Butterworth filter

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Jump to: navigation, search The Butterworth filter is one type of electronic filter design. It is designed to have a frequency response which is as flat as mathematically possi le in the pass and. !nother name for them is "ma#imally flat magnitude" filters.

Contents

$ %rigin of name & %verview ' Transfer function o '.$ (a#imally Flat (agnitude Filter o '.& )igh Frequency *oll %ff + Filter *eali,ation - .ormali,ed /utterworth polynomials 0 1omparison with other linear filters 2 3ee also

Origin of name
The /utterworth type filter was first descri ed y the /ritish engineer 3tephen /utterworth 4in his paper 5%n the Theory of Filter !mplifiers5, Wireless Engineer 4also called Experimental Wireless and the Radio Engineer6, vol. 2, $7'8, pp. -'09-+$.

The /ode plot of a first9order /utterworth low9pass filter

/utterworth low9pass filters of orders $ through /utterworth second9order low9pass active filter e#ample

Overview
The frequency response of the /utterworth filter is ma#imally flat 4has no ripples6 in the pass and, and rolls off towards ,ero in the stop and. When viewed on a logarithmic /ode plot, the response slopes off linearly towards negative infinity. For a first9order filter, the response rolls off at :0 d/ per octave 4:&8 d/ per decade6. 4!ll first9order filters, regardless of name, are

actually identical and so have the same frequency response.6 For a second9order /utterworth filter, the response decreases at :$& d/ per octave, a third9order at :$; d/, and so on. /utterworth filters have a monotonically decreasing magnitude function with <. The /utterworth is the only filter that maintains this same shape for higher orders 4 ut with a steeper decline in the stop and6 whereas other varieties of filters 4/essel, 1he yshev, elliptic6 have different shapes at higher orders. 1ompared with a 1he yshev Type I=Type II filter or an elliptic filter, the /utterworth filter has a slower roll9off, and thus will require a higher order to implement a particular stop and specification. )owever, /utterworth filter will have a more linear phase response in the pass and than the 1he yshev Type I=Type II and elliptic filters.

Transfer function
>ike all filters, the typical prototype is the low9pass filter, which can e modified into a high9 pass filter, or placed in series with others to form and9pass and and9stop filters, and higher order versions of these. The magnitude squared frequency response:

here, n ? order of filter <c ? cutoff frequency ? 9'd/ frequency <p ? pass and edge frequency $=4$ @ A&6 ? and edge value of B)4<6B&. 3ince H(s)H(-s) evaluated at s = j is simply equal to B)4<6B&, it follows that

The poles occur on a circle of radius <c at equally spaced points

k = 0, 1, , !!!!!, n-1 and hence,

k = 0, 1, , !!!!, n-1 The magnitude of the frequency response of an nth order lowpass filter can e defined mathematically as:

where " is the gain of the filter, H is the transfer function, j is the imaginary num er, n is the order of the filter, < is the angular frequency of the signal in radians per second, and <c is the cutoff frequency 4:' d/ frequency6. .ormali,ing the e#pression 4setting the cutoff frequency <c ? $6, it ecomes:

/ode magnitude plot for /utterworth second9order low9pass filter e#ample

Maximally Flat Magnitude Filter

the first 4&n9$6th derivatives of g are ,ero for = 0. This means that the rate o# $hange o# gain %ith respe$t to is &ero i!e!, the gain is $onstant %ith . )ence /utterworth filters are also called ma#imally flat filters.
The derivation has een tagged. 1omments

High Frequency Roll Off

)ence, the high frequency roll off ? &8n d/=decade

Filter Realization

The /utterworth filter having a given transfer function can e realised using 1auer 9 $ form: kth element is given y: C k ? even C k ? odd

ormalized Butterworth !olynomials

n Factors of "olynomial Bn#s$

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, 4s& @ 8.'7;0s @ $64s& @ $.$$$s @ $64s& @ $.00'8s @ $64s& @ $.70&&s @ $6

Com!arison with other linear filters

)ere is an image showing the /utterworth filter ne#t to other common kind of filters o tained with the same num er of coefficients:

!s is clear from the image, the /utterworth filter rolls off more slowly than all the others ut it shows no ripples.