Verbs are action words (sometimes described as 'doing' words,) that show what the subject (a noun or pronoun)

is doing. They are a requirement of any sentence in the English language. Verbs can be Passive or Active. An Active verb is a verb in an active sentence, in which the subject performs the verb. An example of an active verb in an active sentence is 'I hit the dog.' A Passive verb is a verb in a passive sentence. In a passive sentence, the action is performed upon the subject. An example of this is: 'The dog was hit by me.'. The two sentences have the same denotative meaning, but their connotative meaning is quite different; active verbs are much more powerful and personal. There are two forms of passive voice: "He gave me the book." => "The book was given to me." or "I was given the book." The second form is preferred. English, like many Germanic languages, contains both strong (or irregular; they aren't quite the same thing) and weak (regular) verbs. Irregular verbs are one of the more difficult aspects of learning English. Each irregular verb must be memorized, because they are not often easy to identify otherwise. For a regular verb, the changes in form are minimal. When talking about actions that took place in the past, add ed to the end of the verb root. E.g., walk becomes walked. When talking about actions that take place in the present, add s to the end of the verb root when the subject of the sentence is in the third person (not yourself or the person to whom you are speaking). When talking about actions that take place in the future, add the word will before the verb. To describe an action that takes place over a length of time, add the appropriate form of the verb to be before the verb and add ing to the end of the verb root. To describe an action that has been completed, change the verb root to put it in the past tense (see the first point) and add the appropriate form of the verb to have (note that you can have to have in any tense you want, but keep the main verb in the past) before the verb.

Also note that you can combine the previous two points by putting the appropriate form of to have before the past participle of to be (been), and putting both of them before the verb. A Verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon: as, I am, I rule, I am ruled; I love, thou lovest, he loves. VERBS are so called, from the Latin Verbum, a Word; because the verb is that word which most essentially contains what is said in any clause or sentence. An English verb has four CHIEF TERMS, or PRINCIPAL PARTS, ever needful to be ascertained in the first place; namely, the Present, the Preterit, the Imperfect Participle, and the Perfect Participle. The Present is that form of the verb, which is the root of all the rest; the verb itself; or that simple term which we should look for in a dictionary: as, be, act, rule, love, defend, terminate. The Preterit is that simple form of the verb, which denotes time past; and which is always connected with some noun or pronoun, denoting the subject of the assertion: as, I was, I acted, I ruled, I loved, I defended. The Imperfect Participle is that which ends commonly in ing, and implies a continuance of the being, action, or passion: as, being, acting, ruling, loving, defending, terminating. The Perfect Participle is that which ends commonly in ed or en, and implies a completion of the being, action, or passion: as, been, acted, ruled, loved. Verbs are divided, with respect to their form, into four classes; regular and irregular, redundant and defective. A regular verb is a verb that forms the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, love, loved, loving, loved. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, see, saw, seeing, seen. A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in two or more ways, and so as to be both regular and irregular; as, thrive, thrived or throve, thriving, thrived or thriven.

A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles, and is used in but few of the moods and tenses; as, beware, ought, quoth. Verbs are divided again, with respect to their signification, into four classes; active-transitive, active-intransitive, passive, and neuter. An active-transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has some person or thing for its object; as, "Cain slew Abel." "Cassius loved Brutus." An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no person or thing for its object; as, "John walks." "Jesus wept." A passive verb is a verb that represents its subject, or what the nominative expresses, as being acted upon; as, "I am compelled." "Caesar was slain." A neuter verb is a verb that expresses neither action nor passion, but simply being, or a state of being; as, "There was light." "The babe sleeps." Verbs have modifications of four kinds; namely, Moods, Tenses, Persons and Numbers. Contents [hide] 1 Moods.

2 Tenses. 3 Voice 4 Persons and numbers. 5 The conjugation of verbs. o 5.1 To do. 5.1.1 Present tense; and sign of the indicative present. 5.1.2 Imperfect tense; and sign of the indicative imperfect. o 5.2 To be. 5.2.1 Present tense; and sign of the indicative present. 5.2.2 Imperfect tense; and sign of the indicative imperfect. o 5.3 To have. 5.3.1 Present tense; but sign of the indicative perfect. 5.3.2 Imperfect tense; but sign of the indicative pluperfect. o 5.4 Shall and will. 5.4.1 Present tense; but sign of the indicative first-future. 5.4.2 Imperfect tense; but, as signs, aorist, or indefinite. o 5.5 May. 5.5.1 Present tense; and sign of the potential present. 5.5.2 Imperfect tense; and sign of the potential imperfect. o 5.6 Can. 5.6.1 Present tense; and sign of the potential present. 5.6.2 Imperfect tense; and sign of the potential imperfect. o 5.7 Must. 5.7.1 Present tense; and sign of the potential present. o 5.8 Verb may be conjugated in four ways. 6 Simple form, active or neuter.

6.1 The regular active verb LOVE, conjugated affirmatively. 6.1.1 Principal parts. 6.1.2 Infinite mood. 6.1.2.1 Present tense. 6.1.2.2 Perfect tense. 6.1.3 Indicative mood. 6.1.3.1 Present tense. 6.1.3.2 Imperfect tense. 6.1.3.3 Perfect tense. 6.1.3.4 Pluperfect tense. 6.1.3.5 First-future tense. 6.1.3.6 Second-future tense. 6.1.4 Potential mood. 6.1.4.1 Present tense. 6.1.4.2 Imperfect tense. 6.1.4.3 Perfect tense. 6.1.4.4 Pluperfect tense. 6.1.5 Subjunctive mood. 6.1.5.1 Present tense. 6.1.5.2 Imperfect tense. 6.1.6 Imperative mood. 6.1.7 Participles. 6.2 The irregular active verb SEE, conjugated affirmatively. 6.2.1 Principal parts. 6.2.2 Infinitive mood. 6.2.3 Indicative mood. 6.2.4 Potential mood. 6.2.5 Subjunctive mood. 6.2.6 Imperative mood. 6.2.7 Participles. 6.3 The irregular neuter verb BE, conjugated affirmatively. 6.3.1 Principal parts. 6.3.2 Infinitive mood. 6.3.3 Indicative mood. 6.3.4 Potential mood. 6.3.5 Subjunctive mood.

6.3.6 Imperative mood. 6.3.7 Participles. 7 Compound or progressive form. o 7.1 The irregular active verb READ, conjugated affirmatively, in the Compound Form. 7.1.1 Principal parts of the simple verb. o 7.2 Infinitive mood. 7.2.1 Indicative mood. 7.2.2 Potential mood. 7.2.3 Subjunctive mood. 7.2.4 Imperative mood. 7.2.5 Participles. 8 Form of passive verbs. o 8.1 The regular passive verb BE LOVED, conjugated affirmatively. 8.1.1 Principal parts of the active verb. 8.1.2 Infinitive mood. 8.1.3 Indicative mood. 8.1.4 Potential mood. 8.1.5 Subjunctive mood. 8.1.6 Imperative mood. 8.1.7 Participles. 9 Form of negation. o 9.1 First person singular. o 9.2 Third person singular. 10 Form of question. o 10.1 First person singular. o 10.2 Third person singular. 11 Form of question with negation. o 11.1 First person plural. o 11.2 Third person plural. 12 Irregular verbs. o 12.1 Methods of learning irregular verbs 13 Redundant verbs. 14 Defective verbs.

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Moods. Moods are different forms of the verb, each of which expresses the being, action, or passion, in some particular manner. There are five moods; the Infinitive, the Indicative, the Potential, the Subjunctive, and the Imperative. The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb, which expresses the being, action, or passion, in an unlimited manner, and without person or number: as, "To die,--to sleep;--To sleep!--perchance, to dream!" The Indicative mood is that form of the verb, which simply indicates or declares a thing: as, I write you know or asks a question; as, Do you know? Know ye not? The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity, of the being, action, or passion: as, I can walk. He may ride. We must go. The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb, which represents the being, action, or passion, as conditional, doubtful, and contingent: as, "If thou go, see that thou offend not." "See thou do it not."--Rev., xix, 10. God save the queen. It is a requirement that ... be done. It's high time you were in bed. If I were you,...

The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding, exhorting, entreating, or permitting: as, "Depart thou." "Be comforted." "Forgive me." "Go in peace." [edit] Tenses. Tenses are those modifications of the verb, which distinguish time. There are six tenses; the Present, the Imperfect or Past, the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the First-future, and the Second-future. You could even say there are twelve tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms, which have different meaning. The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists, is normal or correlated to senses. It is used with adverbs like always, generally. There is a house in New Orleans. I read a book every week. I hear a noise. The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening just now: I am reading a letter. The car is running at high speed. The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully past. It is used with adverbs like yesterday, last week. (The past tense is sometimes called Imperfect, but this does not fit its meaning, as can be seen from the examples. This name is derived from Latin where it was correct.) Last week, I read several of Shaw's novels. The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place when (suddenly) something else occurred. I saw him yesterday, and hailed him as he was passing.

I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke. The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken place, within some period of time not yet fully past, or is still valid. It is used with adverbs like ever, never, today, this week. I have read several of Shaw's novels. I have seen him to-day; something must have detained him. Have you ever tried fugu fish? The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the past and has not yet finished. Since I have been standing here, five planes took off. The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place, at some past time mentioned, before something other happened. I had seen him, when I met you. As soon as my car had been repaired, I could continue my trip. The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started before and was still going on, when something else occurred. I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in. The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place hereafter. "I shall see him again, and I will inform him." The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be currently taking place at a certain time in future. "I will be swimming in the sea by the time you'll awake." The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have taken place at some future time mentioned. "I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon."

The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have started at some time and will still be ongoing, at some future time mentioned. "I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time you'll awake tomorrow." [edit] Voice Voice of speech can be active or passive. Principally in passive voice the same tenses can be used as in active voice. He gave me the book. The book was given to me. I was given the book. There are however some things to note. They build a house. The house is built. Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense. If for example you describe a picture where people build a house, the first sentence is perfectly correct. The second sentence however will be interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence The house has been built - it is built now. This is, the house is now ready and not under construction. So the correct passive form is The house is being built. Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules. You will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice. Formal rules will lead you to monstrosities like the following, you will certainly never hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous): The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally you'll arrive.

(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally you'll arrive.) [edit] Persons and numbers. The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees with its subject or nominative. In each number, there are three persons; and in each person, two numbers: thus, Singular. 1st per. I love, 3d per. He loves; Plural. 1. We love, 2. You love, 3. They love. Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these things; it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place. Where the verb is varied, the third person singular is regularly formed by adding s or es: as, I see, he sees; I give, he gives; I go, he goes; I fly, he flies; I vex, he vexes; I lose, he loses. Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number, these properties are inferred from its subject or nominative: as, If I love, if he love; if we love, if you love, if they love. [edit] The conjugation of verbs. The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods, tenses, persons, numbers, and participles. There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and complete verb; namely, the Present, the Preterit, the Imperfect Participle, and the Perfect Participle. A verb which wants any of these parts, is called defective; such are most of the auxiliaries. An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other verb, to express some particular mode and time of the being, action, or

passion. The auxiliaries are do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, and must, with their variations. [edit] To do. [edit] Present tense; and sign of the indicative present. Sing. I do, he does; Plur. We do, you do, they do. [edit] Imperfect tense; and sign of the indicative imperfect. Sing. I did, he did; Plur. We did, you did, they did. [edit] To be. [edit] Present tense; and sign of the indicative present. Sing. I am, he is; Plur. We are, you are, they are. [edit] Imperfect tense; and sign of the indicative imperfect. Sing. I was, he was; Plur. We were, you were; they were. [edit] To have. [edit] Present tense; but sign of the indicative perfect.

Sing. I have, he has; Plur. We have, you have, they have. [edit] Imperfect tense; but sign of the indicative pluperfect. Sing. I had, he had; Plur. We had, you had, they had. [edit] Shall and will. These auxiliaries have distinct meanings, and, as signs of the future, they are interchanged thus: [edit] Present tense; but sign of the indicative first-future. Simply to express a future action or event:-Sing. I shall, he will; Plur. We shall, you will, they will. To express a promise, command, or threat:-Sing. I will, he shall; Plur. We will, you shall, they shall. [edit] Imperfect tense; but, as signs, aorist, or indefinite. Used with reference to duty or expediency:-Sing. I should, he should; Plur. We should, you should, they should. Used with reference to volition or desire:-Sing. I would, he would; Plur. We would, you would, they would. See also: Shall and will by Wikipedia

[edit] May. [edit] Present tense; and sign of the potential present. Sing. I may, he may; Plur. We may, you may, they may. [edit] Imperfect tense; and sign of the potential imperfect. Sing. I might, he might; Plur. We might, you might, they might. [edit] Can. [edit] Present tense; and sign of the potential present. Sing. I can, he can; Plur. We can, you can, they can. [edit] Imperfect tense; and sign of the potential imperfect. Sing. I could, he could; Plur. We could, you could, they could. [edit] Must. [edit] Present tense; and sign of the potential present. Sing. I must, he must; Plur. We must, you must, they must.

If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense, or Preterit, the form is the same as that of the Present: this word is entirely invariable. [edit] Verb may be conjugated in four ways. Affirmatively; as, I write, I do write, or, I am writing; and so on. Negatively; as, I write not, I do not write, or, I am not writing. Interrogatively; as, Write I? Do I write? or, Am I writing? Interrogatively and negatively; as, Write I not? Do I not write? or, Am I not writing? [edit] Simple form, active or neuter. The simplest form of an English conjugation, is that which makes the present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries; but, even in these, auxiliaries are required for the potential mood, and are often preferred for the indicative. [edit] The regular active verb LOVE, conjugated affirmatively. [edit] Principal parts. Present. Preterit. Imperfect Perfect Participle. Participle. Love. Loved. Loving. Loved. [edit] Infinite mood.

The infinitive mood is that form of the verb, which expresses the being, action, or passion, in an unlimited manner, and without person or number. It is used only in the present and perfect tenses. [edit] Present tense. This tense is the root, or radical verb; and is usually preceded by the preposition to, which shows its relation to some other word: thus, To love. [edit] Perfect tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle; and, like the infinitive present, is usually preceded by the preposition to: thus, To have loved. [edit] Indicative mood. The indicative mood is that form of the verb, which simply indicates or declares a thing, or asks a question. It is used in all the tenses. [edit] Present tense. The present indicative, in its simple form, is essentially the same as the present infinitive, or radical verb; except that the verb be has am in the indicative. The simple form of the present tense is varied thus:-Singular. I love, He loves; Plural. We love, You love, They love.

This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb: thus, Singular. I do love, He does love; Plural. We do love, You do love, They do love. [edit] Imperfect tense. This tense, in its simple form is the preterit; which, in all regular verbs, adds d or ed to the present, but in others is formed variously. The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus:-Singular. I loved, He loved; Plural. We loved, You loved, You loved, This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present: thus, Singular. I did love, He did love; Plural. We did love, You did love, They did love. [edit] Perfect tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle: thus, Singular. I have loved, He has loved; Plural. We have loved, You have loved, They have loved. [edit] Pluperfect tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle: thus, Singular. I had loved, He had loved; Plural. We had loved, You had loved, They had loved. [edit]

First-future tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present: thus, Simply to express a future action or event:-Singular. I shall love, He will love; Plural. We shall love, You will love, They will love. To express a promise, volition, command, or threat:-Singular. I will love, He shall love; Plural. We will love, You shall love, They shall love. [edit] Second-future tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect participle: thus, Singular. I shall have loved, He will have loved; Plural. We shall have loved, You will have loved, They will have loved. [edit] Potential mood. The potential mood is that form of the verb, which expresses the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity of the being, action, or passion. It is used in the first four tenses; but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist: its time is very indeterminate; as, "He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied."--Lord Kames, El. of Crit., Vol. i, p. 11. [edit] Present tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliary may, can, or must, to the radical verb: thus,

Singular. I may love, He may love; Plural. We may love, You may love, They may love. [edit] Imperfect tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliary might, could, would, or should, to the radical verb: thus, Singular. I might love, He might love; Plural. We might love, You might love, They might love. [edit] Perfect tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliaries, may have, can have, or must have, to the perfect participle: thus, Singular. I may have loved, He may have loved; Plural. We may have loved, You may have loved, They may have loved. [edit] Pluperfect tense. This tense prefixes the auxiliaries, might have, could have, would have, or should have, to the perfect participle: thus, Singular. I might have loved, He might have loved; Plural. We might have loved, You might have loved, They might have loved. [edit] Subjunctive mood. The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb, which represents the being, action, or passion, as conditional, doubtful, or contingent. This mood is generally preceded by a conjunction; as, if, that, though, lest, unless, except. But sometimes, especially in poetry, it is formed by a mere placing of the verb before the nominative; as, "Were I," for, "If I were;"--"Had he," for, "If

he had;"--"Fall we" for, "If we fall;"--"Knew they," for, "If they knew." It does not vary its termination at all, in the different persons. It is used in the present, and sometimes in the imperfect tense; rarely--and perhaps never properly--in any other. As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause, the time implied in its tenses is always relative, and generally indefinite; as, "It shall be in eternal restless change, Self-fed, and self-consum'd: if this fail, The pillar'd firmament is rottenness."--Milton, Comus, l. 596. [edit] Present tense. This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future action or event is affirmed. It is therefore erroneously considered by some grammarians, as an elliptical form of the future. Singular. If I love, If He love; Plural. If we love, If you love, If they love. In this tense, the auxiliary do is sometimes employed; as, "If thou do prosper my way."--Genesis, xxiv, 42. "If he do not utter it."--Leviticus, v, 1. "If he do but intimate his desire."--Murray's Key, p. 207. "If he do promise, he will certainly perform."--Ib., p. 208. "An event which, if it ever do occur, must occur in some future period."-Hiley's Gram., (3d Ed., Lond.,) p. 89. "If he do but promise, thou art safe."--Ib., 89. "Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain."-MILTON: Il Penseroso. These examples, if they are right, prove the tense to be present, and not future, as Hiley and some others suppose it to be. [edit]

Imperfect tense. This tense, like the imperfect of the potential mood, with which it is frequently connected, is properly an aorist, or indefinite tense; for it may refer to time past, present, or future: as, "If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, what further need was there that an other priest should rise?"--Heb., vii, 11. "They must be viewed exactly in the same light, as if the intention to purchase now existed."--Murray's Parsing Exercises, p. 24. "If it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect."--Matt., xxiv, 24. "If the whole body were an eye, where were the hearing?"--1 Corinthians, xii, 17. "If the thankful refrained, it would be pain and grief to them."--Atterbury. Singular. If I loved, If he loved; Plural. If we loved, If you loved, If they loved. [edit] Imperative mood. The imperative mood is that form of the verb, which is used in commanding, exhorting, entreating, or permitting. It is commonly used only in the second person of the present tense. PRESENT TENSE. Plural. Love [you,] or Do you love. [edit] Participles. The Imperfect. The Perfect. The Preperfect. Loving. Loved. Having loved. [edit] The irregular active verb SEE, conjugated affirmatively.

[edit] Principal parts. Present. Preterit. Imp. Participle. Perf. Participle. See. Saw. Seeing. Seen. [edit] Infinitive mood. PRESENT TENSE. To See. PERFECT TENSE. To have seen. [edit] Indicative mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I see, He sees; Plural. We see, You see, They see. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I saw, He saw; Plural. We saw, You saw, They saw. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I have seen,He has seen; Plural. We have seen, You have seen, They have seen. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I had seen, He had seen; Plural. We had seen, You had seen, They had seen. FIRST-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall see, He will see; Plural. We shall see, You will see, They will see. SECOND-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall have seen, He will have seen; Plural. We shall have seen, You will have seen, They will have seen. [edit] Potential mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I may see, He may see; Plural. We may see, You may see, They may see.

IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might see, He might see; Plural. We might see, You might see, They might see. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I may have seen, He may have seen; Plural. We may have seen, You may have seen, They may have seen. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might have seen, He might have seen; Plural. We might have seen, You might have seen, They might have seen. [edit] Subjunctive mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. If I see, If he see; Plural. If we see, If you see, If they see. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. If I saw, If he saw; Plural. If we saw, If you saw, If they saw. [edit] Imperative mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Do thou see; Plural. See [you,] or Do you see. [edit] Participles. The Imperfect. The Perfect. The Preperfect. Seeing. Seen. Having seen. [edit] The irregular neuter verb BE, conjugated affirmatively. [edit] Principal parts. Present. Preterit. Imp. Participle. Perf. Participle. Be. Was. Being. Been. [edit]

Infinitive mood. PRESENT TENSE. To be. PERFECT TENSE. To have been. [edit] Indicative mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I am, He is; Plural. We are, You are, They are. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I was, He was; Plural. We were, You were, They were. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I have been, He has been; Plural. We have been, You have been, They have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I had been, He had been; Plural. We had been, You had been, They had been. FIRST-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall be, He will be; Plural. We shall be, You will be, They will be. SECOND-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. We shall have been, He will have been; Plural. We shall have been, You will have been, They will have been. [edit] Potential mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I may be, He may be; Plural. We may be, You may be, They may be. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might be, He might be; Plural. We might be, You might be, They might be. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I may have been, He may have been; Plural. We may have been, You may have been, They may have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might have been, He might have been; Plural. We might have been, You might have been, They might have been.

[edit] Subjunctive mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. If I be, If he be; Plural. If we be, If you be, If they be. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. If I were, If he were; Plural. If we were, If you were, If they were. [edit] Imperative mood. PRESENT TENSE. Plural. Be [you,] or Do you be. [edit] Participles. The Imperfect. The Perfect. The Preperfect. Being. Been. Having been. [edit] Compound or progressive form. Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated, by adding the Imperfect Participle to the auxiliary verb BE, through all its changes; as, "I am writing a letter." "He is sitting idle." "They are going." This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being, and is, on many occasions, preferable to the simple form of the verb. [edit] The irregular active verb READ, conjugated affirmatively, in the Compound Form.

[edit] Principal parts of the simple verb. Present. Preterit. Imp. Participle. Perf. Participle. Read. Read. Reading. Read. [edit] Infinitive mood. PRESENT TENSE. To be reading. PERFECT TENSE. To have been reading.

[edit] Indicative mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I am reading, He is reading; Plural. We are reading, You are reading, They are reading. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I was reading, He was reading; Plural. We were reading, You were reading, They were reading. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I have been reading, He has been reading; Plural. We have been reading, You have been reading, They have been reading. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I had been reading, He had been reading; Plural. We had been reading, You had been reading, They had been reading. FIRST-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall be reading, He will be reading; Plural. We shall be reading, You will be reading, They will be reading. SECOND-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall have been reading, He will have been reading; Plural. We shall have been reading, You will have been reading, They will have been reading. [edit]

Potential mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I may be reading, He may be reading; Plural. We may be reading, You may be reading, They may be reading. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might be reading, He might be reading; Plural. We might be reading, You might be reading, They might be reading. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I may have been reading, He may have been reading; Plural. We may have been reading, You may have been reading, They may have been reading. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might have been reading, He might have been reading; Plural. We might have been reading, You might have been reading, They might have been reading. [edit] Subjunctive mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. If I be reading, If he be reading; Plural. If we be reading, If you be reading, If they be reading. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. If I were reading, If he were reading; Plural. If we were reading, If you were reading, If they were reading. [edit] Imperative mood. Plur. Be [ye or you] reading, or Do you be reading. [edit] Participles. The Imperfect. The Perfect. The Preperfect. Being reading. --------- Having been reading.

[edit]

Form of passive verbs. Passive verbs, in English, are always of a compound form; being made from active-transitive verbs, by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb BE, through all its changes: thus from the active-transitive verb love, is formed the passive verb be loved. [edit] The regular passive verb BE LOVED, conjugated affirmatively. [edit] Principal parts of the active verb. Present. Preterit. Imp. Participle. Perf. Participle. Love. Loved. Loving. Loved. [edit] Infinitive mood. PRESENT TENSE. To be loved. PERFECT TENSE. To have been loved. [edit] Indicative mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I am loved, He is loved; Plural. We are loved, You are loved, They are loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I was loved, He was loved; Plural. We were loved, You were loved, They were loved. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I have been loved, He has been loved; Plural. We have been loved, You have been loved, They have been loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I had been loved, He had been loved; Plural. We had been loved, You had been loved, They had been loved.

FIRST-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall be loved, He will be loved; Plural. We shall be loved, You will be loved, They will be loved. SECOND-FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall have been loved, He will have been loved; Plural. We shall have been loved, You will have been loved, They will have been loved. [edit] Potential mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I may be loved, He may be loved; Plural. We may be loved, You may be loved, They may be loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might be loved, He might be loved; Plural. We might be loved, You might be loved, They might be loved. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. I may have been loved, He may have been loved; Plural. We may have been loved, You may have been loved, They may have been loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I might have been loved, He might have been loved; Plural. We might have been loved, You might have been loved, They might have been loved. [edit] Subjunctive mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. If I be loved, If he be loved; Plural. If we be loved, If you be loved, If they be loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. If I were loved, If he were loved; Plural. If we were loved, If you were loved, If they were loved. [edit] Imperative mood. PRESENT TENSE. Plural. Be [or you] loved, or Do you be loved. [edit]

Participles. The Imperfect. The Perfect. The Preperfect. Being loved. Loved. Having been loved. [edit] Form of negation. A verb is conjugated negatively, by placing the adverb not after it, or after the first auxiliary; but the infinitive and participles take the negative first: as, Not to love, Not to have loved; Not loving, Not loved, Not having loved. [edit] First person singular. IND. I love not, or I do not love; I loved not, or I did not love; I have not loved; I had not loved; I shall not, or will not, love; I shall not, or will not, have loved. POT. I may, can, or must not love; I might, could, would, or should not love; I may, can, or must not have loved; I might, could, would, or should not have loved, SUBJ. If I love not, If I loved not. [edit] Third person singular. IND. He loves not, or He does not love; He loved not, or He did not love; He has not loved; He had not loved; He shall not, or will not, love; He shall not, or will not, have loved. POT. He may, can, or must not love; He might, could, would, or should not love; He may, can, or must not have loved; He might, could, would, or should not have loved. SUBJ. If he love not, If he loved not. [edit]

Form of question. A verb is conjugated interrogatively, in the indicative and potential moods, by placing the nominative after it, or after the first auxiliary: as, [edit] First person singular. IND. Love I? or Do I love? Loved I? or Did I love? Have I loved? Had I loved? Shall I love? Shall I have loved? POT. May, can, or must I love? Might, could, would, or should I love? May, can, or must I have loved? Might, could, would, or should I have loved? [edit] Third person singular. IND. Loves he? or Does he love? Loved he? or Did he love? Has he loved? Had he loved? Shall or will he love? Will he have loved? POT. May, can, or must he love? Might, could, would, or should he love? May, can, or must he have loved? Might, could, would, or should he have loved? [edit] Form of question with negation. A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively, in the indicative and potential moods, by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb, or after the first auxiliary: as, [edit] First person plural. IND. Love we not? or Do we not love? Loved we not? or Did we not love? Have we not loved? Had we not loved? Shall we not love? Shall we not have loved?

POT. May, can, or must we not love? Might, could, would, or should we not love? May, can, or must we not have loved? Might, could, would, or should we not have loved? [edit] Third person plural. IND. Are they not loved? Were they not loved? Have they not been loved? Had they not been loved? Shall or will they not be loved? Will they not have been loved? POT. May, can, or must they not be loved? Might, could, would, or should they not be loved? May, can, or must they not have been loved? Might, could, would, or should they not have been loved? [edit] Irregular verbs. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, see, saw, seeing, seen. Of this class of verbs there are about one hundred and ten, beside their several derivatives and compounds. [edit] Methods of learning irregular verbs To remember verbs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Learn them by heart. Write a reference lists of verbs. Say the verbs aloud (not silently). Set yourself targets, e.g. learn one verb a day. Learn this verbs in groups. Test yourself. To learn how to use them: 1. Write you own example sentences.

2. Collect some examples of use for each verb, e.g. from books, magazines or newspapers. 3. Use an English grammar. List of The Top Irregular Verbs: English irregular verbs Imperfect Perfect Present. Preterit. Participle. Participle. Awake, awoke, awoken. Arise, arose, arising, arisen. Be, was,were being, been. Bear, bore, bearing, borne. Begin, began, beginning, begun. Bend, bent, bent. Blow, blew, blow. Break, broke, breaking, broken. Bring, brought, bringing, brought. Build, built, built Buy, bought, buying, bought. Catch, caught, caught Choose, chose, choosing, chosen. Come, came, coming, come. Cost, cost, costing, cost. Cut, cut, cutting, cut. Do, did, doing, done. Draw, drew, drawing, drawn. Drink, drank, drinking, drunk. Drive, drove, driving, driven. Eat, ate, eating, eaten. Fall, fell, falling, fallen. Feel, felt, feeling, felt. Fight, fought, fighting, fought. Find, found, finding, found. Fly, flew, flying, flown. Forget, forgot, forgotten. Forgive, forgave, forgiven. Get, got, getting, gotten. Give, gave, giving, given.

Go, went, going, gone. Grow, grew, growing, grown. Have, had, having, had. Hear, heard, hearing, heard. Hide, hid, hiding, hidden or hid. Hold, held, held. Hit, hit, hitting, hit. Hold, held, holding, held. Keep, kept, keeping, kept. Know, knew, knowing, known. Lay, laid, laid. Lead, led, led. Leave, left, leaving, left. Lend, lent, lending, lent. Let, let, letting, let. Lie, lay, lying, lain. Lose, lost, losing, lost. Make, made, making, made. Mean, meant, meant Meet, met, meeting, met. Pay paid paid Put, put, putting, put. Read, r~ead, reading, r~ead. Rend, rent, rending, rent. Ride, rode, riding, ridden. Ring, rung or rang, ringing, rung. Rise, rose, rising, risen. Run, ran, running, run. Say, said, saying, said. See, saw, seeing, seen. Seek, sought, seeking, sought. Sell, sold, selling, sold. Send, sent, sending, sent. Set, set, setting, set. Shake, shook, shook. Shine, shone, shone. Shoot, shot, shooting, shot. Show, showed, shown. Sing, sang, singing, sung. Sit, sat, sitting, sat.

Sleep, slept, Speak, spoke, Spend, spent, Stand, stood, Steal, stole, Strike, struck, Swim, swam, Take, took, Teach, taught, Tear, tore, Tell, told, Think, thought, Throw, threw, Wake, woke, Wear, wore, Win, won, Write, wrote, [edit] Redundant verbs.

slept. speaking, spoken. spending, spent. standing, stood. stealing, stolen. striking, struck. swimming, swum. taking, taken. teaching, taught. tearing, torn. telling, told. thinking, thought. thrown. woken. wearing, worn. winning, won. writing, written.

A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in two or more ways, and so as to be both regular and irregular; as, thrive, thrived or throve, thriving, thrived or thriven. Of this class of verbs, there are about ninety-five, beside sundry derivatives and compounds. List of the redundant verbs: Present. Preterit. Imperfect Participle. Perfect Participle.

Abide, abode or abided, abiding, abode or abided. Awake, awaked or awoke, awaking, awaked or awoke. Belay, belayed or belaid, belaying, belayed or belaid. Bend, bent or bended, bending, bent or bended. Bereave, bereft or bereaved, bereaving, bereft or bereaved. Beseech, besought or beseeched, beseeching, besought or beseeched. Bet, betted or bet, betting, betted or bet. Betide, betided or betid, betiding, betided or betid. Bide, bode or bided, biding, bode or bided. Blend, blended or blent, blending, blended or blent.

Bless, blessed or blest, blessing, blessed or blest. Blow, blew or blowed, blowing, blown or blowed. Build, built or builded, building, built or builded. Burn, burned or burnt, burning, burned or burnt. Burst, burst or bursted, bursting, burst or bursted. Catch, caught or catched, catching, caught or catched. Clothe, clothed or clad, clothing, clothed or clad. Creep, crept or creeped, creeping, crept or creeped. Crow, crowed or crew, crowing, crowed. Curse, cursed or curst, cursing, cursed or curst. Dare, dared or durst, daring, dared. Deal, dealt or dealed, dealing, dealt or dealed. Dig, dug or digged, digging, dug or digged. Dive, dived or dove, diving, dived or diven. Dream, dreamed or dreamt, dreaming, dreamed or dreamt. Dress, dressed or drest, dressing, dressed or drest. Dwell, dwelt or dwelled, dwelling, dwelt or dwelled. Freeze, froze or freezed, freezing, frozen or freezed. Geld, gelded or gelt, gelding, gelded or gelt. Gild, gilded or gilt, gilding, gilded or gilt. Gird, girded or girt, girding, girded or girt. Grave, graved, graving, graved or graven. Grind, ground or grinded, grinding, ground or grinded. Hang, hung or hanged, hanging, hung or hanged. Heat, heated or het, heating, heated or het. Heave, heaved or hove, heaving, heaved or hoven. Hew, hewed, hewing, hewed or hewn. Kneel, kneeled or knelt, kneeling, kneeled or knelt. Knit, knit or knitted, knitting, knit or knitted. Lade, laded, lading, laded or laden. Lay, laid or layed, laying, laid or layed. Lean, leaned or leant, leaning, leaned or leant. Leap, leaped or leapt, leaping, leaped or leapt. Learn, learned or learnt, learning, learned or learnt. Light, lighted or lit, lighting, lighted or lit. Mean, meant or meaned, meaning, meant or meaned. Mow, mowed, mowing, mowed or mown. Mulct, mulcted or mulct, mulcting, mulcted or mulct. Pass, passed or past, passing, passed or past. Pay, paid or payed, paying, paid or payed.

Pen, penned or pent, penning, penned or pent. (to coop,) Plead, pleaded or pled, pleading, pleaded or pled. Prove, proved, proving, proved or proven. Quit, quitted or quit, quitting, quitted or quit. Rap, rapped or rapt, rapping, rapped or rapt. Reave, reft or reaved, reaving, reft or reaved. Rive, rived, riving, riven or rived. Roast, roasted or roast, roasting, roasted or roast. Saw, sawed, sawing, sawed or sawn. Seethe, seethed or sod, seething, seethed or sodden. Shake, shook or shaked, shaking, shaken or shaked. Shape, shaped, shaping, shaped or shapen. Shave, shaved, shaving, shaved or shaven. Shear, sheared or shore, shearing, sheared or shorn. Shine, shined or shone, shining, shined or shone. Show, showed, showing, showed or shown. Sleep, slept or sleeped, sleeping, slept or sleeped. Slide, slid or slided, sliding, slidden, slid, or slided. Slit, slitted or slit, slitting, slitted or slit. Smell, smelled or smelt, smelling, smelled or smelt. Sow, sowed, sowing, sowed or sown. Speed, sped or speeded, speeding, sped or speeded. Spell, spelled or spelt, spelling, spelled or spelt. Spill, spilled or spilt, spilling, spilled or spilt. Split, split or splitted, splitting, split or splitted. Spoil, spoiled or spoilt, spoiling, spoiled or spoilt. Stave, stove or staved, staving, stove or staved. Stay, staid or stayed, staying, staid or stayed. String, strung or stringed, stringing, strung or stringed. Strive, strived or strove, striving, strived or striven. Strow, strowed, strowing, strowed or strown. Sweat, sweated or sweat, sweating, sweated or sweat. Sweep, swept or sweeped, sweeping, swept or sweeped. Swell, swelled, swelling, swelled or swollen. Thrive, thrived or throve, thriving, thrived or thriven. Throw, threw or throwed, throwing, thrown or throwed. Wake, waked or woke, waking, waked or woke. Wax, waxed, waxing, waxed or waxen. Weave, wove or weaved, weaving, woven or weaved. Wed, wedded or wed, wedding, wedded or wed.

Weep, Wet, Whet, Wind, Wont, Work, Wring, [edit]

wept or weeped, weeping, wept or weeped. wet or wetted, wetting, wet or wetted. whetted or whet, whetting, whetted or whet. wound or winded, winding, wound or winded. wont or wonted, wonting, wont or wonted. worked or wrought, working, worked or wrought. wringed or wrung, wringing, wringed or wrung.

Defective verbs. A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles, and is used in but few of the moods and tenses; as, beware, ought, quoth. List of the defective verbs: Present. Preterit. Beware, -----Can, could. May, might. Methinks, methought. Must, must. Ought, ought. Shall, should. Will, would. Quoth, quoth. Wis, wist. Wit, wot. A part of the text in this article, was taken from the public domain English grammar "The Grammar of English Grammars" by Goold Brown, 1851. Retrieved from "http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English/Grammar/Verbs" =Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would. Should and would are used in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech. Example: I told you I should not be in for dinner. He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday. She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference. Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will:

Example: He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained.( gostiten, priten mire) He promised me that the message should be sent at once. Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense. Example: Im surprised that you should have been so foolish. It is strange that he should refuse to see her. Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility, probability or exception. Example: it was impossible that he should continue for long. It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle. Should is used in the same meaning as ought to, to express like hood, believe hood or strong probability. Example: there is a fine sunset, so it should be a fine day tomorrow. You should write to her as soon as you can. Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency.( pasiguri, rastisje) Example: if you should see him, give him my regards. Should he asked for references, tell him to apply to me. Would may express the will, wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen, njevleresh) to refuse to. Example: he would not tell me where the money was hidden. The wound would not heal. ( sheroj) Would and would have are also used modally. Example: I would ask you to reconsider your decision. Would you pass me the salt, please? I wish people would not talk so much. She would have done anything to make aments. (me korrekt) Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present and past tenses. Example: if the grass needed cut, I would cut it. If the hat suited me, I would buy it.

-Need-

-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite; when normal it has all the characteristics of these verbs. It has the infinitive, a past participle, a gerund, it takes,,S to the third person singular in the present simple, it takes an infinitive with to and form its interrogative and negative with do, does and did in fact dont, doesnt and didnt, it means to require. Example: He needs to be careful, he did not need to be told twice. You look tired, you need a rest.

Your hair needed cutting, Im glad you had it cut. Did you need all your money to buy that car? I didnt need to tell him the news, he already new it. -Defective need has only the one form, it has neither infinitive, gerund, participles, it takes no,,S ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednt. It can also form question tags. When followed by an infinitive, the infinitive is always,, plain( without to) its meaning is similar to have to. Example: Need he work so hard? He neednt worry everything will be all right. You neednt work so hard, need you? -Peculiarity( veqori, karakteristik) of defective need is that: it is not used in affirmative sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences. In affirmative sentences it is replaced by must and have to, ought to, should etc. Example: Need you go yet? Yes, I must. You neednt see him but I must. -It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi) which have negative implications.( nenkuptim, perzirje) Example: I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday. The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle. Example: We neednt have hurried after all. Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best?

Verbs can and could

Can- is a defective verb, it has neither infinitive, participle, gerund nor imperative. The missing form is supplied by the appropriate form of,,to be able to Example: will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow? We have been unable to trace his address. He concluded that I was able to care of myself. Can usually expresses: power, ability or capacity. Example: she can make her own dresses. We can call for you at nine. I cant promise anything. Can sometimes expresses permission; in this case it might be mild imperative. The negative of can, can not expresses prohibition( ndales). Example: you can go now. You can have the book when I have finished it. In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you cant smoke downstairs. In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility. Example: can this be true it cannot be true. Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily? Its surely cant be four oclock already. Could- could is the past tense of can. Example: she could make her own dress. It was so dark that we could see anything.

Could is also used as a conditional of can. Example: I could come earlier if necessary. I could not promise anything. Even he had been there, he couldnt have helped you. Could is used in polite requests. Example: could you land me a shilling? Could I have some more beer? Could in not always equivalent (was able) Example: if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled then, either could or was able to may be used. Example: I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old. The door was locked and I couldnt (wasnt able to) open it. But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used. Example: he was able to pass his example because he worked hard. I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon. Present infinitive - to be able. Perfect infinitive - to have been able. Simple present - I can (Im able to) Simple past - I could (I was able to) Present perfect - I have been able to Past perfect - I had been able to Future perfect - I shall have beenable to

May and Might

May is a defective verb; its form for the past tense is might, which is usually used in indirect speech. Example: He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood. H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood. The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted. They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech only. Example: Nobody was allowed to be out after ten. Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary? She has been allowed to go to the party. May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the corresponding interrogative sentences can is used. Example: You may take a horse to the water but you cant make it drink. I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt. In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty. The negative is expressed by may not. Example: The report may not be true. May is always used to express permission. Example: You may come whenever you like. May I come and see you? May we go to the party?

May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike) Example: Dogs may not be taken into these carriages. People may not pick flowers in this park. Its used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish. Example: May all your dreams come true. May you leave to repent it? I pray that your brothers life may be spared. May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in the past. Example: wheres Hanry, he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual train. The house may have been sold but I havent been told about this. In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially in reported speech or thought. Example: the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not. One might walk for hours without seeing a house. He thought we might expect a good harvest. ( bereqet, te korra) Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment. Example: It might have been worse. You might have asked me if I had no objection.

-Must-

-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or conclusion. Example: We must all hang together or we shall vanish. You must wipe your feet before coming into the house. In England traffic must keep to the left. -The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something. Example: You mustnt walk on the grass. You mustnt touch the pictures. -Must is also used to express a logical conclusion, a strong believe hood, something that seems only conclusion. As must is limited to the present tense, the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be obliged. Example: I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it. We shall have to hurry or we shall be late. The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship. (anije e fundosur) But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used. With must the feeling compulsion (detyrim, shtrengim) comes from the speaker. With have to the compulsion generally is from external circumstances. Example: You must do what I tell you.

Im afraid youll have to do this; its a rule of the collage. Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb. It forms its interrogative by do, does and did and its negative by dont, doesnt and didnt. Example: did you have to tell him the truth? We didnt have to repair the car ourselves. When the negative of must has the meaning it is not necessary, there is no obligation than need not is used in negative form. Example: Must you leave the party so early, no, I neednt leave so early but I feel very tired. Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow, no you neednt? Youll have to learn it for next week.

Present conditional Past conditional

- I could (I should be able) - I could have been able to

-Ought toOught to is a defective verb and have only this form. It is used to express a moral obligation, duty or desirability. ( deshirushmeri) -In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic. Ought to is followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to. Example: You ought to be ashamed of yourself. I dont see why you should (ought to) apologize. I told him, he ought to see you. -Ought to also express strong probability. Example: Dont you think that Manchester United ought to win the match? -With a reference to the past, ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment. (mosplotsim). Example: It ought to have been done long ago. I ought to have written that letter yesterday.

-Dare-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite. When dare is a special finite it forms its third person singular without,,S. It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to. Its interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not. Example: how dare you speak to me like that?

She dare not ask for a raise, for fear of losing the job. He dared not returned to the house. He was in such a temper that I darent ask. -After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared, the infinitive in more commonly( zakonishe, pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to. -Daring is always followed by to. Example: nobody would dare to suspect him. She shook her head not daring to speak. Dare her, dare has a personal object (me, him, them etc), it is conjugated with do and is followed by an infinitive with to. Example: I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow. Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again? He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas. -Dare form a component with say, I dare say, which means Im propose to believe, I do not deny very likely. Example: but she is really very sorry for what she has done. Oh I dare say. He isnt here yet, but I dare say he will came later.

Modal verbs shall and Will

Date: 02/12/2004

Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives, participle, gerund nor imperative. ( menyra urdherore). Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to express futurity without including anyones intention. Example: when shall I see you again? A week holiday will do you good. They will not find it so easy as they think. In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all persons of the future tenses. Shall is used is used to the first person to express determination. Example: I shall buy what I want We shall do what we want. Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will, command, promise or threat of the speaker. Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the persons address. Example: anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once. You shall have the book tomorrow. You have been lazy, you shall not have any sweet. Shall is used after such a construction as: I intend that.. it has been said etc.

Example: we intend that this school shall be the best in the country. It has been decided that he shall be given the job. Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker). It is especially used in this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress. Example: came when you will. Will you do me a favor? They have to abbey, whether they will or not. In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express determination or resolution. ( det-percaktim, vendim, vendosmeri) Example: if you work hard you will have a holiday. The enemy shall not pass. He shall pay you what he owes you. Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then, will and shall is used. Then, will strongly stress and the contracted form, Ill; youll; hell; etc are not used. Example: George will not go without his coat. George shall go out without his coat. I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars. Will is also used to express possibility and assumption. (supozim). Example: that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister. It will be necessary to give further examples. Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous tenses Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive. This tense is used to express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the future. This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the time. Example: I shall have finished my work by five oclock. The snow will be disappearing by the end of April. It is used to express duration up to a time in the future. When I have this school last week I should have tonight.

Possibility and assumption. ( supozim) You will have heard that Im going to America. The invitation will have been sent out by now. In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used, the correct tense is present perfect. Example: I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job. By the time you have read the book, you will know all the questions. The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required. It is used to express the duration of the action up to a certain time in the future. Example: next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years.

In another months time, he will have been teaching in his school for twenty years.