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VIBRATION ANALYSIS
NEED
1. Increase in demands of higher pdty &
economical design lead to higher speeds of
machinery and efficient use of light wt mtls. It make
the occurrence of resonant condition during the
operation of m/c. Hence, measurement of vibration
charact. of m/c becomes essential to ensure safety
margin. Other vibration charact. Any shift indicate
failure/ need for maint. of m/c.
2. Measurement of nat. freq. of m/c is useful in
selecting the operational speeds of m/c.
3. Theoretically computed vib. charact. May
be different fromactual values due to assumptions
4. Measu. of freq. of vib.and forces is necessary in
the design vib isolation systems
5. To det. the survivability of m/c. If the m/c performs
its task under testing conditions, it is expected to
survive in the specified condition
6. Continuous system approx. to muti dof. If the
measured freq. & mode shapes are comparable to
the computed nat freq. and mode shape, then only
the approx is valid
7. Measur. of I/P and resulting vib. charact. helps in
identifying the systemin terms of k, m
8. Information about ground vib. due to earthquake,
ocean waves and road surface roughness is
important in design og m/c, structures, and vehicle
suspension systems.
VIBR. MEASUREMENT SCHEME
Vi brati ng m/c
Transducer
Si gnal conver. i nstrument
Di spl ay uni t
Data anal ysi s
Motion of vib body into
elec. signal
Amplify elec.
signal
Presentation for visual
inspection and stored in
computer
To det. Vi b charact. Of
m/c
Considerations for selecting instrument
Range of frequencies
Size of m/c
Operating conditions of m/c, structure,
equipments
Type of data processing used (graphical
display/recording/stroing)
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TRANSDUCERS
Devi ce that transforms values of
physi cal vari ables into equivalent
electrical signals
Types
Variable resistance transducer
Piezoelectric transducers
Linear Variable Di fferential transformer
transducer
VARIABLE RESISTANCE TRANSDUCER
In this m/cal motion produces change in electrical
resistance in the o/p volatge
It consists of fine wire(Cu-Ni alloy known as
advance) whose resistance changes during vib.
Fine wire is sandwiched b/w2 thin paper sheet.
Bonded to surface where the strain is to be
measured.
If surface undergoes a normal strain(), the strain
gage also undergoes same strain and the change in
resistance is
2 1 2 1
/
/
+ ~
A
A
+ + =
A
A
=
L r
rL
L L
R R
K
K- Gage factor of the wire
R- Initial resistance
R- Change in resistance
L- Initial length of the wire
L- Change in length of the wire
poissons ratio of the wire
r- resistivity of the wire
r- Change in resistivity of the wire 0 for
Advance
RK
R
L
L A
=
A
=
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The strain gage is mounted on an elastic
element of a spring mass system
Strain is proportional to deflection of mass
x(t) and indicated by strain gage
Wheatstone bri dge
Strai n gauge as vi brati on pi ck up
The change in resistance R can be measured
by Wheatstone bridge
In the Wheatstone bridge voltage V is applied
and the resulting voltage E is given by
Initially R
1
R
3
=R
2
R
4
( )( )
V
R R R R
R R R R
E
(

+ +

=
4 3 2 1
4 2 3 1
( ) ( )
2
4 3
4 3
2
1 1
1 1
0
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
R R
R R
R R
R R
r
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Vr E
+
=
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
A

A
+
A

A
~ A
When resistance changes, the change in
output voltage
If the leads are connected to a and b, R
1
=R
g
,
R
1
=Rg, R2=R3 =R
4
=0
then R
g
/R
g
=E/Vr
o
=K; E=KVr
o

R
g
-Initial resistance of the gage
O/P voltage is proportional to strain
PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS
PIEZOELECTRIC ACCELEROMETER
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Quartz, Tourmaline, Lithium sulfate generates
electrical energy when subjected to deformation or
m/cal stress.
Elect. charge disappears when m/cal load is removed
Such mtls -Piezo electric mtls, -Piezo electric
transducers,Piezo electric effect
Energy generated Q
x
=kF
x
=kAp
x
k-Piezoelectric constant(2.25X10
-12
-Quartz)), A-Area
onwhich the force applied, p
x
-Pressure
O/pvoltage of the crystal E=vtp
x
V-voltage sensitivity(0.055 voltmeter-Quartz)
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER TRANSDUCER
One py coil and two 2ndary coil
Magnet core move inside in an axial direction
When a.c i/p is given to py coil, the o/p is diff. of
voltages induced in 2ndary coil
o/p depends magnetic coupling b/w coil & core
Core is in middle-o/p is zero
On either side-there is o/p
Range of displacement 0.0002 cm -40 cm
Displ. Of core
O/p voltage
Linearity of o/p with disp.
SEISMIC INSTRUMENT
(VIBROMETER AND ACCELEROMETER)
Seismic mass
(m)
WORKPIECE
Y=Y
o
sint
Displacement transducer
Spring x
Housing
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An instrument which has the functional form of
mass connected thro damper and spring
arrangement to housing frame
Frame is connected to sources of vibr. whose
charact to be measured
Mass tends to remain fixed in its position so
that vibr. motion is registered as a relative displ.
b/w mass & frame & sensed by transducer
Seismic instrument may be used for either
displ. or acceleration measurements by proper
selection of mass, spring and damper
Large mass & soft spring-Vibr. Displ. Measure
Small mass and stiff spring-Acceleration
VIBRATION PICKUPS
Transducer with other device to measure vibr.
Commonly used Seismic instrument
Consists mass-spring-damper on vibrating body
Then the vibratory motion is measured by
finding the displ. of the mass relative to the
base on which it is mounted
Displ. of nass relative to cage z=x-y
x-displ. of suspended mass,y-displ. of cage
Vibrating body executes SHM y(t) =Ysint
Eqn of motion
0 ) ( ) ( = + + y x k y x c x m
y m kz z c z m = + +
t mY kz z c z m sin = + +
Soln z(t)=ZSin(t-)
2 2 2 2
2
) (

c m k
Y
Z
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

2
1
tan

m k
c
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FREQUENCY MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
FULLARTON TACHOMETER(SINGLE REED INSTRUMENT)
Consists variable length cantilever strip with
mass at one end and other end is clamped.
Free length can be changed by screw
Since, each length have different frequency,
reed is marked with frequency
Clamped end is pressed against vibrating
body and screw is adjusted until the free
end shows largest amplitude of vibration.
When excitation frequency = nat frequency,
it can be read from the strip
FRAHM TACHOMETER
(MULTI REED INSTRUMENT)
Consists no of reeds with mass at ends
Each reed has different frequency and
marked on it
Mounted on vibrating body and the reed
vibrates with frequency of vib. Body has
largest amplitude
The frequency of reed =unknown
frequency
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STROBOSCOPE
Produces light pulses intermittently
The frequency at which the pulses are
produced can be altered and read from the
instrument
When the frequency of vibrating object is
equal to the frequency of pulsating light, the
point on vibrating body is stationary
Advantages
No contact with vib. Body
Measure lowest freq.
VIBRATION EXCITER
M/C which produces the m/cal motion to which
the test object is subjected
Used in determination of dynamic charact. of
m/c and structure and fatigue testing of matls.
The exciter may be designed to produce a
given range of harmonic or time dependent
excitation force or displacement through a a
given range of frequencies
Classified into mechanical, hydraulic,
electrodynamics
MECHANICAL EXCITER
VIBRATION BY INERTIA FORCE
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VIBRATION BY AN ELASTIC SPRING FORCE
MECHANICAL EXCITER
Scotch yoke m/sm can be used to produce
harmonic vibrations. The crank can be
drive by const or variable speed motor
When structure is to be vibrated the
harmonic force can be applied as an
inertia force or as an elastic spring force
These vibrators are used for frequencies
<30 HZ and load <700 N
VIBRATION EXCITATION DUE TO UNBALANCED FORCE
The unbalance created by two masses
rotating at the same speed in opposite
direction can be used as a m/cal exciter
It can be used for 250 and 25000 N.
If 2 masses of magnitude m each, rotate
at an angular velocity at a radius R, the
vertical force F(t) =2mR
2
cos t
Limitedfrequency range
No control over the force
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HYDRAULIC EXCITER
Uses piston-cylinder arrangement and the
movement is controlled by fluid pressure
Since the fluid pr can be controlled, wide
range of force can be obtained
Can generate low frequencies
Used for testing civil engg structures
ELECTRODYNAMICE EXCITER
RESONBANCE CHARATERISTICS OF ELECTRODYNAMIC SHAKERR
Called as electromagnetic exciter
When current passes thro a coil passed placed in
a magnetic field, force F proportional to current I
and magnetic flux density D is produced which
the accelerates the object on the shaker F=DIL
(L-length of coil)
Magnitude of accel. depends max. current &mass
of object &moving element of the shaker
If a.c current is used, forces varies harmonically
If d.c current is used, const.forces is generated
Exciter has 2 freq. one corresp. to nat freq of
flexible support an other corresp. To nat. freq. of
moving element
Operating freqof exciter lies b/wthese two freq.
Used to generate forces upto 30,000N,
displacement 25mm, Freq -5Hz to 20KHz
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SIGNAL ANALYSIS
To det the freq response of system under
known excitation
Signal analysis is done by
-Spectrum analyzer
-Octave and 1/3rd octave filters
-Bandpass filter
(for sequential analysis)
-Real time analysis
(for transient signal analysis )
SPECTRUM ANALYZERS
Device that analyzes a signal in the frequency
domain by separating the energy of the signal
into various frequency bands
Separation is done by filters
In recent days digital analyzers are popular
Used for machine condition monitoring
OCTAVE &1/3
RD
OCATVE FILTER
Vibratory signal of a m/c under steady state
condition in time domain is called as signature
Used to obtain the vibrat. levels for all discrete freq.
components in m/c sign. over wide range
Fig shows response charact of octave filter
Desired no of filters-to cover given range of freq.
Example: Octave filter with freq. 31.5, 63, 125, 250
&500Hz- to obtain vibrat. levels over 5bands.
To improve analysis 1/3
rd
octave-with freq. 20, 25,
31.5,40,50,63,80,100,125,160,200,250Hz etc.
RESPONSE CHARACT. OF ACTAVE BAND FILTER
31.5 63 125 250 500
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BAND PASS FILTER
(TUNABLE FILTER)
RESPONSE OF A FILTER
Permits the passage of frequency components
of a signal over a frequency band and rejects all
other freq. components of the signal
Graph shows the response charact. of a filter
whose lower and upper cut off freq are f
l
and f
u
.
Practical filter will have a response charact.
deviating from ideal rectangle
f
c
-Centre frequency
In Constant percent bandwidth filter,band width
(f
u
-f
l
)/f
c
is constant
In Constant bandwidth filter,(f
u
-f
l
) is
independent of f
c
REAL TIME ANALYSIS
If vibr. signal is transient RTA is useful
O/P is presented in TV type of tube to facilitate to
observe the spectrum continuously and capture
whichever portion of the signal is desired and
recorded. Magnetic tape is used for recording
so that the signature can be stored for playback
VIBRATION TESTS
To know system charact. ie nat freq, corresp.
mode shapes, & nature and amt of damping
1) Free vib. Test
In this, system is displaced from its mean
position and released. The resulting free
vibrations are recorded in the oscilloscope
from which information regarding nat freq. &
damping can be obtained
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2) Forced vibr. Test
Produces accurate &complete information
System is subjected to unidirectional
harmonic force at a desired freq. using
suitable shaker (eg. Electrodynamic shaker)
and response is recorded by accelerometer
Excitation freq is varied at regular intervals
and response is plotted as a fn of freq. and
system performance is studied
Servo controlled shaking system can be used
to conduct this test automatically and reduce
the testing time. Such test is sweep test.
Excitation freq is varied continuously and
response is plotted as a fn of freq. and
system performance is studied
For rotating machinery, rundown test can be
conducted
Initially m/c is brought to more than service
speed. Then power is cut off and allowed to
coast down to zero speed due to damping in
the system. Damping is small and coating
period is large enough to allow the amplitudes
to build up (resonance effect) as the m/c
passes through its critical speeds.
Examples Vibration tests
Fig. 9.25
Fig. shows a tapered beam model of a turbine
blade. To det. Freq and mode, it is mounted on
test rig. Blade is vibrated by electrodynamic
shaker. Vibrations are measured by
accelerometer mounted on the beam and
displayed in oscilloscope.
Sweep test is conducted first with centre point
excitation (at A) to obtain bending modes and
then with end excitation (at B) to obtain torsion
modes
Instrument for deter. of nat. freq of turbine blade
OSCILLATOR
POWER
AMPLIFIER
EXCITER
PREAMPLIFIER
OSCILLOSCOPE
ACCELEEROMETER
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SNO RESONANT
FREQ.(Hz)
REMARKS
1 482 Nat. mode,1st bending(1B)
2 1960 Coupled mode(2B+1T)
3 2580 Nat. mode, 2nd bending(2B)
4 4800 Nat. mode, 3rd bending(3B)
5 5880 Weak resonance
6 8820 Patterns not traceable
RESONANT FREQ OBTAINED FROM CENTRE PT EXCITATION RESONANT FREQ OBTAINED FROM END PT EXCITATION
SNO RESONANT
FREQ.(Hz)
REMARKS
1 482 Nat. mode,1st bending(1B)
2 1910 Nat. mode,1st trosion(1T)
3 2340 Coupled mode(2B+1T)
4 2510 Nat. mode, 2nd bending(2B)
5 4910 Nat. mode, 3rd bending(3B)
6 5850 Nat. mode,2nd trosion(2T)
7 8800 Weak resonance, nodal
Patterns not traceable
Blade is excited at predet resonant freq and
nodal lines are determined.
C
N
D
Blade
Nodal line
Amplitude of ref. signal
Ampli. of
measured
signal
DET OF NODAL PATTERNS
At C
At N
At D
Harmonic signal from the oscillator is fed to vertical
plates of oscilloscope
O/P from accelerometer probe is fed to hori plates.
Since both signals are of same freq ellipse is
observed.
consider C and Don 2 sides of a nodal pt N.
signals at C&D are in phase opposition
Pt A is nodal pt in torsional vib and hence torsional
modes are suppressed
With end excitation, both bending and torsional modes
are excited, the bending modes coupled with torsional
motion.Thus the first 3 bending nat freq are 482, 2850
and 4800
Andfirst 2 torsional nat freq -1910 and 5850Hz.