30120130406015

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN
N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), pp. 122-137 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
IJMET
IAEME
THE EFFECT OF DYNAMIC IMPACT LOADING WITH COMBINED BUCKLING STRESSES ON THE DYNAMIC SURFACE CRACK PROPAGATION IN PLATES SUBJECTED TO THERMAL STRESSES
Dr. Fathi Al-Shammaa1,
1
Khawla A .AL-Zubaidy2
Asst. Prof., Department of mechanical Eng. Baghdad University / Iraq 2 Lecturer, Department of mechanical Eng. Baghdad University / Iraq
ABSTRACT When plates subjected to the application of large in-plane loads either compressive or shear they buckle in a non-linear behavior which is characterized by increase of the displacements associated with the small increment of the loads. In this work a theoretical study of the dynamic growth of a crack in plates with mixed complex boundary conditions under in plane loading causes shear, compression and combined shear and compression buckling subjected to low velocity impact at the edge of crack in the middle of simply supported plate under various thermal condition. Two methods of approximate analytical solution using in the first one Airy stress function, equilibrium equation and large deflection plate theory to find the expression of the deflection and the second method using energy equation which modified for including the impact loading with thermal stresses to find dynamic crack propagation. The dynamic stress intensity factors (SIF), velocity of dynamic crack propagation with deep of crack normal to the crack face have been calculated using numerical package (Ansys-10) to investigate the stress and the values of dynamic stress intensity factor at the crack tip by full transient dynamic analysis in three dimensional elements. INTRODUCTION Unlike columns, the plate failure does not occur when the critical buckling load is reached. Plates continue to resist the in-plane load for in excess to the critical load before failure, thus the post buckling behavior of plates plays an important role in determining the ultimate carrying capacity. For thin plates (large values of length to thickness ratio) made from a typical strain hardening material with yield stress by, instability occurs at an average stress that is much less than the yield stress, now the complicated of this case is the pressence of the Impact loading acting on the tip of a crack in the middle of a thin plate with different thermal stress which are commonly found in
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME
aero engine components such as vanes. However existing solution are based on constant thermal stresses through the plate structure. Extensive work has been carried out to determine expressions for critical buckling loads with bending and shear C.A. Farther stone et al (1) and (2) ,the experimental results were used to examine whether or not finite element analysis can be used as on alternative to determine collapse load and post buckling behavior. In C.A. Farther stone (3) two approaches are used ,a linear bifurcation buckling analysis were carried out to determine the bifurcation load of the structure and the second method is a fully nonlinear analysis have been performed with deflections geometric imperfections and plasticity properly modeled Z.y. zhang et al (4) investigated low velocity impact induced non - penetration damage in pultruded glass fiber reinforced polyester (GRP) composite material using an instrumented falling weight impact test machine with a chisel shaped imparter while Yung - Tze chen (5) studied the crack propagation of linear elastic cracked plates using analytical solution to uniform static loading with simply supported boundary condition to predict the path and life for crack growth in a plate under mired mode I- Mode II with complex loading , L.F . Martha et al (6) have investigated the velocity of crack growth numerically and experimentally In this work the dynamic crack growth of a crack in plate under buckling shear and bending with Impact loading and thermal stresses have been studied analytically and numerically to compare the results achieved. FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION In the first, it must be considered that two kind of deflection have been calculated in the theoretical analysis:1 - w0 initial deflection that induced in the plate from the environmental to and boundary conditions ( like the difference in the temperature ,the constraint that prevented the plate from extension, etc). 2 - w1 additional deflection that causes from the in plane and lateral loads applied at the plate ( as bending and combined longitudinal and shear buckling ) then the total deflection is: . . 1 . 2
The general governing equation for deflection of plates subjected to lateral load (p) is :
where p is the lateral force due to impact ..
Substituting eq.1 in eq.3 for the initially curved plate the governing equation will be of the form :1 2 . 4
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Knowing that, the influence of the initial curvature on the total deflection of the plate is equivalent to the influence of some fictitious lateral load of intensity pf expressed as: 2 . . 5
As mentioned before, the thermal effect will causes combined three kind of a) Bending and buckling produced by direct compression form the constraint against thermal expansion and can be obtained from the values of buckling parameter for all edges simply supported with different aspect ratio which given in table (1) and is given by [7]: 121 6
Where:-
Kb=Bending buckling stress parameter Table (1) bending buckling parameter with aspect ratio of all edges simply supported a/b Kb 0.5 25.6 0.6 24.1 0.667 23.9 0.75 24.1 0.8 24.4 0.9 25.6 1 25.6 1.5 24.1 2 23.9
Let the initial deflection represented by

Where: . =The initial deflection at the center of the plate for thermal condition if we assume the initial curve is very small where = thermal expansion of the plate for the condition of applying only Nx and putting Nxy , P and Ny equal to zero gives 1

Where
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And due to shear only then Nxy have a value and put Nx , p and Ny equal to zero gives:

2 1 1 1 2 . 11
5 2.94 . 4
For the case of combined shear and direct compression by adding eq. 8 and eq.10 gives
2 1 2 . 10
Now the pressure distribution due to Impact can be derived from the Impact low velocity [8] as 12

Where to is the total impact duration and the pressure distribution at the contact region is: , , 1 Where 13 14
The final equation of representing the deflection in case of study the impact compression with shear will be 16 . 2
3 8 2.94
15
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Substitute the value of W0 in eq. 15 gives:

2 121 17
16 .
16
b) Shear buckling :-For the case of shear force only then the critical shear buckling stress will be:
Where
Ks=shear buckling stress parameter (from table 2) Table(2) values of shear buckling parameter(Ks)for simply supported plate A/B Ks 1 9.34 1.2 8 1.4 7.3 1.5 7.1 1.6 7 1.8 6.8 2 6.6 2.5 6.1 3 5.9 4 5.7
c) combined bending and shear buckling:This can be done when there is lateral loud with shear on the edge of the plate then the critical buckling stress will be: . 18 121
Where Kcomb= buckling parameter for combined shear and direct compression (shown in table 3) depending on the ratio(/) Table(3) Buckling parameter of combined shear and direct compression / 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
kcomb 14.71 7.09 4.5
3.24 2.51
The stresses due to Impact, shear and direct compression with thermal effect can be found by substituting the value of W and P(t) and taking the maximum stress induced at the surface in the following equations:-
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.. (19 )
Gives:
21 2 6 sin 2.94 21 .
1 sin 6 2.94 2 1 .
6 1 sin 2.94 2 1
.. (20 )
22 2 The principal stresses can be calculated for various times: 2 2
Where = angle of principal stress.
1 2 2
2 2
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Now if we take the condition in fig(1) considering that = 1, = 2 , and p= , then the stresses and dynamic intensity factor will be:

Knowing that when the crack has elliptical shape specially in think plates correction factor ( )should be used [8] this factor has a magnitude depend on the geometry of the crack, the value of this factor can be shown in table from [9] so that k and k will be:
3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 cos

+1 12 .(23 )
, ,
1 ..( 24 )

The dynamic crack growth may be considered in terms of energy balance, and the excess energy can be expressed as (25 ) Where 11
2 26 2
From the opening displacement of the crack flank as[9]
The kinetic energy
2 21 . . 27

Equating the strain energy with the kinetic energy:-
. . 28
1 2 . . 29 2 2
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Since and a are not function of x and y and both , . , . will be order then :4 2 2 2 . 30
. 2 2 31 2
Where , , represent the velocity of crack propagation from ,
(32)
Fig (1): represent the principal stresses , for a plate with crack 2a NUMERICAL ANALYSIS In the complicated case of buckling, direct and thermal stresses, approximate numerical methods are the approaches that can be employed for the solution of practically important plate problems which could be used to compare with the exact theoretical analyses and provide an understanding of physical plate behave under an applied loading. Finite element method is based on concept that one can replace any continuum by an assemblage of simple shaped element with well defined force displacement and material relationships
129
Form Fig(2 ),one can note that there is affine mesh of the element at the crack tip and near it because this is the region of study at which the stresses distribution is very useful , from the nodes drawn generate the elements (solid 95 element) can be used have Fig(3) shows the generation of elements around the crack and all the plate.
Fig (2): applying loads on plate under thermal condition using (ANSYS10)
Fig (3): PHOTO from solution movie using ANSYS10
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (4) shows the behavior of variation of the critical buckling load with respect ratio for flat plates under the action of combined shear and bending forces to verification the analytical method and to find the percentage of error between the practical experiments by Featherstone 1998 and the analytical values achieved by this study which is between (1.83 to 3.5%) this percentage of error decreases as the aspect ratio tend to 1.5.
800 700 critical buckling load N 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3
al flat analytical results al flat featherston test
Aspect ratio
Fig. (4) Comparison of analytical and experimental results of AL flat plate Figure (5) shows the variation of time duration of contact ,with velocity of impact for two materials (AL and St. steel) the time duration decreases as the velocity of Impact increase and the AL plate takes more time duration of impact because its hardness is less than that of St. steel so the impact go deeper in AL plate for the same impact velocity.
0.00005 0.000045 0.00004 0.000035 0.00003 0.000025 0.00002 0.000015 0.00001 0.000005 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
steel time duration AL time duration
time duration ( sec)
velocity (m/s)
Fig. (5) Variation of time duration with velocity of AL and St. steel with aspect ratio=1
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In fig(6) it can be shown that from the relation between KI and impact velocity, the graduate increases with impact velocity for a range of temperature while when failure takes place a sudden increase in values of KI appears.
3.5 3 2.5 KI(Mpam) 300c 400c 500c 600c 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
impact velocity (m/s)
Fig. (6) Effect of impact velocity on KI for different thermal condition of St. steel plate
The same effect has been shown in fig (7) for the relation between KII with the impact velocity but the increase in KI is more effective than KII for the same temperature so that mode 1 is more effect in the crack propagation than mode 2.
3 2.5 KII(Mpam) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
300c 400c 500c 600c
impact velocity (m/s)
Fig. (7) Effect of impact velocity on KII for different thermal condition of St. steel plate
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In fig (8) and (9) it can be shown that in AL plate the same effect of temperature on KI and KII are the same which denotes that when the material become more ductile then the effect of KI and KII on the crack propagation are the same which different than in steel.
Fig. (8) Effect of impact velocity KI for different thermal condition of AL plate
Fig. (9) Effect of impact velocity KII for different thermal condition of AL plate Fig (10) and (11) shows the effect of velocity of impact on ( , ) for AL and steel with high temperature. The variation of ( ) has been effected more than ( ) which means that in high temperature the crack will grow in the mode 1 crack propagation. Also Fig (12) shows the variation of the dynamic crack growth with time duration of impact for AL and steel with the same thickness for low and high temperature, the dynamic crack growth in the steel is greater than that in AL this is
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because the modulus of elasticity is effected by two factors, the rate of loading which effected the rate of stress applied and second the rate of temperature distribution which effected the rate of thermal stress induced in the plate.
90 80 70 d /dt (Mpa/sec) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 velocity of impact m/s
Fig.(10) Effect of velocity of impact on the principal stresses variation with time of AL plate using Ansys 10
80 70 60 d/dt(mpa/sec) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1 2
velocity of impact m/sec
Fig.(11) Effect of velocity of impact on the principal stresses variation with time of st plate using Ansys 10
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50 45 40 35 d a/dt (m/sec) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
steel AL
time duration fraction
Fig.(12): Comparison of Dynamic Crack Growth of AL and Steel Under High Temperature
CONCLUSION In this study a new analytical solution has been derived to predict the dynamic crack growth in the steel and Aluminum plate under the effect of temperature and combined bending and shear buckling with direct impact loading. A numerical method also has been obtained using (Ansy 10) with the same steel and Aluminum plates to compare the results with analytical one. The results show that the value of KI has been affected with temperature than KII and dynamic crack growth for steel is higher than for Aluminum at higher temperature. REFERENCES 1. C.A. Farther stone and C. Ruiz Buckling of flat plates under bending and shear journal of mechanical Eng. Science. Vol.212,P.249. 2. C.A. Farther stone and C. Ruiz Buckling of curved plates under combined shear and compression journal of mechanical Eng. Science. Vol.218, -.183. 3. C.A. Farther stone, the use of finite element analysis in the examination of instability in flat plants and curved panels under compression and shear journal of non-linear mechanics, (2000), uk. 4. Z.Y. zhang and M.O.W. Richardson Low velocity Impact induced damage evaluation and its effect on the residual flexural properties of pultvuded GRP Composites paper University of Portsmouth,( Hampshire Po1 3D ), 2006, uk. 5. Yung-Tze chen crack propagation of cracked plates paper, sinotech Engineering consultants Inc.2003. Taiwan.
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6. L.F. Martha , A.C.O Miranda, M.A. Meggiolaro and J.T.P. Castro path and life predictions under mixed mode Mode complex loading Brazilian Sinotech of mechanical. Science Engineering,2007 7. Stephen P. Timoshenko, Theory of elastic stability, Book, Mc Graw-Hill book company, 1936 , u.S.A. 8. Jonas A. Zukas, Theodore Nicholas, Hallock. F. Swift, Longin B. Ggreszczuk and Donald R. Curran Impact Dynamics ,Book, Wicly interscience Publication, 1982 9. H.L.Ewalds and R.J.H. Wanhill Fracture Mechanics, Book, Edward Inc. publishers, 1984, U.S.A. 10. Akash.D.A, Anand.A, G.V.Gnanendra Reddy and Sudev.L.J, Determination of Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack Emanating from a Hole in a Pressurized Cylinder using Displacement Extrapolation Method, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 373 - 382, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359. 11. Manjeet Singh and Dr. Satyendra Singh, Estimation of Stress Intensity Factor of a Central Cracked Plate, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 310 - 316, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359. 12. Dr. Yadavalli Basavaraj and Pavan Kumar B K, Modeling and Analysis of Base Plate for Brake Spider Fixture by Fem using ANSYS Software, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 26 - 30, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

where p is the lateral force due to impact ..

Let the initial deflection represented by

Substitute the value of W0 in eq. 15 gives:

kcomb 14.71 7.09 4.5

22 2 The principal stresses can be calculated for various times: 2 2

Where = angle of principal stress.

From the opening displacement of the crack flank as[9]

The kinetic energy

Equating the strain energy with the kinetic energy:-

Where , , represent the velocity of crack propagation from ,

Fig (3): PHOTO from solution movie using ANSYS10

al flat analytical results al flat featherston test

steel time duration AL time duration

time duration ( sec)

3.5 3 2.5 KI(Mpam) 300c 400c 500c 600c 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

impact velocity (m/s)

3 2.5 KII(Mpam) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

300c 400c 500c 600c

impact velocity (m/s)

90 80 70 d /dt (Mpa/sec) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 velocity of impact m/s

velocity of impact m/sec

50 45 40 35 d a/dt (m/sec) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

time duration fraction

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