EE 370

Chapter VII: Princ. of Dig. Data Transm.

ver.1.0

Lect. 35

Sources of Digital Communication Systems

In igita! comm"nication s#stems$ the information is a!%a#s ass"me to &e generate in the form of &inar# ata %ith va!"es of 0 or 1. The origin of the igita! &inar# information to &e transmitte over igita! comm"nication s#stems ma# &e an ana!og signa! s"ch as an a" io signa! or an ana!og pict"re that have &een samp!e an '"anti(e an then converte to a PC) signa!. The origin of the igita! &inar# information ma# a!so &e igita! ata in the form of te*t. In an# case$ the p"rpose of this chapter is to st" # the transmission of the information in the form of a igita! &inar# signa!.

Line Coding
+iven some &inar# information$ the &inar# &its are not transmit thro"gh the channe! as 1,s an 0,s &"t is "se to generate a vo!tage signa! that represents the information %e %o"! !i-e to transmit. There are ifferent forms of signa!s .ca!!e Line Co es/ that can &e "se to represent the information. The terms 0et"rn to 1ero .01/ an 2on30et"rn to 1ero .201/ %i!! &e "se in escri&ing these signa!. 1. OnOff (NRZ): In this form of !ine co es$ a &it of 1 is represente &# some positive vo!tage .45 vo!ts for e*amp!e/ an a &it of 0 &# 0 vo!ts .5"stif#ing ca!!ing this signa! 6n36ff/. The p"!ses correspon ing to &inar# 1 remain at the positive vo!tage for the %ho!e "ration of the &it perio .it oes not ret"rn to (ero at an# time "ring the &it perio 5"stif#ing ca!!ing this !ine co e 201/.

7.

Polar (NRZ): In this !ine co es$ a &it of 1 is represente &# some positive vo!tage .45 vo!ts for e*amp!e/ an a &it of 0 is represente &# negative of that vo!tage .so it %o"! &e 35 vo!ts/. The p"!ses correspon ing to &inar# 1 an &inar# 0 remain at the positive an negative vo!tages$ respective!#$ for the %ho!e "ration of the &it perio .the# o not ret"rn to (ero/. The a vantage of this !ine co e over the 6n36ff .201/ is that it has (ero3DC va!"e %hen the n"m&er of &inar# 1,s is e'"a! to the n"m&er of &inar# 0,s. 8 !ine co e %ith (ero3DC is esire in some app!ications that re'"ire that the transmitte signa! to have no DC.

2otes are provi e &# Dr. 9a5ih 8&":8!:;a" . )inor mo ifications &# Dr. )"'ai&e!

EE 370

Chapter VII: Princ. of Dig. Data Transm.

ver.1.0

Lect. 35

3.

OnOff (RZ): In this !ine co es$ a &it of 1 is represente &# some positive vo!tage .45 vo!ts for e*amp!e/ for ha!f of the &it perio an (ero in the other ha!f of the &it perio an a &it of 0 is represente &# (ero for the %ho!e &it perio . This is %h# this !ine co e is a ret"rn3to3(ero !ine co e .&eca"se an# p"!se correspon ing to &inar# 1 a!%a#s ret"rns &ac- to (ero/. The a vantage of this !ine co e over the previo"s !ine co es is that a !ong se'"ence of ones a!%a#s has transitions at the center of each &it an therefore &it s#nchroni(ation &ecomes eas# for !ong se'"ences of ones. Long se'"ence of (eros is sti!! iffic"!t to &e s#nchroni(e .

<.

Polar (RZ): In this !ine co e$ a &it of 1 is represente &# some positive vo!tage .45 vo!ts for e*amp!e/ for ha!f of the &it perio an (ero in the other ha!f of the &it perio an a &it of 0 is represente &# the negative of that vo!tage for ha!f of the perio an (ero for the other ha!f. The a vantage of this !ine co e over the previo"s ones is that !ong se'"ences of ones or (eros have transitions at the center of each &it an therefore &it s#nchroni(ation &ecomes eas# for !ong se'"ences of ones or (eros. 8!so$ this !ine co e has (ero DC %hen the n"m&er of ones an (eros is the same.

2otes are provi e &# Dr. 9a5ih 8&":8!:;a" . )inor mo ifications &# Dr. )"'ai&e!

EE 370 5.

Chapter VII: Princ. of Dig. Data Transm. ver.1.0 Lect. 35 Bi P!ase ("anc!ester): The pro&!em %ith the "pper !ine co es is that the# either have non:(ero average or the# o not provi e s"fficient information that a!!o%s the transmitter an receiver to s#nchroni(e %ith each other. ;o$ if there is a !ong se'"ence of 0s or !ong se'"ence of 1s$ the receiver an transmitter ma# !oose s#nchroni(ation. The Po!ar .01/ so!ves these pro&!ems &"t it is a three !eve! signa! .the signa! ta-es one of three !eve!s .45$ 0$ or 3 5/. 8 transistor that is %or-ing a s%itch has on!# t%o states .6n sat"ration$ an 6ff c"toff/. ;o$ %e can get a!! the a vantages of the ifferent !ine co es #et "se a !ine co e that has t%o !eve!s on!#. The %a# the =iphase$ or )anchester$ co e is constr"cte is that a &it of 0 is represente &# a 0V signa! for ha!f the &it perio an 45V for the secon ha!f$ %hi!e a &it of 1 is represente &# a 45V signa! for ha!f the &it perio an 0V for the secon ha!f. ;o$ %hi!e a!! the co es transmit the information in the !eve! of the signa!$ this !ine co e act"a!!# transmits the information in the transitions that occ"r in the mi !e of each &it. This is i!!"strate &# the arro%s in the mi !e of each &it perio . 8 transition going "p in this case means a &it of (ero an transition going o%n is a &it of 1. To get an average of (ero$ %e can "se the t%o !eve!s of 45V an :5V. 2ote that %hi!e the average of some !ine co es is (ero %hen the n"m&er of (eros is e'"a! to ones$ this is not a necessar# con ition for the )anchester !ine co e to have (ero average since each &it %hither it is 0 or 1 has ha!f of its "ration at :5V an the other ha!f at 45.

>.

Bi#olar (RZ): In this !ine co e$ a &it of 0 is represente &# (ero vo!ts for the %ho!e &it perio . 8 &it of 1 is represente &# some positive vo!tage .45 vo!ts for e*amp!e/ for ha!f of the &it perio an (ero in the other ha!f of the &it perio . ?o%ever$ the ne*t &it of one .%ither it is the ne*t &it or 1000 &its !ater is represente &# the negative of the vo!tage for ha!f of the &it perio an (ero for the secon ha!f. ;o$ the &its of 1,s are represente &# a!ternating positive an negative p"!ses. This ins"res that the DC va!"e of the signa! is a!%a#s (ero even if %e have non3e'"a! n"m&er of ones an (eros.

2otes are provi e &# Dr. 9a5ih 8&":8!:;a" . )inor mo ifications &# Dr. )"'ai&e!

EE 370

Chapter VII: Princ. of Dig. Data Transm.

ver.1.0

Lect. 35

2otes are provi e &# Dr. 9a5ih 8&":8!:;a" . )inor mo ifications &# Dr. )"'ai&e!