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In Tamil the word ajaam has denoted collyrium for eyelashes. This Kohl was a
cosmetic preparation used by women in India, Egypt and Arabia to darken the edges of their
eyelids.
Antimony/Black bismuth has been used for this purpose. Because of the same, the word
ajaam has denoted Antimony.
Antimony, in the form of its sulphide (stibnite, Sb2S3), has been known from very early
times, more especially in Eastern countries esp. India. In antiquity, Antimony was merely
used for making cosmetics such as rouge and black paint for eye brows.
0 al [Tamil] -> (@ (aju) [Tamil])-> @u ajaam [Tamil] n. [ Tulu =
aanam ] 1. Collyrium, black pigment for the eyelashes; Ml_ . _
@G l (O. . 0. 10). 2. Magic black pigment, of which
there are three, viz., @@u, Lu@u, [@u;
ML@u L_u . @ 0u LL_u (Ll_. 15). 3.
Magic art. @l. Q[0 [ @u (@ lu.
O00u. 17). 4. Medicine for the eyes of a person bitten by a venomous snake, or of one
who has fits; 0u. (W.) 5. Blackness; @ u (Ll0.) 6. Darkness; @@u. (W.)
7. Dark-coloured stone; 00. (. .) 8. Stain, spot, fault; @_u. @
[@@u (. g. 5). 9. Sin; Lu. uLL [@@ _
( @. U . 99). 10. Male elephant of the West.; _ .
(@.) 11. A tree; [. @[ 0@ [ ( Q. [. 5). 12.
Indigo; Q[. (. @.) 13. Marble; 0 0.
ajaa-k-kal [Tamil] n. Sulphuret of antimony, a combustible used in fire
works, giving a blue flame. u.
oo ajanaryi ( : ajanamu + oo ryi) [Telugu) n. Antimonium or
black antimony. (Watts.)
-- ajana-da-kall [Tulu] n . Antimony.
mgajanakkall [Malayalam].n c n (,
g
ajaam [Tamil] -> e aanam ec aaam m
ajaam [Malayalam]. :. A dark shining material. :. A mountain. 8. A lizard. 4. Fire. U. Dark,
night. c. An eye disease. . Blue gem. 8. c kyv. The blue flowered Memecylon
tinctorium.
( (aju) [Tamil]) -> aj [Sanskrit] 1 To anoint, smear with, bedaub. -2 To make
clear, show, represent, characterize; -3 To shine, be beautiful. -4 To honour, celebrate. -5 To
decorate
( (aju) [Tamil]) -> ungo [Latin] to anoint, smear with oil.
ungo [Latin] -> Ngjyej [Albanian]
Ungu [Aromanian]
Ungir [Catalan]
Jongar [Dalmatian]
Oindre [French]
Ungere [Italian]
ungir, untar [Portuguese]
unge [Romanian]
nghere [Sardinian]
ungir, untar [Spanish]
ajaam [Tamil]-> ajanam [Sanskrit] 1 Anointing, smearing with; mixing;
unfolding, manifesting. -2 Collyrium or black pigment used to paint the eye- lashes; -3 Paint,
a cosmetic ointment. -4 Magic ointment. -5 A special kind of material of the black pigment,
such as antimony (used as collyrium), lamp-black. -6 Ink. -7 Fire. -8 Night. -9 (
ajanam, ajan) (Rhet.) A suggested meaning; also the process by which such
meaning is suggested. It is the power of suggestion by which something else is understood
from a word which, though having more meanings than one, has been restricted to a single
meaning by relations of conjunction, disjunction, or, briefly, the use of a word of several
meanings in a special sense determined by the context.
ajanam [Sanskrit] -> ajana [Sanskrit] 1 A kind of lizard. -2 Name of a
tree or mountain. -3 Name of the guardian elephant (of the west or s. w.)
ajanik [Sanskrit]1 A species of lizard; a small mouse.-2 N. of the
mate of the elephant 9.
Ajanam is mostly used by magicians and thieves to discover or to steal the hidden
treasures. It is called as @uL[-0 (ajaam-prttal).
@uL[-0 (ajaam-prttal) is mainly practised to get information about
missing persons or objects. This is a very useful ancient practice of divination.
@uL[-0 (ajaam-prttal) has been in vogue, since era, in Kerala as well
as Tamil Nadu. This art has been practised by a few select caste / families, to whom 'the
art' has been handed-over through generation to generation, by word of mouth.
Practitioners of this art have been entrusted with sacred hymns and special prayers, who
with devotion invoke various demi-gods, conduct the proceedings of @uL[-0
(ajaam-prttal) in a stipulated method. While some smear 'black ink' on the surface of a
betel-leaf for reading to achieve the object, some others use a mirror to have the ink
smeared and yet some others use their thumb nail for this purpose. But most of the
practitioners insist that only a child below the age of 12, be able to gaze upon and relay the
events of what he/she sees: while they do this, they may be under a spell cast by the
practitioner. They will see and come out with the tell-tale to the practitioner, who will explain
it to the visitor on his inquiry. The sacred hymn/ incantation and observance are kept secret,
as also the formula that goes into the making of 'the black ink'. There seems to be different
types of black ink, known under different names, depending on the legion of the
practitioner/region.
There are three kinds of ajana/ajanam (@[u/@@u). In South
India, they are @@u, [@u, and Lu@u.
1. @@u ptcaam [Tamil] n. Magical pigment used in discovering whether
a person is possessed of ghost or not;Lu M_Ll A
Qu . (W.)
2. [@u srjaam [Tamil] n. Magic pigment used for tracing stolen
property, one of three ajaams; uQLML@u L_u [
. It assists in discovering stolen property or to steal;
3. Lu@u pdjaam [Tamil] Magical black pigment or collyrium used in
discovering treasures buried underground, one of the three acaam,
q.v.; @u @G u ML@u AQ.
The thief applies black pigment or collyrium to his face to hide his identity during night time.
[@u srjaam
Indians and gave wrong definition for the same.
them as of white colour, and is said to be produced in the bed of the Jamuna and other
rivers. It is called safed surm in the
Hindustani medicine vendors is calcareous or Iceland spar.
described as (v
P
P 1 1d H O 1
Ud 99P1" 11 1
pigment or collyrium to his face to hide his identity during night time.
am was wrongly transliterated as Srt
Indians and gave wrong definition for the same. P Srtjanam is described by
as of white colour, and is said to be produced in the bed of the Jamuna and other
rivers. It is called safed surm in the vernacular, and the article supplied under this name by
Hindustani medicine vendors is calcareous or Iceland spar.
tavarasurm) i.e. white surm.
P
P 1 1d H O 1
Ud 99P1" 11 1-.\v 11
| 11c |:
P 11 1|-.\v;\
H 9q 11 1|-.\v
pigment or collyrium to his face to hide his identity during night time.
Srtjana by North
janam is described by
as of white colour, and is said to be produced in the bed of the Jamuna and other
vernacular, and the article supplied under this name by
Srtjana is
\v;
According to them there is another collyrium ymunam which is belonging to or
coming from, or growing in the Yamun. However it is incorrect. It is actually derived from
the following Tamil word.
uu ymaam [Tamil] n. (_. .) 1. Green; L. 2. Youth; @u.
uu ymaam [Tamil] -> (u ymaam) [Tamil] -> @u ymuam
[Tamil] n. Black bismuth (i.e.Antimony); @0. (_. .)
@Lu ymuakam [Tamil] n. Lead; u. (_. .)
[Sinhalese] n. Lead.
J muneaka [Oriya] n. ; Lead Lead Lead Lead.
It is pertinent to note that of Sinhalese & @Lu
(ymuakam) and J muneaka of Oriya are not found in the other
languages. It is claimed by Sinhalese dictionary as the one which is desired
by yavana (Greek) . However, Sinhalese language has
borrowed the above word from the Tamil word
@Lu (ymuakam) only. It is called as @Lu
(ymuakam) in Tamil because the lead & antimony are of similar features.
@u ymuam [Tamil] -> :: ymunamu [Telugu] n. Antimony.
@u ymuam [Tamil] -> ymuna [Sinhalese] n. antimony or rather the
sulphuret of antimony, generally used as an application to darken the eye-lashes and
strengthen the eyes.
@u ymuam [Tamil] -> ymun [Urdu> n. Antimony; sulphuret of antimony,
collyrium.
@u ymuam [Tamil] -> Jmuna [Oriya] 1 ; . Antimony;
sulphate of antimony. 2. 2 . Collyrium for the eye. 3 ; . Lead.
@u ymuam [Tamil] -> ymunam [Sanskrit] A kind of collyrium;
ymunyam [Sanskrit] A kind of collyrium;
Because of dark green colour like pigeon, Antimony got its name in Tamil as
ymuam and later Sanskrit has borrowed with wrong explanation for the origin. Compare
the same with
* kapta [Sanskrit] 1 A dove, pigeon. -2 A bird in general. -3 A particular position of
the hands. -4 The grey colour of a pigeon.
*, kaptasaram [Sanskrit] antimony.
* kpta [Sanskrit] a. grey, of a dirty white colour.
* kptam [Sanskrit] 1 A flock of pigeons. -2 Antimony. -3 Natron.-4 Fossil.
* kpta [Sanskrit] n. The grey colour.
* (kptjanam) [Sanskrit] antimony applied to the eyes as collyrium.
Sanskrit Scholars derived the following words claiming Antimony is produced by rivers.
nad [Sanskrit] A river, any flowing stream;
nadja [Sanskrit] antimony.
ndya [Sanskrit] antimony
vri [Sanskrit], n. 1. Water. 2. A fluid.
vribhavam [Sanskrit] n. antimony.
vrisambhava [Sanskrit] n. a kind of antimony.
srtam [Sanskrit] A stream
Srtjanam [Sanskrit] n. antimony.
Srtja [Sanskrit] n. antimony.
Srtdbhavam [Sanskrit] n. antimony.
It is claimed that ymunyam and P Srotojanam are obtained from the
river Yamun. If it so, they are one and the same and they are not different kinds. However,
North Indians are claiming that there are 4 kinds of ajana/ajanam and they are
1. ?, (sauvram)
2. P (srtjanam)
3. (Ymunam)
4. * (kptjanam)
Actually, Sanskrit dictionary has recognized 3 different kinds of janam only. It is called
@ (tryajanam)/ @ (tryajana). They are " (kljanam), ,
(rasjanam) and * A* (pupjanam) only0
1. " (kljanam) [Sanskrit] a sort of collyrium;
" nla [Sanskrit] 1 the dark-blue or black colour. -2 Sapphire. -3 The
Indian fig-tree. -4 N. of a monkey-chief in the army of Rma. -5 'The blue
mountain', N. of one of the principal ranges of mountains. -6 A kind of bird,
the blue Main. -7 An ox of a dark-blue colour. -8 One of the nine treasures of
Kubera; .9 A mark. -10 An auspicious sound or proclamation.
" (nla) [Sanskrit] a. 1 Blue, dark-blue; -2 Dyed with indigo.
" (nljanam) [Sanskrit] 1 antimony.-2 blue vitriol.
2. , (rasjanam) [Sanskrit] vitriol of copper, a sort of collyrium.
It has been pointed out by Monier that , (rasjanam) is a vitriol of copper or a sort
of collyrium prepared from it with the addition of Curcuma or (accord. accord. accord. accord. to some) from the calx
of brass with Amomum Anthorrhiza or (accord. accord. accord. accord. to others others others others) from lead-ore. There is no
unanimity about the definition of , (rasjanam). However Marathi dictionary and
, ,6 78 (Rasaratna Samuccaya) have differently mentioned about preparation of
, (rasjanam).
, rasjana [Marathi ] n A collyrium. It is prepared by boiling together
calx of brass and one eighth of !BC! or curcuma zanthorrizon, by adding
to the decoction an equal quantity of goat's milk, and by evaporating the
compound to one fourth.
Compare:
1
1 9H 4"d9 1
9 9PT 11 1-.\ 11
| 11c |:
1 11 1|-.\;\
9q 1q H 31d T 9q 11 1|-.\;
9q 1|7 d1gd 97 1
c9 d7 11 1|-.\;
1| (rti), 1| (rti) [Sanskrit]= Brass
1|
(kusumjanam)
kusumjana.
(kusumjanam)
* ).
?,
?, Ta ,E'*+, $
'&UV,-W bH,* $$ ,./012= $$
45 ,,6 78459
?,
`
A ; "D $$ ,45./012=;1
Therefore it is not sulphide of lead and the same is wrongly applied similar to usage of
names by Arabians and Greek while naming the metals.
(psimthion) [Greek] -> "$ ismid, usmud [Persian] A stone from which antimony is
prepared.
Wile forming the word "$% (imid, amoud, omod, or umod), the Arabs have considered the
following Tamil word while borrowing Persian "$ ismid, usmud.
@@ itturu [Tamil] n. Galena dust, lead-ore; 00. (@. .)
"$ ismid, us mud [Persian] -> "$% (imid, amoud, omod, or umod) [Arabic] Antimony
The Arabic designation ("umud" or "omod" or, with the article, "al-imd") is therefore a
loan word.
The word denoting lead in Greek was later used to denote the metal bismuth in other
languages due to similar natures and usage of lead and bismuth metals.
(psimthion) [Greek] (ie. Lead) -> (vismothio) [Greek] n. The metal
bismuth
(vismothio) [Greek]-> bisemutum [Latin] n. bismuth
bismut [Afrikaans]
bizmut [Albanian]
&'( (bizmth) [Arabic]
(bismut) [Armenian]
bismutu [Asturian]
bismutoa [Basque]
i (vsmut) [Belarusian]
bismut [Breton]
(bsmut) [Bulgarian]
bismut [Catalan]
bysmuth [Cornish]
bismut [Czech]
vismuth [Danish]
bismut [Dutch]
bismuto [Esperanto]
vismut [Estonian]
vismut [Faroese]
vismutti [Finnish]
bismuth [French]
bismut [Friulian]
bismuto [Galician]
(bismuti) [Georgian]
Wismut, Bismut [German]
)*+ (bsmut) [Hebrew]
bizmut [Hungarian]
bismt [Icelandic]
biosmat [Irish]
bismuto [Italian]
(bisumusu) [Japanese]
bizmt [Kashubian]
(biseumuteu) [Korean]
bismuts [Latvian]
bismutas [Lithuanian]
Wismut [Luxembourgish]
(bsmut) [Macedonian]
bismut, [Malay]
bimut [Maltese]
bismut [Manx]
(bsmut) [Mongolian]
vismut [Norwegian]
bismut [Occitan]
,#( (bismut) [Persian]
bizmut [Polish]
bismuto [Portuguese]
bismut [Romanian]
(vsmut) [Russian]
biosmat [Scottish Gaelic]
bizmut [Serbo-Croatian]
bismut [Slovak]
bizmut [Slovene]
bismuto [Spanish]
vismut [Swedish]
(bsmut) [Tajik]
(btmt) [Thai]
bizmut [Turkish]
i (vsmut) [Ukrainian]
(vismut) [Uzbek]
bitmut, bismut [Vietnamese]
bismutin [Volapk]
bismwth [Welsh]
bismut [West Frisian]