ;MA/=1ILL=,"
2#%! B.2TC LSDYNA
e
= [
o
k

j
1
[

The other availa9le har(ening mo(el& incl-(e the Poce e:-ation given 9y
o
Y
(e
) = o c
-cs
p
,
the =o&h e:-ation given 9y
o
Y
(e
) = k(e
0
+e
p,

an( finally the Loc7et#Sher9y e:-ation given 9y

o
Y
(e
) = o c
-cs
p
n
.
+or the =o&h har(ening law, the interpretation of the varia9le SPA i& the &ame, i.e., if &et to
Hero the &train at yiel( i& (etermine( implicitly from the inter&ection of the &train har(ening
e:-ation with the linear ela&tic e:-ation.
To incl-(e &train rate effect& in the mo(el we m-ltiply the yiel( &tre&& 9y a factor (epen(ing
on the effective pla&tic &train rate. ,e -&e the Cowper#Symon(&] mo(el, hence the yiel(
&tre&& can 9e written
o
Y
(e
, e
) = o
Y
(e
) _1 +_
e
C
]
1
_
where o
Y
(enote& the &tatic yiel( &tre&&, C an( p are material parameter&, e
i& the effective

". 2 7inematic har(ening mo(el i& implemente( following the wor7& of Cha9oche an( 'o-&&il#
o
cII
= o
cII
(o
11
2o
11
o
22
, o
22
2o
22
o
11
, o
12
o
12
)
o
]
= o
]
k
4
k=1

oo
]
k
= C
k
_o
k
s
]
o
cII
o
]
k
] oe

where C
k
an( o
k
are material parameter&,s
]
cII
i& the effec#
tive &tre&& an( e
i& the effective pla&tic &train.

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=U1S=S/EEL ;MA/=$**
LSDYNA 2#%" B.2TC
;MA/=U1S=S/EEL
Thi& material mo(el i& (evelope( for 9oth &hell an( &oli( mo(el&. At i& mainly &-ite( for hot &tamping
proce&&e& where pha&e tran&formation& are cr-cial. At ha& five pha&e& an( it i& a&&-me( that the 9lan7
i& f-lly a-&tenitiHe( 9efore cooling. The 9a&ic con&tit-tive mo(el i& 9a&e( on the wor7 (one 9y P.
27er&trom W2, 7X.
2-tomatic &witching 9etween cooling an( heating of the 9lan7 i& -n(er (evelopment. To activate the
heating algorithm yo- nee( to &et L<2T T 1 or 2 an( a(( the appropriate inp-t Car(&. See the (e#
&cription of the L<2T parameter 9elow. L<2T T $ a& i& the (efa-lt activate& only the cooling algo#
rithm an( no extra car(& nee( to 9e rea( in. 2l&o note that for L<2T T $ yo- 5ust chec7 that the
initial temperat-re of thi& material i& a9ove the &tart temperat-re for the ferrite tran&formation. The
tran&formation temperat-re& are echoe( in the me&&ag an( in the (%h&p file.
Af L<2T ? $ the temperat-re that in&tantaneo-& tran&form all ferrite 9ac7 to a-&tenite i& al&o echoe(
in the me&&ag file. Af yo- want to heat -p to 1$$c a-&tenite yo- m-&t let the &pecimen]& temperat-re
excee( that temperat-re.
Af yo- are new to thi& material mo(el plea&e rea( the 'emar7& &ection where &ome of the parameter&
are explaine( in more (etail.
5ew a(vance( feat-re&)
1. 4o-ng& mo(-l-& an( Poi&&on ratio can now 9e given a& temperat-re (epen(ent loa( c-rve& or 9y
a ta9le (efinition with a loa( c-rve for each pha&e B'emar7 7C.
2. Latent heat can now 9e given for each pha&e B'emar7 /C.
%. Thermal expan&ion can now 9e given for each pha&e B'emar7 C.
!. 2(vance( reaction 7inetic mo(ification& incl-(e& the a9ility to tailor the &tart temperat-re& an( the
activation energie&. The .arten&ite &tart temperat-re can 9e (epen(ent on the pla&tic &train an( triax#
iality, an( the activation energie& can 9e &cale( with the pla&tic &train a& well.
". Lar(ne&& calc-lation improve( when tempering i& active. Amprovement& are achieve( in the 9ain#
ite an( marten&ite pha&e& BexperimentalC B'emar7 1$C.
NO/E( weightc T ppm I 1$
#!

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' T85AT C'SL PL2S< L<2T
Type A + + + + A A A
3efa-lt& none none none none %0$$ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$** ;MA/=U1S=S/EEL
2#%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC41 LC42 LC4% LC4! LC4" @+<' @P<' B
Type A A A A A + + +
3efa-lt& none none none none none $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C Co .o Cr 5i .n Si P
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt& $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le , C- P 2l 2& Ti
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt& $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le TL<MP1 TL<MP" LCTL1 LCTL" T'<+ L2T1 L2T" T2BTL
Type + + A A + + + A
3efa-lt& $.$ $.$ none none 27%.1" $.$ $.$ none

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#%7 B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le R'2 R'% R'! 2LPL2 ='2A5 TO++< TO+P< TO+B2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt& $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le PL.<.2 PL.<.% PL.<.! PL.<." ST'C ST'P '<2CT T<.P<'
Type A + + + + + A A
3efa-lt& $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $ $

Car( /I 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 28ST +<'' P<2' B2A5 .2'T ='@ ='R' T281
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 2.$/<^/

Car( I 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le ='2 ='B <MP2 <MPB ='CC ='C. L<2T5 T282
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt %.11 7"2$. 1.$ 1.$ none none 1.$ !./$0

D
R
A
F
T
2#%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( 1$II 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +S PS BS .S .SA= LC<PS2% LC<PS! LC<PS"
Type + + + + + A A A
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ none none none none

Car(
11III 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCL! LCL" 3TC'AT TS2.P
Type A A + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.$ $.$

I 3efine inp-t Car( / an( only if L<2T activate(.
II 3efine inp-t car( 1$ if '<2CT T 1 253 L<2T T 1.
Af '<2CT T 1 253 L<2T T $ the inp-t for car( 1$ i& move( an( &ho-l( 9e given a& inp-t car(
/.
III 3efine inp-t car( 11 if T<.P<' T 1, L<2T T 1 an( '<2CT T 1.
Af L<2T T $ an( '<2CT T 1 an( T<.P<' T 1 inp-t car( 11 &ho-l( 9e move( -p to inp-t car(
.
Af L<2T T$ an( '<2CT T $ an( T<.P<' T 1 inp-t car( 11 &ho-l( 9e move( -p to inp-t car(
/.
Af L<2T T 1 an( '<2CT T $ an( T<.P<' T 1 inp-t car( 11 &ho-l( 9e move( -p to inp-t car(
1$.

VARIA<LE DES0RI3/ION <ASELINE VALUE
.A3 .aterial A3, a -ni:-e n-m9er ha& to 9e cho&en.
'O .aterial (en&ity 7/%$ @gEm
%

< 4o-ng&] mo(-l-&)
=T.$.$) con&tant val-e i& -&e(
LT.$.$) LCA3 or T2BA3. Temperat-re (e#
pen(ent 4o-ng&] mo(-l-& given 9y loa( c-rve
A3 T #< or a Ta9le A3 T #<. ,hen -&ing a ta9le
to (e&cri9e the 4o-ng& mo(-l-& &ee 'emar7 7
for more information.
1$$.e^$ Pa W1X
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#% B.2TC
P' Poi&&on]& ratio)
=T.$.$) con&tant val-e
LT.$.$) LCA3 or T2BA3. Temperat-re (e#
pen(ent Poi&&on ratio given 9y loa( c-rve or
ta9le A3 T #P'. The ta9le inp-t i& (e&cri9e( in
'emar7 7.
$.%$ W1X
T85AT 5-m9er of time -nit& per ho-r. 3efa-lt i& &ec#
on(&, that i& %0$$ time -nit& per ho-r. At i& -&e(
only for har(ne&& calc-lation&.
%0$$.
C'SL Switch to -&e a &imple an( fa&t material mo(el
9-t with the act-al pha&e& active.
<R.$) The original mo(el were pha&e tran&i#
tion& are active an( trip i& -&e(.
<R.1) 2 &impler an( fa&ter ver&ion. Thi& option
i& mainly when tran&ferring the :-enche( 9lan7
into a cra&h analy&i& where all propertie& from
the cooling are maintaine(. Thi& option m-&t
9e -&e( with a IA5T<'+2C<JSP'A5=B2C@
7eywor( an( &ho-l( 9e -&e( after a :-enching
analy&i&.
$
PL2S< Switch to excl-(e mi((le pha&e& from the &im#
-lation.
<R.$) 2ll pha&e& 2CTAP< (efa-ltC
<R.1) pearlite an( 9ainite 2CTAP<
<R.2) 9ainite 2CTAP<
<R.%) ferrite an( pearlite 2CTAP<
<R.!) ferrite an( 9ainite 2CTAP<
<R.") 5O 2CTAP< mi((le pha&e&
Bonly a-&tenite #? marten&iteC
$
L<2T Switch to activate the heating algorithm&
<R.$) Leating i& not activate(. That mean& that
no tran&formation to 2-&tenite i& po&&i9le.
<R.1) Leating i% activate(. That mean& that
only tran&formation to 2-&tenite i& po&&i9le.
<R.2) Automatic &witching 9etween cooling
an( heating. LS#3452 chec7& the temperat-re
gra(ient an( call& the appropriate algorithm&.
+or example, thi& can 9e -&e( to &im-late the
heat affecte( Hone (-ring wel(ing.
LT.$) Switch 9etween cooling an( heating i&
(efine( 9y a time (epen(ent loa& curve with i(
2BSBL<2TC. The or(inate &ho-l( 9e 1.$ when
heating i& applie( an( $.$ if cooling i& prefera#
9le.

D
R
A
F
T
2#!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
LC41 Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 for a-&tenite har(en#
ing.
A+ LCA3) inp-t yiel( &tre&& ver&-& effective
pla&tic &train.
A+ T2BA3.=T.$) 23 ta9le. Anp-t temperat-re&
a& ta9le val-e& an( har(ening c-rve& a& target&
for tho&e temperat-re& B&ee I3<+A5<
JT2BL<C
A+ T2BA3.LT.$) %3 ta9le. Anp-t temperat-re&
a& main ta9le val-e& an( &train rate& a& val-e&
for the &-9 ta9le&, an( har(ening c-rve& a& tar#
get& for tho&e &train rate&.
W"X
LC42 Loa( c-rve A3 for ferrite har(ening B&tre&& ver#
&-& eff. pl. &tr.C

LC4% Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 for pearlite. See LC41
for (e&cription.

LC4! Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 for 9ainite. See LC41
for (e&cription.

LC4" Loa( c-rve or Ta9le A3 for marten&ite. See
LC41 for (e&cription.

@+<'' Correction factor for 9oron in the ferrite reac#
tion.
1.e^$" W2X
@P<2' Correction factor for 9oron in the pearlite reac#
tion.
%.1e^$% W2X
B Boron Wweight cX $.$$% W2, !X
C Car9on Wweight cX $.2% W2, !X
Co Co9olt Wweight cX $.$ W2, !X
.o .oly9(en-m Wweight cX $.$ W2, !X
Cr Chromi-m Wweight cX $.21 W2, !X
5i 5ic7el Wweight cX $.$ W2, !X
.n .angane&e Wweight cX 1.2" W2, !X
Si Silicon Wweight cX $.2 W2, !X
P Pana(i-m Wweight cX $.$ W2, !X
, T-ng&ten Wweight cX $.$
C- copper Wweight cX $.$
P Pho&phoro-& Wweight cX $.$1%
2l 2l-mini-m Wweight cX $.$
2& 2r&enic Wweight cX $.$
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!1 B.2TC
Ti Titani-m Wweight cX $.$
TL<MP1 Coefficient of thermal expan&ion in a-&tenite 2".1e#$0 1E@ W7X
TL<MP" Coefficient of thermal expan&ion in marten&ite 11.1e#$0 1E@ W7X
LCTL1 Loa( c-rve for the thermal expan&ion coeffi#
cient for a-&tenite)
LT.$.$) c-rve A3 T #L2 an( T'<+ i& -&e( a&
=T.$.$) c-rve A3 T L2
$
LCTL" Loa( c-rve for the thermal expan&ion coeffi#
cient for marten&ite)
LT.$.$) c-rve A3 T #L2 an( T'<+ i& -&e( a&
=T.$.$) c-rve A3 T L2
$
T'<+ 'eference temperat-re for thermal expan&ion.
8&e( if an( only if L2.LT.$.$ orEan(
L..LT.$.$
2%.1"
L2T1 Latent heat for the (ecompo&ition of a-&tenite
into ferrite, pearlite an( 9ainite.
LT.$.$) C-rve A3 or Ta9le A3. See remar7 /
for more information.
"$.e^$0 KEm
%
W2X
L2T" Latent heat for the (ecompo&ition of a-&tenite
into marten&ite.
LT.$.$) C-rve A3. 5ote that L2T " i& ignore(
if a Ta9le A3 i& -&e( in L2T1.
0!$.e^$0 KEm
%
W2X
T2BTL Ta9le (efinition for thermal expan&ion. ,ith
thi& option active TL<MP1, TL<MP2, LCTL1
an( LCTL" are ignore(. See remar7& for more
information how to inp-t thi& ta9le.
=T.$) 2 ta9le for in&tantaneo-& thermal expan#
&ion BT'<+ i& ignore(C.
LT.$) 2 ta9le with thermal expan&ion with ref#
erence to T'<+.

R'2 2ctivation energy (ivi(e( 9y the -niver&al ga&
con&tant for the (iff-&ion reaction of the a-&#
tenite#ferrite reaction) R2E'. ' T /.%1!!72
WKEmol @X.
11"7". @ W%X
T B2%$$$ calEmoleCIB!.1/!
KEcalC E B/.%1! KEmoleI@C
R'% 2ctivation energy (ivi(e( 9y the -niver&al ga&
con&tant for the (iff-&ion reaction for the a-&#
tenite#pearlite reaction) R%E'. 'T/.%1!!72
WKEmol @X.
1%/!$. @ W%X
D
R
A
F
T
2#!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
R'! 2ctivation energy (ivi(e( 9y the -niver&al ga&
con&tant for the (iff-&ion reaction for the a-&#
tenite#9ainite reaction) R!E'. 'T/.%1!!72
WKEmol @X.
1%"//. @ W%X
2LPL2 .aterial con&tant for the marten&ite pha&e. 2
val-e of $.$11 mean& that $c of the availa9le
a-&tenite i& tran&forme( into marten&ite at 21$
(egree& 9elow the marten&ite &tart temperat-re
B&ee me&&ag file for informationC, wherea& a
val-e of $.$%% mean& a .c tran&formation.
$.$11
='2A5 2ST. grain &iHe n-m9er for a-&tenite, -&-ally
a n-m9er 9etween 7 an( 11.
/

TO++< 5-m9er of (egree& that the ferrite i& 9lee(ing
over into the pearlite reaction.
$.$

TO+P< 5-m9er of (egree& that the pearlite i& 9lee(ing
over into the 9ainite reaction
$.$
TO+B2 5-m9er of (egree& that the 9ainite i& 9lee(ing
over into the martena&ite reaction.
$.$
PL.<.2 .emory coefficient for the pla&tic &train that i&
carrie( over from the a-&tenite. 2 val-e of 1
mean& that all pla&tic &train& from a-&tenite i&
tran&ferre( to the ferrite pha&e an( a val-e of $
mean& that nothing i& tran&ferre(.
$.$
PL.<.% Same a& PL.<.2 9-t 9etween a-&tenite an(
pearlite.
$.$
PL.<.! Same a& PL.<.2 9-t 9etween a-&tenite an(
9ainite.
$.$
PL.<." Same a& PL.<.% 9-t 9etween a-&tenite an(
marten&ite.
$.$
ST'C <ffective &train rate parameter C.
ST'C.LT.$.$) loa( c-rve i( T #ST'C
ST'C.=T.$.$) con&tant val-e
ST'C.<R.$.$) &train rate 5OT active
$.$
ST'P <ffective &train rate parameter P.
ST'P.LT.$.$) loa( c-rve i( T #ST'P
ST'P.=T.$.$) con&tant val-e
ST'P.<R.$.$) &train rate 5OT active
$.$
'<2CT +lag for a(vance( reaction 7initic& inp-t. One
a((itional inp-t car( i& rea(.
<R.1.$) 2ctive
<R.$.$) Anactive
$.$
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!% B.2TC
T<.P<' +lag for tempering inp-t. One a((itional inp-t
car( i& rea(.
<R.1.$) 2ctive
<R.$.$) Anactive
$.$
28ST Af a heating proce&& i& initiate( at t T $ thi& pa#
rameter& &et& the initial amo-nt of a-&tenite in
the 9lan7. Af heating i& activate( at t ? $ (-ring
a &im-lation thi& val-e i& ignore(. 5ote that
28ST^+<''^P<2'^B2A5^.2'T T 1.$
$.$
+<'' See 28ST for (e&cription $.$
P<2' See 28ST for (e&cription $.$
B2A5 See 28ST for (e&cription $.$
.2'T See 28ST for (e&cription $.$
='@ =rowth parameter 7 WX
='R' =rain growth activation energy (ivi(e( 9y the
-niver&al ga& con&tant. RE' where 'T/.%1!!72
BKEmol @C
WX
T281 <mpirical grain growth parameter
1
(e&cri9#
ing the f-nction tBTC
2.$/<^/WX
='2 =rain growth parameter 2 %.11WX
='B =rain growth parameter B 7"2$.$WX
<MP2 =rain growth parameter a 1.$WX
<MPB =rain growth parameter 9 1.$WX
='CC =rain growth parameter with the concentration
of non metal& in the 9lan7
C^PWX
='C. =rain growth parameter with the concentration
of metal& in the 9lan7
B^Co^.o^Cr^5i^
.n^Si^P^,^C-^
2l^2&^TiWX
L<2T5 =rain growth parameter n for the a-&tenite
formation
1.$WX
T282 <mpirical grain growth parameter
2
(e&cri9#
ing the f-nction tBTC
!./$0WX
+S .an-al &tart temperat-re +errite
PS .an-al &tart temperat-re Pearlite
BS .an-al &tart temperat-re Bainite
.S .an-al &tart temperat-re .arten&ite
D
R
A
F
T
2#!! B.2TC LSDYNA
.SA= 3e&cri9e& the increa&e of marten&ite &tart tem#
perat-re (-e to applie( &tre&&.
LT.$) Loa( C-rve A3 (e&cri9e& .SA= a& a
f-nction of triaxiality Bpre&&-reEeffective
&tre&&C. .SIT.S^.SA=Io
e

LC<PS2% Loa( C-rve A3 (epen(ent on pla&tic &train that
&cale& the activation energy R'2 an( R'%.
R'xTRxILC<PS2%(e
l
)E'

LC<PS! Loa( C-rve A3 (epen(ent on pla&tic &train that
&cale& the activation energy R'!.
R'!TR!ILC<PS!(e
l
)E'

LC<PS" Loa( C-rve A3 which (e&cri9e the increa&e of
the marten&ite &tart temperat-re a& a f-nction of
pla&tic &train.
.SIT.S^.SA=Io
e
^LC<PS"Be
l
C

LCL! Loa( c-rve A3 of Pic7er har(ne&& v&. tempera#
t-re for Bainite har(ne&& calc-lation.

LCL" Loa( c-rve A3 of Pic7er har(ne&& v&. tempera#
t-re for .arten&ite har(ne&& calc-lation.

3TC'AT Critical cooling rate to (etect hol(ing pha&e.
TS2.P Sampling interval for temperat-re rate
monitoring to (etect the hol(ing pha&e

The pha&e (i&tri9-tion (-ring cooling i& calc-late( 9y &olving the following rate e:-ation for each
pha&e tran&ition
X
k
= g
k
0, C, I
k
,
k
k
(X
k
), k = 2,S,
where g
7
i& a f-nction, ta7en from Li et al., (epen(ent on the grain n-m9er =, the chemical compo#
&ition C, the temperat-re T an( the activation energy R. .oreover, the f-nction f i& (epen(ent on the
act-al pha&e T
@
7-
@
/-
e=
k
(X
k
) = X
k
u.(X
k
1)
(1 X
k
)
u.X
k
, k = 2,S,

The tr-e amo-nt of marten&ite, i.e., 7T", i& mo(elle( 9y -&ing the tr-e amo-nt of the a-&tenite left
after the 9ainite pha&e)

x
S
= x
1
(1 c
o(HSI)
),

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!" B.2TC
where x
1
i& the tr-e amo-nt of a-&tenite left for the reaction, o i& a material (epen(ent con&tant an(
.S i& the &tart temperat-re of the marten&ite reaction.

The &tart temperat-re& are a-tomatically calc-late( 9a&e( on the compo&ition)
+errite, S(K) = 118S 2uSVC 1S.2N +.7S +1uI +S1.SHo +1S.1w SuH
11C 2uCu +7uuP +uuAl +12uAs +uuI
Pearlite, PS(K) = 996 1u.7H 16.9N +29S +16.9C +29uAs +6.w
Bainite, BS(K) = 91u S8C SSH 1SN SC 1Ho
.arten&ite, HS(K) = 812 2SC Su.H 17.7N 12.1C 7.SHo +1uCo 7.SS

The a-tomatic &tart temperat-re& are printe( to the me%%ag file an( if they are not acc-rate eno-gh
yo- can man-ally &et them in the inp-t (ec7 Bm-&t 9e &et in a9&ol-te temperat-re, @elvinC. Af L<2T
? $, the temperat-re +Snc Bferrite witho-t CC i& al&o echoe(. Af the &pecimen excee(& that tempera#
t-re all ferreite that i& left i& in&tantaneo-& tran&forme( to a-&tenite.
Re5arAs(
1. Li&tory varia9le& 1#/ incl-(e the (ifferent pha&e&, the Pic7er& har(ne&&, the yiel( &tre&& an( the
2ST. grain &iHe n-m9er. Set 5<APS T / B&hell&C or 5<APL T / B&oli(&C on I32T2B2S<
J<MT<5TJBA52'4.
Li&tory varia9le
1 2mo-nt a-&tenite
2 2mo-nt ferrite
% 2mo-nt pearlite
! 2mo-nt 9ainite
" 2mo-nt marten&ite
0 Pic7er& har(ne&&
7 4iel( &tre&&
/ 2ST. grain &iHe
n-m9er Ba low val-e
mean& large grain&
an( vice ver&aC
2. To excl-(e a pha&e from the &im-lation, &et the PL2S< parameter accor(ingly.
%. 5ote that 9oth &train rate parameter& m-&t 9e &et to incl-(e the effect. At i& po&&i9le to -&e a tem#
perat-re (epen(ent loa( c-rve for 9oth parameter& &im-ltaneo-&ly or for one parameter 7eeping the
other con&tant.
!. T85AT i& time -nit& per ho-r an( i& only -&e( for calc-lating the Pic7er Lar(ne&&, a& (efa-lt it i&
a&&-me( that the time -nit i& &econ(&. Af other time -nit i& -&e(, for example milli &econ(&, then
T85AT m-&t 9e change( to T85AT T %.01$
0

". ,ith the C'SL T 1 option it i& now po&&i9le to tran&fer the material propertie& from a hot &tamp#
ing &im-lation BC'SL T $C into another &im-lation. The C'SL T 1 option rea(& a &ynain file from a
&im-lation with C'SL T $ an( 7eep& all the hi&tory varia9le& Ba-&tenite, ferrite, pearlite, 9ainite,
marten&ite, etcC con&tant. Thi& will allow &teel& with inhomogeneo-& &trength to 9e analy&e( in, for
example, a cra&h &im-lation. The &pee( with the C'SLT1 option i& compara9le with I.2TJ$2!.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
5ote that for 7eeping the &pee( the temperat-re -&e( in the C'SL &im-lation &ho-l( 9e con&tant an(
the thermal &olver &ho-l( 9e inactive.
0. ,hen L<2T i& activate( the re#a-&tenitiHation an( grain growth algorithm& are al&o activate(.
The grain growth i& activate( when the temperat-re excee(& a thre&hol( val-e that i& given 9y
I =
B
A-InuRCM
c
uRCC
b

an( the rate e:-ation for the grain growth i& g =
k
2g
c
-
Q
T
. The rate e:-ation for the pha&e re#
a-&tenitiHation i& given in O((y B10C an( i& here mirrore(
x
= _ln [

cu
cu
-
c
_
n-1
n
[
cu
-
c
(1)
where n i& the parameter L<2T5. The temperat-re (epen(ent
f-nction tBTC i& given from O((y a& (I) =
1
(I I
)
c
2
. The empirical parameter&
1
an(
2
are
cali9rate( in O((y to 2.$0<^/ an( !./$0 re&pectively. 5ote that t a9ove given in se7onds.
7. ,hen -&ing a Ta9le A3 for (e&cri9ing the 4o-ng& mo(-l-& a& (epen(ent on the temperat-re. 8&e
I3<+A5<JT2BL<J23 an( &et the a9&ci&&a val-e e:-al to q1] for the a-&tenite 4.#c-rve, e:-al to
q2] for the ferrite 4.#c-rve, e:-al to q%] for the pearlite 4. c-rve, e:-al to q!] for the 9ainite 4.#
c-rve an( finally e:-al to q"] for the marten&ite 4.#c-rve. Af yo- -&e the PL2S< option yo- only
nee( to (efine the c-rve& for the incl-(e( pha&e&, 9-t yo- can (efine all five. LS#3452 -&e& the
n-m9er 1#" to get the right c-rve for the right pha&e. The total 4. i& calc-late( 9y a linear mixt-re
law) 4.T4.1IPL2S<1^...^4."IPL2S<". +or example)

*DE+INE_TABLE_2D
$ T@% &)2>%# >%-/#% 8)#*% '$95 $%-'&% ?@'8@ :@"5% .@% 8)#*%
$ ?'77 >% "::7'%$ ./. 1 A A)5.%&'.%3 2 A +%##'.%3 3 A P%"#7'.%3
$ 4 A B"'&'.% "&$ 5 A M"#.%&5'.%.
1000 0.0 0.0
1.0 100
2.0 200
3.0 300
4.0 400
5.0 500
$
$ D%-'&% 8)#*%5 100 500
*DE+INE_C,R!E
$ A)5.%&'.% T%2: BCD 0MC)#*% BMP"D
100 0 1.0 1.0
1300.0 50.E+3
223.0 210.E+3

/. ,hen -&ing a Ta9le A3 for the Latent heat BL2T1C yo- can (e&cri9e all pha&e tran&ition in(ivi(-#
ally. 8&e I3<+A5<JT2BL<J23 an( &et the a9&ci&&a val-e& to the corre&pon(ing pha&e tran&ition
n-m9er. That i&, q2] for the 2-&tenite g +errite, q%] for the 2-&tenite g Pearlite,]!] for the 2-&tenite g
Bainite an( q"] for the 2-&tenite g .arten&ite. See 'emar7 7 for an example of a correct ta9le (efini#
tion. Af a c-rve i& mi&&ing, the corre&pon(ing latent heat for that tran&ition will 9e &et to Hero. 2l&o,
when a ta9le i& -&e( the L2T2 i& ignore(. Af L<2T.=T.$ yo- al&o have the option to incl-(e latent
heat for the tran&ition 9ac7 to 2-&tenite. Thi& latent heat c-rve i& mar7e( a& q1] in the ta9le (efinition
of L2T1.

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#!7 B.2TC
. ,hen -&ing a Ta9le A3 for the Thermal expan&ion yo- can tailor the expan&ion for each pha&e.
That i&, yo- can have a c-rve for each of the " pha&e& Ba-&tenite, ferrite, pearlite, 9ainite an( marten#
&iteC. The inp-t i& i(entical to the a9ove ta9le (efinition&. The Ta9le m-&t have the a9&ci&&a val-e&
9etween q1] an( q"] where the n-m9er corre&pon( to pha&e q1] to q"]. To excl-(e one pha&e from
infl-encing the thermal expan&ion yo- &imply inp-t a c-rve that i& Hero for that pha&e or even ea&ier,
excl-(e that pha&e n-m9er in the ta9le (efinition. +or example to excl-(e the 9ainite pha&e yo- only
(efine the ta9le with c-rve& for the in(ice& q1], q2], q%] an( q"].

1$. ,hen T<.P<'A5= i& activate( with T<.P<' T 1 the original har(ne&& calc-lation for Bainite
an( .arten&ite are change( to an incremental -p(ate form-la. The total har(ne&& i& given 9y
= EI
5
=1
. ,hen hol(ing pha&e& are (etecte( the har(ne&& for Bainite an( .arten&ite i& -p(at#
e( accor(ing to
EI
4
+1
=
x
4
x
4
+1
EI
4
+
Ax
4
x
4
+1
b
4
(I), Ax
4
= x
4
+1
x
4

EI
5
+1
=
x
5
x
5
+1
EI
5
+
Ax
5
x
5
+1
b
5
(I), Ax
5
= x
5
+1
x
5

,e (etect the hol(ing pha&e for Bainite an( .arten&ite when the temperat-re i& in the appropriate
range an( if average temperat-re rate i& 9elow 3TC'AT. The average temperat-re rate i& calc-late(
a&
I
tesh
t
tesh
where the I
tesh
+1
= I
tesh
+|I
|At an( t
tesh
+1
= t
tesh
+At. The average temperat-re an( time

are -p(ate( -ntil t
tesh
t
sam
.

ReBeren7es
1. 5-mi&heet 2$$/ Procee(ing&, The 5-mi&heet 2$$/ Benchmar7 St-(y, Chapter %, Bench#
mar7 %, Contin-o-& Pre&& Lar(ening, Anterla7en, SwitHerlan(, Sept. 2$$/.
2. P. 27er&trom an( .. Ol(en9-rg, U2-&tenite 3ecompo&ition 3-ring Pre&& har(ening of a Bo#
ron Steel g Comp-ter Sim-lation an( Te&tV, Ko-rnal of .aterial proce&&ing technology, 17!
B2$$0C, pp%#!$0.
%. ..P Li, 3.P 5ie9-hr, L.L .ee7i&ho an( 3.= 2tteri(ge, U2 Comp-tatinal mo(el for te pre#
(iction of &teel har(ena9ilityV, .etall-rgical an( material& tran&action& B, 2B, 001#072,
1/.
!. 3.+. ,att, U2n 2lgorithm for .o(elling .icro&tr-ct-ral 3evelopment in ,el( heat#
2ffecte( Qone& BPart 2C 'eaction @inetic&V, 2cta metal. Pol. %0., 5o. 11, pp. %$2#%$%",
1//.
". Thy&&en@r-pp Steel, ULot Pre&& har(ening .angane&e#9oron Steel& .B,V, pro(-ct infor#
mation .angane&e#9oron Steel&, Sept. 2$$/.
0. .ale7 5a(eri, ULot Stamping of 8ltra Ligh Strength Steel&V, 3octor of <ngineering 3i&&er#
tation, Technical 8niver&ity 2achen, =ermany, 2$$7.
7. P. 27er&trom, U5-merical Amplementation of a Con&tit-tive mo(el for Sim-lation of Lot
StampingV, 3ivi&ion of Soli( .echanic&, L-lea 8niver&ity of technology, Swe(en.
/. .ale7 5a(eri, U2 n-merical an( <xperimental Anve&tigation into Lot Stamping of Boron 2l#
loye( Leat treate( Steel&V, Steel re&earch Ant. 7 B2$$/C 5o. 2.
. 2.S. O((y, K...K. .c3ill an( L. @arl&&on, U.icro&tr-ct-ral pre(iction& incl-(ing ar9itrary
thermal hi&torie&, rea-&tenitiHation an( car9on &egregation effect&V B10C.
D
R
A
F
T
2#!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
<oron steel 7o54osition Bro5 tHe literature8

L2Q co(e 27er&trom B2C 5a(eri B/C Thy&&en@r-ppB!C
Bmax amo-ntC
B $.$$% $.$$% $.$$"
C $.10/ $.2% $.2%$ $.2"$
Co
.o $.$%0 $.2"$
Cr $.2"" $.211 $.10$ $.2"$
5i $.$1"
.n 1.!7 1.2" 1.1/ 1.!$
Si $.!7% $.2 $.22$ $.!$$
P $.$20
,
C- $.$2"
P $.$12 $.$1% $.$1" $.$2"
2l $.$2$
2&
Ti $.$!$ $.$"
S $.$$% $.$$1 $.$1$
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3ML=FO3/IONG/RO3I0=ELAS/I0 ;MA/=$*>
LSDYNA 2#! B.2TC
;MA/=3ML=NOPTAO5O/RO3I0=ELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2!". Thi& i& a perfectly#matche( layer BP.LC material for orthotropic or ani#
&otropic me(ia, to 9e -&e( in a wave#a9&or9ing layer a(Gacent to an orthotropicEani&otropic material
BI.2TJNOPTAO5OT'OPACJ<L2STACC in or(er to &im-late wave propagation in an -n9o-n(e(
orthoEani&otropic me(i-m.
Thi& material i& a variant of .2TJP.LJ<L2STAC B.2TJ2%$C an( i& availa9le only for &oli( /#
no(e 9ric7& Belement type 2C. The inp-t car(& exactly follow I.2TJJNOPTAO5OT'OPAC
J<L2STAC a& &hown 9elow. See the varia9le (e&cription& an( 'emar7& &ection of I.2TJ
JNOPTAO5OT'OPACJ<L2STAC BI.2TJ$$2C for f-rther (etail&.
OR/1O
ANISO
;MA/=3ML=OR/1O/RO3I0=ELAS/I0 or MA/=$*> B! car(& followC
;MA/=3ML=ANISO/RO3I0=ELAS/I0 or MA/=$*>=ANISO B" car(& followC

0ards % and $ Bor tHe OR/1O o4tion8
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2B =BC =C2 2OPT = SA=+
Type + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*> ;MA/=3ML=FO3/IONG/RO3I0=ELAS/I0
2#"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
0ards %# $# and ! Bor tHe ANISO o4tion8
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O C11 C12 C22 C1% C2% C%%
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C1! C2! C%! C!! C1" C2" C%" C!"
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C"" C10 C20 C%0 C!0 C"0 C00 2OPT
Type + + + + + + + +

0ards !I* and *I> Bor tHe OR/1OIANISO o4tions8
Car( %E! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + A

Car( !E" 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% B<T2 '<+
Type + + + + + + + +

Re5arAs(
/. 2 layer of thi& material may 9e place( at a 9o-n(ary of a 9o-n(e( (omain to &im-late -n#
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3ML=FO3/IONG/RO3I0=ELAS/I0 ;MA/=$*>
LSDYNA 2#"1 B.2TC
. At i& a&&-me( the material in the 9o-n(e( (omain near the layer i&, or 9ehave& li7e, a linear
orthoEani&otropic material. The material propertie& of the layer &ho-l( 9e &et to the corre#
&pon(ing propertie& of thi& material.
1$. The layer &ho-l( form a c-9oi( 9ox aro-n( the 9o-n(e( (omain, with the axe& of the 9ox
11. Anternally, LS#3452 will partition the entire P.L into region& which form the Uface&V,
ing.
12. The layer &ho-l( have "#1$ element& thro-gh it& (epth. Typically, "#0 element& are &-fficient
the pro9lem.
1%. The no(e& on the o-ter 9o-n(ary of the layer &ho-l( 9e f-lly con&traine(.
1!. The &tre&& an( &train val-e& reporte( 9y thi& material (o not have any phy&ical &ignificance.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$*) ;MA/=3ML=NULL
2#"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=3ML=NULL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2!0. Thi& i& a perfectly#matche( layer BP.LC material with a pre&&-re fl-i(
con&tit-tive law comp-te( -&ing an e:-ation of &tate, to 9e -&e( in a wave#a9&or9ing layer a(Gacent
to a fl-i( material BI.2TJ58LL with an <OSC in or(er to &im-late wave propagation in an -n#
9o-n(e( fl-i( me(i-m. Only I<OSJLA5<2'JPOL45O.A2L an( I<OSJ='85<AS<5 are al#
lowe( with thi& material. See the 'emar7& &ection of I.2TJ58LL BI.2TJ$$C for f-rther (etail&.
2cc-rate re&-lt& are to 9e expecte( only for the ca&e where the <OS pre&ent& a linear relation&hip
9etween the pre&&-re an( vol-metric &train.
Thi& material i& a variant of .2TJP.LJ<L2STAC B.2TJ2%$C an( i& availa9le only for &oli( /#
no(e 9ric7& Belement type 2C.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O .8
Type 2/ + +
3efa-lt none none $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
.8
3ynamic vi&co&ity coefficient

Re5arAs(
1". 2 layer of thi& material may 9e place( at a 9o-n(ary of a 9o-n(e( (omain to &im-late -n#
10. At i& a&&-me( the material in the 9o-n(e( (omain near the layer i&, or 9ehave& li7e, an linear
fl-i( material. The material propertie& of the layer &ho-l( 9e &et to the corre&pon(ing proper#
tie& of thi& material.
17. The layer &ho-l( form a c-9oi( 9ox aro-n( the 9o-n(e( (omain, with the axe& of the 9ox
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3ML=NULL ;MA/=$*)
LSDYNA 2#"% B.2TC
1/. Anternally, LS#3452 will partition the entire P.L into region& which form the Uface&V,
ing.
1. The layer &ho-l( have "#1$ element& thro-gh it& (epth. Typically, "#0 element& are &-fficient
the pro9lem.
2$. The no(e& on the o-ter 9o-n(ary of the layer &ho-l( 9e f-lly con&traine(.
21. The &tre&& an( &train val-e& reporte( 9y thi& material (o not have any phy&ical &ignificance.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$>% ;MA/=/AILORED=3RO3ER/IES
2#"! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/AILORED=3RO3ER/IES
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2"1. At i& &imilar to .2TJPA<C<,AS<JLA5<2'JPL2STACAT4 or .2T
J$2! B&ee f-ll (e&cription thereC, except for the %#3 ta9le option that -&e& a hi&tory varia9le Be.g.
har(ne&&, temperat-re, aC from a previo-& calc-lation to eval-ate the pla&tic 9ehavior a& a f-nction
of 1C hi&tory varia9le, 2C &train rate, an( %C pla&tic &train. Only availa9le for &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' +2AL T3<L
Type 2/ + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none 1$.<^2$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCSS PP LASP5 PL2S<
Type + + A +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/AILORED=3RO3ER/IES ;MA/=$>%
LSDYNA 2#"" B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
+2AL
+ail-re flag.
=T.$.$) <ffective pla&tic &train to fail-re. ,hen the pla&tic &train reach#
e& thi& val-e, the element i& (elete( from the calc-lation.
T3<L
LCSS
Loa( c-rve A3 or Ta9le A3 B&ee f-ll (e&cription of .2TJ$2!C. Loa( c-rve
for &tre&& v&. pla&tic &train. 2#3 ta9le for &tre&& v&. pla&tic &train a& a f-nc#
tion of &train rate&. %#3 ta9le for &tre&& v&. pla&tic &train a& a f-nction of
&train rate& a& a f-nction of hi&tory varia9le val-e& B&ee LASP5C.
PP
LASP5 Location of hi&tory varia9le in the hi&tory array of IA5ATA2LJST'<SS
JSL<LL that i& -&e( to eval-ate the %#3 ta9le LCSS.
PL2S< Con&tant val-e to eval-ate the %#3 ta9le LCSS. Only -&e( if LASP5T$.
<PS1#<PS/
<ffective pla&tic &train val-e& BoptionalC. 2t lea&t 2 point& &ho-l( 9e (e#
fine(. The fir&t point m-&t 9e Hero corre&pon(ing to the initial yiel( &tre&&.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$>% ;MA/=/AILORED=3RO3ER/IES
2#"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
<S1#<S/
Re5arAs(
Af the %#3 ta9le i& -&e( for LCSS, interpolation i& -&e( to fin( the corre&pon(ing &tre&& val-e for the
c-rrent pla&tic &train, &train rate, an( hi&tory varia9le. An a((ition, extrapolation i& -&e( for the hi&to#
ry varia9le eval-ation, which mean& that &ome -pper an( lower Ulimit c-rve&V have to 9e -&e(, if ex#
trapolation i& not (e&ire(.
Af material hi&tory i& written to (ynain file -&ing IA5T<'+2C<JSP'A5=B2C@JLS3452, the hi&#
tory varia9le of material 2"1 Be.g. har(ne&&, temperat-re, aC i& written to po&ition LASP0 of
IA5ATA2LJST'<SSJSL<LL.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL ;MA/=$>>
LSDYNA 2#"7 B.2TC
;MA/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL
Thi& i& material type 2"", an i&otropic ela&topla&tic material with thermal propertie&. At can 9e -&e(
for 9oth explicit an( implicit analy&e&. 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( Poi&&on]& ratio can (epen( on the
temperat-re 9y (efining two loa( c-rve&. .oreover, the yiel( &tre&& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion are
given a& loa( c-rve& for (ifferent temperat-re& 9y -&ing two ta9le&. The thermal coefficient of ex#
pan&ion can 9e given a& a con&tant 2LPL2 or a& a loa( c-rve, &ee L2LPL2 at po&ition % on car( 2.
2 po&itive c-rve A3 for L2LPL2 mo(el& the in&tantaneo-& thermal coefficient, wherea& a negative&
c-rve A3 mo(el& the thermal coefficient relative to a reference temperat-re, T'<+. The &train rate
effect& are mo(elle( with the Cowper#Symon(& rate mo(el with the parameter& C an( P on car( 1.
+ail-re can 9e 9a&e( on effective pla&tic &train or -&ing the I.2TJ233J<'OSAO5 7eywor(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T2BA3C T2BA3T L2LPL2
Type A A A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 T'<+
Type + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng]& mo(-l-&)
LT.$.$) b<b i& the LCA3 for < ver&-& temperat-re,
=T.$.$) < i& con&tant.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$>> ;MA/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL
2#"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio.
LT.$.$) bP'b i& the LCA3 for Poi&&on]& ratio ver&-& temperat-re.
=T.$.$) P' i& con&tant
C
Strain rate parameter. See remar7 1.
P
Strain rate parameter. See remar7 1.
+2AL
<ffective pla&tic &train when the material fail&. 8&er (efine( fail-re &-9#
ro-tine, mat-&rJ2! in (yn21.+, i& calle( to (etermine fail-re when +2AL>$.
5ote that for &oli(& the I.2TJ233J<'OSAO5 can 9e -&e( for a((itional
fail-re criteria.
T3<L
2 time &tep le&& then T3<L i& not allowe(. 2 &tep &iHe le&& than T3<L
trigger a-tomatic element (eletion. Thi& option i& ignore( for implicit anal#
y&e&.
T2BA3C
Ta9le A3 for yiel( &tre&& in compre&&ion, &ee remar7 2.
T2BA3T
Ta9le A3 for yiel( &tre&& in ten&ion, &ee remar7 2.
L2LPL2
Loa( c-rve A3 for thermal expan&ion coefficient a& a f-nction of tempera#
t-re.
=T.$.$) the in&tantaneo-& thermal expan&ion coefficient 9a&e( on the
following form-la)

Je
]
themal
= o(I)JIo
]

LT.$.$) the thermal coefficient i& (efine( relative a reference tempera#
t-re T'<+, &-ch that the total thermal &train i& given 9y)

e
]
themal
= o(I)I I
c]
o
]

,ith thi& option active, 2LPL2 i& ignore(.
2LPL2
Coefficient of thermal expan&ion
T'<+
'eference temperat-re, which i& re:-ire( if an( only if L2LPL2 i& given
with a negative loa( c-rve A3.
Re5arAs(
1. The &train rate effect i& mo(elle( 9y -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the
yiel( &tre&& accor(ing to the factor
1 +[
s
C
1 P

where e =

e
]
e
]
i& the <-cli(ean norm of the total &train rate ten&or.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3IE0EWISE=LINEAR=3LAS/I0=/1ERMAL ;MA/=$>>
LSDYNA 2#" B.2TC
2. The yiel( &tre&&e& ver&-& effective pla&tic &train& are given in two ta9le&. One ta9le for yiel(
&tre&&e& in compre&&ion an( another ta9le for yiel( &tre&&e& in ten&ion. The ta9le in(ice& con#
&i&t of temperat-re& an( at each temperat-re an -ni:-e yiel( &tre&& c-rve m-&t 9e (efine(.
Both T2BA3C an( T2BA3T co-l( 9e %3 ta9le&, in which temperat-re& are inp-t a& main ta#
9le val-e& an( &train rate& are (efine( a& val-e& for the &-9 ta9le&, an( har(ening c-rve& a&
target& for tho&e &train rate&. Af the &ame yiel( &tre&& &ho-l( 9e -&e( in 9oth ten&ion an(
compre&&ion, only one ta9le nee(& to 9e (efine( an( the &ame T2BA3 i& p-t in po&ition 1 an(
2 on car( 2.
%. Two hi&tory varia9le& are a((e( to the (%plot file, the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( the Poi&&on]&
ratio, re&pectively. They can 9e re:-e&te( thro-gh the I32T2B2S<J<MT<5TJBA52'4
7eywor(.
!. 5o(al temperat-re& m-&t 9e (efine( 9y -&ing a co-ple( analy&i& or &ome other way to (e#
fine the temperat-re&, &-ch a& ILO23JTL<'.2LJP2'A2BL< or ILO23JTL<'.2L
JLO23JC8'P<.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$>) ;MA/=AMOR31OUS=SOLIDS=.INI/E=S/RAIN
2#0$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=AMOR31OUS=SOLIDS=.INI/E=S/RAIN
Thi& i& material type 2"0, an i&otropic ela&tic#vi&copla&tic material mo(el inten(e( to (e&cri9e the
9ehavio-r of amorpho-& &oli(& &-ch a& polymeric gla&&e&. The mo(el acc-rately capt-re& the har(en#
ing#&oftening#har(ening &e:-ence an( the Ba-&chinger effect experimentally o9&erve( at ten&ile
loa(ing an( -nloa(ing re&pectively. The form-lation i& 9a&e( on hyperela&ticity an( -&e& the m-lti#
plicative &plit of the (eformation gra(ient + which ma7e& it nat-rally &-ita9le for 9oth large rotation&
an( large &train&. Stre&& comp-tation& are performe( in an interme(iate config-ration an( are there#
fore prece(e( 9y a p-ll#9ac7 an( followe( 9y a p-&h#forwar(. The mo(el wa& originally (evelope(
9y 2nan( an( =-rtin W2$$%X an( implemente( for &oli( element& 9y Bonna-( an( +ale&7og W2$$/X

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ = .' LL 58$ .
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2LPL2 L$ SCP B <CP =$ S$
Type + + + + + + +

.A3
'O .a&& (en&ity
@ B-l7 mo(-l-&
= Shear mo(-l-&
.' @inematic har(ening parameter) _
'
B&ee <:.1C
LL @inematic har(ening parameter) V
L
B&ee <:.1C
58$ Creep parameter) X
;
B&ee <:.2C
. Creep parameter) m B&ee <:.2C
2LPL2 Creep parameter) Y B&ee <:.2C
L$ A&otropic har(ening parameter) 5
;
B&ee <:.%#"C
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=AMOR31OUS=SOLIDS=.INI/E=S/RAIN ;MA/=$>)
LSDYNA 2#01 B.2TC
SCP A&otropic har(ening parameter) %
cv
B&ee <:.%#"C
B A&otropic har(ening parameter) 6 B&ee <:.%#"C
<CP A&otropic har(ening parameter) 3
cv
B&ee <:.%#"C
=$ A&otropic har(ening parameter) g
;
B&ee <:.%#"C
S$ A&otropic har(ening parameter) %
;
B&ee <:.%#"C
Re5arAs(
1C @inematic har(ening give& ri&e to the &econ( har(ening occ-rrence in the har(ening#&oftening#
har(ening &e:-ence. The con&tant& _
'
an( V
L
enter the 9ac7 &tre&& _) Bwhere ) i& the left Ca-chy#
=reen (eformation ten&orC thro-gh the f-nction _ accor(ing to)

<:.1
where , )
p
i& the pla&tic part of the left Ca-chy#=reen (eformation ten&or an(
where ! i& the Langevin f-nction (efine( 9y !BTCT cothBTC gT
#1

2C Thi& material mo(el a&&-me& pla&tic incompre&&i9ility. 5everthele&& in or(er to acco-nt for the
(ifferent 9ehavio-r& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion a 3r-c7er#Prager law i& incl-(e( in the creep law
accor(ing to)

<:.2

where X
p
i& the e:-ivalent pla&tic &hear &train rate, the e:-ivalent &hear &tre&&, % the internal varia#
9le (efine( 9elow an( # the hy(ro&tatic &tre&&.

%C A&otropic har(ening give& ri&e to the fir&t har(ening occ-rrence in the har(ening#&oftening#
har(ening &e:-ence. Two co-ple( internal varia9le& are (efine() % the re&i&tance to pla&tic flow an(
3 the local free vol-me. Their evol-tion e:-ation& rea()

<:.%

<:.!

<:."

p
1 L
' p
L
B C B C
%
!

0
/
p p
1
trB C
%
) /
p 1E
$
B C
m
%

L
/
.
p
$
B1 C
B C
%
% 5
%
/ 0
p
$
cv
B 1C
%
g
%
/ 0
M N
cv cv
B C 1 B C % % 6 / . 0
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$>) ;MA/=AMOR31OUS=SOLIDS=.INI/E=S/RAIN
2#02 B.2TC LSDYNA
!C Typical material parameter& val-e& are given in 'ef.1 for Polycar9onate)

= B=PaC @ B=PaC .' B.PaC LL B#C 58$ B&
#1
C . B#C
$./"7 2.2! 11.$ 1.!" $.$$17 $.$11

2LPL2 B#C L$ B=PaC SCP B.PaC B B#C <CP B#C =$ B#C S$ B.PaC
$.$/ 2.7" 2!.$ /2" $.$$1 $.$$0 2$.$

W1X 2nan(, L., =-rtin, ..<., 2$$%, U2 theory of amorpho-& &oli(& -n(ergoing large (eformation&,
with application to polymeric gla&&e&,V International Qournal of Soli&% an& Structure%, !$, pp. 1!0"#
1!/7.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/ISSUE=DIS3ERSED ;MA/=$))
LSDYNA 2#0% B.2TC
;MA/=/ISSUE=DIS3ERSED
Thi& i& .aterial Type 200. Thi& material i& an invariant form-lation for (i&per&e( orthotropy in &oft
ti&&-e&, e.g., heart valve&, arterial wall& or other ti&&-e& where one or two collagen fi9er& are -&e(.
The pa&&ive contri9-tion i& compo&e( of an i&otropic an( two ani&otropic part&. The i&otropic part i&
a &imple neo#Loo7ean mo(el. The fir&t ani&otropic part i& pa&&ive, with two collagen fi9er& to choo&e
from) B1C a &imple exponential mo(el an( B2C a more a(vance( crimpe( fi9er mo(el from +ree( et al.
W2$$"X. The &econ( ani&otropic part i& active (e&cri9e( in =-ccione et al. W1%X an( i& -&e( for ac#
tive contraction.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O + SA=.2 .8 @2PP2 2CT A5AT
Type A + + + + + A A

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +A3 O'TL C1 C2 C% TL<T2
Type A A + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2CT1 2CT2 2CT% 2CT! 2CT" 2CT0 2CT7 2CT/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2CT 2CT1$
Type + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$)) ;MA/=/ISSUE=DIS3ERSED
2#0! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT B<T2 MP 4P QP 21 22 2%
Type A + + + + + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3%
Type + + + + + +

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
+
+i9er (i&per&ion parameter govern& the extent to which the fi9er (i&per&ion
exten(& to the thir( (imen&ion. F = u an( F = 1 apply to 23 &play with the
normal to the mem9rane 9eing in the an( the y#(irection&, re&pectively
B&ee +ig-re 2#11$C. F = u.S applie& to %3 &play with tran&ver&e i&otropy.
Splay will 9e orthotropic wheneverF = u.S. Thi& parameter i& ignore( if
A5AT T 1.
SA=.2
The parameter SA=.2 govern& the extent of (i&per&ion, &-ch that a& SA=#
.2 goe& to Hero, the material &ymmetry re(-ce& to p-re tran&ver&e i&otro#
py. Conver&ely, a& SA=.2 9ecome& large, the material &ymmetry 9ecome&
i&otropic in the plane. Thi& parameter i& ignore( if A5AT T 1.
.8
.8 i& the i&otropic &hear mo(-l-& that mo(el& ela&tin. .8 &ho-l( 9e cho#
&en &-ch that the :-otientu.S(SKAPPA 2N0) (SKAPPA +N0) < u.S.
An&ta9ility can occ-r for implicit &im-lation& if thi& :-otient i& clo&e to $.".
2 mo(e&t approach i& a :-otient 9etween $.!" an( $.!7.
@2PP2
B-l7 mo(-l-& for the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re.
2CT
2CT T 1 in(icate& that an active mo(el will 9e -&e( that act& in the mean
fi9er#(irection. The active mo(el, li7e the pa&&ive mo(el, will 9e (i&per&e(
9y SA=.2 an( +, or if A5AT T 1, with the IA5ATA2LJ+A<L3JSOLA3 7ey#
wor(.
A5AT
A5AT T 1 in(icate& that the ani&otropy eigenval-e& will 9e given 9y
IA5ATA2LJ+A<L3JSOLA3 varia9le& in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem B&ee
'emar7 1C.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0" B.2TC
+A3
The pa&&ive fi9er mo(el n-m9er. There are two pa&&ive mo(el& availa9le)
+A3 T 1 or +A3 T 2. They are (e&cri9e( in 'emar7 2.
O'TL
O'TL &pecifie& the n-m9er B1 or 2C of fi9er& -&e(. ,hen O'TL T 2 two
fi9er familie& are -&e( an( arrange& &ymmetrically TL<T2 (egree& from
the mean fi9er (irection an( lying in the ti&&-e plane.
C1#C%
Pa&&ive fi9er mo(el parameter&.
TL<T2
The angle 9etween the mean fi9er (irection an( the fi9er familie&. The pa#
rameter i& active only if O'TL T 2 an( i& partic-larly important in va&c-lar
ti&&-e& Be.g. arterie&C
2CT1#2CT1$
2ctive fi9er mo(el parameter&. 5ote that 2CT1$ i& an inp-t for a time (e#
pen(ent loa( c-rve that overri(e& &ome of the 2CTx val-e&. See &ection 2
9elow.
2OPT .aterial axe& option B&ee .2TJOPTAO5 T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a more
later.
B<T2
car( I<L<.25TJSOLA3JO'TLO.
P1#P%
P1, P2 an( P% (efine the coor(inate& of point P for 2OPTT1 an( 2OPT T
!.
21#2%
21, 22 an( 2% (efine the component& of vector 2 for 2OPT T 2.
31#3%
31, 32 an( 3% (efine component& of vector 3 for 2OPT T 2.
P1#P%
P1, P2 an( P% (efine component& of vector P for 2OPT T % an( 2OPT T
!.
D
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A
F
T
2#00 B.2TC LSDYNA

+ig-re 2#11$. The plot on the left relate& the glo9al coor(inate& B1, 2, %C to the local coor(inate&
(o, , y), &electe( &o the mean fi9er (irection in the reference config-ration i& align
with the ogaxi&. The plot& on the right &how how the -nit vector for a &pecific fi9er
within the fi9er (i&tri9-tion of a %3 ti&&-e i& oriente( with re&pect to the mean fi9er
(irection via angle& 0 an( .
3etail& of the pa&&ive mo(el can 9e fo-n( in +ree( et al. B2$$"C an( <in&tein et al. B2$$"C. The &tre&&
in the reference config-ration con&i&t& of a (eviatoric matrix term, a hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re term, an(
either one BO'TLO T 1C or two BO'TL T 2C fi9er term&)
= [([ 1)C
-1
+p[
-2 3
DV_
1
(I C
-2
)_ +[
-2 3
|o
(z
) +e
(z
)]DV|K
=1

where S i& the &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&& ten&or, Q i& the Kaco9ian of the (eformation gra(ient,
i& the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, o
i& the pa&&ive fi9er &tre&& mo(el -&e(, an( e
i& the corre&pon(ing active fi9er

mo(el -&e(. The operator DEV i& the (eviatoric proGection)
DV|-] = (-)
1
S
t|(-)C]C
-1

where 0 i& the right Ca-chy#=reen (eformation ten&or. The (i&per&e( fo-rth invariant z =
t|KC
], where C
i& the i&ochoric part of the Ca-chy#=reen (eformation. 5ote that z i& not a &tretch
in the cla&&ical way, &ince K em9e(& the concept of (i&per&ion. K i& calle( the (i&per&ion ten&or or
ani&otropy ten&or an( i& given in glo9al coor(inate&. The pa&&ive an( active fi9er mo(el& are (efine(
in the fi9er coor(inate &y&tem. An effect the (i&per&ion ten&or rotate& an( weight& the&e one (imen#
&ional mo(el&, &-ch that they are 9oth three#(imen&ional an( in the Carte&ian framewor7.
An the ca&e where, the &play parameter& SA=.2 an( + are &pecifie(, K i& given 9y)
y
o

y

o

y
0
2
%
1
o

D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#07 B.2TC
K
=
1
2
Q
_
1 +c
-2SIGMA
2
u u
u F1 c
-2SIGMA
2
u
u u (1 F)1 c
-2SIGMA
2
_Q
1

where L i& the tran&formation ten&or that rotate& from the local to the glo9al Carte&ian &y&tem. An the
ca&e when A5AT T 1, the (i&per&ion ten&or i& given 9y
K
= Q
_
_
1
u u
u _
2
u
u u _
3
_Q
1

where the _)& are given on the IA5ATA2LJ+A<L3JSOLA3 car(. +or the val-e& to 9e phy&ically
meaningf-l _
1
+_
2
+_
3
= 1. At i& the re&pon&i9ility of the -&er to a&&-re that thi& con(ition i& met,
no internal chec7ing for thi& i& (one. The&e val-e& typically come from (iff-&ion ten&or (ata ta7en
from the myocar(i-m.
Re5arAs(
1. Pa&&ive fi9er mo(el&. C-rrently there are two mo(el& availa9le.
BaC Af +A3 T 1 a crimpe( fi9er mo(el i& -&e(. At i& &olely (evelope( for collagen fi9er&. =iven
E
0
an( R
0
comp-te)
I
0
= (2n)
2
+(E
0
)
2
, A =
L
0
H
0

an(
E
=
L
]
H
0
H
0
+_1+
3
6n
2
+2
L
0
2
n
2
_(L
0
-H
0
)
.
5ow if the fi9er &tretche& z < A the fi9er &tre&& i& given 9y)
o = E
(z 1)

where
=
6n
2
(A
2
+(n
2
1)z
2
)z
ASE
0
2
(A
2
z
2
)(SA
2
+(8n
2
S)z
2
) +8n
2
(1uA
2
+(Sn
2
1u)z
2
)

an( if z > A the fi9er &tre&& e:-al&)
o = E
(z 1) +E
]
(z A).
An +ig-re 2#11$ the fi9er &tre&& i& ren(ere( with Eu = 27.S, Ru = 2 an( the tran&ition point
9ecome& A = 1.1.
D
R
A
F
T
2#0/ B.2TC LSDYNA
B9C The &econ( fi9er mo(el availa9le B+A3 T 2C i& a &impler 9-t more -&ef-l mo(el for the
general fi9er reinforce( r-99er. The fi9er &tre&& i& &imply given 9y)
o = C
1
[c
C
2
2
x
2
-1
1.
The (ifference 9etween the two fi9er mo(el& i& given in +ig-re 2#111.

2. +ig-re 2#1118 Both the Crimpe( an( the <xponential fi9er mo(el& vi&-aliHe(. Lere A = 1.1
i& the tran&ition point in the crimpe( mo(el.The active mo(el for myofi9er& B2CTT1C i& (e#
fine( in =-ccione et al. B1%C an( i& given 9y)
o = I
max
Co
0
2
Co
0
2
+ECo
50
2
C(t)
where
ECo
50
2
=
Co
0

max
_
c
B[
r
2(x-1)+1-
0
-1

an( B i& a con&tant, (Co
0
)
max
i& the maxim-m pea7 intracell-lar calci-m concentration, l
0
i&
the &arcomere length at which no active ten&ion (evelop& an( l
i& the &tre&& free &arcomere

length. The f-nction C(t) i& (efine( in one of two way&. +ir&t it can 9e given a&)

+ig-re 2#111.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#0 B.2TC
C(t) =
1
2
1 s(t)
where
=
`
1
1
n
t
t
0
u t < t
0
n
t-t
0
+t
r
t
r
t
0
t < t
0
+t
u t
0
+t
t

an( t
= ml
R
z +. Secon(ly, it can al&o 9e given a& a loa( c-rve. Af a loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e
-&e( it& in(ex m-&t 9e given in 2CT1$. 5ote that all varia9le& that corre&pon( to are ne#
glecte( if a loa( c-rve i& -&e(. The active parameter& on Car( % an( ! are interprete( a&)

2CT1 2CT2 2CT% 2CT! 2CT" 2CT0 2CT7 2CT/ 2CT 2CT1$
I
max
Co
0
(Co
u
)
max
B l
u
t
u
m l
R
LCA3
ReBeren7es(
+ree( 23., <in&tein 3'. an( Pe&ely A., Anvariant form-lation for (i&per&e( tran&ver&e i&otro#
py in aortic heart valve& g 2n efficient mean& for mo(eling fi9er &play, Biomechan mo(el
.echano9iol, !, 1$$#117, 2$$".
=-ccione K.., ,al(man L@., .cC-lloch 23., .echanic& of 2ctive Contraction in Car(iac
.-&cle) Part AA g Cylin(rical .o(el& of the Sy&tolic Left Pentricle, K. Bio .ech, 11", /2#$,
1%.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$)- ;MA/=EI21/=01AIN=RU<<ER
2#7$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=EI21/=01AIN=RU<<ER
Thi& i& .aterial Type 207. Thi& i& an a(vance( r-99er#li7e mo(el that i& tailore( for gla&&y poly#
mer& an( &imilar material&. At i& 9a&e( on 2rr-(a& eight chain mo(el 9-t enhance( with non ela&tic
propertie&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ .8 5 .8LL PASPL PAS<L
Type A + + + A A A A
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 4L3$ +P =P LP LP .P 5P P.8
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .1 .2 .% .! ." TA.< PCO5
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt
See
.8LL
See
.8LL
See
.8LL
See
.8LL
See
.8LL
$.$ .$
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=EI21/=01AIN=RU<<ER ;MA/=$)-
LSDYNA 2#71 B.2TC
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le R1 B1 R2 B2 R% B% R! B!
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @1 S1 @2 S2 @% S%
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2OPT .2C+ MP 4P QP 21 22 2%
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ .$.$

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le P1 P2 P% 31 32 3% TL<T2
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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2#72 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( /#1! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T28i B<T2i
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$

.A3
.aterial i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er m-&t 9e &pecifie(
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
@
B-l7 mo(-l-&. To get almo&t incompre&&i9le 9ehavior &et thi& to one or two
or(er& of magnit-(e higher than .8. 5ote that the poi&on& ratio &ho-l( 9e
7ept at a reali&tic val-e. u =
3K-2M0
2(3K+M0)
.
.8
Shear mo(-l-&. .8 i& the pro(-ct of the n-m9er of molec-lar chain& per
-nit vol-me BnC, BoltHmann]& con&tant B7C an( the a9&ol-te temperat-re BTC.
Th-& .8Tn7T.
.8LL
Parameter (e&cri9ing which &oftening algorithm that &hall 9e -&e(.
<R.1) Strain 9a&e( .-llin& effect from Ri an( Boyce, &ee theory &ection
9elow for (etail&
.1 T 2 BRi recommen(& %."C
.2 T B BRi recommen(& 1/.$C
.% T Q BRi recommen(& $.7C
.! T v& B9etween $ an( 1 an( le&& than v&&C
." T v&& B9etween $ an( 1 an( greater than v&C
<R.2) <nergy 9a&e( .-llin&, a mo(ifie( ver&ion of 'ox9-rgh an( Og#
(en mo(el. .1 ? $, .2 ? $ an( .% ? $ m-&t 9e &et. See Theory
&ection for (etail&.
PASPL
Parameter (e&cri9ing which vi&copla&tic form-lation that &ho-l( 9e -&e(,
&ee the theory &ection for (etail&.
<R.$) 5o vi&copla&ticity.
<R.1) 2 parameter& &tan(ar( mo(el, @1 an( S1 m-&t 9e &et.
<R.2) 0 parameter& =]Sell& mo(el, @1,@2,@%,S1,S2 an( S% m-&t 9e &et.
<R.%) ! parameter& Strain har(ening mo(el, @1,@2,S1,S2 m-&t 9e &et.
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LSDYNA 2#7% B.2TC
PAS<L
Option for vi&coela&tic 9ehavior, &ee the theory &ection for (etail&.
<R.$) 5o vi&coela&ticity.
<R.1) +ree energy form-lation 9a&e( on LolHapfel an( Og(en.
<R.2) +orm-lation 9a&e( on &tiffne&& ratio& from Simo et al.
4L3$
<R.$.$) 5o pla&ticity
=T.$.$) Anitial yiel( &tre&&. Lar(ening i& (efine( &eperataly.
LT.$.$) #4L3$ i& ta7en a& the loa( c-rve A3 for the yiel( &tre&& ver&-&
effective pla&tic &train.
+P#5P
Parameter& for Lill]& general yiel( &-rface. +or von mi&e& yiel( criteria &et
+PT=PTLPT$." an( LPT.PT5PT1.".
P.8
@inematic har(ening parameter. At i& -&-ally e:-al to .8.
.1#."
.-llin& parameter&
.8LL.<R.1) .1#." are -&e(
.8LL.<R.2) .1#.% are -&e(.
TA.<
2 time filter that i& -&e( to &moothen o-t the time (erivate of the &train in#
variant over a TA.< interval. 3efa-lt i& no &moothening 9-t a val-e
1$$ITA.<ST<P i& recommen(e(.
PCO5
2 material con&tant for the vol-metric part of the &train energy. 3efa-lt .$
9-t any val-e can 9e -&e( to tailor the vol-metric re&pon&e. +or example #2.
R1#B!
Poce har(ening parameter&
@1#S%
Pi&copla&tic parameter&.
PASPL.<R.1) @1 an( S1 are -&e(.
PASPL.<R.2) @1, S1, @2, S2, @% an( S% are -&e(.
PASPL.<R.%) @1, S1 an( @2 are -&e(.
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2#7! B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
.aterial axe& option B&ee I.2TJOPTIONT'OPACJ<L2STAC, I.2T
J$$2C for a more complete (e&cription.
<R.$.$) Locally orthotropic with material axe& (efine( 9y element
no(e& 1, 2 an( !.
<R.1.$) Locally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y a point in
(irection.
(efine( 9elow.
<R.%.$) Locally orthotropic material axe& (etermine( 9y rotating the
material axe& a9o-t the element normal 9y an( angle TL<T2.
The angle i& (efine( from the line in the plane that i& (efine( 9y
the cro&& pro(-ct of the vector v with the element normal. The
plane of a &oli( i& (efine( a& the mi(&-rface 9etween the inner
&-rface an( the o-ter &-rface (efine( 9y the fir&t ! no(e& an(
la&t ! no(e&.
<R.!.$) Locally orthotropic in cylin(rical coor(inate &y&tem with the
material axe& (etermine( 9y a vector v an( an originating point
P.
.2C+
.aterial axe& change flag
<R.1.$) 5o change B(efa-ltC
<R.2.$) Switch axe& a an( 9
<R.%.$) Switch axe& a an( c
<R.!.$) Switch axe& 9 an( c
MP,4P,QP
3efine coor(inate& for point P for 2OPT T 1 an( !
21,22,2%
31,32,3%
3efine component& of vector d for 2OPT T 2
P1,P2,P%
3efine component& of vector ' for 2OPT T % an( !
T28i
'elaxation time. 2 maxim-m of 0 val-e& can 9e -&e(.
B<T2iE
=2..2i
PAS<L.<R.1) 3i&&ipating energy factor&.B&ee LolHapfelC
PAS<L.<R.2) =amma factor& B&ee SimoC
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LSDYNA 2#7" B.2TC
<asi7 tHeor
Thi& mo(el i& 9a&e( on the wor7 (one 9y 2rr-(a an( Boyce W1%X, in partic-lar 2rr-(a]& the&i&
W12X. The eight chain r-99er mo(el i& 9a&e( on hyper ela&ticity an( it i& form-late( 9y -&ing &train
invariant&. The &train &oftening i& ta7en from wor7 (one 9y Ri an( Boyce W2$$!X, where the &train
energy -&e( i& (efine( a&
+ = :
p jVNA
c
+Nln [
[
sInh[
[ ++
2
= +
1
++
2
,
where the amplifie( chain &tretch i& given 9y A
c
= _Xz
2
1 +1an(
= I
-1
[
A
c
VN
,
where z
2
= I
1
S , p i& the initial mo(-l-& of the &oft (omain, 5 i& the n-m9er of rigi( lin7& 9etween
cro&&lin7& of the &oft (omain region. X = 1 +A(1 :
) +B(1 :
)
2
, i& a general polynomial (e#
&cri9ing the interaction 9etween the &oft an( the har( pha&e& BRi an( Boyce W2$$!X an( To9in an(
.-llin& W1"7XC. The compre&&i9le 9ehavior i& (e&cri9e( 9y the &train energy.
+
2
=
1
n
_
n
ln[ +
1
[
v
n
1]
,here Q i& the (eterminant of the ela&tic (eformation gra(ient .
e
. The Ca-chy &tre&& i& then comp-t#
e( a&)
=
2
[
F
c
o+
oC
c
F
c
1
=
1
[
F
c
( (( (
1
+
2
) )) )F
c
1
=
:
Xp
S[
V VV VN
A
c
I
-1
_ __ _
A
c
V VV VN
] ]] ] _ __ _B
c

1
S
I
1
I] ]] ] +
2K
[:
n
_ __ _1
1
[
n
] ]] ]
where
1
an(
2
are &econ( Piola#@irchhoff &tre&&e& 9a&e( on +
1
an( +
2
re&pectively.
Mullins eBBe7t
Two mo(el& for the .-llin& effect are implemente(.
.8LL.<R.1) The &train &oftening i& (evelope( 9y the evol-tion law ta7en from Boyce 2$$!)
:
= (:
)
VN-1
VN-A
c
max
2
A
c
max
,
where Q i& a parameter that characteriHe& the evol-tion in :
with increa&ing A
c
max
. The parameter :

i& the &at-ration val-e of :
. 5ote that A
c
max
i& the maxim-m of A
c
from the pa&t)
A
c
max
= _
u A
c
< A
c
max
A
c
A
c
> A
c
max
.
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2#70 B.2TC LSDYNA
The &tr-ct-re now evolve& with the (eformation. The (i&&ipation ine:-ality re:-ire& that the evol-#
tion of the &tr-ct-re i& irrever&i9le:
u. See Ri an( Boyce W2$$!X.

.8LL.<R.2) The energy (riven mo(el 9a&e( on Og(en an( 'ox9-rgh. ,hen activate( the &train
eergy i& a-tomatically tran&forme( to a &tan(ar( eight chain mo(el. That i&, the varia9le& Q, v& an( M
i& a-tomatically &et to $, 1 an( 1 re&pectively. The &tre&& i& m-ltiplicative &plit of the tr-e &tre&& an(
the &oftening factor .
o = po, p = 1
1
M1
e [
+
1
max
-+
1
M3-M2+
1
max
.
Vis7oelasti7it
PAS<LT1) The vi&coela&ticity i& 9a&e( on wor7 (ine 9y LolHapfel B2$$!C
Q
u
+
Q
u
u
= 2
u
J
Jt
o+
1
oC
c
=
u
1

where o i& the n-m9er of vi&coela&tic term& B$, 1,a, 0C.
PAS<LT2 ,ith thi& option the evol-tion i& 9a&e( on wor7 (one 9y Simo an( L-ghe& B2$$$C.
Q
u
+
Q
u
u
= 2
y
J
Jt
o+
1
oC
c
=
y
1

The the n-m9er of Prony term& i& re&tricte( to maxim-m 0 an( t ? $, u ? $.

The Ca-chy &tre&& i& o9taine( 9y a p-&h forwar( operation on the total &econ( Piola#@irchhoff
&tre&&.
=
1
]
F
c
F
c
1
.
Vis7o4lasti7it
The pla&ticity i& 9a&e( on the general Lill&] yiel( &-rface
o
e
2
= (o
22
o
33
)
2
+0(o
33
o
11
)
2
+E(o
11
o
22
)
2
+2Io
12
2
+2Ho
23
2
+2No
13
2

an( the har(ening i& either 9a&e( on a loa( c-rve A3 B#4L3$C or an exten(e( Poce har(ening
o
ylu
= o
yluu
+
1
(1 c
B
1
s
) +
2
(1 c
B
2
s
) +
3
(1 c
B
3
s
) +
4
(1 c
B
4
s
).
The yiel( criterion i& written
= o
e
o
ylu
u.
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LSDYNA 2#77 B.2TC
2((ing the vi&copla&tic phenomena, we &imply a(( one evol-tion e:-ation for the effective pla&tic
&train rate. Three (ifferent form-lation& i& availa9le.
PASPLT1)
e
= [
]
K
1
S
1
.
where 0
1
an( S
1
are vi&copla&tic material parameter&.
PASPLT2)
e
= _
]
K
1
[1-c
-S
1
s
+K
2
c
S
2
s
p
K
3
_
S
3

,here 0
1
, 0
2
, 0
%
, S
1
, S
2
an( S
%
are vi&copla&tic parameter&
PASPLT%)
e
= [
]
K
1
S
1
e
+K
2
S
2

,here 0
1
, 0
2
, S
1
an( S
2
are vi&copla&tic parameter&.
Kine5ati7 HardeninE
The 9ac7 &tre&& i& calc-late( &imilar to the Ca-chy &tre&& a9ove 9-t witho-t the &oftening factor&)
=
p
S[
V VV VN
A
c
I
-1
_ __ _
A
c
V VV VN
] ]] ] _ __ _I
1
S
I
-1
] ]] ]
p
i& a har(ening material parameter BP.8C. The total Piola#@irchhoff &tre&& i& now given 9y
-
= an( the total &tre&& i& given 9y a &tan(ar( p-&h forwar( operation with the ela&tic (efor#
mation gra(ient.
Re5arAs(
The parameter P.8 i& -&-ally ta7en the &ame a& .8.
+or the ca&e of a (il-te &ol-tion the .-llin& parameter 2 &ho-l( 9e e:-al to %.". See Ri an(
Boyce W2$$!X.
+or a &y&tem with well (i&per&e( particle& B &ho-l( &omewhere aro-n( 1/. See Ri an(
Boyce W2$$!X.
ReBeren7es(
Ri LK., Boyce .C., Con&tit-tive mo(el for &tretch#in(-ce( &oftening of &tre&&#&tretch 9ehavior of
ela&tomeric material&, Ko-rnal of the .echanic& an( Phy&ic& of Soli(&, "2, 21/7#22$", 2$$!.
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2#7/ B.2TC LSDYNA
2rr-(e <.., CharacteriHation of the &train har(ening re&pon&e of amorpho-& polymer&, Ph3 The&i&,
.AT, 12.
.-llin& L., To9in 5'., Theoretical mo(el for the ela&tic 9ehavior of filler reinforce( v-lcaniHe(
r-99er, '-99er Chem. Technol., %$, """#"71, 1"7.
Og(en ',. 'ox9-rgh 3=., 2 p&e-(o#ela&tic mo(el for the .-llin& effect in +ille( r-99er., Proc. '.
Soc. Lon(. 2., !"", 2/01#2/77, 1.
Simo KC., L-ghe& TK'., Comp-tational Anela&ticity, Springer, 5ew 4or7, 2$$$.
LolHapfel =2., 5onlinear Soli( .echanic&, ,iley, 5ew#4or7, 2$$$.
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;MA/=<ER2S/ROM=<OY0E=RU<<ER ;MA/=$),
LSDYNA 2#7 B.2TC
;MA/=<ER2S/ROM=<OY0E=RU<<ER
Thi& i& material type 20. Thi& i& a r-99er mo(el 9a&e( on the 2rr-(a an( Boyce B1%C chain mo(el
accompanie( with a vi&coela&tic contri9-tion accor(ing to Berg&trm an( Boyce B1/C. The vi&coe#
la&tic treatment i& 9a&e( on the phy&ical re&pon&e of a &ingle entangle( chain in an em9e((e( poly#
mer gel matrix an( the implementation i& 9a&e( on 3al an( @ali&7e B2$$C. Thi& mo(el i& only avail#
a9le for &oli( element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O @ = =P 5 5P
Type 2/ + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C . =2..2$ T28L
Type + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
@
= <la&tic &hear mo(-l-&
=P
Pi&coela&tic &hear mo(-l-&
5
<la&tic &egment n-m9er
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2#/$ B.2TC LSDYNA
5P
Pi&coela&tic &egment n-m9er
C
Anela&tic &train exponent, &ho-l( 9e le&& than Hero
.
Anela&tic &tre&& exponent
T28L
'eference @irchhoff &tre&&
Re5arAs(
The (eviatoric @irchhoff &tre&& for thi& mo(el i& the &-m of an ela&tic an( vi&coela&tic part accor(ing
to
+ ++ + = + ++ +
c
+ + ++ +

The ela&tic part i& governe( 9y the 2rr-(a#Boyce &train energy potential re&-lting in the following
expre&&ion Bafter a Pa(e approximation of the Langevin f-nctionC
+ ++ +
c
=
0
S
S z
2
1 z
2
_b

I(b
)
S
I_
Lere B i& the ela&tic &hear mo(-l-&,
b
= [
-23
FF
1
[ = uet F

i& the -nimo(-lar left Ca-chy#=reen ten&or, an(
z
2
=
I(b
)
SN

i& the relative networ7 &tretch.
The vi&coela&tic &tre&& i& 9a&e( on a m-ltiplicative &plit of the -nimo(-lar (eformation gra(ient into
-nimo(-lar ela&tic an( inela&tic part&, re&pectively,
[
-13
F = F
c
F

an( we (efine
b
c
= F
c
F
c
1

to 9e the ela&tic left Ca-chy#=reen ten&or. The vi&coela&tic &tre&& i& given a&
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LSDYNA 2#/1 B.2TC
+ ++ +
=
0
S
S z
2
1 z
2
_b
c

I(b
c
)
S
I]
where
z
2
=
I(b
c
)
SN

i& the relative networ7 &tretch for the vi&coela&tic part. The evol-tion of the ela&tic left Ca-chy#
=reen ten&or can 9e written
b
c
= L
b
c
+b
c
L
1
2D
b
c

where the inela&tic rate#of#(eformation ten&or i& given a&
D
= y
0
(z
u.999)
c
_
+ ++ +
V2
_
m
+ ++ +
+ ++ +

an(
L
= L
I(L)
S
I
i& the (eviatoric velocity gra(ient. The &tretch of a &ingle chain relaxing in a polymer i& lin7e( to the
inela&tic right Ca-chy#=reen ten&or a&
z
2
=
I(F
1
F
)
S
1,
an( thi& &tretch i& availa9le a& the pla&tic &train varia9le in the po&t proce&&ing of thi& material. The
vol-metric part i& ela&tic an( governe( 9y the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, the pre&&-re for thi& mo(el i& given a&
p = K([
-1
1).
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2#/2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=0WM
Thi& i& material type 27$. Thi& i& a thermo#ela&tic#pla&tic mo(el with 7inematic har(ening that al#
low& for material creation a& well a& annealing triggere( 9y temperat-re. The acronym C,. &tan(&
for Comp-tational ,el(ing .echanic& an( the mo(el i& inten(e( to 9e -&e( for &im-lating m-lti#
&tage wel( proce&&e&. Thi& mo(el i& only availa9le for &oli( element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O LC<. LCP' LCS4 LCL' LC2T B<T2
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T2ST2'T T2<53 TLST2'T TL<53 <=LOST P=LOST 2=LOST
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

.A3
'O
.aterial (en&ity
LC<.
Loa( c-rve for 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& a& f-nction of temperat-re
LCP'
Loa( c-rve for Poi&&on]& ratio a& f-nction of temperat-re
LCS4 Loa( c-rve for yiel( &tre&& a& f-nction of temperat-re
LCL'
Loa( c-rve for har(ening mo(-l-& a& f-nction of temperat-re
LC2T
Loa( c-rve for thermal expan&ion coefficient a& f-nction of temperat-re
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LSDYNA 2#/% B.2TC
B<T2
+raction i&otropic har(ening 9etween $ an( 1
<R.$.) @inematic har(ening
<R.1.) A&otropic har(ening
T2ST2'T
2nnealing temperat-re &tart
T2<53
2nnealing temperat-re en(
TLST2'T
Birth temperat-re &tart
TL<53
Birth temperat-re en(
<=LOST
4o-ng]& mo(-l-& for gho&t B:-ietC material
P=LOST
Poi&&on]& ratio for gho&t B:-ietC material
2=LOST
Thermal expan&ion coefficient for gho&t B:-ietC material
Re5arAs(
Thi& material i& initially in a :-iet &tate, &ometime& referre( to a& a gho&t material. An thi& &tate the
material ha& the thermo#ela&tic propertie& (efine( 9y the :-iet 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, :-iet Poi&&on]& ra#
tio an( :-iet thermal expan&ion coefficient. The&e &ho-l( repre&ent voi(, i.e., the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&
&ho-l( 9e &mall eno-gh to not infl-ence the &-rro-n(ing& 9-t large eno-gh to avoi( n-merical pro9#
lem&. 2 :-iet material &tre&& &ho-l( never reach the yiel( point. ,hen the temperat-re reache& the
9irth temperat-re, a hi&tory varia9le repre&enting the in(icator of the wel(ing material i& increment#
e(. Thi& varia9le follow&
y(t) = mn_1, _max
<t
y(s),
I I
stat
I
enu
I
stat
__

Thi& parameter i& availa9le a& hi&tory varia9le in the o-tp-t (ata9a&e. The effective thermo#ela&tic
material propertie& are interpolate( a&
E = E(I)y +E
quct
(1 y)
= (I)y +
quct
(1 y)
o = o(I)y +o
quct
(1 y)

where E( X an( Y are the 4o-ng]& mo(-l-&, Poi&&on]& ratio an( thermal expan&ion coefficient, re#
&pectively. The &tre&& -p(ate then follow& a cla&&ical i&otropic a&&ociative thermo#ela&tic#pla&tic ap#
proach with 7inematic har(ening that i& &-mmariHe( in the following. The explicit temperat-re (e#
pen(ence i& &ometime& (roppe( for the &a7e of clarity.
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;MA/=$-" ;MA/=0WM
2#/! B.2TC LSDYNA
The &tre&& evol-tion i& given a&
= C

1

where 0 i& the effective ela&tic con&tit-tive ten&or an(

1
= oI
= e
S
2
s x xx x
o

are the thermal an( pla&tic &train rate&, re&pectively. The latter expre&&ion incl-(e& the (eviatoric
&tre&&
s =
1
S
I()I,
the 9ac7 &tre&& _ an( the effective &tre&&
o =
_
S
2
(s x xx x) (s x xx x)
that are involve( in the pla&tic e:-ation&. To thi& en(, the effective yiel( &tre&& i& given a&
o
= o
(I) +E(I)e

an( pla&tic &train& evolve when the effective &tre&& excee(& thi& val-e. The 9ac7 &tre&& evolve& a&
x xx x = (1 )E(I)e
s x xx x
o

where e
i& the rate of effective pla&tic &train that follow& from con&i&tency e:-ation&.
,hen the temperat-re reache& the &tart annealing temperat-re, the material &tart& a&&-ming it& virgin
propertie&. Beyon( the &tart annealing temperat-re it 9ehave& a& an i(eal ela&tic#pla&tic material 9-t
with no evol-tion of pla&tic &train&. The re&etting of effective pla&tic propertie& in the annealing tem#
perat-re interval i& (one 9y mo(ifying the effective pla&tic &train an( 9ac7 &tre&& 9efore the &tre&&
-p(ate a&
e
+1
= e
max _u, mn _1,

I I
enu
I
stat
I
enu
__
x xx x
+1
= x xx x
max _u, mn _1,

I I
enu
I
stat
I
enu
__
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=3OWDER ;MA/=$-%
LSDYNA 2#/" B.2TC
;MA/=3OWDER
Thi& i& material type 271. Thi& mo(el i& -&e( to analyHe the compaction an( &intering of cemente(
car9i(e& an( the mo(el i& 9a&e( on the wor7& of Bran(t B1/C. Thi& material i& only availa9le for
&oli( element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O P11 P22 P%% P12 P2% P1%
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le <$ LC@ P' LCM LC4 LCC L '
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le C2 C3 CP P LCL LC+A SA5T TQ'O
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< $.$ 5O5<

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$-% ;MA/=3OWDER
2#/0 B.2TC LSDYNA
IB SIN/8EL8%8 tHen deBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC+@ LC+S2 3P1 3P2 3S1 3S2 O.<=2 '=2S
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCP' LC+S% LCT28 2LPL2 LC+S1 =2..2 L$ LC+@S
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
PAK
Anitial compactne&& ten&or P
i?

<$ Anitial ani&otropy varia9le e Bval-e 9etween * an( +C
LC@
Loa( c-rve for 9-l7 mo(-l-& 0 a& f-nction of relative (en&ity &
P'
Poi&&on]& ratio
LCM
Loa( c-rve for hy(ro&tatic compre&&ive yiel( T a& f-nction of relative (en#
&ity &
LC4
Loa( c-rve for -niaxial compre&&ive yiel( : a& f-nction of relative (en&ity
&
LCC
Loa( c-rve for &hear yiel( #
;
a& f-nction of relative (en&ity &
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/7 B.2TC
L
4iel( &-rface parameter ! relating hy(ro&tatic compre&&ive yiel( to point
on hy(ro&tatic axi& with maxim-m &trength
'
4iel( &-rface parameter " governing the &hape of the yiel( &-rface
C2
Lar(ening parameter c
a

C3
&

CP
v

P
Lar(ening exponent p
LCL
Loa( c-rve giving 9ac7 &tre&& parameter A a& f-nction of har(ening param#
eter e.
LC+A
Loa( c-rve giving pla&tic &train evol-tion angle ` a& f-nction of relative
vol-metric &tre&&.
SA5T
2ctivate &intering
<R.$.$) Sintering off
<R.1.$) Sintering on
TQ'O
29&ol-te Hero temperat-re T
;

LC+@
Loa( c-rve f
0
for vi&co-& compliance a& f-nction of relative (en&ity &
LC+S2
Loa( c-rve f
S+
for vi&co-& compliance a& f-nction of temperat-re T
3P1
Pol-me (iff-&ion coefficient &
'*

3P2
Pol-me (iff-&ion coefficient &
'+

3S1
S-rface (iff-&ion coefficient &
S*

3S2
S-rface (iff-&ion coefficient &
S+

O.<=2
Blen(ing parameter N
'=2S
8niver&al ga& con&tant "
ga%

D
R
A
F
T
2#// B.2TC LSDYNA
LCP'
Loa( c-rve for vi&co-& Poi&&on]& ratio X
v
a& f-nction of relative (en&ity &
LC+S%
Loa( c-rve f
S>
for evol-tion of mo9ility factor a& f-nction of temperat-re T
LCT28
Loa( c-rve for relaxation time a a& f-nction of temperat-re T
2LPL2
Thermal expan&ion coefficient Y
LC+S1
Loa( c-rve f
S*
for &intering &tre&& &caling a& f-nction of relative (en&ity &
=2..2
S-rface energy (en&ity [ affecting &intering &tre&&
L$
=rain &iHe l
;
affecting &intering &tre&&
LC+@S
Loa( c-rve f
0S
&caling 9-l7 mo(-l-& a& f-nction of temperat-re T
Re5arAs(
Thi& mo(el i& inten(e( to 9e -&e( in two &tage&. 3-ring the fir&t &tep the compaction of a pow(er
&pecimen i& &im-late( after which the re&-lt& are (-mpe( to file, an( in a &-9&e:-ent &tep the mo(el
i& re&tarte( for &im-lating &intering of the compacte( &pecimen. An the following, an overview of the
two (ifferent mo(el& i& given, for a (etaile( (e&cription we refer to Bran(t B1/C. The progre&&ive
&tiffening in the material (-ring compaction ma7e& it more or le&& nece&&ary to r-n (o-9le preci&ion
an( with con&traint contact& to avoi( in&ta9ilitie&, -nfort-nately thi& c-rrently limitate& the -&e of thi&
material to the &mp ver&ion of LS#3452.
The pow(er compaction mo(el ma7e& -&e of a m-ltiplicative &plit of the (eformation gra(ient into a
pla&tic an( ela&tic part accor(ing to
F = F
c
F

where the pla&tic (eformation gra(ient map& the initial reference config-ration to an interme(iate
relaxe( config-ration
ox = F
oX
an( &-9&e:-ently the ela&tic part map& thi& onto the c-rrent loa(e( config-ration
ox = F
c
ox
The compactne&& ten&or i& intro(-ce( that map& the interme(iate config-ration onto a virt-al f-lly
compacte( config-ration
ox = Pox
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#/ B.2TC
an( we (efine the relative (en&ity a&
J = uetP =
p
p

where p an( p (enote& the c-rrent an( f-lly compacte( (en&ity, re&pectively. The ela&tic propertie&
(epen( highly on the relative (en&ity thro-gh the 9-l7 mo(-l-& K(J) 9-t the Poi&&on]& ratio i& a&#
&-me( con&tant.

The yiel( &-rface i& repre&ente( 9y two f-nction& in the 'en(-lic plane accor(ing to
o
(J) = _
C
0
(J) C
1
(J)[
1
C
2
(J)[
1
2
[
1
IX(J)
((I 1)X(J))
2
([
1
IX(J))
2
R
[
1
< IX(J)

an( i& in thi& way cappe( in 9oth compre&&ion an( ten&ion, here
[
1
= So
m
= I().
The polynomial coefficient& in the expre&&ion a9ove are cho&en to give contin-ity at [
1
= IX(J) an(
to give the -niaxial compre&&ive &trength :&42 4iel(ing i& a&&-me( to occ-r when the e:-ivalent
&tre&& Bnote the (efinitionC e:-al& the yiel( &tre&&
o
eq
=
o
vM
VS
=
_
1
2
s s o
(J)
where
s = o
m
I _____

d
x xx x
in which the la&t term i& the 9ac7 &tre&& to 9e (ealt with 9elow. The yiel( &-rface (oe& not (epen( on
the thir( &tre&& invariant. The pla&tic flow i& non#a&&o&iate( an( it& (irection i& given 9y
n
n
Z

b
:
&4
n
Z

#
;
&4
`Q
*
/T&44
b
max
7!.*4T&4/"
:&4
.Q
*

.Q
*
7b
'$
.T&4! .T&4
D
R
A
F
T
2#$ B.2TC LSDYNA
n
s
= _
s sn
sn s
] n
where
n =
o
(J)
o
max
_
oo
o[
1
1
_
i& the normal to the yiel( &-rface a& (epicte( in the 'en(-lic plane a9ove Bnote the &ign of Q
*
C. The
angle ` i& a f-nction of an( (efine( only for po&itive val-e& of the relative vol-metric &tre&&
Q
*
/T&49;, for negative val-e& ` i& (etermine( internally to achieve &moothne&& in the pla&tic flow
(irection an( &-ch that avoi( n-merical pro9lem& at the ten&ile cap point. The a9ove e:-ation& are
for ill-&trative p-rpo&e&, from now on the pla&tic flow (irection i& generaliHe( to a &econ( or(er ten#
&or. The pla&tic flow r-le i& then

= z
n
s
e
m
=
1
3
I(
d
=
m
I
The evol-tion of the compactne&& ten&or i& (irectly relate( to the evol-tion of pla&tic &train a&
P
=
1
2

P +P

an( th-& the relative (en&ity i& given 9y
J
= Se
m
J .
The 9ac7 &tre&& i& a&&-me( coaxial with the (eviatoric part of the compactne&& ten&or an( given 9y
x xx x = [
1
E(c) _ __ _P
I(P)
S
I] ]] ]
where e i& a mea&-re of inten&ity of ani&otropy. Thi& ta7e& a val-e 9etween * an( + an( evolve& with
pla&tic &train an( pla&tic wor7 accor(ing to
c =
_
1
2
[
1
e
m
w(J, [
1
) +
d
d
w(J, [
1
)
where
w(J, [
1
) = _
[
1
X(J)
]
_
X()
S
d
d
0
J
an( &
;
i& the (en&ity in the initial -ncompre&&e( config-ration. The &tre&& -p(ate i& complete( 9y the
rate e:-ation of &tre&&
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#1 B.2TC
o = C(J)

where 0&4 i& the ela&tic con&tit-tive matrix.
The &intering mo(el i& a thermo# an( vi&coela&tic mo(el where the evol-tion of the mean an( (evia#
toric &tre&& can 9e written a&
o
m
= SK
e
m
e
1
e

d
= 20

The thermal &train rate i& given 9y the thermal expan&ion coefficient a&
e
1
= oI

an( the 9-l7 an( &hear mo(-l-& are the &ame a& for the compaction mo(el with the exception that
they are &cale( 9y a temperat-re c-rve
K
=
KS
(I)K(J)
0
=
S(1 2)
2(1 +)
K

The inela&tic &train rate& are (ifferent from the compaction mo(el an( i& here given 9y

=
o
d
20
+
o
m
o
SK
I
which re&-lt& in a vi&coela&tic 9ehavior (epen(ing on the vi&co-& compliance an( &intering &tre&&.
The vi&co-& 9-l7 compliance can 9e written
1
K
= S
K
(J) _J
v1
ex_
J
v2
R
g
(I I
0
)
_ +J
S1
ex _
J
S2
R
g
(I I
0
)
__ (1 +
S2
(I))
from which the vi&co-& &hear compliance i& mo(ifie( with ai( of the vi&co-& Poi&&on]& ratio
1
0
=
2(1 +
(J))
S(1 2
(J))
1
K
.
The mo9ility factor evolve& with temperat-re accor(ing to
=

S3
(I)I

(I)

an( the &intering &tre&& i& given a&
o
=
S1
(J)
y
l
0
.
D
R
A
F
T
2#2 B.2TC LSDYNA
2ll thi& i& accompanie( with, again, the evol-tion of relative (en&ity given a&
J
= Se
m
J
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=R1/ ;MA/=$-$
LSDYNA 2#% B.2TC
;MA/=R1/
Thi& i& material type 272. Thi& mo(el i& -&e( to analyHe concrete &tr-ct-re& &-9Gecte( to imp-l&ive
loa(ing&, &ee 'ie(el et.al. B1C an( 'ie(el B2$$!C.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Parria9le .A3 'O SL<2' O5<.P2 <PS+ B$ B1 T1
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 1.$ 2.$ 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 2 5 +C +SI +TI R$ B T2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Parria9le <$C <$T <C <T B<T2C B<T2T PT+
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< See re#
mar7&
See re#
mar7&
$.$$1

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$-$ ;MA/=R1/
2#! B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =CI =TI MA 31 32 <P. 2+ 5+
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =2..2 21 22 2% P<L PCO 5P 2LPL2$
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< 5O5<

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
SL<2'
O5<.P2
8nit conver&ion factor (efining 1 .pa in the pre&&-re -nit& -&e(. At can al&o
9e -&e( for a-tomatic generation of material parameter& for a given com#
pre&&ive &trength. BSee remar7&C
<R.$) 3efa-lt& to 1.$
<R.#1) Parameter& generate( in m, & an( 7g BPaC
<R.#2) Parameter& generate( in mm, & an( tonne B.PaC
<R.#%) Parameter& generate( in mm, m& an( 7g B=PaC
<R.#!) Parameter& generate( in in, & an( (oHen& of &l-g& Bp&iC
<R.#") Parameter& generate( in mm, m& an( g B.PaC
<PS+
<ro(ing pla&tic &train
B$
Parameter for polynomial <OS
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=R1/ ;MA/=$-$
LSDYNA 2#" B.2TC
B1
T1
2
+ail-re &-rface parameter 2
5
+ail-re &-rface parameter 5
+C
Compre&&ive &trength.
+SI
'elative &hear &trength
+TI
'elative ten&ile &trength
R$
Lo(e angle (epen(ence factor
B
Lo(e angle (epen(ence factor
T2
<$C
'eference compre&&ive &train rate
<$T
'eference ten&ile &train rate
<C
Brea7 compre&&ive &train rate
<T
Brea7 ten&ile &train rate
B<T2C
Compre&&ive &train rate (epen(ence exponent BoptionalC
B<T2T
Ten&ile &train rate (epen(ence exponent BoptionalC
PT+
Pre&&-re infl-ence on pla&tic flow in ten&ion
=CI
Compre&&ive yiel( &-rface parameter
=TI
Ten&ile yiel( &-rface parameter
MA
Shear mo(-l-& re(-ction factor
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$-$ ;MA/=R1/
2#0 B.2TC LSDYNA
31
3amage parameter
32
3amage parameter
<P.
.inim-m (amage( re&i(-al &train
2+
'e&i(-al &-rface parameter
5+
'e&i(-al &-rface parameter
=2..2
=r-nei&en gamma
21
22
2%
P<L
Cr-&h pre&&-re
PCO
Compaction pre&&-re
5P Poro&ity exponent
2LPL2
Anitial poro&ity
Re5arAs(
An the 'LT mo(el, the &hear an( pre&&-re part i& co-ple( in which the pre&&-re i& (e&cri9e( 9y the
.ie#=r-nei&en form with a polynomial L-goniot c-rve an( a p#` compaction relation. +or the com#
paction mo(el, we (efine a hi&tory varia9le repre&enting the poro&ity o that i& initialiHe( to o
0
> 1.
Thi& varia9le repre&ent& the c-rrent fraction of (en&ity 9etween the matrix material an( the poro-&
concrete an( will (ecrea&e with increa&ing pre&&-re. The evol-tion of thi& varia9le i& given a&
o(t) = max _1, mn _o
0
, mn
<t
_1 +(o
0
1) _
p
m
p(s)
p
m
p
el
_
N
___
where p(t) in(icate& the pre&&-re at time t. Thi& expre&&ion al&o involve& the initial pore cr-&h pre&#
&-re p
el
, compaction pre&&-re p
m
an( poro&ity exponent N. +or later -&e, we (efine the cap pre&#
&-re, or c-rrent pore cr-&h pre&&-re, a&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=R1/ ;MA/=$-$
LSDYNA 2#7 B.2TC
p
c
= p
m
(p
m
p
el
) _
o 1
o
0
1
_
1N

The remain(er of the pre&&-re B<OSC mo(el i& given in term& of the (en&ity an( &pecific internal en#
ergy. 3epen(ing on -&er inp-t&, it i& either governe( 9y BB
0
> uC
p(p, c) =
1
o
_
(B
0
+B
1
p)opc +A
1
p +A
2
p
2
+A
3
p
3
p > u
B
0
opc +I
1
p +I
2
p
2
p < u

or BB
0
= uC
p(p, c) = Ipc +
1
o
p
H
(p) _1
1
2
Ip_
p
H
(p) = A
1
p +A
2
p
2
+A
3
p
3

together with
p(p) =
op
o
0
p
0
1.
+or the &hear &trength (e&cription we -&e
p
-
=
p
c
.
a& the pre&&-re normaliHe( with the compre&&ive &trength parameter. ,e al&o -&e s to (enote the (e#
viatoric &tre&& ten&or an( e
the pla&tic &train rate.

+or a given &tre&& &tate an( rate of loa(ing, the ela&tic#pla&tic yiel( &-rface for the 'LT mo(el i& giv#
en 9y
o
(p
-
, s, e
, e
-
) =
c
o
-
(p
-
,
(e
, p
-
), e
-
)R
3
(0, p
-
)
an( i& the compo&ition of two f-nction& an( the compre&&ive &trength parameter
c
. The fir&t (e#
&cri9e& the pre&&-re (epen(ence for principal &tre&& con(ition& o
1
< o
2
= o
3
an( i& expre&&e( in
term& of a fail-re &-rface an( normaliHe( pla&tic &train a&
o
-
(p
-
,
, e
-
) = o
]
-
(
p
-
y
,
)y
with
y = e
-
+1 e
c
.
The fail-re &-rface i& given a&
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=$-$ ;MA/=R1/
2#/ B.2TC LSDYNA
o
]
-
(p
-
,
) =
`
1
1
1
1
Ap
-

S +(A
)
-1
Sp
-

1
+Sp
-
(1
1
)
> Sp
-
u
1
Sp
-
(1
2

t
-
) u > Sp
-
Sp
t
-
u Sp
t
-
> Sp
-

in which p
t
-
=
P
r
2
]
s
-
]
t
-
3
1
]
t
-
-
2
]
s
-

i& the fail-re c-t#off pre&&-re,
i& a (ynamic increment factor an(
1
= R
3
(n6,u)
2
= (p
-
)
An the&e expre&&ion&,
t
-
an(
-
are the ten&ile an( &hear &trength of the concrete relative to the com#
pre&&ive &trength
c
an( the Q val-e& are intro(-ce( to acco-nt for the ten&ile an( &hear meri(ian (e#
pen(ence. +-rther (etail& are given in the following.
To (e&cri9e re(-ce( &trength on &hear an( ten&ile meri(ian the factor
R
3
(0, p
-
) =
2(1
2
)s0 +(2 1)(1
2
)s
2
0 +S
2

(1
2
)s
2
0 +(1 2)
2

i& intro(-ce(, where 0 i& the Lo(e angle given 9y the (eviatoric &tre&& ten&or s a&
sS0 =
27dct(s)
2c(s)
3
o(s) = _
3
2
s s .
The maxim-m re(-ction in &trength i& given a& a f-nction of relative pre&&-re
= (p
-
) =
0
+Bp
-
.
+inally, the &train rate (epen(ence i& given 9y
(e
, p
-
) =
`
1
1
1
1
c
Sp
-

c

Sp
-

c
+
t
-
(
c
)
c
> Sp
-

t
-
t
-
> Sp
-

in which
c
t
e
=
`
1
1
1
1
_
e
e
0
c
t
_
[c
t
e
c
t
yc
t
_e
3
e
> e
c
t
.
The parameter& involve( in the&e expre&&ion& are given a& B
c
i& in $Pa 9elowC
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LSDYNA 2# B.2TC
c
=
4
20+3]
c

t
=
2
20+]
c

an( y
ct
i& (etermine( from contin-ity re:-irement&, 9-t it i& al&o po&&i9le to choo&e the rate param#
eter& via inp-t&.
The ela&tic &trength parameter -&e( a9ove i& given 9y
c
(p
-
) =
`
1
1
1
1
g
c
-
Sp
-

c
g
c
-
g
c
-

Sp
-

c
g
c
-
c
g
c
-
+
t
g
t
-
t
-
(g
t
-
g
c
-
)
c
g
c
-
> Sp
-

t
g
t
-
t
-
g
t
-

t
g
t
-
t
-
> Sp
-
.
while the cap of the yiel( &-rface i& repre&ente( 9y
c
(p
-
) =
`
1
1
1
1
u p
-
p
c
-
_
1 _
p
-
p
u
-
p
c
-
p
u
-
]
2
p
c
-
> p
-
p
u
-
1 p
u
-
> p
-

where
p
c
-
=

c
]
c
p
u
-
=
P
r
c
g
c
-
3
+
u
-
s
p
]
c

The har(ening 9ehavior i& (e&cri9e( linearly with re&pect to the pla&tic &train, where
e
-
= mn(
s
p
s
p
h
, 1) e
h
=
c
j
(
-
,s,s
p
,s
p
-
)(1-P
c
P
c
)
y3u
-

Lere
0
-
= 0
where 0 i& the &hear mo(-l-& of the virgin material an( i& a re(-ction factor repre&enting the har(#
ening in the mo(el.
,hen har(ening &tate& reach the -ltimate &trength of the concrete on the fail-re &-rface, (amage i&
acc-m-late( (-ring f-rther inela&tic loa(ing controlle( 9y pla&tic &train. To thi& en(, the pla&tic
&train at fail-re i& given a&
e
]
=
`
1
1
1
1
1
(p
-
(1 )p
t
-
)
2
p
-
(1 )p
t
-
+_
e
1
_
1
2
e
m
(1 )p
t
-
+_
e
1
_
1
2
> p
-

The (amage parameter i& acc-m-late( with pla&tic &train accor(ing to
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2#1$$$ B.2TC LSDYNA
= _
Je
]
s
p
s
p
h

an( the re&-lting (amage &-rface i& given a&
o
d
(p
-
, s, e
) = _
o
(p
-
, s, e
, 1)(1 ) +
c
o
-
(p
-
) p
-
u
o
(p
-
, s, e
, 1)(1
p
-
p
t
-
) (1 )p
t
-
p
-
< u

where
o
-
(p
-
) = A
]
(p
-
)
]

Pla&tic flow occ-r& in the (irection of (eviatoric &tre&&, i.e.,
~s
9-t for ten&ion there i& an option to &et the parameter P+C to a n-m9er corre&pon(ing to the infl-#
ence of pla&tic vol-metric &train. Af z 1 i& -&e( to (enote thi& parameter, then for the &pecial ca&e
of z = 1
~s pI
Thi& wa& intro(-ce( to re(-ce noi&e in ten&ion that wa& o9&erve( on &ome te&t pro9lem&. 2 fail-re
&train can 9e -&e( to ero(e element& with &evere (eformation which 9y (efa-lt i& &et to 2$$c.
+or &implicity, a-tomatic generation of material parameter& i& availa9le via O5<.P2.LT.$, then no
other parameter& are nee(e(. Af +C.<R.$ then the %" .Pa &trength concrete in 'ie(el B2$$!C i& gen#
erate( in the -nit& &pecifie( 9y the val-e of O5<.P2. +or +C.=T.$ then +C &pecifie& the act-al
&trength of the concrete in the -nit& &pecifie( 9y the val-e of O5<.P2. The other parameter& are
generate( 9y interpolating 9etween the %" .Pa an( 1!$ .Pa &trength concrete& a& pre&ente( in
'ie(el B2$$!C. 2ny a-tomatically generate( parameter may 9e overri((en 9y the -&er if motivate(,
one of the&e parameter& may 9e the initial poro&ity 2LPL2$ of the concrete.
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LSDYNA 2#1$$1 B.2TC
;MA/=0ON0RE/E=DAMA2E=3LAS/I0=MODEL I ;MA/=0D3M
Thi& i& material type 27%. Thi& i& a (amage pla&tic concrete mo(el 9a&e( on wor7 p-9li&he( in =ra&&l
et al. B2$11C an( =ra&&l an( Kira&e7 B2$$0C. Thi& mo(el i& aime( to &im-lation& where fail-re of con#
crete &tr-ct-re& &-9Gecte( to (ynamic loa(ing& i& &o-ght. At (e&cri9e& the characteriHation of the fail#
-re proce&& &-9Gecte( to m-lti#axial an( rate#(epen(ent loa(ing. The mo(el i& 9a&e( on effective
&tre&& pla&ticity an( with a (amage mo(el 9a&e( on 9oth pla&tic an( ela&tic &train mea&-re&. Thi& ma#
terial mo(el i& availa9le only for &oli(&.
There are a lot of parameter& for the a(vance( -&er 9-t note that mo&t of them have (efa-lt val-e&
that are 9a&e( on experimental te&t&. They might not 9e -&ef-l for all type& of concrete an( all type&
of loa( path& 9-t they are val-e& that can 9e -&e( a& a goo( &tarting point. Af the (efa-lt val-e& i& not
goo( eno-gh the theory chapter at the en( of the parameter (e&cription can 9e of val-e.
Li&tory varia9le& that can 9e exporte( to the (ata9a&e are)
1 g (amage f-nction in ten&ion
2 g (amage f-nction in compre&&ion
% g n-m9er of integration point& in element that have faile(

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O < P' <CC RL$ +T +C
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 5O5< 5O5< 5O5< $.2 28TO $.% 5O5< 5O5<

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LP 2L BL CL 3L 2S 3+ +C$
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $." $.$/ $.$$% 2.$ 1.$<#0 1".$ $./" 1$.$

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2#1$$2 B.2TC LSDYNA
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T4P< BS ,+ ,+1 +T1 ST'+L= +2AL+L=
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.$ 5O5< $.1"I,+ $.%I+T $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
<
4o-ng& mo(-l-&
P' Poi&&on& ratio
<CC
<ccentricity parameter.
<R.$.$) <CC i& calc-late( from KiraHe7 an( BaHant B2$$2C a&
ECC =
1 +e
1 e
, e =

t
(
bc
2

c
2
)
bc
(
c
2

t
2
)
,
bc
= 1.16
c

RL$
Anitial har(ening (efine( a& +C
$
E+C where +C
$
i& the compre&&ive &tre&& at
which the initial yiel( &-rface i& reache(. 3efa-lt T $.%
+T
8niaxial ten&ile &trength B&tre&&C
+C
8niaxial compre&&ion &trength B&tre&&C
LP
Lar(ening parameter.
.-&t 9e LP > 1.$ # RL$
2L
Lar(ening (-ctility parameter 1
BL
Lar(ening (-ctility parameter 2
CL
Lar(ening (-ctility parameter %
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LSDYNA 2#1$$% B.2TC
3L
Lar(ening (-ctility parameter !
2S
3-ctility parameter (-ring (amage
3+
+low r-le parameter
+C$
'ate (epen(ent parameter
T4P<
+lag for (amage type.
<R.$.$) Linear (amage form-lation B3efa-ltC
<R.1.$) Bi#linear (amage form-lation
<R.2.$) 5o (amage
BS
3amage (-ctility exponent (-ring (amage.
3efa-lt T 1.$
,+
Ten&ile thre&hol( val-e for linear (amage form-lation
,+1
Ten&ile thre&hol( val-e for the &econ( part of the 9i#linear (amage form-la#
tion.
3efa-lt T $.1"I,+
+T1
Ten&ile &trength thre&hol( val-e for 9i#linear (amage form-lation.
3efa-lt T $.%I+T
ST'+L=
Strain rate flag.
<R.1.$) Strain rate (epen(ent
<R.$.$) 5o &train rate (epen(ency.
+2AL+L=
+ail-re flag.
<R.$.$) 5ot active. 5o ero&ion.
<R.M ? $.$) 2ctive an( element will ero(e if wt an( wc i& e:-al to 1 in M
percent of the integration point&. Af MT$.0$, 0$c of all integration point&
m-&t fail 9efore ero&ion.
Re5arAs(
The &tre&& for the (amage pla&ticity mo(el i& (efine( a&
o = (1 w
t
)o
t
+(1 w
c
)o
c

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where `
t
an( `
c
are the po&itive an( negative part of the effective &tre&&. The &calar f-nction& w
t
an(
w
c
are (amage parameter&.
Pla&ticity
The yiel( &-rface i& (e&cri9e( 9y the Laigh#,e&tergaar( coor(inate&) the vol-metric effective &tre&&
h
v
, the norm of the (eviatoric effective &tre&& an( the Lo(e angle , an( it i& given 9y
(o
, p, 0, ) = _|1
1
()] _
p
V6
c
+
o
c
_
2
+
_
S
2
p
c
_
2
+m
0
1
()
2
() _
p
V6
c
(s 0) +
o
c
_
1
2
()
2
2
() .
The varia9le& =
1
an( =
2
are (epen(ent on the har(ening varia9le c. The parameter f
c
i& the -niaxial
compre&&ive &trength. The &hape of the (eviatoric &ection i& controlle( 9y the f-nction
(s 0) =
(1 c
2
) s
2
0 +(2c 1)
2
2(1 c
2
) s
2
0 +(2c 1)(1 c
2
) s
2
0 +Sc
2
c

where e i& the eccentricity parameter B<CCC. The parameter m
;
i& the friction parameter an( it i& (e#
fine( a&
m
0
=
S(
c
2

t
2
)
t
c
c +1

where f
t
i& the ten&ile &trength.
The flow r-le i& non#a&&ociative which mean& that the (irection of the pla&tic flow i& not normal to
the yiel( &-rface. Thi& i& important for concrete &ince an a&&ociative flow r-le wo-l( give an overe&#
timate( maxim-m &tre&&. The pla&tic potential i& given 9y
g(o
, p, ) = _|1
1
()] _
p
V6
c
+
o
c
_
2
+
_
S
2
p
c
_
2
+
1
()
2
() _
m
0
p
V6
c
+
m
g
(o
, )
c
_
where
m
g
(o
, ) = A
g
()B
g
()
c
c
c
-q
2
]
t
3
B
g
]
c

an(
A
g
=
S
t
2
()
c
+
m
0
2
, B
g
=

2
()
S
1 +
t
c
ln
A
g
S
2
+
m
0
2
+ln_

]
+1
2
]
1
]

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The har(ening law& =
*
an( =
+
control the &hape of the yiel( &-rface an( the pla&tic potential, an( they
are (efine( a&
1
() =
h0
+(1
h0
)(
3
S
2
+S) -E
(
3
S
2
+2), < 1
1
() = 1, 1
2
() = 1, < 1
2
() = 1 +E
( 1), 1
The evol-tion for the har(ening varia9le i& given 9y
=
z
s
2
0
x
h
(o
)
_
Jg
Jo
_
At &et& the rate of the har(ening varia9le to the norm of the pla&tic &train rate &cale( 9y a (-ctility
mea&-re which i& (efine( 9elow a&
x
h
(o
) = A
h
(A
h
B
h
)c
-
R
h
C
h
, R
h
u
x
h
(o
) = E
h
c
R
h
P
h
+
h
, R
h
< u
2n( finally
E
h
= B
h

h
,
h
=
(B
h

h
)C
h
A
h
B
h

3amage
3amage i& initialiHe( when the e:-ivalent &train reache& e the thre&hol( val-e e
0
=
t
E where the
e:-ivalent &train i& (efine( a&
e =
e
0
m
0
2
_
p
V6
c
(os0) +
o
v
c
+
_
e
0
2
m
0
2
_
p
V6
c
(os0) +
o
v
c
_
2
+
Se
0
2
p
2
2
c
2
_
+or linear (amage type the &tre&& val-e
t
an( the fail-re &train w
]
m-&t 9e (efine( an( for the 9i#
linear type two a((itional parameter& m-&t 9e (efine(, &ee fig-re 9elow how the &tre&& &oftening i&
controlle( 9y the inp-t parameter&.

t

t

t1

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The varia9le e
i& calle( the inela&tic &train an( i& (efine( a& the &-m of the irrever&i9le pla&tic &train
e
an( the rever&i9le &train w

t
e e
Bin compre&&ion w
c
e e
C. To get the infl-ence of m-lti#

axial &tre&& &tate& on the &oftening a (amage (-ctility mea&-re x
i& a((e()
x
= 1 +(A
1)R
B
s

,here A
an( B
are inp-t parameter&, an(

R
=
V6o
p
, o
< u anu R
= u, o
> u
The inela&tic &train i& then mo(ifie( accor(ing)
e
=
e

Strain rate
Concrete i& &trongly rate (epen(ent. Af the loa(ing rate i& increa&e(, the ten&ile an( compre&&ive
&trength increa&e an( are more prominent in ten&ion then in compre&&ion. The (epen(ency i& ta7en
into acco-nt 9y an a((itional varia9le o
1. The rate (epen(ency i& incl-(e( 9y &caling 9oth the

e:-ivalent &train rate an( the inela&tic &train. The rate parameter i& (efine( 9y
o
= (1 X
comco
) o
t
+X
comco
o
c

,here M i& contin-o-& compre&&ion mea&-re BT 1 mean& only compre&&ion, T $ mean& only ten&ionC
an( for ten&ion we have
o
t
=
`
1
1
1
1
1 e
m
< Su - 1u
-6
s
-1

_
e
m
e
t0
]
6
t
Su - 1u
-6
< e
m
< 1 s
-1
t
_
e
m
e
t0
]
1
3
e
m
> 1 s
-1

where o
t
=
1
1+]
c
]
c0
,
t
= c
66
t
-2
an( e
t0
= 1 - 1u
-6
s
-1
. +or compre&&ion the corre&pon(ing rate
factor i& given 9y

o
c
=
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 |e
m
| < Su - 1u
-6
s
-1

_
|e
m
|
e
c0
]
1.0266
c
Su - 1u
-6
< |e
m
| < 1 s
-1
c
_
|e
m
|
e
c0
]
1
3
| e
m
| > Su s
-1

where o
c
=
1
5+9]
c
]
c0
,
c
= c
6.1566
c
-2
an( e
c0
= Su - 1u
-6
s
-1
. The parameter
c0
i& an inp-t pa#
rameter that have a (efa-lt val-e of 1$.
w
]

e

w
]

e

w
]1

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LSDYNA 2#1$$7 B.2TC
;MA/=01RONOLO2I0AL=VIS0OELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 270. Thi& material mo(el provi(e& a general vi&coela&tic .axwell mo(el hav#
ing -p to 0 term& in the prony &erie& expan&ion an( i& -&ef-l for mo(eling (en&e contin--m r-99er&
an( &oli( explo&ive&. At i& &imilar to .aterial Type 70 9-t allow& the incorporation of aging effect&
on the material propertie&. <ither the coefficient& of the prony &erie& expan&ion or a relaxation c-rve
may 9e &pecifie( to (efine the vi&coela&tic (eviatoric an( 9-l7 9ehavior.
The material mo(el can al&o 9e -&e( with laminate( &hell. <ither an ela&tic or vi&coela&tic layer can
9e (efine( with the laminate( form-lation. To activate laminate( &hell yo- nee( the laminate( for#
m-lation flag on ICO5T'OLJSL<LL. ,ith the laminate( option a -&er (efine( integration r-le i&
nee(e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + A + + + A + +

Bro5 tHat Bor tHe 9ulA 9eHa'ior( si54l insert Dero iB a ter5 is not in7luded8
IB an elasti7 laer is deBined ou onl need to deBine 2I and KI &note in an elasti7 laer onl one
7ard is needed+
Optional
Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +

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.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
B8L@
PC+
<+
T'<+
2
Chronological coefficient o(t
). See 'emar7& 9elow.

B
Chronological coefficient (t
). See 'emar7& 9elow.

LCA3
i
, an(
i
are (eter#
5T
rently, the maxim-m n-m9er i& &et to 0.
BST2'T
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i&
1$ time&
> (
an( error &cheme.
T'2.P
LCA3@
i
, an(
i
are (etermine(
5T@
BST2'T@
An the fit,
*
i& &et to Hero,
+
i& &et to BST2'T@,
>
i& 1$ time&
+
,
D
i& 1$ time&
> (
an( &o on. Af Hero, BST2'T@ i& (etermine( 9y an
iterative trial an( error &cheme.
T'2.P@
=A
B<T2A
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LSDYNA 2#1$$ B.2TC
@A
B<T2@A
Re5arAs(
The Ca-chy &tre&&, o
]
, i& relate( to the &train rate 9y
o
]
(t) = po
]
+] g
]kl
(t )
oe
kl
()
o
J
t
u
. B1C
+or thi& mo(el, it i& po&t-late( that the mathematical form i& pre&erve( in the con&tit-tive e:-ation
for agingD however two new material f-nction&, g
u
,
(t
o
) an( g
1
,
(t
o
, t) are intro(-ce( to replace g
u
an(
g
1
(t), which i& expre&&e( in term& of a Prony &erie& a& in material mo(el 70, I.2TJ=<5<'2L
JPASCO<L2STAC. The aging time i& (enote( 9y t
o
.
o
]
(t
o
, t) = po
]
+] g
]kl
(t
o
, t )
oe
kl
()
o
J
t
u
B2C
where
g
]kl
,
(t
o
, t) = o(t
o
)g
]kl
|(t
o
)t]. B%C
where o(t
) an( (t
) are two new material propertie& that are f-nction& of the aging time t
o
. The
material propertie& f-nction& o(t
) an( (t
) will 9e (etermine( with the experimental re&-lt&. +or

(etermination of o(t
) an( (t
), <:. B2C can 9e written in the following form

lo
]
po
]
t
c
,t
= lo(t
) +lo
]
po
]
t
c
=0,t{

l = l(t
) +lt B!C
Therefore, if one plot& the &tre&& ver&-& time on log#log &cale&, with the vertical axi& 9eing the &tre&&
an( the horiHontal axi& 9eing the time, then the &tre&&#relaxation c-rve for any age( time hi&tory can
9e o9taine( (irectly from the &tre&&#relaxation c-rve at t
o
= u 9y impo&ing a vertical &hift an( a hor#
iHontal &hift on the &tre&&#relaxation c-rve&. The vertical &hift an( the horiHontal &hift are lo(t
)
an( l(t
) re&pectively.
D
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2#1$1$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ALE=VA0UUM
See I.2TJP2C88. or I.2TJ1!$.
D
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;MA/=ALE=2AS=MIT/URE ;MA/=ALE="$
LSDYNA 2#1$11 B.2TC
;MA/=ALE=2AS=MIT/URE
Thi& may al&o 9e referre( to a& I.2TJ2L<J$2. Thi& mo(el i& -&e( to &im-late thermally e:-ili#
9rate( i(eal ga& mixt-re&. Thi& only wor7& with the m-lti#material 2L< form-lation B<L+O'.T11
in IS<CTAO5JSOLA3C. Thi& 7eywor( nee(& to 9e -&e( together with IA5ATA2LJ=2SJ.AMT8'<
for the initialiHation of ga& (en&itie& an( temperat-re&. ,hen applie( in the context of 2L< air9ag
mo(eling, the inGection of inflator ga& i& (one with a IS<CTAO5JPOA5TJSO8'C<J.AMT8'<
comman( which control& the inGection proce&&. Thi& i& an i(entical material mo(el to the I.2T
J=2SJ.AMT8'< mo(el.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 A23A2B '85AP
Type 2/ A +
3efa-lt none $ $.$
'emar7 " 1

0ard $( MetHod &A+ RUNIVO9lanA or "8" a 3er5ass unit is used
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CPma&&1 CPma&&2 CPma&&% CPma&&! CPma&&" CPma&&0 CPma&&7 Cvma&&/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7
D
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A
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;MA/=ALE="$ ;MA/=ALE=2AS=MIT/URE
2#1$12 B.2TC LSDYNA
0ard !( MetHod &A+ RUNIVO9lanA or "8" a 3er5ass unit is used
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CPma&&1 CPma&&2 CPma&&% CPma&&! CPma&&" CPma&&0 CPma&&7 Cpma&&/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7

0ard $( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .OL,T1 .OL,T2 .OL,T% .OL,T! .OL,T" .OL,T0 .OL,T7 .OL,T/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

0ard !( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero a 3er5ole unit is used
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le CPmole1 CPmole2 CPmole% CPmole! CPmole" CPmole0 Cpmole7 CPmole/
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

D
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LSDYNA 2#1$1% B.2TC
0ard *( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

0ard >( MetHod &<+ RUNIV is nonDero
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 2

.A3
A23A2B
Thi& flag B(efa-ltT$C i& -&e( to t-rn O5EO++ a(ia9atic compre&&ion logic&
for an i(eal ga& Bremar7 "C.
<R.$) O++ B(efa-ltC
<R.1) O5
'85AP
8niver&al ga& con&tant in per#mole -nit B/.%1!!7 KEBmoleI@CC.
CPma&&1#
CPma&&/
Af '85AP i& BL25@ or Hero Bmetho( 2C) Leat capacity at con&tant vol#
-me for -p to eight (ifferent ga&e& in per#ma&& -nit.
CPma&&1#
CPma&&/
Af '85AP i& BL25@ or Hero Bmetho( 2C) Leat capacity at con&tant pre&#
&-re for -p to eight (ifferent ga&e& in per#ma&& -nit.
D
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2#1$1! B.2TC LSDYNA
.OL,T1#
.OL,T/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) .olec-lar weight of each i(eal ga& in
the mixt-re Bma&&#-nitEmoleC.
CPmole1#
CPmole/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) Leat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re for -p
to eight (ifferent ga&e& in per#mole -nit. The&e are nominal heat capacity
val-e& typically at STP. The&e are (enote( 9y the varia9le U2V in the e:-a#
tion in remar7 2.
B1#B/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) +ir&t or(er coefficient for a temperat-re
(epen(ent heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re for -p to eight (ifferent ga&e&.
The&e are (enote( 9y the varia9le UBV in the e:-ation in remar7 2.
C1#C/
Af '85AP i& nonHero Bmetho( BC) Secon( or(er coefficient for a tempera#
t-re (epen(ent heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re for -p to eight (ifferent
ga&e&. The&e are (enote( 9y the varia9le UCV in the e:-ation in remar7 2.
Re5arAs(

1. There are 2 metho(& of (efining the ga& propertie& for the mixt-re. Af '85AP i& BL25@ or
Q<'O .etho( B2C i& -&e( to (efine con&tant heat capacitie& where per#ma&& -nit val-e&
of C
v
an( C
p
are inp-t. Only car(& 2 an( % are re:-ire( for thi& metho(. .etho( BBC i& -&e(
to (efine con&tant or temperat-re (epen(ent heat capacitie& where per#mole -nit val-e& of C
p

are inp-t. Car(& 2#" are re:-ire( for thi& metho(.

2. The per#ma&&#-nit, temperat-re#(epen(ent, con&tant#pre&&-re heat capacity i&

C
(I) =
|A+B-1+C-1
2
]
M
~
]
kg-K
A = C
P0
~[ (molc - K)

B~[ (molc - K
2
)
C~[ (molc - K
3
)

The -nit& &hown are only for (emon&tration of the e:-ation.

%. The initial temperat-re an( the (en&ity of the ga& &pecie& pre&ent in a me&h or part at time
Hero i& &pecifie( 9y the 7eywor( IA5ATA2LJ=2SJ.AMT8'<.

!. The i(eal ga& mixt-re i& a&&-me( to 9e thermal e:-ili9ri-m, that i&, all &pecie& are at the
&ame temperat-re BTC. The ga&e& in the mixt-re are al&o a&&-me( to follow 3alton]& Partial
Pre&&-re Law, P = P
nas
. The partial pre&&-re of each ga& i& then P
= p
R
as
I where
R
g
=
R
n
M
. The in(ivi(-al ga& &pecie& temperat-re e:-al& the mixt-re temperat-re. The
temperat-re i& comp-te( from the internal energy where the mi-ture internal energy per unit
volume i& -&e(,

D
R
A
F
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LSDYNA 2#1$1" B.2TC
c
v
= p
C
v
i
nas
= p
C
v
i
nas
I
I = I
=
c
v
p
C
v
i
nas

An general, the a(vection &tep con&erve& moment-m an( internal energy, 9-t not 7inetic en#
ergy. Thi& can re&-lt in energy lo&t in the &y&tem an( lea( to a pre&&-re (rop. An I.2T
J=2SJ.AMT8'< the (i&&ipate( 7inetic energy i& a-tomatically &tore( in the internal ener#
gy. Th-& in effect the total energy i& con&erve( in&tea( of con&erving G-&t the internal ener#
gy. Thi& n-merical &cheme ha& 9een &hown to improve acc-racy in &ome ca&e&. Lowever,
the -&er &ho-l( alway& 9e vigilant an( chec7 the phy&ic& of the pro9lem clo&ely.

". 2& an example con&i(er an air9ag &-rro-n(e( 9y am9ient air. 2& the inflator ga& flow& into
the 9ag, the 2L< element& c-t 9y the air9ag fa9ric &hell element& will contain &ome inflator
ga& in&i(e an( &ome am9ient air o-t&i(e. The m-lti#material element treatment i& not perfect.
Con&e:-ently the temperat-re of the o-t&i(e air may, occa&ionally, 9e ma(e artificially high
after the m-lti#material element treatment. To prevent the o-t&i(e am9ient air from getting
artificially high T, &et A3A2BT1 for the am9ient air o-t&i(e. Simple a(ia9atic compre&&ion
e:-ation i& then a&&-me( for the o-t&i(e air. The -&e of thi& flag may 9e nee(e(, 9-t only
when that o-t&i(e air i& mo(ele( 9y the I.2TJ=2SJ.AMT8'< car(.
EJa54le(

Con&i(er a tan7 te&t mo(el where the Lagrangian tan7 BPart S1C i& &-rro-n(e( 9y an 2L< air
me&h BPart L!T2..=A3 1C. There are 2 2L< part& which are (efine( 9-t initially have no cor#
re&pon(ing me&h) part " BL"T2..=A3 2C i& the re&i(ent ga& in&i(e the tan7 at t T $, an( part 0
BL0T2..=A3 2C i& the inflator ga&Be&C which i& inGecte( into the tan7 when t ? $. 2..=A3
&tan(& for 2L< .-lti#.aterial =ro-p A3. Plea&e &ee fig-re an( inp-t 9elow. The I.2TJ=2S
J.AMT8'< B.=.C car( (efine& the ga& propertie& of 2L< part& L" m L0. The .=. car( in#
p-t for 9oth metho( B2C an( BBC are &hown.

The IA5ATA2LJ=2SJ.AMT8'< car( i& al&o &hown. At 9a&ically &pecifie& that U2..=A3 2
may 9e pre&ent in part or me&h L! at tT$, an( the initial (en&ity of thi& ga& i& (efine( in the rho1
po&ition which corre&pon(& to the 1
&t
material in the mixt-re Bor L", the re&i(ent ga&C.V

D
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2#1$10 B.2TC LSDYNA
EJa54le 7onBiEuration(

Sa54le in4ut(

$
*PART
H5 = initial gas inside the tank
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
5 5 5 5
*SECTIO!"SO#ID
5 $$
$
$ E%a&'le $( C)nstant heat *a'a*ities +sing 'e,&ass +nit-
$*MAT"GAS"MI.T/RE
$ MID IADIA0 R"+ni1
$ 5
$ C1$"&as C12"&as C13"&as C14"&as C15"&as C15"&as C16"&as C17"&as
$6$7-67278$$236-55227
$ C'$"&as C'2"&as C'3"&as C'4"&as C'5"&as C'5"&as C'6"&as C'7"&as
$$6-57 $55-$$$6
$
$ E%a&'le 2( Va,ia9le heat *a'a*ities +sing 'e,&)le +nit-
*MAT"GAS"MI.T/RE
$ MID IADIA0 R"+ni1
5 7-3$446
$ M:$ M:2 M:3 M:4 M:5 M:5 M:6 M:7
-277468 -2255
$ C'$"&)l C'2"&)l C'3"&)l C'4"&)l C'5"&)l C'5"&)l C'6"&)l C'7"&)l
28-48752 35-23377
$ 0$ 02 03 04 05 05 06 07
6-55E3 -$32E$
$ C$ C2 C3 C4 C5 C5 C6 C7
$-225E5 -$8E5
$
$ One *a,d is de;ined ;), ea*h AMMG that <ill )**+'= s)&e ele&ents ); a &esh set
$ SID ST>PE MMGID T
4 $ $ 287-$5
$-$68$3E8
$ SID ST>PE MMGID T
4 $ 2 287-$5
$-$68$3E8
$
S%O tanA
1*OAMM2%O9a7AEround
outside air &initiall deBined
ALE 5esH+
1>OAMM2$Oinitial Eas inside
tHe tanA &tHis Has no initial 5esH+
1)OAMM2$OinBlator Eas&es+ in
Ve7ted in &tHis Has no initial 5esH+
0utoBB 'ie:
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LSDYNA 2#1$17 B.2TC
;MA/=ALE=VIS0OUS
Thi& may al&o 9e referre( to a& .2TJ2L<J$%. Thi& Ufl-i(#li7eV material mo(el i& very &imilar to
.aterial Type BI.2TJ58LLC. At allow& the mo(eling of non#vi&co-& fl-i(& with con&tant or var#
ia9le vi&co&ity. The varia9le vi&co&ity i& a f-nction of an e:-ivalent (eviatoric &train rate. Af invi&ci(
material i& mo(ele(, the (eviatoric or vi&co-& &tre&&e& are Hero, an( the e:-ation of &tate &-pplie& the
pre&&-re& Bor (iagonal component& of the &tre&& ten&orC. 2ll I.2TJ2L<Jcar(& apply only to 2L<
element form-lation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O PC .8LO .8LA '@ 5ot -&e( '5
Type A + + + + + +
3efa-lt& none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
.aterial i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er ha& to 9e cho&en.
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff B\ $.$C, BSee remar7 !C.
.8LO
There are ! po&&i9le ca&e& BSee remar7 1C)
1C Af .8LOT$.$, then invi&ci( fl-i( i& a&&-me(.
2C Af .8LO ? $.$, an( .8LAT$.$ or i& not (efine(, then thi& i& the tra(i#
tional con&tant (ynamic vi&co&ity coefficient p.
%C Af .8LO ? $.$, an( .8LA ? $.$, then .8LO an( .8LA are lower an(
-pper vi&co&ity limit val-e& for a power#law#li7e varia9le vi&co&ity mo(el.
!C Af .8LO i& negative Bfor example, .8LO T #1C, then a -&er#inp-t (ata
loa( c-rve Bwith LCA3T1C (efining (ynamic vi&co&ity a& a f-nction of
e:-ivalent &train rate i& -&e(.
.8LA
8pper (ynamic vi&co&ity limit B(efa-ltT$.$C. Thi& i& (efine( only if '@
an( '5 are (efine( for the varia9le vi&co&ity ca&e.
'@
Paria9le (ynamic vi&co&ity m-ltiplier BSee remar7 0C.
'5
Paria9le (ynamic vi&co&ity exponent BSee remar7 0C.
Re5arAs(

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2#1$1/ B.2TC LSDYNA

o'
]
= 2pe'
]

_
N
m
2
_ ~_
N
m
2
s_ _
1
s
_

]
+or example, in SA -nit &y&tem, p ha& a -nit of WPaI&X.

2. The n-ll material ha& no &hear &tiffne&& an( ho-rgla&& control m-&t 9e -&e( with care. An
1.$<#0 for the &tan(ar( (efa-lt ALR choiceC.

%. 5-ll material ha& no yiel( &trength an( 9ehave& in a fl-i(#li7e manner.

!. The pre&&-re c-t#off, PC, m-&t 9e (efine( to allow for a material to Un-mericallyV cavitate.

". Af the vi&co&ity exponent i& le&& than 1.$, RN < 1.u, then RN 1.u < u.u. An thi& ca&e, at
very low e:-ivalent &train rate, the vi&co&ity can 9e artificially very high. .8LO i& then
-&e( a& the vi&co&ity val-e.
0. The empirical varia9le (ynamic vi&co&ity i& typically mo(ele( a& a f-nction of e=uivalent
%5ear rate 9a&e( on experimental (ata.
(y '
) = RK y '
(RN-1)

+or an incompre&&i9le fl-i(, thi& may 9e written e:-ivalently a&
(e '
) = RK e '
(RN-1)

The Uover9arV (enote& a &calar e:-ivalence. The U(otV (enote& a time (erivative or rate ef#
fect. 2n( the UprimeV &ym9ol (enote& (eviatoric or vol-me pre&erving component&. The
e=uivalent %5ear rate component& may 9e relate( to the 9a&ic (efinition of B&mall#&trainC
&train rate component& a& follow&)
e
]
=
1
2
_
ou
ox
]
+
ou
]
ox
_ = e'
]
= e
]
o
]
_
e
kk
S
]
y
]
= 2e
]

Typically, the 2
n(
invariant of the (eviatoric &train rate ten&or i& (efine( a&)
D
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;MA/=ALE=VIS0OUS ;MA/=ALE="!
LSDYNA 2#1$1 B.2TC
I
2si
=
1
2
|e'
]
e'
]
]
The e=uivalent %mall.%train4 &eviatoric %train rate i& (efine( a&)
e '
2I
2si
= _2|e'
]
e'
]
] = _|e'
12
2
+e'
23
2
+e'
31
2
] +2|e'
11
2
+e'
22
2
+e'
33
2
]

An non#5ewtonian literat-re&, the e=uivalent %5ear rate i& &ometime& (efine( a&
y

_
y
]
y
]
2
= _2e
]
e
]
= _|e
12
2
+e
23
2
+e
31
2
] +2|e
11
2
+e
22
2
+e
33
2
]
At t-rn& o-t that, BaC for incompre&&i9le material& Be
kk
= uC, an( B9C the &hear term& are
e:-ivalent when = ] e
]
= e'
]
, the e=uivalent %5ear rate i& alge9raically e:-ivalent to
the e=uivalent %mall.%train4 &eviatoric %train rate.
e '
= y
D
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;MA/=ALE="* ;MA/=ALE=MITIN2=LEN2/1
2#1$2$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ALE=MITIN2=LEN2/1
Thi& may al&o 9e referre( to a& I.2TJ2L<J$!. Thi& vi&co-& Ufl-i(#li7eV material mo(el i& an a(#
vance( form of I.2TJ2L<JPASCO8S. At allow& the mo(eling of fl-i( with con&tant or varia9le
vi&co&ity an( a one#parameter mixing#length t-r9-lence mo(el. The varia9le vi&co&ity i& a f-nction
of an e:-ivalent (eviatoric &train rate. The e:-ation of &tate &-pplie& the pre&&-re& for the &tre&& ten#
&or. 2ll I.2TJ2L<Jcar(& apply only to 2L< element form-lation.

0ard .or5at
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type A + + + + + +
3efa-lt& none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

0ard .or5at( .or internal Blo:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC C$ C1 C2 C% C! C" C0
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt& $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

0ard .or5at( .or eJternal Blo:
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC 3$ 31 32 <$ <1 <2
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt& $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity
D
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;MA/=ALE=MITIN2=LEN2/1 ;MA/=ALE="*
LSDYNA 2#1$21 B.2TC
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff B\ $.$C.
.8LO There are % po&&i9le ca&e&) B1C Af .8LO ? $.$, an( .8LAT$.$ or i& not
(efine(, then thi& i& the tra(itional con&tant (ynamic vi&co&ity coefficient.
B2C Af .8LO ? $.$, an( .8LA ? $.$, then .8LO an( .8LA are lower
an( -pper vi&co&ity limit val-e&. B%C Af .8LO i& negative Bfor example,
.8LO T #1C, then a -&er#inp-t (ata loa( c-rve Bwith LCA3T1C (efining
(ynamic vi&co&ity a& a f-nction of e:-ivalent &train rate i& -&e(.
.8LA
'@ Paria9le (ynamic vi&co&ity m-ltiplier. The vi&co&ity i& comp-te( a&
(e'
) = k e'
(-1)
where the e:-ivalent (eviatoric &train rate i& e'
=
_
2
S
_e'
11
2
+e'
22
2
+e'
SS
2
+2(e'
12
2
+e'
2S
2
+e'
S1
2
)_
'5
Paria9le (ynamic vi&co&ity exponent B&ee 9elow for (etail&C.
LCA Characteri&tic length, l
, of the internal t-r9-lent (omain.

C$#C0 Anternal flow mixing length polynomial coefficient&. The one#paramter
t-r9-lent mixing length i& comp-te( a&
l
m
= l
C
u
+C
1
_1
y
l
_ ++C
6
_1
y
l
_
6

LCM Characteri&tic length, l
x
, of the external t-r9-lent (omain.
3$#32 <xternal flow mixing length polynomial coefficient&. Af y l
cx
then the
mixing length i& comp-te( a& l
m
= |
u
+
1
y +
2
y
2
]
<$#<2 <xternal flow mixing length polynomial coefficient&. Af y > l
cx
then the
mixing length i& comp-te( a& l
m
= |E
u
+E
1
y +E
2
y
2
]
Re5arAs(
1. The n-ll material m-&t 9e -&e( with an e:-ation of#&tate. Pre&&-re c-toff i& negative in ten#
o'
]
= p
c
e'
]

_
N
m
2
_ _
N
m
2
s_ _
1
S
_
]
i& the (eviatoric &train rate. pi& the (ynamic vi&co&ity
with -nit of WPa&calI&econ(X.
D
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2#1$22 B.2TC LSDYNA
%8 The 5-ll material ha& no yiel( &trength an( 9ehave& in a fl-i(#li7e manner.
!8 The pre&&-re c-t#off, PC, m-&t 9e (efine( to allow for a material to Un-mericallyV cavitate.
"8 Af the vi&co&ity exponent i& le&& than 1.$, p, thenp. An thi& ca&e, at very low e:-ivalent &train
rate, the vi&co&ity can 9e artificially very high. .8LO i& then -&e( a& the vi&co&ity val-e.
08 T-r9-lence i& treate( &imply 9y con&i(ering it& effect& on vi&co&ity. Total effective vi&co&ity
i& the &-m of the laminar an( t-r9-lent vi&co&itie&, p where p i& the effective vi&co&ity, an( p
i& the t-r9-lent vi&co&ity.
78 The t-r9-lent vi&co&ity i& comp-te( 9a&e( on the Pran(tl]& .ixing Length .o(el,
p.
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;MA/=ALE=IN0OM3RESSI<LE ;MA/=ALE=">
LSDYNA 2#1$2% B.2TC
;MA/=ALE=IN0OM3RESSI<LE
See I.2TJ10$.
D
R
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;MA/=ALE=") ;MA/=ALE=1ERS01EL
2#1$2! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=ALE=1ERS01EL
Thi& may al&o 9e referre( to a& .2TJ2L<J$0. Thi& i& the Ler&chel#B-c7ley mo(el. At i& an en#
hancement to the power law vi&co&ity mo(el in I.2TJ2L<JPASCO8SBI.2TJ2L<J$%C. Two
a((itional inp-t parameter&) the yiel( &tre&& thre&hol( an( critical &hear &train rate can 9e &pecifie( to
mo(el Urigi(#li7eV material for low &train rate&.
At allow& the mo(eling of non#vi&co-& fl-i(& with con&tant or varia9le vi&co&ity. The varia9le vi&co&#
ity i& a f-nction of an e:-ivalent (eviatoric &train rate. 2ll I.2TJ2L<Jcar(& apply only to 2L<
element form-lation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type A + + + + + +
3efa-lt& none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le =3OTC T2O$
Type + +
3efa-lt none none
.A3
'O
.a&& (en&ity.
PC
Pre&&-re c-toff B\ $.$C, BSee remar7 !C.
D
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;MA/=ALE=1ERS01EL ;MA/=ALE=")
LSDYNA 2#1$2" B.2TC
.8LO
There are ! po&&i9le ca&e& BSee remar7 1C)
1C Af .8LOT$.$, then invi&ci( fl-i( i& a&&-me(.
2C Af .8LO ? $.$, an( .8LAT$.$ or i& not (efine(, then thi& i& the tra(i#
tional con&tant (ynamic vi&co&ity coefficient p.
%C Af .8LO ? $.$, an( .8LA ? $.$, then .8LO an( .8LA are lower an(
-pper vi&co&ity limit val-e& for a power#law#li7e varia9le vi&co&ity mo(el.
!C Af .8LO i& negative Bfor example, .8LO T #1C, then a -&er#inp-t (ata
loa( c-rve Bwith LCA3T1C (efining (ynamic vi&co&ity a& a f-nction of
e:-ivalent &train rate i& -&e(.
.8LA
'@
kD con&i&tency factor BSee remar7 0C.
'5
D power law in(ex BSee remar7 0C.
=3OTC
y
c
D critical &hear &train rate BSee remar7 0C.
T2O$
0
D yiel( &tre&& BSee remar7 0C.
Re5arAs(
o'
]
= 2pe'
]

_
N
m
2
_ ~_
N
m
2
s_ _
1
s
_
]
+or example, in SA -nit &y&tem, p ha& a -nit of WPaI&X.
%. 5-ll material ha& no yiel( &trength an( 9ehave& in a fl-i(#li7e manner.
!. The pre&&-re c-t#off, PC, m-&t 9e (efine( to allow for a material to Un-mericallyV cavitate.
D
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;MA/=ALE=") ;MA/=ALE=1ERS01EL
2#1$20 B.2TC LSDYNA
". Af the vi&co&ity exponent i& le&& than 1.$, RN < 1.u, then RN 1.u < u.u. An thi& ca&e, at
very low e:-ivalent &train rate, the vi&co&ity can 9e artificially very high. .8LO i& then
-&e( a& the vi&co&ity val-e.
0. The Ler&chel#B-c7ley mo(el employ& a large vi&co&ity to mo(el the Urigi(#li7eV 9ehavior
for low &hear &train rate& By < y
c
C.
p = p
0

Power law i& -&e( once the yiel( &tre&& i& pa&&e(.
(y ) =

0
y
+k(
y
y
c
)
-1

The &hear &train rate i&)
y

_
y
]
y
]
2
= _2e
]
e
]
= _|e
12
2
+e
23
2
+e
31
2
] +2|e
11
2
+e
22
2
+e
33
2
]
D
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;MA/=S3RIN2=ELAS/I0 ;MA/=S"%
LSDYNA 2#1$27 B.2TC
;MA/=S3RIN2=ELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1 for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& provi(e& a tran&lational or rotational
ela&tic &pring locate( 9etween two no(e&. Only one (egree of free(om i& connecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 @
Type 2/ +

.A3
@
<la&tic &tiffne&& BforceE(i&placementC or BmomentErotationC.
D
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;MA/=S"$ ;MA/=DAM3ER=VIS0OUS
2#1$2/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=DAM3ER=VIS0OUS
Thi& i& .aterial Type 2 for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material provi(e& a linear tran&la#
tional or rotational (amper locate( 9etween two no(e&. Only one (egree of free(om i& then connect#
e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 3C
Type 2/ +

.A3
3C
3amping con&tant BforceE(i&placement rateC or BmomentErotation rateC.
D
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;MA/=S3RIN2=ELAS/O3LAS/I0 ;MA/=S"!
LSDYNA 2#1$2 B.2TC
;MA/=S3RIN2=ELAS/O3LAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type % for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material provi(e& an ela&topla&tic
tran&lational or rotational &pring with i&otropic har(ening locate( 9etween two no(e&. Only one (e#
gree of free(om i& connecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 @ @T +4
Type 2/ + + +

.A3
@
<la&tic &tiffne&& BforceE(i&placementC or BmomentErotationC.
@T
Tangent &tiffne&& BforceE(i&placementC or BmomentErotationC.
+4
4iel( BforceC or BmomentC.
D
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;MA/=S"* ;MA/=S3RIN2=NONLINEAR=ELAS/I0
2#1$%$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=S3RIN2=NONLINEAR=ELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type ! for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material provi(e& a nonlinear ela&tic
tran&lational an( rotational &pring with ar9itrary force ver&-& (i&placement an( moment ver&-& rota#
tion, re&pectively. Optionally, &train rate effect& can 9e con&i(ere( thro-gh a velocity (epen(ent
&cale factor. ,ith the &pring locate( 9etween two no(e&, only one (egree of free(om i& connecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 LC3 LC'
Type 2/ A A

.A3
LC3
Loa( c-rve A3 (e&cri9ing force ver&-& (i&placement or moment ver&-& ro#
tation relation&hip
LC'
Optional loa( c-rve (e&cri9ing &cale factor on force or moment a& a f-nc#
tion of relative velocity or. rotational velocity, re&pectively. The loa( c-rve
m-&t (efine the re&pon&e in the negative an( po&itive :-a(rant& an( pa&&
thro-gh point B$,$C.
D
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A
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;MA/=DAM3ER=NONLINEAR=VIS0OUS ;MA/=S">
LSDYNA 2#1$%1 B.2TC
;MA/=DAM3ER=NONLINEAR=VIS0OUS
Thi& i& .aterial Type " for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material provi(e& a vi&co-& tran&la#
tional (amper with an ar9itrary force ver&-& velocity (epen(ency, or a rotational (amper with an ar#
9itrary moment ver&-& rotational velocity (epen(ency. ,ith the (amper locate( 9etween two no(e&,
only one (egree of free(om i& connecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 LC3'
Type 2/ A

.A3
LC3'
Loa( c-rve i(entification (e&cri9ing force ver&-& rate#of#(i&placement rela#
tion&hip or a moment ver&-& rate#of#rotation relation&hip. The loa( c-rve
m-&t (efine the re&pon&e in the negative an( po&itive :-a(rant& an( pa&&
thro-gh point B$,$C.
D
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A
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;MA/=S") ;MA/=S3RIN2=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR
2#1$%2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=S3RIN2=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR
Thi& i& .aterial Type 0 for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material provi(e& a general nonlinear
tran&lational or rotational &pring with ar9itrary loa(ing an( -nloa(ing (efinition&. Optionally, har(#
ening or &oftening can 9e (efine(. ,ith the &pring locate( 9etween two no(e&, only one (egree of
free(om i& connecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 LC3L LC38 B<T2 T4A C4A
Type 2/ A A + + +

.A3
LC3L
Loa( c-rve i(entification (e&cri9ing forceEtor:-e ver&-& (i&place#
mentErotation relation&hip for loa(ing, &ee +ig-re 2#12.
LC38
Loa( c-rve i(entification (e&cri9ing forceEtor:-e ver&-& (i&place#
mentErotation relation&hip for -nloa(ing, &ee +ig-re 2#"2.
B<T2
Lar(ening parameter, O
<R.$.$) ten&ile an( compre&&ive yiel( with &train &oftening Bnegative or
Hero &lope allowe( in the force ver&-& (i&placement. loa(
c-rve&C,
5<.$.$) 7inematic har(ening witho-t &train &oftening,
<R.1.$) i&otropic har(ening witho-t &train &oftening.
T4A
Anitial yiel( force in ten&ion B ? $C
C4A
Anitial yiel( force in compre&&ion B > $C
Re5arAs(
Loa( c-rve point& are in the format B(i&placement, force or rotation, momentC. The point& m-&t 9e in
or(er &tarting with the mo&t negative Bcompre&&iveC (i&placement or rotation an( en(ing with the
mo&t po&itive Bten&ileC val-e. The c-rve& nee( not 9e &ymmetrical.
The (i&placement origin of the U-nloa(ingV c-rve i& ar9itrary, &ince it will 9e &hifte( a& nece&&ary a&
the element exten(& an( contract&. On rever&e yiel(ing the Uloa(ingV c-rve will al&o 9e &hifte( along
the (i&placement re or. rotation axi&. The initial ten&ile an( compre&&ive
D
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;MA/=S3RIN2=2ENERAL=NONLINEAR ;MA/=S")
LSDYNA 2#1$%% B.2TC
yiel( force& BT4A an( C4AC (efine a range within which the element remain& ela&tic Bi.e. the Uloa(#
ingV c-rve i& -&e( for 9oth loa(ing an( -nloa(ingC. Af at any time the force in the element excee(&
thi& range, the element i& (eeme( to have yiel(e(, an( at all &-9&e:-ent time& the U-nloa(ingV c-rve
i& -&e( for -nloa(ing

+ig-re 2#112. =eneral 5onlinear material for (i&crete element&
D
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;MA/=S"- ;MA/=S3RIN2=MATWELL
2#1$%! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=S3RIN2=MATWELL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 7 for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material provi(e& a three Parameter
.axwell Pi&coela&tic tran&lational or rotational &pring. Optionally, a c-toff time with a remaining
con&tant forceEmoment can 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 @$ @A B<T2 TC +C COPT
Type 2/ + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1$2$ $ $

.A3
@$
@
$
, &hort time &tiffne&&
@A
@
, long time &tiffne&&

B<T2
3ecay parameter.
TC
C-t off time. 2fter thi& time a con&tant forceEmoment i& tran&mitte(.
+C
+orceEmoment after c-toff time
COPT
Time implementation option)
<R.$) incremental time change,
5<.$) contin-o-& time change.
Re5arAs(
The time varying &tiffne&& @BtC may 9e (e&cri9e( in term& of the inp-t parameter& a&
.
Thi& e:-ation wa& implemente( 9y Schwer W11X a& either a contin-o-& f-nction of time or incre#
mentally following the approach of Lerrmann an( Peter&on W10/X. The contin-o-& f-nction of time
implementation ha& the (i&a(vantage of the energy a9&or9er]& re&i&tance (ecaying with increa&ing
time even witho-t (eformation. The a(vantage of the incremental implementation i& that an energy
a9&or9er m-&t -n(ergo &ome (eformation 9efore it& re&i&tance (ecay&, i.e., there i& no (ecay -ntil
$
B C B C
t
0 t 0 0 0 e
0

/ . 0
D
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;MA/=S3RIN2=MATWELL ;MA/=S"-
LSDYNA 2#1$%" B.2TC
impact, even in (elaye( impact&. The (i&a(vantage of the incremental implementation i& that very
rapi( (ecrea&e& in re&i&tance cannot 9e ea&ily matche(.
D
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;MA/=S"? ;MA/=S3RIN2=INELAS/I0
2#1$%0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=S3RIN2=INELAS/I0
Thi& i& .aterial Type / for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material provi(e& an inela&tic ten&ion
or compre&&ion only, tran&lational or rotational &pring. Optionally, a -&er#&pecifie( -nloa(ing &tiff#
ne&& can 9e ta7en in&tea( of the maxim-m loa(ing &tiffne&&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 LC+3 @8 CT+
Type 2/ A + +

.A3
LC+3
Loa( c-rve i(entification (e&cri9ing ar9itrary forceEtor:-e ver&-& (i&#
placementErotation relation&hip. Thi& c-rve m-&t 9e (efine( in the po&itive
force#(i&placement :-a(rant regar(le&& of whether the &pring act& in ten#
&ion or compre&&ion.
@8
8nloa(ing &tiffne&& BoptionalC. The maxim-m of @8 an( the maxim-m
loa(ing &tiffne&& in the forceE(i&placement or the momentErotation c-rve i&
-&e( for -nloa(ing.
CT+
+lag for compre&&ionEten&ion)
<R.#1.$) ten&ion only,
<R.$.$) (efa-lt i& &et to 1.$,
<R.1.$) compre&&ion only.
D
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;MA/=S3RIN2=/RILINEAR=DE2RADIN2 ;MA/=S%!
LSDYNA 2#1$%7 B.2TC
;MA/=S3RIN2=/RILINEAR=DE2RADIN2
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1% for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material allow& concrete &hearwall&
to 9e mo(ele( a& (i&crete element& -n(er applie( &ei&mic loa(ing. At repre&ent& crac7ing of the con#
crete, yiel( of the reinforcement an( overall fail-re. 8n(er cyclic loa(ing, the &tiffne&& of the &pring
(egra(e& 9-t the &trength (oe& not.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 3<+L1 +1 3<+L2 +2 3<+L% +% ++L2=
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

.A3
3<+L1
3eflection at point where concrete crac7ing occ-r&.
+1
+orce corre&pon(ing to 3<+L1
3<+L2
3eflection at point where reinforcement yiel(&
+2
+orce corre&pon(ing to 3<+L2
3<+L%
3eflection at complete fail-re
+%
+orce corre&pon(ing to 3<+L%
++L2=
+ail-re flag.
D
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;MA/=S%* ;MA/=S3RIN2=SLUA/=S1EARWALL
2#1$%/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=S3RIN2=SLUA/=S1EARWALL
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1! for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material allow& &:-at &hear wall& to
9e mo(ele( -&ing (i&crete element&. The 9ehavior mo(el capt-re& concrete crac7ing, reinforcement
yiel(, -ltimate &trength followe( 9y (egra(ation of &trength finally lea(ing to collap&e.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 21! B1! C1! 31! <1! LCA3 +S3
Type 2/ + + + + + A +

.A3
21!
.aterial coefficient 2
B1!
.aterial coefficient B
C1!
.aterial coefficient C
31!
.aterial coefficient 3
<1!
.aterial coefficient <
LCA3
Loa( c-rve A3 referencing the maxim-m &trength envelope c-rve
+S3
S-&taine( &trength re(-ction factor
Re5arAs(
.aterial coefficient& 2, B, C an( 3 are empirically (efine( con&tant& -&e( to (efine the &hape of the
polynomial c-rve& which govern the cyclic 9ehavior of the (i&crete element. 2 (ifferent polynomial
relation&hip i& -&e( to (efine the loa(ing an( -nloa(ing path& allowing energy a9&orption thro-gh
hy&tere&i&. Coefficient < i& -&e( in the (efinition of the path -&e( to qG-mp] from the loa(ing path to
the -nloa(ing path Bor vice ver&aC where a f-ll hy&tere&i& loop i& not complete(. The loa( c-rve ref#
erence( i& -&e( to (efine the force (i&placement characteri&tic& of the &hear wall -n(er monotonic
loa(ing. Thi& c-rve i& the 9a&i& to which the polynomial& (efining the cyclic 9ehavior refer to. +inal#
ly, on the &econ( an( &-9&e:-ent loa(ing E -nloa(ing cycle&, the &hear wall will have re(-ce(
&trength. The varia9le +S3 i& the &-&taine( &trength re(-ction factor.
D
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;MA/=S3RIN2=MUS0LE ;MA/=S%>
LSDYNA 2#1$% B.2TC
;MA/=S3RIN2=MUS0LE
Thi& i& .aterial Type 1" for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. Thi& material i& a Lill#type m-&cle mo(#
el with activation. At i& for -&e with (i&crete element&. The LS#3452 implementation i& (-e to 3r.
K.2. ,ei&&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 L$ P.2M SP 2 +.2M TL TP
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le +P< L.2M @SL
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$

.A3
L$
Anitial m-&cle length, !o2
P.2M
.axim-m C< &hortening velocity, 'ma-.
SP
Scale factor, Sv( for 'ma- v&. active &tate.
2
2ctivation level v&. time f-nction.
=<.$) con&tant val-e of 2 i& -&e(
+.2M
Pea7 i&ometric force, Fma-.
D
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;MA/=S%> ;MA/=S3RIN2=MUS0LE
2#1$!$ B.2TC LSDYNA
TL
2ctive ten&ion v&. length f-nction.
TP
2ctive ten&ion v&. velocity f-nction.
+P<
+orce v&. length f-nction, Fpe, for parallel ela&tic element.
<R.$) exponential f-nction i& -&e( B&ee 9elowC
=T.$) con&tant val-e of $.$ i& -&e(
L.2M
'elative length when Fpe reache& Fma-. 'e:-ire( if FpeT$ a9ove.
@SL
Con&tant, 0%5, governing the exponential ri&e of Fpe. 'e:-ire( if FpeT$
a9ove.
Re5arAs(
The material 9ehavior of the m-&cle mo(el i& a(apte( from the original mo(el propo&e( 9y Lill
W1%/X. 'eview& of thi& mo(el an( exten&ion& can 9e fo-n( in ,inter& W1$X an( QaGac W1/X.
The mo&t 9a&ic Lill#type m-&cle mo(el con&i&t& of a contractile element BC<C an( a parallel ela&tic
element BP<C B+ig-re 2#0C. 2n a((itional &erie& ela&tic element BS<<C can 9e a((e( to repre&ent
ten(on compliance. The main a&&-mption& of the Lill mo(el are that the contractile element i& en#
tirely &tre&& free an( freely (i&ten&i9le in the re&ting &tate, an( i& (e&cri9e( exactly 9y Lill]& e:-ation
Bor &ome variationC. ,hen the m-&cle i& activate(, the &erie& an( parallel element& are ela&tic, an(
the whole m-&cle i& a &imple com9ination of i(entical &arcomere& in &erie& an( parallel. The main
critici&m of Lill]& mo(el i& that the (ivi&ion of force& 9etween the parallel element& an( the (ivi&ion
of exten&ion& 9etween the &erie& element& i& ar9itrary, an( cannot 9e ma(e witho-t intro(-cing a-xil#
iary hypothe&e&. Lowever, the&e critici&m& apply to any (i&crete element mo(el. 3e&pite the&e limi#
tation&, the Lill mo(el ha& 9ecome extremely -&ef-l for mo(eling m-&c-lo&7eletal (ynamic&, a& il#
l-&trate( 9y it& wi(e&prea( -&e to(ay.

D
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LSDYNA 2#1$!1 B.2TC
0E
aBtC
L
.
v
.
+
.
3E
SEE
+
.
+
P<
+
C<
L
.

+ig-re 2#11%. 3i&crete mo(el for m-&cle contraction (ynamic&, 9a&e( on a Lill#type repre&entation.
The total force i& the &-m of pa&&ive force +
P<
an( active force +
C<
. The pa&&ive
element BP<C repre&ent& energy &torage from m-&cle ela&ticity, while the contrac#
tile element BC<C repre&ent& force generation 9y the m-&cle. The &erie& ela&tic
element BS<<C, &hown in (a&he( line&, i& often neglecte( when a &erie& ten(on
compliance i& incl-(e(. Lere, aBtC i& the activation level, L
.
i& the length of the
m-&cle, an( v
.
i& the &hortening velocity of the m-&cle.
,hen the contractile element BC<C of the Lill mo(el i& inactive, the entire re&i&tance to elongation i&
provi(e( 9y the P< element an( the ten(on loa(#elongation 9ehavior. 2& activation i& increa&e(,
force then pa&&e& thro-gh the C< &i(e of the parallel Lill mo(el, provi(ing the contractile (ynamic&.
The original Lill mo(el accommo(ate( only f-ll activation # thi& limitation i& circ-mvente( in the
pre&ent implementation 9y -&ing the mo(ification &-gge&te( 9y ,inter& B1$C. The main feat-re&
of hi& approach were to realiHe that the C< force#velocity inp-t force e:-al& the C< ten&ion#length
o-tp-t force. Thi& yiel(& a three#(imen&ional c-rve to (e&cri9e the force#velocity#length relation&hip
of the C<. Af the force#velocity y#intercept &cale& with activation, then given the activation, length
an( velocity, the C< force can 9e (etermine(.
,itho-t the S<<, the total force in the m-&cle +. i& the &-m of the force in the C< an( the P< 9e#
ca-&e they are in parallel)
F
M
= F
PE
+F
CE

The relation&hip& (efining the force generate( 9y the C< an( P< a& a f-nction of L
.
, P
.
an( aBtC are
often &cale( 9y +
max
, the pea7 i&ometric force Bp. /$, ,inter& 1$C, L
$
, the initial length of the m-&#
cle Bp. /1, ,inter& 1$C, an( P
max
, the maxim-m -nloa(e( C< &hortening velocity Bp. /$, ,inter&
1$C. +rom the&e, (imen&ionle&& length an( velocity can 9e (efine()
=

M
o
,
v =
v
M
v
max
- S
V
(a(t))

Lere, S
P
&cale& the maxim-m C< &hortening velocity P
max
an( change& with activation level aBtC.
Thi& ha& 9een &-gge&te( 9y &everal re&earcher&, i.e. ,inter& an( Star7 W1/"X. The activation level
&pecifie& the level of m-&cle &tim-lation a& a f-nction of time. Both have val-e& 9etween $ an( 1.
The f-nction& S
P
BaBtCC an( aBtC are &pecifie( via loa( c-rve& in LS#3452, or (efa-lt val-e& of S
P
T1
an( aBtCT$ are -&e(. 5ote that L i& alway& po&itive an( that P i& po&itive for lengthening an( nega#
tive for &hortening.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=S%> ;MA/=S3RIN2=MUS0LE
2#1$!2 B.2TC LSDYNA
The relation&hip 9etween +
C<
, P an( L wa& propo&e( 9y Bahler et al. W107X. 2 three#(imen&ional
relation&hip 9etween the&e :-antitie& i& now con&i(ere( &tan(ar( for comp-ter implementation& of
Lill#type m-&cle mo(el& W,inter& 1$X. At can 9e written in (imen&ionle&& form a&)
F
CE
= a(t) - F
max
-
TL
() -
TV
(v)
Lere, f
TL
an( f
TP
are the ten&ion#length an( ten&ion#velocity f-nction& for active &7eletal m-&cle.
Th-&, if c-rrent val-e& of L
.
, P
.
, an( aBtC are 7nown, then +
C<
can 9e (etermine( B+ig-re 1%.1C.
The force in the parallel ela&tic element +
P<
i& (etermine( (irectly from the c-rrent length of the
m-&cle -&ing an exponential relation&hip W,inter& 1$X)
PE
=
F
PE
F
MAX
= u, 1
PE
=
F
PE
F
MAX
=
1
ex(K
sh
) 1
ex _
K
sh
max
( 1)_ 1 , > 1

Lere,
max
i& the relative length at which the force +
max
occ-r&, an( @
&h
i& a (imen&ionle&& &hape pa#
rameter controlling the rate of ri&e of the exponential. 2lternatively, the -&er can (efine a c-&tom f
P<

c-rve giving ta9-lar val-e& of normaliHe( force ver&-& (imen&ionle&& length a& a loa( c-rve.
D
R
A
F
T
LSDYNA 2#1$!% B.2TC
+or comp-tation of the total force (evelope( in the m-&cle +
.
, the f-nction& for the ten&ion#length
f
TL
an( force#velocity f
TP
relation&hip& -&e( in the Lill element m-&t 9e (efine(. The&e relation&hip&
have 9een availa9le for over "$ year&, 9-t have 9een refine( to allow for 9ehavior &-ch a& active
lengthening. The active ten&ion#length c-rve f
TL
(e&cri9e& the fact that i&ometric m-&cle force (e#
velopment i& a f-nction of length, with the maxim-m force occ-rring at an optimal length. 2ccor(#
ing to ,inter&, thi& optimal length i& typically aro-n( LT1.$", an( the force (rop& off for &horter or
longer length&, approaching Hero force for LT$.! an( LT1.". Th-& the c-rve ha& a 9ell#&hape. Be#
ca-&e of the varia9ility in thi& c-rve 9etween m-&cle&, the -&er m-&t &pecify the f-nction f
TL
via a
loa( c-rve, &pecifying pair& of point& repre&enting the normaliHe( force Bwith val-e& 9etween $ an(
1C an( normaliHe( length L B+ig-re 2#11%C.
+ig-re 2#11!. Typical normaliHe( ten&ion#length BTLC an( ten&ion#velocity BTPC c-rve&
for &7eletal m-&cleThe active ten&ion#velocity relation&hip f
TP
-&e( in the m-&cle mo(el i&
mainly (-e to the original wor7 of Lill. 5ote that the (imen&ionle&& velocity P i& -&e(.
,hen PT$, the normaliHe( ten&ion i& typically cho&en to have a val-e of 1.$. ,hen P i&
greater than or e:-al to $, m-&cle lengthening occ-r&. 2& P increa&e&, the f-nction i& typ#
ically (e&igne( &o that the force increa&e& from a val-e of 1.$ an( a&ymptote& towar(& a
val-e near 1.!. ,hen P i& le&& than Hero, m-&cle &hortening occ-r& an( the cla&&ic Lill
e:-ation hyper9ola i& -&e( to (rop the normaliHe( ten&ion to $ B+ig-re 10%.1C. The -&er
m-&t &pecify the f-nction f
TP
via a loa( c-rve, &pecifying pair& of point& repre&enting the
normaliHe( ten&ion Bwith val-e& 9etween $ an( 1C an( normaliHe( velocity P
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=<"% ;MA/=SEA/<EL/
2#1$!! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=SEA/<EL/
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &eat 9elt material. See note& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 .P8L LLCA3 8LCA3 L.A5
Type 2/ + A A +
3efa-lt $ $. $ $ $.$

.A3
Belt material n-m9er. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / charac#
.P8L
.a&& per -nit length
LLCA3
Loa( c-rve i(entification for loa(ing Bforce v&. engineering &trainC.
8LCA3
Loa( c-rve i(entification for -nloa(ing Bforce v&. engineering &trainC.
L.A5
.inim-m length Bfor element& connecte( to &lip ring& an( retractor&C, &ee
note& 9elow.
CS<
Optional compre&&ive &tre&& elimination option which applie& to &hell ele#
ment& only B(efa-lt $.$C)
<R.$.$) eliminate compre&&ive &tre&&e& in &hell fa9ric
<R.1.$) (on]t eliminate compre&&ive &tre&&e&. Thi& option &ho-l( not 9e
-&e( if retractor& an( &lipring& are pre&ent in the mo(el.
<R.2.$) whether or not compre&&ive &tre&& i& eliminate( i& (eci(e( 9y
l&#(yna a-tomatically, recommen(e( for &hell 9elt.
32.P
Optional 'ayleigh (amping coefficient, which applie& to &hell element& on#
ly. 2 coefficient val-e of $.1$ i& the (efa-lt corre&pon(ing to 1$c of criti#
cal (amping. Sometime& &maller or larger val-e& wor7 9etter.
Re5arAs(
<ach 9elt material (efine& &tretch characteri&tic& an( ma&& propertie& for a &et of 9elt element&. The
-&er enter& a loa( c-rve for loa(ing, the point& of which are BStrain, +orceC. Strain i& (efine( a& en#
gineering &train, i.e.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=SEA/<EL/ ;MA/=<"%
LSDYNA 2#1$!" B.2TC
Stan =
ent lenth
ntal lenth
1.
2nother &imilar c-rve i& entere( to (e&cri9e the -nloa(ing 9ehavior. Both loa( c-rve& &ho-l( &tart at
the origin B$,$C an( contain po&itive force an( &train val-e& only. The 9elt material i& ten&ion only
with Hero force& 9eing generate( whenever the &train 9ecome& negative. The fir&t non#Hero point on
the loa(ing c-rve (efine& the initial yiel( point of the material. On -nloa(ing, the -nloa(ing c-rve i&
&hifte( along the &train axi& -ntil it cro&&e& the loa(ing c-rve at the qyiel(] point from which -nloa(#
ing commence&. Af the initial yiel( ha& not yet 9een excee(e( or if the origin of the B&hifte(C -nloa(#
ing c-rve i& at negative &train, the original loa(ing c-rve& will 9e -&e( for 9oth loa(ing an( -nloa(#
ing. Af the &train i& le&& than the &train at the origin of the -nloa(ing c-rve, the 9elt i& &lac7 an( no
force i& generate(. Otherwi&e, force& will then 9e (etermine( 9y the -nloa(ing c-rve for -nloa(ing
an( reloa(ing -ntil the &train again excee(& yiel( after which the loa(ing c-rve& will again 9e -&e(.
2 &mall amo-nt of (amping i& a-tomatically incl-(e(. Thi& re(-ce& high fre:-ency o&cillation, 9-t,
with reali&tic force#&train inp-t characteri&tic& an( loa(ing rate&, (oe& not &ignificantly alter the over#
all force&#&train performance. The (amping force( oppo&e& the relative motion of the no(e& an( i&
limite( 9y &ta9ility)
=
.1 mass elate elty
tme ste sze

An a((ition, the magnit-(e of the (amping force i& limite( to one#tenth of the force calc-late( from
the force#&train relation&hip an( i& Hero when the 9elt i& &lac7. 3amping force& are not applie( to
element& attache( to &lipring& an( retractor&.
The -&er inp-t& a ma&& per -nit length that i& -&e( to calc-late no(al ma&&e& on initialiHation.
2 qminim-m length] i& al&o inp-t. Thi& control& the &horte&t length allowe( in any element an( (e#
termine& when an element pa&&e& thro-gh &lipring& or are a9&or9e( into the retractor&. One tenth of a
typical initial element length i& -&-ally a goo( choice.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/ ;MA/=/1ERMAL=FO3/IONG
2#1$!0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMAL=NOPTIONO
ISO/RO3I0
OR/1O/RO3I0
ISO/RO3I0=/D
OR/1O/RO3I0=/D
DIS0RE/E=<EAM
0WM
OR/1O/RO3I0=/D=L0
ISO/RO3I0=31ASE=01AN2E
ISO/RO3I0=/D=L0
USER=DE.INED
The I.2TJTL<'.2LJcar(& allow thermal propertie& to 9e (efine( in co-ple( &tr-ct-ralEthermal
an( thermal only analy&e&, &ee ICO5T'OLJSOL8TAO5. Thermal propertie& m-&t 9e (efine( for
all &oli( an( &hell element& in &-ch analy&e&. Thermal propertie& nee( not 9e (efine( for 9eam or
(i&crete element& a& the&e element& are not acco-nte( for in the thermal pha&e of the calc-lation.
Lowever (-mmy thermal propertie& will 9e echoe( for the&e element& in the 3%LSP file.
Thermal material propertie& are &pecifie( 9y a thermal material A3 n-m9er BT.A3C, thi& n-m9er i&
in(epen(ent of the material A3 n-m9er B.A3C (efine( on all other I.2TJ.. property car(&. An the
&ame analy&i& i(entical T.A3 an( .A3 n-m9er& may exi&t. The T.A3 an( .A3 n-m9er& are relat#
e( thro-gh the IP2'T car(.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/1ERMAL=ISO/RO3I0 ;MA/=/"%
LSDYNA 2#1$!7 B.2TC
;MA/=/1ERMAL=ISO/RO3I0
Thi& i& thermal material type 1. At allow& i&otropic thermal propertie& to 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T.A3 T'O T='LC T=.8LT TL2T LL2T
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC TC
Type + +

T.A3
Thermal material i(entification. 2 -ni:-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing /
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
<R.$.$ (efa-lt to &tr-ct-ral (en&ity.
T='LC
Thermal generation rate c-rve n-m9er, &ee I3<+A5<JC8'P<)
=T.$) f-nction ver&-& time,
<R.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e, T=.8LT,
LT.$) f-nction ver&-& temperat-re.
T=.8LT
Thermal generation rate m-ltiplier)
<R.$.$) no heat generation.
TL2T
Pha&e change temperat-re
LL2T
Latent heat
LC
Leat capacity
TC
Thermal con(-ctivity
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/"$ ;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0
2#1$!/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0
Thi& i& thermal material type 2. At allow& orthotropic thermal propertie& to 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T.A3 T'O T='LC T=.8LT 2OPT TL2T LL2T
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC @1 @2 @%
Type + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3%
Type + + +

T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0 ;MA/=/"$
LSDYNA 2#1$! B.2TC
T='LC
T=.8LT
2OPT
.aterial axe& (efinition)
<R.$.$) locally orthotropic with material axe& 9y element no(e& 51, 52
an( 5!,

&pace an( glo9al location of element center,
<R.2.$) glo9ally orthotropic with material axe& (etermine( 9y vector&.
TL2T
LL2T
Latent heat
LC
Leat capacity
@1
Thermal con(-ctivity @
1 in local x#(irection

@2
2 in local y#(irection

@%
% in local H#(irection

MP, 4P, QP
3efine coor(inate of point 4 for 2OPT T 1
21, 22, 2%
3efine component& of vector a for 2OPT T 2
31, 32, 3%
3efine component& of vector ' for 2OPT T 2
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/"! ;MA/=/1ERMAL=ISO/RO3I0=/D
2#1$"$ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMAL=ISO/RO3I0=/D
Thi& i& thermal material type %. At allow& temperat-re (epen(ent i&otropic propertie& to 9e (efine(.
The temperat-re (epen(ency i& (efine( 9y &pecifying a minim-m of two an( a maxim-m of eight
(ata point&. The propertie& m-&t 9e (efine( for the temperat-re range that the material will &ee in the
analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T.A3 T'O T='LC T=.8LT TL2T LL2T
Type 2/ + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @1 @2 @% @! @" @0 @7 @/
Type + + + + + + + +

T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/1ERMAL=ISO/RO3I0=/D ;MA/=/"!
LSDYNA 2#1$"1 B.2TC
T='LC
T=.8LT
TL2T
LL2T
Latent heat
T1 ... T/
Temperat-re& BT1 ... T/C
C1 ... C/
Leat capacity at T1 ... T/
@1 ... @/
Thermal con(-ctivity at T1 ... T/
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/"* ;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0=/D
2#1$"2 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0=/D
Thi& i& thermal material type !. At allow& temperat-re (epen(ent orthotropic propertie& to 9e (efine(.
The temperat-re (epen(ency i& (efine( 9y &pecifying a minim-m of two an( a maxim-m of eight
(ata point&. The propertie& m-&t 9e (efine( for the temperat-re range that the material will &ee in the
analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B@1C1 B@1C2 B@1C% B@1C! B@1C" B@1C0 B@1C7 B@1C/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B@2C1 B@2C2 B@2C% B@2C! B@2C" B@2C0 B@2C7 B@2C/
Type + + + + + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0=/D ;MA/=/"*
LSDYNA 2#1$"% B.2TC
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le B@%C1 B@%C2 B@%C% B@%C! B@%C" B@%C0 B@%C7 B@%C/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( / 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3%
Type + + +

T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
T='LC
T=.8LT
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/"* ;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0=/D
2#1$"! B.2TC LSDYNA
2OPT
.aterial axe& (efinition) B&ee .atJOPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a
an( 5!,

TL2T
LL2T
Latent heat
T1 ... T/
C1 ... C/
B@1C1 ... B@1C/
1
in local x#(irection at T1 ... T/
B@2C1 ... B@2C/
2
in local y#(irection at T1 ... T/
B@%C1 ... B@%C/
%
in local H#(irection at T1 ... T/
MP, 4P, QP
21, 22, 2%
31, 32, 3%
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/1ERMAL=DIS0RE/E=<EAM ;MA/=/">
LSDYNA 2#1$"" B.2TC
;MA/=/1ERMAL=DIS0RE/E=<EAM
Thi& i& thermal material type ". At (efine& propertie& for (i&crete 9eam&. At i& only applica9le when
-&e( with IS<CTAO5JB<2. elformT0.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T.A3 T'O
Type 2/ +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LC TC
Type + +

T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
LC
Leat capacity
LC
Thermal con(-ctance BSA -nit& are ,E@C
LC T Bheat tran&fer coefficientC I B9eam cro&& &ection areaC
W,E@X T W, E mv2 @X I Wmv2X
Note(
2 9eam cro&& &ection area i& not (efine( on the S<CTAO5JB<2. 7eywor( for an elformT0 (i&crete
9eam. 2 9eam cro&& &ection area i& nee(e( for heat tran&fer calc-lation&. Therefore, the cro&& &ection
area i& l-mpe( into the val-e entere( for LC.
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/"- ;MA/=/1ERMAL=0WM
2#1$"0 B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMAL=0WM
Thi& i& thermal material type 7. At i& a thermal material with temperat-re (epen(ent propertie& that
allow& for material creation triggere( 9y temperat-re. The acronym C,. &tan(& for Comp-tational
,el(ing .echanic& an( the mo(el i& inten(e( to 9e -&e( for &im-lating m-lti&tage wel( proce&&e& in
com9ination with the mechanical co-nterpart, I.2TJC,..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le T.A3 T'O T='LC T=.8LT
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCLC LCTC TLST2'T TL<53 TAST2'T TA<53 L=LOST T=LOST
Type + + + + + + + +

T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
T='LC
T=.8LT
LCLC
Loa( c-rve for heat capacity a& f-nction of temperat-re
LCTC
Loa( c-rve for thermal con(-ctivity a& f-nction of temperat-re
TLST2'T
Birth temperat-re of material &tart
TL<53
Birth temperat-re of material en(
D
R
A
F
T
;MA/=/1ERMAL=0WM ;MA/=/"-
LSDYNA 2#1$"7 B.2TC
TAST2'T
Birth time &tart
TA<53
Birth time en(
L=LOST
Leat capacity for gho&t B:-ietC material
T=LOST
Thermal con(-ctivity for gho&t B:-ietC material
Re5arAs(
Thi& material i& initially in a :-iet &tate, &ometime& referre( to a& a gho&t material. An thi& &tate the
material ha& the thermal propertie& (efine( 9y the :-iet heat capacity an( :-iet thermal con(-ctivity.
The&e &ho-l( repre&ent voi(, e.g., 9y pic7ing a relatively &mall thermal con(-ctivity. The heat ca#
pacity m-&t 9e cho&en with care tho-gh, &ince the temperat-re m-&t 9e allowe( to increa&e at a rea#
&ona9le rate (-e to the heat from the wel( &o-rce. ,hen the temperat-re reache& the 9irth tempera#
t-re, a hi&tory varia9le repre&enting the in(icator of the wel(ing material i& incremente(. Thi& varia#
9le follow&
y(t) = mn_1, _max
<t
y(s),
I I
stat
I
enu
I
stat
__

The effective thermal material propertie& are interpolate( a&
(I)y +
qet
(1 y)
p = p(I)y +p
qet
(1 y)

where c
p
an( _ are the heat capacity an( thermal con(-ctivity, re&pectively. The time parameter& for
creating the material provi(e& a((itional form-lae for the final val-e& of the thermal propertie&, re#
&-lting in
=
`
1
1
1
1
1u
10
(I) t t
stat
t t
stat
t
enu
t
stat
+1u
10
(I)
t t
enu
t
stat
t
enu
t
stat
< t t
enu
enu
< t

p =
`
1
1
1
1
u t t
stat
p
t t
stat
t
enu
t
stat
t
stat
< t t
enu
p t
enu
< t

The rea&on for intro(-cing the&e time parameter& i& to 7eep a wel(ing layer inactive (-ring a &pecific
&tage in the &im-lation, allowing for &eemle&& m-lti&tage wel(ing. Prior to the 9irth time, the temper#
at-re i& 7ept more or le&& con&tant (-e to the large heat capacity an( th-& the material i& prevente(
from 9eing create(.
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2#1$"/ B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMAL=OR/1O/RO3I0=/D=L0
Thi& i& thermal material type /. At allow& temperat-re (epen(ent orthotropic propertie& to 9e (efine(
9y loa( c-rve&. The temperat-re (epen(ency i& (efine( 9y &pecifying a minim-m of two (ata point&.
The propertie& m-&t 9e (efine( for the temperat-re range that the material will &ee in the analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCC LC@1 LC@2 LC@%
Type A A A A

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3%
Type + + +

T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
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T='LC
T=.8LT
2OPT
.aterial axe& (efinition) B&ee .atJOPTION T'OPACJ<L2STAC for a
an( 5!,

TL2T
LL2T
Latent heat
LCC
Loa( C-rve Leat Capacity
LC@1
Loa( C-rve Thermal Con(-ctivity @
1
in local x#(irection
LC@2
2
in local y#(irection
LC@%
%
in local H#(irection
MP, 4P, QP
21, 22, 2%
31, 32, 3%
Re5arAs(
See I.2TJTL<'.2LJO'TLOT'OPAC 7eywor( for a (e&cription of the orthotropic axi& option&,
2OPT.
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;MA/=/1ERMAL=ISO/RO3I0=31ASE=01AN2E
Thi& i& thermal material type . At allow& temperat-re (epen(ent i&otropic propertie& with pha&e
change to 9e (efine(. The latent heat of the material i& (efine( together with the &oli( an( li:-i(
temperat-re&. The temperat-re (epen(ency i& (efine( 9y &pecifying a minim-m of two an( a maxi#
m-m of eight (ata point&. The propertie& m-&t 9e (efine( for the temperat-re range that the material
will &ee in the analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le @1 @2 @% @! @" @0 @7 @/
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le SOLT LART LL
Type + + +

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T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
T='LC
T=.8LT
T1 ... T/
C1 ... C/
@1 ... @/
Thermal con(-ctivity at T1 ... T/
SOLT
Soli( temperat-re, T
S
Bm-&t 9e > T
L
C
LART
Li:-i( temperat-re, T
L
Bm-&t 9e ? T
S
C
LL
Latent heat
Re5arAs(
3-ring pha&e change, that i& 9etween the &oli( an( li:-i( temperat-re&, the heat capacity of the ma#
terial will 9e enhance( to acco-nt for the latent heat a& follow&)
(t) = mj1 s2n [
1-1
S
1
L
-1
S
[ I
S
< I < I
L

,here
I
L
T li:-i( temperat-re
I
S
T &oli( temperat-re
I T temperat-re
m T m-ltiplier &-ch that z = ] C(I)JI
1
L
1
S

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z T latent heat
T heat capacity
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;MA/=/1ERMAL=ISO/RO3I0=/D=L0
Thi& i& thermal material type 1$. At allow& i&otropic thermal propertie& that are temperat-re (epen(#
ent &pecifie( 9y loa( c-rve& to 9e (efine(. The propertie& m-&t 9e (efine( for the temperat-re range
that the material will &ee in the analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type 2/ + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le LCLC TCLC
Type + +

T.A3
T'O
Thermal (en&ity)
T='LC
T=.8LT
LCLC
Loa( c-rve A3 &pecifying heat capacity v&. temperat-re.
TCLC
Loa( c-rve A3 &pecifying thermal con(-ctivity v&. temperat-re.
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2#1$0! B.2TC LSDYNA
;MA/=/1ERMAL=USER=DE.INED
The&e are Thermal .aterial Type& 11#1". The -&er can &-pply hi& own &-9ro-tine&. Plea&e con#
&-lt 2ppen(ix L for more information.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le .A3 'O .T L.C 5PL 2OPT AO'TLO ALP<
Type 2/ + + + + + + +

DeBine tHe Bollo:inE t:o 7ards iB and onl iB IOR/1OO%
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Paria9le 31 32 3%
Type + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

.A3
'O
Thermal ma&& (en&ity.
.T
8&er material type B11#1" incl-&iveC.
L.C
Length of material con&tant& array. L.C m-&t not 9e greater than %2.
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5PL
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le&.
2OPT
.aterial axe& option of orthotropic material&. 8&e if AO'TLOT1.$.
an( 5!,

AO'TLO
Set to 1.$ if the material i& orthotropic.
ALP<
Set to 1.$ to activate exchange of hi&tory varia9le& 9etween mechanical an(
thermal -&er material mo(el&.
MP#3%
.aterial axe& orientation of orthotropic material&. 8&e if AO'TLOT1.$
P1
.
.
.
.
PL.C
Re5arAs(
1. The ALP<T1 option ma7e& it po&&i9le for a thermal -&er material &-9ro-tine to rea( the hi&#
tory varia9le& of a mechanical -&er material &-9ro-tine (efine( for the &ame part an( vice
ver&a. Af the integration point& for the thermal an( mechanical element& are not coinci(ent
then extrapolationEinterpolation i& -&e( to calc-late the val-e when rea(ing hi&tory varia9le&.
2. OptionJTATL< i& &-pporte(
%. IA5CL83<JT'25S+O'.) Tran&formation of -nit& i& only &-pporte( for 'O fiel( an(
vector& on car( 2 an( %.

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LSDYNA

KEYWORD USER'S MANUAL

C an( the relative vol-me& are a((itive, i.e.,

Ior 0< P < P

for the partially cr-&he( c-rve i& o9taine( 9y (ifferentiation a&)

) repre&ent& the pla&tic &train at on&et of

. The (amage initiation

) repre&ent& the pla&tic &train at on&et of (am#

. The (amage initiation

) repre&ent& the pla&tic &train at on&et of

i& &et to a large n-m9er to prevent on&et of (amage

9eing the pla&tic (i&placement at fail-re BR1C.

are -p(ate( a&

are re&pectively the nonlocal rate of increa&e of (amage an(

are re&pectively the local rate of increa&e

, an( moment re&-ltant&, H

, incl-(e& the (amping factor&)

angle& are inp-t

) i& fo-n( 9y interpolation from the (ata c-rve.

i& the col( compre&&ion energy)

i& the initial pla&tic &train. Af the wor7#har(ene( yiel( &tre&&

i& the vol-metric &train rate.

effective pla&tic &train

, can 9e (efine( along with propertie& of the reinforcement material.

, i& a f-nction of the effective pla&tic &train, e

, an( the pla&tic har(ening

i& the ela&tic &train to yiel( an(

i& the effective pla&tic &train BlogarithmicC. Af SA=4 i&

i& the effective pla&tic &train an( E

i& given in term& of 4o-ng]& mo(-l-& an( the tangent

are the (irection co&ine&

(enote& the material axe&. The con&tit-tive matrix C

i& (efine( in term& of the material axe&

are (efine( in the inp-t an( the invariant& I

are the &train invariant&

are the (irection co&ine&

(enote& the material axe&. The temperat-re (epen(ent con&tit-tive matrix C

, which i& typically given 9y a loa( c-rve A3, an(

, m-&t 9e (efine( 9y a loa( c-rve)

)|. Thi& fail-re envelop &-rface i& fixe( in [

thro-gh the har(ening law

i& a &calar f-nction of an( an( c

i& the rate of (eviatoric pla&tic &train.

i& (efine( a&

i& the pla&tic &train.

i& the yiel( &tre&& an( @

i& the ela&tic &train to yiel( an(

i& the effective pla&tic &train BlogarithmicC. Af

(enote& the &tatic yiel( &tre&&, C an( p are material parameter&, e

i& the effective

i& the effective pla&tic &train.

i& fo-n( from

an( the &tretching (-e to the thermal expan&ion

i& the air pre&&-re comp-te( from the e:-ation)

, a-gment& the &tre&&e&

T effective pla&tic &train

Pla&tic &train energy BrateC

, a-gment& the &tre&&e& (eter#

, an( (ecay con&tant&,

, an( (ecay con&tant&,

. The vi&coela&tic 9ehavior

). +rom thi& energy c-rve we can al&o (e#

, an( (ecay con&tant&,

. The vi&coela&tic 9ehavior