Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Defense Defense University, College of Engineering Office of Postgraduate Programs and Research

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M-Tech Project/Thesis
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Thesis Title____________________________________________________________
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By
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Students Name
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Supervisor:_________________________________
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Co-Supervisor:_______________________________
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Department: ________________________________
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Specialization:_______________________________
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Month, YYYY Bishoftu

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[Flyleaf]

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DECLARATION <Font size 14><BOLD><Centralized> I hereby declare that the thesis project entitled ______________________________________ submitted for M-Tech Degree is my original work and the thesis project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar titles. Signature of the student______________ Place_____________________________ Date:____________________________

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CERTIFICATE
<Font size 16><BOLD><Centralized> This is to certify that the thesis project entitled __________________________________ is the work carried out by ____________________________student of M-Tech, Defense Engineering College, Bishoftu, during the year__________________. In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of M-Tech of ________________________ Engineering/Technology with focus area of ___________________________ and that the thesis project has not formed the basis for the award previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar rule. Signature of the advisor____________________ Place__________________________________ Date___________________________________

Approval by members of BoE Name (Print or Type) 1. External Examiner: _____________________

2. Internal Examiner: ________________________

Signature

____________________
______________________

3. Chairperson/HoD: 4. Advisor:

______________________

__________________

_________________________ ________________

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Abstract
(Front Size 14, Bold, Centered, Regular and Spacing: Before-0pt, After 12pt, 1.5 Lines) This includes: Purpose: What are the reason(s) for writing the thesis or the aims of the research? Design/Methodology/Approach: How are the objectives achieved? Include the main method(s) used for the research. What is the approach to the topic and what is the theoretical or subject scope of the thesis? Findings: What was found in the course of the research/work/study? This will refer to analysis, discussion, or results. Research Limitations/Implications (if applicable): If research is reported on in the paper this section must be completed and should include suggestions for future research and any identified limitations in the research process. Practical Implications (if applicable): What outcomes and implications for practice, applications and consequences are identified? How will the research impact upon the business or enterprise? What changes to practice should be made as a result of this research? What is the commercial or economic impact? Not all these will have practical implications. Social implications (if applicable): What will be the impact on society of this research? How will it influence public attitudes? How will it influence (corporate) social responsibility or environmental issues? How could it inform public or industry policy? How might it affect quality of life? Not all theses will have social implications. Originality/value: What is new in the research/study/work? State the value of the research/study/work and to whom. Keywords: 3 to 6 maximum, alphabetically.

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Table of Contents
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Contents (Italic, Bold, Front Size 12) Contents (Italic, Bold, Front Size 12) Approval sheet (Not Bold, Front Size 12) List of Acronyms and Abbreviations (Not Bold, Front Size 12) List of Tables (Not Bold, Front Size 12) List of Figures (Not Bold, Front Size 12) Abstract (Not Bold, Front Size 12)

Page No.

iii iv v vi vii viii

1-6

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION (UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)
Background (Not Bold, Front Size 12, Times New Roman, Regular) Quality and the Need for its Achievement Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study 1.4.1 General Objective (Not Bold, Front Size 12) 1.4.2 Specific Objective (Not Bold, Front Size 12) 1.5 Scope of the Study 1.6 Limitation of the Study 1.7 Significance of the Study
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10-23 24

Chapter-2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review at International Level 2.2 Literature Review at National Level 2.3 Brief Summary of literature review indicating the research gap

Chapter-3
3.1

BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY(If any)

Manufacturing Process of AKM

Chapter-4 Chapter-5 Chapter-6 Chapter-7 Appendix-I Appendix-II

MATERIALS AND METHODS (METHODOLOGY) DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH WORK Abbbbbbb Dfgrhu Rkiloynf. Abbbbbbb Dfgrhu Rkiloynf.

40-42 43-44

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

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COE DR &PGP PGPC HOD ISO MIE OP

College of Engineering Dean Research and Post Graduate Programs Post Graduate Programs Coordinator Head of the Department International Standard Organization Mesfin Industrial Engineering Optimization Parameters
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Note: Write alphabetically

List of Figures
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Figure No. Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 3.1

Description Resistance spot welding machine with work. Resistance and TIG spot welding comparison. Spot welding time cycle. Techniques for obtaining heat balances. Resistance spot welding process. Structure of the industry and organizational plan.

Page No. 8 9 10 15 16 30

List of Tables
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Table No. Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6

Description Task aids. Control factors and noise factor examples. One-factor experiment. Several factors, one at a time. Several factors, all at the same time. Full factorial experiment.

Page No. 35 41 45 46 47 49

Chapter-1: INTRODUCTION
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______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter-2: LITERATURE REVIEW)

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______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter-3: MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODOLOGY

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______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter-4: DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

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______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter-4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter-5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH

WORK
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______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix-I Appendix-II

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REFERENCES
APA Referencing Examples
(For more information see "Publication Manual" See also "Citations in text" section in "Citations in text & references list")
How to cite/reference material: This page provides examples of how to reference materials both in your list of references and in text citations. ALL alphabetically write, serial number in [1].

Books
Book - by one author
In text citation (King, 2000) or King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (p. 34). In reference list King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.

Book - by two authors

In text citation (Trevio& Nelson, 2007) or Trevio and Nelson (2007) illustrated... When paraphrasing in text, use and, not &. In reference list Trevio, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Book - by three to five authors

In text citation First in text citation (Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) or Krause, Bochner, and Duchesne (2006) recommend "..." (p. 32). In subsequent citations: According to Krause et al. (2006) Cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al.) Do not italicize et al. In reference list Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson

Book - by six to seven authors

In text citation According to Mezey et al. (2002) ... or It is ... (Mezey et al., 2002) If there are six or seven authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. Do not italicize et al. In reference list Mezey, M. D., Cassel, C. K., Bottrell, M. M., Hyer, K., Howe, J. L., & Fulmer, T. T. (Eds.). Ethical patient care: A casebook for geriatric health care teams. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses () and finish with the last author.

Book - by no author
In text citation In the book, Joint Investigations of Child Abuse (1993), it is... Note that the key words of the book title are capitalized when used in text, but not in the reference list. Italicize the book title in text). Do not use 'Anonymous' unless the author's name is given as Anonymous. In reference list Joint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. If no author is stated, the title takes the author position. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in the author field.

Book - by a corporate/group author

In text citation First in text citation (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010) or The American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) indicated... In subsequent citations: According to APA (2010)... Some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily recognizable. Note use of square brackets around abbreviation in first example above. In reference list American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher field. List in the references list by the first significant word of the organization. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision.

Book - cited in a secondary source

In text citation Carter and Beadle's (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever, 1996) research shows that... or In the research of Carter and Beadle (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever, 1996)... In reference list Crisman, T. L., &Streever, W. J. (1996). The legacy and future of tropical limnology. In F. Schiemer& K. T. Boland (Eds.), Perspectives in tropical limnology (pp. 27-42). Amstemdam, Netherlands: SPB Academic. Reference only Crisman and Streever (1996), not Carter and Beadle (1930).

Book - republished
In text citation (Baldwin, 1909/1980) or Baldwin (1909/1980) criticized... Both the original publication year and the year of the republished book are included. In reference list Baldwin, J. M. (1980). Darwin and the humanities (Library of Genetic Science and Philosophy Series: Vol. 2). New York, NY: AMS. (Original work published 1909). Information about the original publication is included in parentheses after the publisher's name or retrieval statement.

Book - translated
In text citation (Sartre, 1962) or Sartre (1962) is an example of... In reference list Sartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique (F. Williams, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Chapter in an edited book

In text citation (Helber, 1995) or Helber (1995) concludes by... In reference list Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: Wiley. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title. Note the editor's initials come before the family name. It is the book title that is italicized, not the chapter title. The page numbers of the chapter are also required.

Edited book
In text citation (Samovar & Porter, 1997) or Samovar and Porter (1997) conclude by... In reference list Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). If you are citing a chapter within an edited book, review the previous section, "Chapter in an edited book".

Electronic book with DOI

In text citation Lance (2011) argues that... In reference list Lance, L. (2011). Nonproduction benefits of education: Crime, health, and good citizenship. In Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 4, pp.183-282). doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53444-6.00002-X DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it in the reference.

Electronic book with no DOI

In text citation (Martin, 2011) In reference list Martin, J. L. (2011). The explanation of social action [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database. DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it in the reference. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the E-book's homepage (in this example, http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with author)

In text citation (Hwang, 2002) or Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North Korea ... In reference list Hwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition), include this in parentheses after the title along with page number(s).

Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with no author)

In text citation It is defined as ... ("Social Constructionism," 2009). Note that the entry is capitalized when used in text, but not in the reference list. In reference list Social constructionism. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium database. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place of publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family name. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL).

Conference Papers, Reports, & Theses

Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings
In text citation (Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) or Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994) published their ... In reference list Shobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania (pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as for a book or book chapter. To cite proceedings published regularly use the same format as a periodical.

Contribution to conference or symposium

In text citation (Bochner, 1996) or Bochner (1996) addressed this... In reference list Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name. Give the month of the conference if the paper has not been formally published (Publication Manual, pp. 206-207).

Report - annual
In text citation (Telecom New Zealand, 2007) In reference list Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual report 2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-report-2007.pdf If it is an annual report, reference it as a book.

Report - with report number

In text citation (Holmes, 2000) or Holmes (2000) highlights the importance... In reference list Holmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers (Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Management Communication. If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the title. If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the name of the university, this does not need to be repeated in the publisher location. Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that produced the document.

Report - without report number

In text citation (Caygill, 2009) or Caygill (2009) concludes... In reference list Caygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to 2006. Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website: http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS-06_Science2.pdf If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval statement if it has not been identified as the author.

Report from institutional archive

In text citation (Whangapirita, Awatere, & Nikora. 2003) In reference list Whangapirita, L., Awatere, S., & Nikora, L. (2003). Maori perspectives of the environment: A review of policy submissions made by iwi to Environment Waikato (Technical Report No.3; Environment Waikato Internal Series 2004/01). Retrieved from University of Waikato, Research Commons website: http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/

Thesis (except from USA) - print version

In text citation (Dewstow, 2006) or Dewstow (2006) recommends... In reference list Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Include either (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) or (Unpublished master's thesis) after the title as appropriate.

Thesis (except from USA) - electronic version

In text citation (Dewstow, 2006) or Dewstow (2006) recommends... In reference list Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241 Include either (Doctoral dissertation) or (Master's thesis) after the title as appropriate and university's name and location (city and country). If the city name is included in the University's name, leave it out (e.g. University of Auckland, New Zealand).

Thesis from USA - electronic version In text citation (Rose, 2006) or According to Rose (2006) ... In reference list Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd Journals Journal article - print version In text citation (Sainaghi, 2008) or Sainaghi (2008) suggests... In reference list Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism Review, 63(4), 4057. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicized, followed by the issue number in parentheses (not italicized). If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses immediately after the volume number. For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with continuous pagination. Journal article - electronic version with a DOI In text citation Shepherd et al., (2007) or Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the... If there are six or more authors, from the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author. In reference list Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018 DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it in the reference. Journal article - electronic version with no DOI In text citation (Harrison & Papa, 2005) or In their research, Harrison and Papa (2005) established ...

If there are six or more authors, list all authors in the reference list. From the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author. In reference list Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database. DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it in the reference. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage. Journal article - Internet only In text citation (Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) or Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..." (para. 3) (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in text. In reference list Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka (n.d.)= no date. Journal article - cited in a secondary source In text citation (Lilieholm & Romney, 2000, as cited in Suntikul, Butler, & Airey, 2010) or Lilieholm and Romney (2000, as cited in Suntikul, Butler, & Airey, 2010) argue that... In reference list Suntikul, W., Butler, R., & Airey, D. (2010). Implications of political change on national park operations: Doi moi and tourism to Vietnam's national parks. Journal of Ecotourism, 9(3), 201-218. doi: 10.1080/14724040903144360 Magazines & Newspapers Magazine - print only In text citation (von Drehle et al., 2009)... or Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert... If an author's name begins with a lower case letter appears at the beginning of a sentence, it must be capitalised. In reference list von Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., ...Peters, G. (2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines. If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three ellipses (...) and finish with the last author. Magazine - electronic version In text citation Robison, 2008) or Robison (2008) considers... In reference list Robison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database.

If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database and do not include the database URL. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval. Newspaper article - print version In text citation Cumming, 2003) or Cumming (2003) reports... In reference list Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald, p. B4. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only, not magazines or journals. p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbers are discontinuous, separate page numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5. Newspaper article - electronic version In text citation Cumming, 2003) or Cumming (2003) reports... In reference list Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval. Newspaper article - with no author In text citation ("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices", 2003) In the in text citation, abbreviate the title, use double quotation marks and capital letters. In reference list Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1. If there is no author, the article title comes first. Audiovisual Audio podcast In text citation (Noonan, 2008) In reference list Noonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and identifier. Film - motion pictures In text citation (Vasile & Fellini, 2001) or Vasile and Fellini (2001) In reference list Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM Home Entertainment. In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director or producer or both) but not the presenters. For publication information, give the motion picture's country of origin and the name of the motion picture studio. A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. It is not italicized. Music recording - recorded by composer In text citation

(The Beatles, 2003, track 10) Include side and band or track numbers. In reference list The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked [CD]. Hollywood, CA: Capital Records. Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format as medium e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file]. Music recording - recorded by someone other than composer In text citation "Amazing Grace" (Newton, 1779/2009, track 8) or Newton's celebrated song (1779/2009, track 8) says... Acknowledge both composed year and performed year. In reference list Newton, J. (1779). Amazing grace [Recorded by S. Boyle]. On I dreamed a dream [CD]. London, England: Sony Music Entertainment. (2009) When a song is recorded by someone other than the composer, acknowledge the performer with [Recorded by ] after the title, and date of the recording at the end of the reference. When the composer and lyricist are not the same, acknowledge both of them e.g. Goethe, J. W. (Lyricist), & Mozart, W. A. (Composer). Do not put a period after the date of recording (Publication manual, p. 209). Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format as medium e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file]. Music recording - unknown composer In text citation According to the traditional Maori song, "Tarakihi" (1999) ... or ("Tarakihi," 1999). Use double quotation marks around the title of a song (Publication manual, p. 176). In reference list Tarakihi [Recorded by K. Te Kanawa]. (n.d.). On Maori songs [MP3 file]. New York, NY: EMI. (1999) When you cannot find a composers name (e.g. traditional songs), move the title to the authors position. Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format as medium e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file]. Television program In text citation (Slater, 2002) In reference list Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60 minutes. Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network Services. Put television series episode or motion picture in square brackets [ ] after the title. Video blog post (e.g. YouTube video) In text citation (Leelefever, 2007) In reference list Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY Use the up loaders name as author. When the video's creator is known, reference the video like 'Film - motion pictures'. Others (Webpages, Legal Materials, Course Handouts etc.) Blog post In text citation (Hobbit Team, 2011) In reference list

Hobbit Team. (2011, November 5). 3D concept sketch [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ Do not italicize blog post title, as it is unpublished material. Use the URL of the blog homepage rather than individual post's URL. Twitter posts can be referenced like blog posts. Reference it as [Twitter post]. Course handout - print version (unpublished work) In text citation (Brown, 2004) In reference list Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-11B [Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Marketing. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal collections" . In the publication information field, list the organizations name (e.g. university, department), city, and country. Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture notes]. Course handout - electronic version In text citation (Archard, Merry, & Nicholson, 2011) or Archard, Merry, and Nicholson (2011) state that In reference list Archard, S., Merry, R., & Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakia and waiata [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from TEPS757-11B (NET): Communities of Learners website: http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650 Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Powerpoint slides]. Data file - from a database In text citation (Thomson Reuters, n.d.) (n.d.)= no date. In reference list Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). Publically listed telecommunications companies in India with 500 or more employees [Data file]. Retrieved from Thomson One Banker Database. A data set is where you have selected raw data to produce a unique data set. It usually involves specialized software with limited access, rather than commonly available software (e.g. MS Excel) or is found on a website. The use of [Data file] indicates that you have chosen specific data to form this data set. You can also include additional information to distinguish data sets, e.g. [Data file, 2001 Population Census]. If the database or website has a specific title, include this detail (e.g. from Thomson One Banker). Use (n.d.) if the year of publication is not given. If a title is given for the data set, put it in italics. If you have created your own title, do not italics. Data file - from a website In text citation (Statistics New Zealand, n.d.). In reference list Statistics New Zealand. (n.d.). Birthplace and sex, for the Maori ethnic group census usually resident population count, 2001 [Data file, 2001 Population Census]. Retrieved from Table Builder http://www.stats.govt.nz/ A data set is where you have selected raw data to produce a unique data set. It usually involves specialized software with limited access, rather than commonly available software (e.g. MS Excel) or is found on a website.

The use of [Data file] indicates that you have chosen specific data to form this data set. You can also include additional information to distinguish data sets, e.g. [Data file, 2001 Population Census]. If the database or website has a specific title, include this detail (e.g. from Thomson One Banker). Use (n.d.) if the year of publication is not given. If a title is given for the data set, put it in italics. If you have created your own title, do not italise. Legal material In text citation Children's Commissioner Act 2003 or The wellbeing of children is covered by the Children's Commissioner Act 2003. In reference list Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121. Online discussion In text citation (Chalmers, 2000) In reference list Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/ Do not italicize titles of unpublished works. Personal communications (emails, your own lecture notes, Facebook etc.) In text citation (H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004) or Clarke (personal communication, March 19, 2004) remarked that... In reference list No information is required in the reference list as the data has not been published and cannot be retrieved. Contents from private or friend-only Facebook page should be treated as Personal Communications, but information in publicly available Facebook pages (e.g. fan page, group page) may be referenced with [Facebook update]. Webpages In text citation (Statistics New Zealand, 2007) Do not write URLs in the text. In reference list Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. a wiki). Wiki In text citation (University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.) (n.d.)= no date. In reference list University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries Do not italicize titles of unpublished works. Include the date of retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likely to change over time. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision. Figures (including Images) & Tables