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Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
Table of Content
No
1.0 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2 1.2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
Titles
Introduction to Bernoulli Theorem Explanation of the Bernoullis equation. formula of STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION Bernoullis equation has some restrictions in its applicability THE CONCEPT OF BERNOULLIS THEOREM THEORY Objective General Description Equipment Procedures General Shut-down Procedures Data and Analysis Calculation Discussion Conclusion Appendix
Pages
2 3 3 3 4 4-5 6 6-7 8 9 9-10 10 10-11 11 11 12
Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
is the pressure
Flow is steady. Density is constant (which also means the fluid is incompressible) Friction losses are negligible. The equation relates the states at two points along a single streamline, (not conditions on two different streamlines).
Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
Bernoulli's principle, sometimes known as Bernoulli's equation, holds that for fluids in an ideal state, pressure and density are inversely related: in other words, a slow-moving fluid exerts more pressure than a fast-moving fluid. Since "fluid" in this context applies equally to liquids and gases, the principle has as many applications with regard to airflow as to the flow of liquids. One of the most dramatic everyday examples of Bernoulli's principle can be found in the airplane, which stays aloft due to pressure differences on the surface of its wing; but the truth of the principle is also illustrated in something as mundane as a shower curtain that billows inward.
1.2.1 THEORY:
Bernoulli's law indicates that, if an in viscid fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher, and higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnates. Many people find this situation paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure). The well-known Bernoulli equation is derived under the following assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4.
fluid is incompressible ( density is constant ); flow is steady: flow is frictionless ( = 0); along a streamline;
Where (in SI units): p = fluid static pressure at the cross section in N/m2. = density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3 g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 (its value is 9.81 m/s2 = 9810 mm/s2) v = mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section in m/s
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Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
z = elevation head of the center of the cross section with respect to a datum z=0 h* = total (stagnation) head in m The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure head (h), velocity head (hv ), and elevation head (z), respectively. The sum of these terms is known as the total head (h*). According to the Bernoullis theorem of fluid flow through a pipe, the total head h* at any cross section is constant (based on the assumptions given above). In a real flow due to friction and other imperfections, as well as measurement uncertainties, the results will deviate from the theoretical ones. In our experimental setup, the centreline of all the cross sections we are considering lie on the same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum, z=0), and thus, all the z values are zeros so that the above equation reduces to:
(This is the total head at a cross section). For our experiment, we denote the pressure head as hi and the total head as h*i, where i represents the cross section we are referring to. Bernoullis theorem is a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy, applied to ideal liquids in motion. The theorem states that: For the streamline flow of an ideal liquid, the total energy (sum of pressure energy, potential energy and kinetic energy) per unit mass remains constant at every cross-section, throughout the flow.
2.0 Objective
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Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
2.1General Description
The unit is mounted on a base board which is to be placed on top of the hydraulic Bench. This base board has four adjustable feet to level the apparatus. The main test section is an accurately machined acrylic venture of varying circular crass section. It is provided with a number of side hole pressure tappings, which are connected to the manometer tubes on the rig. The test section incorporates two unions, one at either end, to Facilitate reversal for convergent or divergent as illustrated in figure 1 and 2.
A hypodermic tube, the total pressure head probe, is provided which may be positioned to read the total pressure head at any section of the duct. This total pressure head probe may be moved after slacking the gland nut; this nut should be re-tightened by hand after adjustment. An additional tapping is provided to facilitate setting up. All eight pressure tapings are connected to a bank of the monometer tubes. Pressurization of the manometers is facilitated by connecting any hand pump to the inlet valve on the manometer manifold.
Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
The unit is connected to the hydraulic bench using flexible hoses. The hoses and the connections are equipped with rapid action couplings. The flexible hose attached to the outlet pipe which should be directed to the volumetric measuring tank on the hydraulics bench. A flow control valve is incorporated downstream of the section. Flow rate and pressure in the apparatus may be varied independently by adjustment of the flow control valve and the bench supply control valve.
2.2Equipment :
a. venture The venturi is made of transparent acrylic with the following specifications: Throat diameter : 16mm Upstream diameter : 26mm Designed flow Rate : 20 LPM
b. Manometer There are eight manometer tubes; each length 320mm, for statics pressure and total head measuring along the venture meter. The manometer tubes are connected to an air bleed screw for air release as well as tubes pressurization.
c. Baseboard The baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with 4 height adjustable stands to level the venture meter. d. Discharge valve
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Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
One discharge valve is installed at the venture discharge section for flow rate control. e. Connections Hose connections are installed at both inlet and outlet. f. Hydraulic Bench Sump tank : 120 litres Volumetric tank: 100 litres Centrifugal pump: 0.37KW, 50 LPM
2.3 Procedures:
1. The general Start-up Procedures in the above section is performed. 2. All manometer tubing is checked properly so that they are connected to the corresponding pressure taps and are air-bubble free. 3. The discharge valve is adjusted to a high measurable flow rate. 4. The water flow rate is measured using volumetric method after the level stabilizes. 5. The hypodermic tube (total head measuring) connected to manometer G is slide gently so that its end reaches the cross section of the Venturi tube at A. Wait for some time and the readings from manometer G and velocity heads, i.e. the total (or stagnation) head (h*), because the hypodermic tube is held against the flow of fluid forcing it to a stop (zero velocity). The reading in manometer #A measures just the pressure head (hi) because it is connected to the Venturi tube pressure tap, which does not obstruct the flow, thus measuring the flow static pressure. 6. Step 5 is repeated for other cross sections (A,B, C, D, E,F).
Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
7. Step 3 to 6 is repeated with three other decreasing flow rates by regulating the venture discharge valve. 8. The velocity is calculated, ViB using the Bernoullis equation where; ViB =
2 g h8 hi
9. The velocity, ViC is calculated using the continuity equation where; ViC =
Q av Ai
2. Turn off the water supply pump. 3.Drain off water from the unit when not in use.
Using equation
*
continuity
Difference
hi(mm)
Ai= Di2/4 (m )
2
ViC=Qav/Ai (m/s)
ViB-Vic (m/s)
Qav
A B C
Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
D E F
3.1 Calculation:
Water volume (V) = 5 litres
ViBA = [2 x g x (h* h i)] = 2 9.81 =0.198(m/s) Where g is 9.81 Ai = Di2 / 4 = (0.026)2 / 4 Ai = 0.000531 m2. ViC=Qav/Ai (m/s) = = 0.076 m/s. ViB-Vic (m/s)
122-120)
3.2Discussion:
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Bernoullis theorem
Group B2
We can see that the difference of the velocity is not very large. The difference between the velocities is caused due to the difference in the cross sectional area of the water channels. The difference of the velocity is also caused due to the inner surface frictional losses. In our case, the air bubble inside the tube is fail to remove, it cause some error to the result taken. The smaller cross sectional area have a larger velocity value. Therefore, the water pressure in this area is higher than the others.
3.3Conclusion:
By doing this lab experiment, we learned practically the theorem of Bernoulli. The theory that stated in Bernoulli theorem, we see practically in this demonstration experiment. Bernoullis theorem. This
experiment also proves that the smallest section in area having a largest velocity which is stated in the
Appendix
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