An overview of Ritz and Eigen vectors, taken from the CSI Analysis Reference Manual (Modal Analysis >

Overview, page 323 , is given as follows! "igenve#tor analysis determines the $ndamped free%vi&ration mode shapes and fre'$en#ies of the system( )hese nat$ral modes provide an e*#ellent insight into the &ehavior of the str$#t$re( +it,%ve#tor analysis seeks to find modes that are e*#ited &y a parti#$lar loading( +it, ve#tors #an provide a &etter &asis than do "igenve#tors when $sed for response%spe#tr$m or time% history analyses that are &ased on modal s$perposition( -o$, the engineer, may determine the type of modes whi#h yo$ feel are the most appropriate( "igenve#tors "igen modes are most s$ita&le for determining response from hori,ontal gro$nd a##eleration, tho$gh a missing%mass (resid$al%mass mode may need to &e in#l$ded to a##o$nt for missing high%fre'$en#y effe#ts( Mass parti#ipation is a #ommon meas$re for determining whether or not there are eno$gh modes, tho$gh it does not provide information a&o$t lo#ali,ed response( "igen analysis is $sef$l for #he#king &ehavior and lo#ating pro&lems within the model( Another &enefit is that nat$ral fre'$en#ies indi#ate when resonan#e sho$ld &e e*pe#ted $nder different loading #onditions( .sers may #ontrol the #onvergen#e toleran#e( Orthogonality is stri#tly maintained to within the a##$ra#y of the ma#hine (/0 de#imal digits ( St$rm se'$en#e #he#ks are performed and reported to avoid missing "igen ve#tors when $sing shifts( Internal a##$ra#y #he#ks are performed and $sed to a$tomati#ally #ontrol the sol$tion( Ill%#onditioned systems are dete#ted and reported, then still prod$#e "igen ve#tors whi#h may &e $sed to tra#e the so$r#e of the modeling pro&lem( +it, ve#tors 1oad%dependent +it, ve#tors are most s$ita&le for analyses involving verti#al gro$nd a##eleration, lo#ali,ed ma#hine vi&ration, and the nonlinear 23A method( +it, ve#tors are also effi#ient and widely $sed for dynami# analyses involving hori,ontal gro$nd motion( )heir &enefit here is that, for the same n$m&er of modes, +it, ve#tors provide a &etter parti#ipation fa#tor, whi#h ena&les the analysis to r$n faster, with the same level of a##$ra#y( 2$rther, missing%mass modes are a$tomati#ally in#l$ded, there is no need to determine whether or not there are eno$gh modes, and when determining #onvergen#e of lo#ali,ed response with respe#t to the n$m&er of modes, +it, ve#tors #onverge m$#h faster and more $niformly than do "igen ve#tors( +it, ve#tors are not s$&4e#t to #onvergen#e '$estions, tho$gh stri#t orthogonality of ve#tors is maintained, similar to "igen ve#tors( So$r#es of do#$mentation on 1oad%dependent +it, ve#tors in#l$de! Str$#t$ral%analysis te*t&ooks (5ilson, 2667 2inite%element te*t&ooks (Cook et al(, 266/ Str$#t$ral%dynami#s te*t&ooks (Chopra, 2666

)ips 8oth "igen and +it, modes may &e #al#$lated sim$ltaneo$sly, in the same model, and in the same analysis r$n, s$#h that their &ehavior may &e #ompared( So$r#es of fle*i&ility availa&le d$ring #al#$lation of "igen and +it, modes in#l$de! Consideration of 9%:elta and other nonlinear effe#ts Modes at different stages of #onstr$#tion 2re'$en#y shifts for spe#iali,ed loading