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i i i i
i i
j3 &
y
'8)
Where ( , + i i
&
and ( , + i i
3
are the
respective resistance and inductance of line
section !eteen !us i and i2(. The
magnitude and phase angle of !us voltage
is then calculated using the folloing
mismatch e$uations '?agh=ou= and ..
Ertem, (77;@ Chin, (77A@ B. ?agh=ou=,
(77().
; ) cos'
( ( ( (
(
(
( (
+
ji j i i
i
i j
j ji i
0 0 1 P
'1)
; ) sin'
( ( ( (
(
(
( (
+
ji j i i
i
i j
j ji i
0 0 1 4
'>)
Where
'
+ +
+
i j if y y y
i j if y
1 1
ci i i i i
ji
ji ji ji
,
,
( (
, (
(
, (
(
( ( (
'A)
(
i
0 and
(
ci
y are the respective
fundamental voltage and admittance of
shunt capacitor at !us i, hile P
i
and 4
i
are
the respective total 'linear and nonlinear)
active and reactive poer at !us i. The
poer loss in the line section !eteen
!uses i and i2- may then !e calculated !y
the folloing e$uation.
( )
8
(
( ,
( (
( , ( ,
(
) ( , ' + + + +
i i i i i i i i i loss
y 0 0 & P
'C)
At harmonic fre$uencies, poer
system is modeled as com!ination of
passive elements and current source 'Chin,
(77A). The generali=ed model is suggested
for a linear load, hich is composed !y a
resistance in parallel ith an inductance to
account for the respective active and
reactive loads at fundamental fre$uency.
%onlinear loads, in general, are considered
as ideal harmonic current sources that
generate harmonic currents and in*ect them
into the system 'Bu, et al., 8;;>). The
admittance&matri+&!ased harmonic poer
flo is the idest used method as it is
!ased on the fre$uency&scan process 'Teng
and Chang, 8;;1). #n this approach,
admittance of system components ill
vary ith the harmonic order. #f s"in effect
is ignored at higher fre$uencies, the
resulting n
th
harmonic fre$uency load
admittance, shunt capacitor admittance and
feeder admittance are respectively given
!y the folloing e$uations '?agh=ou= and
.. Ertem, (77;@ Chin, (77A@ Chung and
4eung, (777@ -hose and -osami, 8;;1@
,asoum, et al., 8;;>a@ ,asoum, et al.,
8;;>!@ B. ?agh=ou=, (77().
8
(
8
(
i
li
i
li n
li
0 n
4
j
0
P
y
'D)
n
ci
n
ci
ny y '0)
( , ( ,
( ,
(
+ +
+
+
i i i i
n
i i
jn3 &
y
'7)
Where
li li
4 P and
are the respective
active and reactive linear loads at !us i.
The n
th
harmonic current in*ected at !us i
0A
JURNAL TEKNIK GELAGAR Vol. 17, No. 02, Oktober 2006 : 83 !0
introduced !y the nonlinear load is derived
as follosE
F G < ) H'
( (
i ni ni i
0 j4 P , +
'(;)
(
) '
i
n
i
, n 5 , '(()
Where
(
i
, is the fundamental current and
n
i
, is the n
th
harmonic current determined
!y 5!n$, hich is the ratio of the n
th
harmonic to the fundamental current. 5!n$
can !e o!tained !y field test and 3ourier
analysis for all customers along the
distri!ution feeder 'Chin, (77A@ Chung and
4eung, (777@ B. ?agh=ou=, (77().
3or decouple harmonic poer flo
calculation, loop e$uations are ritten at
each harmonic fre$uency of interest. Each
loop is formed including the source nodes.
After modifying admittance matri+ and the
associated harmonic current, the harmonic
load flo pro!lem can then !e calculated
!y the folloing e$uation 'Chung and
4eung, (777@ -hose and -osami, 8;;1@
Teng and Chang, 8;;1).
)
n
V
n
I I
n
'(8)
At any !us i, the rms voltage is defined !yE
8 < (
(
8
,
_
6
n
n
i i
0 0 '(1)
Where 6 is the ma+imum harmonic order
considered. The total harmonic distortion
at !us i 'T2D
vi
) is e+pressed !y the
folloing e$uation.
J (;; 'J)
(
8 < (
(
8
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
i
6
n
n
i
vi
0
0
T"D
'(>)
At the n
th
harmonic fre$uency, real
poer loss in the line section !eteen !us
i and i2( is e+pressed !elo '?agh=ou=
and .. Ertem, (77;@ Chung and 4eung,
(777@ B. ?agh=ou=, (77().
( )
8
( , ( , ( , ) ( , '
n
i i
n
i
n
i i i i
n
i i loss
y 0 0 & P
+ + + +
'(A)
The total poer loss of the system for all
harmonics is therefore given !y the
folloing e$uation.
+
,
_
6
n
m
i
n
i i loss
n
loss
P P
(
(
;
) ( , '
'(C)
Where m is the total num!er of !us. The
computation procedure of the proposed
approach is given !y 3igure (.
'igure *+ ecouple "armonic $ower 'low
!alculation
R&,U(T AN I,!U,,ION
The #EEE (0&!us distorted
distri!ution system '-rady, et al., (778) as
shon in 3igure 8 is simulated using the
proposed decoupled harmonic poer flo
'D2P3). This system includes a 1 ,W C&
pulse converter as nonlinear load, hich is
modeled as current sources. The non&
sinusoidal current aveform in*ected !y
0C
Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation
this nonlinear load is shon in 3igure 1
and its harmonic contents are presented in
the Appendi+. The proposed approach is
coded using ,AT4A? version D.;.( /(>
and is run in a des"top PC ith Pentium >
#ntel 1.; -2= processor and A(8 ,?
/A,.
'igure -+ The simulated I&&& *./0us
distorted distri0ution system
'igure 1+ The non/sinusoidal current
wa2eform of nonlinear load used in this
paper
The generated results of the proposed
D2P3 including fundamental voltage
'K
fund
), rms voltage 'Krms), and T2D of
voltage 'T2Dv) are shon in Ta!le (. 3or
verification of accuracy, these results are
compared ith those generated !y standard
softare pac"ages '2A/,345W and
ETAP). The main reason of the
comparison is to demonstrate its accuracy.
Ta0le *+ ,imulation results of the "armonic
$ower 'low
3us 4fund 5p+u+6 4rms 5p+u+6 T"2 576
( (.;A>A (.;AA; 8.D7
8 (.;A(( (.;A(C 1.(1
1 (.;>AC (.;>C8 1.>7
> (.;>8A (.;>18 1.CD
A (.;1A7 (.;1C0 >.81
C (.;1>0 (.;1A0 >.1(
D (.;18C (.;11C >.A8
0 (.;8C0 (.;8D0 >.A8
7 (.;>7C (.;A;( 1.(1
8; (.;A;A (.;A;0 8.C7
8( (.;>7C (.;A;8 1.>>
88 (.;>D7 (.;>0A 1.>>
81 (.;>A( (.;>CA A.88
8> (.;>0A (.;A;C C.1;
8A (.;>(7 (.;>1D A.71
8C (.;>(A (.;>11 A.71
A; (.;A;( (.;A;( ;.8C
A( (.;A;; (.;A;> ;.8C
!omparison with "AR#'(O%
The deviations of results generated !y
the proposed D2P3 from those generated
!y 2A/,345W are indicated in Ta!le 8.
The ma+imum and average deviation is
also provided in Ta!le 1. #n addition,
figures > and A respectively illustrate the
deviation of Krms and T2Dv. Ta!les 8&1
and 3igures >&A indicate that, in general,
the results generated !y the proposed
approach are fairly close to the results
generated !y 2A/,345W. As e+pected,
there are some slight differences at some
!uses due to the neglected harmonic
coupling !y the proposed D2P3. As the
0D
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T 5T/2 3T 7T/2 4T
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
t = period
c u r
r e
n t
( x
1 0
0
% )
"o#$%r&'o( o) r#' Volt%*e bet+ee( ,, %(- .AR/0LO1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.06
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
r # ' V o l t % * e 6 $ 5 7
,, .AR/0LO1
JURNAL TEKNIK GELAGAR Vol. 17, No. 02, Oktober 2006 : 83 !0
T2D values are calculated in percentages
of the fundamental voltage, their
deviations values are relatively large.
Ta0le -+ e2iation of results from those
generated 0y "AR#'(O%
3
u
s
e2iation 576 of
4fund 4rms T"2
( ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.111;0
8 ;.;;7A ;.;;;; ;.;A07;
1 ;.;;7C ;.;(7( ;.C;;(7
> ;.;;7C ;.;800 ;.01A(;
A ;.;;7D ;.;CDA (.80(1D
C ;.;;7D ;.;CDC (.1(717
D ;.;;7D ;.;DD> (.>(CAD
0 ;.;;7D ;.;DD0 (.>8>D1
7 ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.;A0D7
8; ;.;;7A ;.;;;; ;.;;0;0
8( ;.;;7A ;.;;7A ;.808D>
88 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.801>D
81 ;.;;;; ;.;80C ;.>7>>(
8> ;.;;;; ;.;10; ;.>7D7>
8A ;.;;7C ;.;80D ;.A(0A(
8C ;.;;7C ;.;101 ;.A(7;0
A; ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.(8C>C
A( ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.8>>D8
Ta0le 1+ The #a8imum and A2erage
e2iations of Ta0le -
Deviation 'J) 4fund 4rms T"2
,a+imun ;.;;7D ;.;DD0 (.>8>D1
Average ;.;;A7 ;.;8D0 ;.AD8>8
'igure 9+ !omparison of 4rms 2alues
computed 0y "$' and "AR#'(O%
'igure :+ !omparison of T" 2alues
computed 0y "$' and "AR#'(O%
!omparison with &TA$
Comparison of the simulation results
ith those generated !y ETAP is shon in
Ta!le >.
Ta0le 9+ e2iation of results from those
generated 0y &TA$
3
u
s
e2iation 576 in
4fund 4rms T"2
( ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(817;
8 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(071;
1 ;.;;;; ;.;80D ;.CC(C;
> ;.;;;; ;.;101 ;.0D8C;
A ;.;;;; ;.;AD7 (.1;87;
C ;.;;;; ;.;AD7 (.18;A;
D ;.;;;; ;.;DD> (.1DA>;
0 ;.;;;; ;.;C0( (.1DC;;
7 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(071;
8; ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.;7C1;
8( ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.8>17;
88 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.8>1A;
81 ;.;;;; ;.;(7( ;.8CA0;
8> ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(0;C;
8A ;.;;;; ;.;;7C ;.8(C7;
00
"o#$%r&'o( o) T.8 bet+ee( ,, %(- .AR/0LO1
0
2
2
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
T . 8 o ) V o l t % * e 6 9 7
,, .AR/0LO1
Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation
8C ;.;10> ;.;(78 ;.8(CD;
A; ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.;>>0;
A( ;.;;;; ;.;10( ;.;DA8;
The ma+imum and average deviation
are summari=ed in Ta!le A, indicating fine
agreements !eteen the results and
*ustifying the accuracy of the proposed
approach for harmonic poer flo
calculations. 5n the other hand, 3igures C
and D illustrate these verifications.
Ta0le :+ The #a8imum and A2erage
e2iations of Ta0le 9
Deviation 'J) 4fund 4rms T"2
,a+imum ;.;10> ;.;DD> (.1DC;
Average ;.;;8( ;.;8CD ;.>77D
'igure ;+ !omparison of 4rms 2alues
computed 0y "$' and &TA$
"o#$%r&'o( o) T.8bet+ee( ,,%(- ETA,
0
2
2
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
T
.
8
o
)
V
o
l
t
%
*
e
6
9
7
,, ETA,
'igure <+ !omparison of T" 2alues
computed 0y "$' and &TA$
The a!ovementioned comparisons
confirm that the results generated !y the
decouple approach is fairly accurate. The
proposed D2P3 has also !een employed to
simulate an #EEE 7&!us distorted
distri!ution system 'B. ?agh=ou=, (77(@
Bu, et al., 8;;>) and fairly accurate results
ere generated.
&fficiency of the proposed "$'
#n the proposed D2P3 algorithm,
calculations are separately performed for
every harmonic order. Therefore, this
approach is very simple compared ith the
couple harmonic poer flo algorithm and
can !e used to simulate large distorted
distri!ution systems ithout any
convergence difficulties. The algorithm
as also used to simulate a 1;;&!us
distorted system. ,ost harmonic poer
flo algorithms are not capa!le of
simulating large systems 'e.g., ith
hundreds of !us). D2P3 is therefore
suita!le for simulating large distorted
distri!ution systems
The nonlinear load modeling is
another advantage of the proposed
approach. This approach simply estimates
nonlinear loads as harmonic current
sources that can !e o!tained easily from
measurements. #n contrast, the couple
approach re$uires e+act models for
nonlinear loads that are not usually
availa!le.
Computation time is another aspect
that needs to !e considered. D2P3 has less
computation !urden and therefore re$uires
less computation time compared ith that
re$uired !y couple harmoncic poer flo.
!ON!(U,ION
The application of decouple approach
for harmonic poer flo is presented.
07
"o#$%r&'o( o) r#' Volt%*e bet+ee( ,, %(- ETA,
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.06
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
r # ' V o l t % * e 6 $ . 5 . 7
,, ETA,
JURNAL TEKNIK GELAGAR Vol. 17, No. 02, Oktober 2006 : 83 !0
Comparisons of the generated results ith
those calculated !y standard softare
pac"ages are presented and discussed.
,ain conclusions areE
(. The formulation and
nonlinear load modeling of the
decouple approach leads the calculation
to !e simple.
8. 3rom the comparisons, the
decouple approach offers a compromise
!eteen the result accuracy and
calculation comple+ity.
1. The decouple approach can
!e e+tensively applied due to its simple
nonlinear load modeling and is more
practical as it can handle large systems.
Appendi8: "armonic #odel of ;/pulse
!on2erter
%onlinear loads are modeled as
decoupled harmonic current sources. Ta!le
A gives the current magnitudes 'as
percentages of the fundamental current)
used to model C&pulse converter loads.
2armonic phase angles are assumed to !e
=ero.
Ta0le A+ #agnitude 576 of harmonic
currents for ;/pulse con2erter
5rder ,ag. 5rder ,ag. 5rder ,ag.
( (;; (7 A.1 1D 8.D
A 8; 81 >.1 >( 8.>
D (>.1 8A > >1 8.1
(( 7.( 87 1.> >D 8.(
(1 D.D 1( 1.8 >7 8
(D A.7 1A 8.0
A!KNO%(&=#&NT
The Author ould li"e to gratefully
ac"noledge that this doctoral research is
sponsored !y .P,U&TP.DP Universitas
,uhammadiyah .ura"arta under contract
num!erE ;88<.D&TL<.P,U&U,.<K#<;>.
R&'&R&N!&,
?agh=ou= B, .. Ertem. (77;. 7hunt capacitor si8ing for radial distribution feeders with
distorted substation voltage. #EEE Trans. on Poer Delivery A'8)ECA;&CAD.
Chin 2&C. (77A. )ptimal shunt capacitor allocation by fu88y dynamic programming.
+lectric Power 7ystems &esearch 1A'8)E(11&(17.
Chung T., 4eung 2C. (777. % genetic algorithm approach in optimal capacitor
selection with harmonic distortion considerations. #nternational Mournal of Electrical
Poer N Energy .ystems 8('0)EAC(&AC7.
-hose T, -osami .L. 8;;1. +ffects of unbalances and harmonics on optimal capacitor
placement in distribution system. Electric Poer .ystems /esearch C0'8)E(CD&(D1.
-rady W,, .amoty* ,M, %oyola A2. (778. The application of network objective
functions for actively minimi8ing the impact of voltage harmonics in power systems.
#EEE Transactions on Poer Delivery D'1)E(1D7&(10C.
2ong B&B, 4in M&., 4iu C&2. #u88y harmonic power flow analyses@ 8;;;. p (8(&(8A.
,asoum ,A., Mafarian A, 4ad*evardi ,, 3uchs E3, -rady W,. 8;;>a. #u88y approach
for optimal placement and si8ing of capacitor banks in the presence of harmonics.
#EEE Transactions on Poer Delivery (7'8)E088 & 087.
,asoum ,A., 4ad*evardi ,, Mafarian A, 3uchs E3. 8;;>!. )ptimal Placement,
&eplacement and 7i8ing of 5apacitor 9anks in Distorted Distribution 6etworks by
:enetic %lgorithms. #EEE Transactions on Poer Delivery (7'>)E(D7>&(0;(.
7;
Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation
7(