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Dasar dasar dari suatu Fasies pada batuan sedimen dan Hukum Fasies oleh Johannes Walther.
Oleh : Fran Sidette
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Dasar dasar dari suatu Fasies pada batuan sedimen dan Hukum Fasies oleh Johannes Walther.
Oleh : Fran Sidette
Note : Jangan mengcopy atau memperbanyak dokumen ini, jika ada masalah hak cipta anda yang bertanggung jawab terhadap penggunaan dokumen ini, (Copyright Material. The Uploader bring ths document Intended for educational purposes, do not copy and distribute )
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Dasar dasar dari suatu Fasies pada batuan sedimen dan Hukum Fasies oleh Johannes Walther.
Oleh : Fran Sidette
Note : Jangan mengcopy atau memperbanyak dokumen ini, jika ada masalah hak cipta anda yang bertanggung jawab terhadap penggunaan dokumen ini, (Copyright Material. The Uploader bring ths document Intended for educational purposes, do not copy and distribute )
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Sedimentary Facies hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/llle:urylorkuome.[pg hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/llle:Clls_of_uover.[pg lacles are dened by: sedlmenL Lype, Lype of sedlmenLary sLrucLures (example: rlpples) and someumes Lhelr fossll conLenL
Slnce deposluonal envlronmenLs grade laLerally lnLo oLher envlronmenLs- facles changes are C8AuuAL hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/llle:8lpplemarksCarmellormauon.[pg hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/llle:Logan_lormauon_Cross_8eddlng_Scour.[pg hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/llle:Carmelo_lormauon_aL_olnL_Lobos.[pg hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/llle:losslls_ln_a_beach_wall.!C Turbulent (waves) High Energy Environment RIVER INPUT All clastic sediments have been deposited All coarse sediments have been deposited A coccolithophore: just one type of CaCO 3
secreting planktonic creature Non clastic, biological sediment composed of CaCO 3 Low Energy Environment NOTE: this slope is greatly exaggerated Consider this EXAMPLE of where sediment is being deposited. m u d s
s a n d s
c o n g lo m e r a te s
c a r b o n a te s
HOWEVER: Lets complicate things
Plot sea level versus time:
Facies SHIFT through time due to changes in sea level
LOCAL and GLOBAL (Global = Eustatic) Facies and Sea Level Change hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/llle:hanerozolc_Sea_Level.png Key Pebbles/ Gravel Sand Silt Carbonate mud Increasing grain size Existing land surface Sea Level Input of sediment Facies as Diachronous units Diachronus = time crossing
Example: with sea level rise Shore line T1 NOTE TIME HORIZON T1 NOTE: Slope GREATLY exaggerated Sea Level Input of sediment Shore line# T2 Shore line T1 Movement of shoreline: TRANSGRESSION As Before: - sea level rises - facies migrate in the direction of the moving shoreline. NOTE TIME HORIZON T2 Key Pebbles/ Gravel Sand Silt Carbonate mud Increasing grain size Existing land surface Sea Level Input of sediment Shore line# T2 Shore line T1 Shore line# T3 - Sea level continues to rise. Movement of shoreline: TRANSGRESSION NOTE TIME HORIZON T3 Key Pebbles/ Gravel Sand Silt Carbonate mud Increasing grain size Existing land surface Sea Level Input of sediment Shore line# T2 Shore line T1 Shore line# T3 Shore line# Today Movement of shoreline: TRANSGRESSION Boundaries between different sea oors.. T1-T3 Effectively time horizons (red) Boundaries between different facies (yellow) If we just correlated the same sediment TYPE (facies boundaries. the yellow lines) we would be CROSS CUTTING the red time lines (T1, T2, T3) Movement of shoreline: REGRESSION facies time Key Pebbles/ Gravel Sand Silt Carbonate mud Increasing grain size Existing land surface NOTE: Slope GREATLY exaggerated SO WHAT IS ALL THIS LEADING TO?
We know the following facts:
1. Facies are distributed due to changing conditions of deposition over the surface of our planet. In our example, shallow high energy, near shore conditions are characterized by sand. Deeper, quieter conditions are characterized by ner grained sediments.
2. As conditions change (such as sea level) facies will appear to MIGRATE, following their particular environmental conditions.
3. Over time this will lead to patterns of facies as one facies MIGRATES OVER ANOTHER. Walthers Law 4. This means that when we recover a vertical succession of rock (like the one we used in our example) we can PREDICT the lateral equivalence of facies # # As we go from coarse, near-shore facies at the bottom of the core to off-shore, deeper water carbonate sediments at the top of the core, sea level (in this example) must have been RISING over time. #
bottom top The uneven boundaries between the facies are an attempt to demonstrate that facies GRADE into each other just as environments grade into each other. Conglomerates Conglomerates This is summed up in WALTHERS LAW
Facies that occur in a CONFORMABLE VERTICAL SUCCESSION of strata, were deposited in laterally adjacent depositional environments. and put another way adjacent sedimentary environments (facies) will end up overlapping one another over time. S ea level fall Sea level rise Shore line Beach sediments Near shore sediments Off shore sediments - Facies occur in ALL sedimentary environments#
- Do not just have to be in a marine environment to demonstrate migration and Walthers Law