BONDING, STRUCTURE AND PERIODICITY TEST MS 1.

(i) 4 Na + O2 2 Na2O OR 2 Na + O2 Na2O ALLOW correct multiples including fractions IGNORE state symbols
1

(ii) (iii)

(electrostatic) attraction between oppositely charged ions

1

+ N a + N a O

Na shown with either 8 or 0 electrons AND O shown with 8 electrons with 6 crosses and 2 dots (or ice ersa) !orrect charges on both ions For 1st mark, if 8 electrons shown around cation then extra electron(s) around anion must match symbol chosen for electrons in cation Shell circles not required IGNORE inner shell electrons ALLOW: !"a#$ !"a$# !"a#$ (brac%ets not required) DO NOT ALLOW !"a $ DO NOT ALLOW: !"a $
#

& !"a $# & ! "a$ !"a $# ! "a$

#

!"a$

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2.

(i)

2Na(s) + !l2(g) 2Na!l(s) "st #ar$ %or e&'ation 2nd #ar$ %or state sy#bols 2

(ii)

(iant ionic (lattice) or )* with alternating Na and !l

+

2
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3.

reg'lar arrange#ent o% labelled + ions with so#e atte#pt to show electrons scattering o% labelled electrons betwee other species OR a state#ent anywhere o% del!"ali#ed electrons (can be in te+t below) #etallic bond as (electrostatic) att$a"ti! between the electrons and the positi e ions 'attice must ha(e at least rows of positi(e ions )f a metal ion is shown (e*g* "a#), it must ha(e the correct charge ALLOW for labels: # ions, positi(e ions, cations )f # is unlabelled in diagram, award the label for # from a statement of positi(e ions in text below DO NOT ALLOW as label or text positi(e atom OR protons OR nuclei ALLOW e+ OR e as label for electron DO NOT ALLOW + as label for electron
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%.

shared pair

o% electrons

i*e* shared electrons is worth , mar%* pair of electrons for second mar%
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&.

,2O!O -

all correct incl'ding lone pairs aro'nd O correct co alent bonds aro'nd carbon lone pairs added aro'nd o+ygen ato#s

(#'st be .dot /N* cross0 or electron so'rce clearly shown (di%%erent colo'red %or so'rce is O1)
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'.

(i)

dati e co alent2 bonded pair co#es %ro# sa#e ato#3 electron pair is donated %ro# one ato#3 both electrons are %ro# the sa#e ato#

"

(ii)

!a(NO))2

!aO + 2NO2 + O2 "

2

or double equation with & &-&,

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(.

(i)

4lectron pairs in co alent bonds shown correctly 'sing dots and crosses in a #olec'le o% the 52O 6one pairs correct on O and both 5 ato#s O F F .ust be dot/and/cross circles for outer shells NOT needed IGNORE inner shells "on/bonding electrons of 0 do not need to be shown as pairs "on/bonding electrons of 1 do not need to be shown as pairs
2

(ii)

7redicted bond angle "04 "089: ALLOW ,23 + ,245 (,235 is the actual bond angle) ;here are 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs 6one pairs repel #ore than bonded pairs ALLOW responses equi(alent to second mar%ing point* e*g* 6here are - pairs of electrons and of these are lone pairs ALLOW bonds for bonded pairs DO NOT ALLOW atoms repel DO NOT ALLOW electrons repel ALLOW '7 for lone pair ALLOW 87 for bonded pair ALLOW '7 repel more if bonded pairs ha(e already been mentioned
3

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).

(i)

#ar$ ertically,2O 2 2 N,) ) " 2

)* *iagra# re&'ired or diagra# with na#e (ii) labelled bond angle re&'ired N,) >O2 pyra#idal #olec'le shown non=linear #olec'le shown "0< ("06="08) 4
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""0 ")0

*.

(i) (ii)

/ttraction o% electrons

in a bond

towards an ato#

!O2 is sy##etrical3,2O is not sy##etrical

4

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?n !O22 dipoles cancel3in ,2O2 the dipoles don0t cancel

2
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1+.

,2O , bonding %ro# O o% " #olec'le to , o% another dipoles shown or described with lone pair o% O in ol ed in the bond !,4 an der @aals0 %orces %ro# oscillating dipoles3 te#porary dipoles3 transient dipoles3 instantaneo's dipoles leading to ind'ced dipoles ca'sed by 'ne en distrib'tion o% electrons )
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11.

ice is less dense than water hydrogen bonds hold ,2O #olec'les apart in ice 3 hydrogen bonds ca'se an open lattice str'ct're 2
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12.

,igh boiling point !$ di%%ic'lt to brea$ lin$ed to strong bonds in the right conte+t within 6i !$ ! 6i ! N cond'cts by delocalised3%ree3#obile electrons or .+ ions with a sea o% electrons0 %or giant #ar$ cond'cts by delocalised3%ree3#obile electrons with layers No #obile charge carriers3electrons3ions to cond'ct electricity si#ple #olec'lar str'ct're3#ade o% N2 #olec'les low boiling point !$ easily bro$en d'e to inter#olec'lar %orces3 an der @aals0 %orces A@!/t least 2 co#plete sentences in which the #eaning is clear: str'ct're- giant co alent str'ct're- giant #etallic

" )

"
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13.

(i) (ii) (iii) (i ) ( )

> ,1/l ,1B ,1!a ,11 ,1-

" " " " "

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( i)

1 ,1-

"
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