( Reaffirmed 1994 )

IS:1316-1984

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE IN COTTON FABRICS DUE TO MICRO-ORGANISMS

( First Revision )
Chemical
Chainaan Da (
KUMAIU)

Methods of Test Sectional Committee,

Reprrscnting The Silk & Bombay

TDC 5
Association,

M. D. BHAVBAB

Art Silk Mills Research

Members The Tata Mills Limited, Bombay SHBI JAYBHED D. ADRIANVALA National Peroxide Limited, Bombay Da V. G. AQNIHOTRI Crescent Dyes ik Chemicals Limited, Calcutta Sam R. S. BAJEXAL SHRI A. K. BANDOPADHYAY Ministry of Defence ( DGI ) KUMARI L. C. PATEL ( Alternate ) Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals &tar P. K. BASU ( Inspection Wing ), New Delhi SARI A. K. SAIQAL (Alteracts ) SH~I M. L. BEHRANI Ministry of Defence ( R & D ) SHRI N. KASTURIA ( Aksrmde ) SHRI C. BHATTACHARYA Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, Vadodara SEBI D. K. CHATTOPADEYAY ( Alternate ) DR D. K. Dns National Test House, Calcutta SHRI N. C. CHAT~EEJEE ( Alternate ) SHRI K. S. DESIXAN Office of the Textile Commissioner, Bombay SFIRI M. D. DIXIT The Bombay Textile Research Association, Bombay Indian Jute Industries Research Association, DR A. S. DIJTTA Calcutta Srrar SUNIL S. MEHTA Silk & Art Silk Mills Association, Bombay

( Coktucd an pug6 2 j
Q INDIAN Capyrighf 1984 INSTITUTION

STANDARDS

This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and reproduction in whole- or in part by any means except with written permission of the publishrr shall br drrmed to be an infringement of cop\ right under the said ACI.

IS t 1316 - 1994
( Con:inuud from page 1 ) Membns RvpWntillg

Dz (SEEIMATI ) USHA NAXDUBKAB Wool Research Association, Bombay Cotton Technolo&al Research Laboratory DE A. N. PANDEY (ICAR), Bombay KUMARI I. G. BHATT ( Altsrnatc ) DR ( SEI~IMATI) G. R. PHAL~UMANI Textiles Committee, Bombay Central Excise Collectorate, New Delhi REPBEEENTATIVE 05ce of the Development Commissioner for REPRESENTATIVE Handloom, New Delhi The Bombay Textile Research Association, SHRI N. S. SARAIYA Bombay SHFCI S. R. ANANTHAKRISHNA SETTY Binny Limited, Madrar Da M. G. MODAK ( Altamalr ) The Bombay Millowners Association, Bombay SHRI J. J. SHAH The Arvind Mills Limited, Ahmadabad SHHIJAMNADAEK. SHAH AhmL$b$Ecturmg & Cahco Printing Co SHBI K. G. SEAH Da J. I. SETALWAD ( Alfmatc) SHRI S. S. TRXVEDI SHRI J. N. VOHsA SHRI P. T. BANERJI ( Alternate ) SIIRI S. M. CHAKRABORTY, Director ( Tex )

Ahmedabad Textile Industrys Research Association, Abmadabad Punjab State Horiery & Knitwear Development Corporation Limited, Chandigarh Director General, IS1 ( Ex-ojiciv M&n)

Secretary SHBI M. S. VER~A Assistant Director (Tez), IS1

Biological Convtwf

Test Methods Subcommittee,

TDC 5 : 10
Research Laboratory

Da V. G. KHANDEPARKA~

Cotton Technological ( ICAR ), Bombay

Members Da R. H. BALASUBRAMANYA I Altnnats to Dr V. G. Khaudeparkar) Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi DR B. B. CHATT~RJE~ Ministry of Defence ( R & D ) S~BI H. M. DAYAL SHRI H. C. PANT ( Altarnuts ) Indian Jute Industries Research Association, DR B. L. GHOSE Calcutta Da ( SERIMATI) USHA NANDUBXAR yu;zl Research Asspciation, Bombay Research Laboratory Technologrcal ( ICAR ), Calcutta Binnv Limited. Madras &!I~I h& R. SAXPATH Mini&y of Defence (DGI) SH~I D. K. S~IVASTAVA Smt~ DE~PAK RAY CHOUDHRY ( Al&ma& )

ISt1316-1984

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE IN COTTON FABRICS, DUE TO MlCRO-ORGANISMS

( First Revision )
0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 23 March 1984, after the draft finalized by the Chemical Methods of Test Sectional Committee had been approved by the Textile Division Council. 0.2 This standard was first published in 1958, it has now been revised to make it up-to-date on the basis of the experience gained during its use. In the revised standard, bursting strength test has been replaced by extrusion test because the microbial damage in cotton fabrics, especially during storage, is highly localized and may go undetected in bursting strength test. Further, the $H test for detection of fungal or bacterial damage has been deleted as it was found not to be reliable. 0.3 While in transit, storage or use, cotton fabrics are liable to deteriorate due to attack by micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi. The deterioration is promoted by climatic conditions in tropical and subtropical countries. Formulation of standard methods for detection and estimation of damage in cotton fabrics due to micro-organisms, therefore, needs no emphasis. 0.4 Moisture is essential for the development and growth of microorganisms, the amount of moisture required being dependent upon the Thus, fungi usually develop when the relative type of organism. humidity of the environment is about 75 percent, and the growth is rapid Bacteria on the other hand, are active when it is beyond 85 percent. only when the substrate on which they are present is itself wet. 0.5 Fungi may appear as a fine downy stains causing discolouration of the fabric. growth may show considerable tendering 3 growth or as dark spots or The isolated regions of mould while the rest of the fabric

IS I 1316 - 1964
( except when not exposed to weathering conditions outside ) may indicate If the fabric had been in contact with soil or had little or no tendering. been contaminated with it and then exposed to dampness, the entire fabric may show uniform and rapid tendering. 0.6 The degree of growth of micro-organisms as well as their tendering effect may differ widely even in the immediate neighbouring areas It is, therefore, not practicable to submit the results of the in the fabric. tests prescribed in this standard to statistical analysis. 0.7 In reporting the result of a test made in accordance with standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. this off,

1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard prescribes methods for detection damage in cotton fabrics due to micro-organisms.
2. SAMPLING and estimation of

2.1 Lot -The

against

quantity of similar cotton fabric, one despatch note shall constitute a lot.

delivered

to a buyer

2.2 Samples for test shall be selected so as to be representative of the lot. Samples drawn in accordance with the material specification or as agreed to between the buyer and the seller shall be taken as representative of the lot. 2.3 The samples shall be first visually examined against light for the presence of microbial growth, indicated by isolated dark portions, stains, discolouration, etc; all the portions showing microbial growth shall be clearly marked. 2.4 The samples shall also be examined under an ultraviolet lamp having a blackwood filter with peak output at 365 nm for the presence of any fluorescent spot; which shall be clearly marked.
NOTE-The presence of fluorescence is not always related to the microbial attack or the absence of it does not exclude the porsibility of microbial attack.

3. TEST
3.1 From specimens
*Rules

SPECIMENS
the marked portions of the samples, each 2.5 x 2.5 cm in size.
for rounding off numerical values (

draw

at random

10 test

ravised).

IS : 1316- 1984 3.2 Keep the test specimens in a humid chamber ( see Note) with relative humidity above 85 percent at room temperature for 8 to 10 days. ( For the purpose of humid chamber, a large desiccator with water kept at the bottom may suffice ).
NOTE- If the marked portions are showing visible patches of stains or discolouration, the test specimens may be directly studied as in 6.1 and 7.1 without keeping in the humid chamber.

4. APPARATUS 4.1 Microscope 5. REAGENTS 5.1 Quality of Reagents - Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals shall be employed in tests and distilled water (see IS : 1070-1977*) shall be used where the use of water as a reagent is intended.
NOTE- Pure chemicals which affect the test results.
shall mean chemicals that do not contain impuritier

with a magnification

range of 50 to 500.

5.2 Lactophenol Solution - Dissolve 100 g of phenol in 100 ml of water and add 100 ml each of glycerine and lactic acid to the solution. 5.3 Cotton Blue Solution - Make a saturated solution ( about 25 ml ) of Cotton Blue ( Old Colour Index No. 707) in 95 percent alcohol and add 10 ml of glycerine and 80 ml of water to 10 ml of this solution. 5.4 Cotton Blue - Lactophenol Solution - Mix equal volumes saturated aqueous Cotton Blue and lactophenol solutions. of

5.5 Sodium Hydroxide - 18 percent ( m/v). Dissolve 18 g of sodium hydroxide pellets in 80 ml of distilled water, allow it to cool and finally make the volume to 100 ml. 6. DETECTION OF DAMAGE

6.1 Unravel 5 or 6 yarns each from 5 of the test specimensdrawn as in 3. Tease them gently on a glass slide to separate individual fibres. Treat the fibres with a few drops of Cotton Blue-lactophenol solution for 1 to 2 minutes. Remove the colour from the surface of the fibres by treating Prepare at least 10 slides from these them with lactophenol solution. fibres.
*Specification for water for general laboratory use ( second mision ).

IS : 1316- 1984 6.2 Take a slide and examine it under the microscope at 100 to 500 magnification and compare the fibres with the undamaged fibre as shown in Fig. 1. Presence of the following signs indicates that the fabric has been-damaged by microbial attack; _ a) b) c) d) Incisions or cracks on the cuticle of the fibre ( sze Fig.

2);

Damage to primary and secondary walls of the fibre from the cuticle inwards (see Fig. 3 ); Hyphae within the lumen (see Fig. 4 ); and Indentations or serrations on the fibres from the inwards, that is, towards the lumen ( Fig. 5 and 6 ). examine other slides. OF DAMAGE ( BY EXTRUSION TEST ) cuticle

6.3 Similarly

7. ESTIMATION

7.1 Take one test specimen drawn as in 3 and prepare the in dividual fibres as in 6.1. Take a clean glass slide and place a drop of 18 percent sodium hydroxide on it. Place a bundle of the fibres on a linole urn pad and cut off a portion 0.2 mm in length with a sharp blade. I mmerse the cut fibres in the alkali and examine under the microscope at 250 magnification. Note down the number of dumbbell-shaped, funnel -shaped and extrusionless fibres. Examine about 300 fibres and 10 slides in all from 5 test specimens.
fibrea show dumbbell shape, while damaged fibres swell NOTE 1 -Undamaged widthwise without showing any characteristic dumbbell shape; some fibrer show roughly funnel-shaped ends. of 0.2 mm length can be conveniently cut with the help NOTE 2 -Fibres oftwo razor blades held together by a holder, the fibres in between the two blades being taken. NOTE 3 - Mechanically damaged fibres also do not show any characteristic dumbbell shape and may add to the estimate of damage due to microbial attack.

7.2 Calculate the percentage of dumbbell-shaped (b) and extrusionless (c) fibres as examined in 7.1. figure as follows: Quality figure Find out the average quality figure.

(a), funnel shaped Obtain the quality

NOTE I - If the average quality figure in 7.2 is less than 75, the sample should j be declared as damaged. NOTE 2 -The damaged fibres. quality figure may also include damage due to mechanically

FIG. 1

UNDAMAGED COTTON FIBRE

;: ..
FIG 3 COTTON FIBRE SHOWING DAMAGE TO ITS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WALLS FROM THE CUTICLE INWARDS FIG. 4 COTTON FIBRE SHOWING FUNGAL INFECTION - HYPHAE AND SPORES INSIDE THE LUMEN

E Q)
I G %

IS:1316-1984

FIG. 5

COTTON FIBRE SHOWING MODERATE~BACTERL-U.DAMAGE

FIG. 6 8. RRPORT

COTI-ON FIBRE SHOWING SEVERE BACTERIAL DAIUAGB

8.1 The report shalljinclude a) b) c) Type of material,

the following information:

Whether damaged/undamaged, Number of specimens tested.

and